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Imae R, Manya H, Tsumoto H, Umezawa K, Miura Y, Endo T. Changes in the amount of nucleotide sugars in aged mouse tissues. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae032. [PMID: 38598324 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging affects tissue glycan profiles, which may alter cellular functions and increase the risk of age-related diseases. Glycans are biosynthesized by glycosyltransferases using the corresponding nucleotide sugar, and the availability of nucleotide sugars affects glycosylation efficiency. However, the effects of aging on nucleotide sugar profiles and contents are yet to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of aging on nucleotide sugars using a new LC-MS/MS method. Specifically, the new method was used to determine the nucleotide sugar contents of various tissues (brain, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, lung, and colon) of male C57BL/6NCr mice (7- or 26-month-old). Characteristic age-associated nucleotide sugar changes were observed in each tissue sample. Particularly, there was a significant decrease in UDP-glucuronic acid content in the kidney of aged mice and a decrease in the contents of several nucleotide sugars, including UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, in the brain of aged mice. Additionally, there were variations in nucleotide sugar profiles among the tissues examined regardless of the age. The kidneys had the highest concentration of UDP-glucuronic acid among the seven tissues. In contrast, the skeletal muscle had the lowest concentration of total nucleotide sugars among the tissues; however, CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid and CDP-ribitol were relatively enriched. Conclusively, these findings may contribute to the understanding of the roles of glycans in tissue aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Imae
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Manya
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsumoto
- Proteome Research, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Keitaro Umezawa
- Proteome Research, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yuri Miura
- Proteome Research, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Tamao Endo
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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2
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Schengrund CL. The Ying and Yang of Ganglioside Function in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5362. [PMID: 38001622 PMCID: PMC10670608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The plethora of information about the expression of cancer cell-associated gangliosides, their role(s) in signal transduction, and their potential usefulness in the development of cancer treatments makes this an appropriate time to review these enigmatic glycosphingolipids. Evidence, reflecting the work of many, indicates that (1) expression of specific gangliosides, not generally found in high concentrations in most normal human cells, can be linked to certain types of cancer. (2) Gangliosides can affect the ability of cells to interact either directly or indirectly with growth factor receptors, thereby changing such things as a cell's mobility, rate of proliferation, and metastatic ability. (3) Anti-ganglioside antibodies have been tested, with some success, as potential treatments for certain cancers. (4) Cancer-associated gangliosides shed into the circulation can (a) affect immune cell responsiveness either positively or negatively, (b) be considered as diagnostic markers, and (c) be used to look for recurrence. (5) Cancer registries enable investigators to evaluate data from sufficient numbers of patients to obtain information about potential therapies. Despite advances that have been made, a discussion of possible approaches to identifying additional treatment strategies to inhibit metastasis, responsible for the majority of deaths of cancer patients, as well as for treating therapy-resistant tumors, is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara-Lynne Schengrund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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3
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Liu W, Xiong W, Liu W, Hirakawa J, Kawashima H. A novel monoclonal antibody against 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis x glycans attenuates murine allergic rhinitis by suppressing Th2 immune responses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15740. [PMID: 37735247 PMCID: PMC10514285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43017-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte homing is mediated by the interaction between L-selectin on lymphocytes and its glycoprotein ligands modified with 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis x (6-sulfo sLex) glycans on high endothelial venules (HEVs) in peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs). However, the lack of specific antibodies reactive with both human and mouse 6-sulfo sLex has limited our understanding of its function in vivo. Here, we generated a novel monoclonal antibody, termed SF1, that specifically reacts with 6-sulfo sLex expressed on HEVs in both species in a manner dependent on sulfate, fucose, and sialic acid modifications. Glycan array and biolayer interferometry analyses indicated that SF1 specifically bound to 6-sulfo sLex with a dissociation constant of 6.09 × 10-9 M. SF1 specifically bound to four glycoproteins from PLNs corresponding to the molecular sizes of L-selectin ligand glycoproteins. Consistently, SF1 inhibited L-selectin-dependent lymphocyte rolling on 6-sulfo sLex-expressing cells ex vivo and lymphocyte homing to PLNs and nasal-associated lymphoid tissues in vivo. Furthermore, SF1 significantly attenuated ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in mice in association with significant suppression of Th2 immune responses. Collectively, these results suggest that SF1 can be useful for the functional analysis of 6-sulfo sLex and may potentially serve as a novel therapeutic agent against immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Wei Xiong
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Wenxin Liu
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Jotaro Hirakawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
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4
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Bose P, Jaiswal MK, Singh SK, Singh RK, Tiwari VK. Growing impact of sialic acid-containing glycans in future drug discovery. Carbohydr Res 2023; 527:108804. [PMID: 37031650 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
In nature, almost all cells are covered with a complex array of glycan chain namely sialic acids or nuraminic acids, a negatively charged nine carbon sugars which is considered for their great therapeutic importance since long back. Owing to its presence at the terminal end of lipid bilayer (commonly known as terminal sugars), the well-defined sialosides or sialoconjugates have served pivotal role on the cell surfaces and thus, the sialic acid-containing glycans can modulate and mediate a number of imperative cellular interactions. Understanding of the sialo-protein interaction and their roles in vertebrates in regard of normal physiology, pathological variance, and evolution has indeed a noteworthy journey in medicine. In this tutorial review, we present a concise overview about the structure, linkages in chemical diversity, biological significance followed by chemical and enzymatic modification/synthesis of sialic acid containing glycans. A more focus is attempted about the recent advances, opportunity, and more over growing impact of sialosides and sialoconjugates in future drug discovery and development.
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Ogun OJ, Thaller G, Becker D. An Overview of the Importance and Value of Porcine Species in Sialic Acid Research. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060903. [PMID: 35741423 PMCID: PMC9219854 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Humans frequently interact with pigs and porcine meat is the most consumed red meat in the world. In addition, due to the many physiological and anatomical similarities shared between pigs and humans, in contrast to most mammalian species, pigs are a suitable model organism and pig organs can be used for xenotransplantation. However, one major challenge of porcine meat consumption and xenotransplantation is the xenoreactivity between red meat Neu5Gc sialic acid and human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, which are associated with certain diseases and disorders. Furthermore, pigs express both α2-3 and α2-6 Sia linkages that could serve as viable receptors for viral infections, reassortments, and cross-species transmission of viruses. Therefore, pigs play a significant role in sialic acid research and, in general, in human health. Abstract Humans frequently interact with pigs, whose meat is also one of the primary sources of animal protein. They are one of the main species at the center of sialic acid (Sia) research. Sias are sugars at terminals of glycoconjugates, are expressed at the cell surfaces of mammals, and are important in cellular interactions. N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) are notable Sias in mammals. Cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) encodes the CMAH enzyme that biosynthesizes Neu5Gc. Although humans cannot endogenously synthesize Neu5Gc due to the inactivation of this gene by a mutation, Neu5Gc can be metabolically incorporated into human tissues from red meat consumption. Interactions between Neu5Gc and human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies have been associated with certain diseases and disorders. In this review, we summarized the sialic acid metabolic pathway, its regulation and link to viral infections, as well as the importance of the pig as a model organism in Sia research, making it a possible source of Neu5Gc antigens affecting human health. Future research in solving the structures of crucial enzymes involved in Sia metabolism, as well as their regulation and interactions with other enzymes, especially CMAH, could help to understand their function and reduce the amount of Neu5Gc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwamayowa Joshua Ogun
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany;
- Correspondence: (O.J.O.); (D.B.)
| | - Georg Thaller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Doreen Becker
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (O.J.O.); (D.B.)
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Go S, Sato C, Hane M, Go S, Kitajima K. Implication of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in regulation of cell adhesiveness of C2C12 myoblast cells during differentiation into myotube cells. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:619-631. [PMID: 35639196 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A transition of sialic acid (Sia) species on GM3 ganglioside from N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) to N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) takes place in mouse C2C12 myoblast cells during their differentiation into myotube cells. However, the meaning of this Sia transition remains unclear. This study thus aims to gain a functional insight into this phenomenon. The following lines of evidence show that the increased de novo synthesis of Neu5Gc residues in differentiating myoblast cells promotes adhesiveness of the cells, which is beneficial for promotion of differentiation. First, the Sia transition occurred even in the C2C12 cells cultured in serum-free medium, indicating that it happens through de novo synthesis of Neu5Gc. Second, GM3(Neu5Gc) was localized in myoblast cells, but not in myotube cells, and related to expression of the CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase (CMAH) gene. Notably, expression of CMAH precedes myotube formation not only in differentiating C2C12 cells, but also in mouse developing embryos. Since the myoblast cells were attached on the dish surface more strongly than the myotube cells, expression of GM3(Neu5Gc) may be related to the surface attachment of the myoblast cells. Third, exogenous Neu5Gc, but not Neu5Ac, promoted differentiation of C2C12 cells, thus increasing the number of cells committed to fuse with each other. Fourth, the CMAH-transfected C2C12 cells were attached on the gelatin-coated surface much more rapidly than the mock-cells, suggesting that the expression of CMAH promotes cell adhesiveness through the expression of Neu5Gc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Go
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences and Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sato
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences and Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masaya Hane
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences and Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken Kitajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences and Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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7
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Naito-Matsui Y. Physiological Significance of Animal- and Tissue-specific Sialic Acid Composition. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2022. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2036.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Naito-Matsui Y. Physiological Significance of Animal- and Tissue-specific Sialic Acid Composition. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2022. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2036.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Marullo S, Scott MGH, Enslen H, Coureuil M. Mechanical Activation of the β 2-Adrenergic Receptor by Meningococcus: A Historical and Future Perspective Analysis of How a Bacterial Probe Can Reveal Signalling Pathways in Endothelial Cells, and a Unique Mode of Receptor Activation Involving Its N-Terminal Glycan Chains. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:883568. [PMID: 35586623 PMCID: PMC9108228 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.883568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 12 years have passed since the seminal observation that meningococcus, a pathogen causing epidemic meningitis in humans, occasionally associated with infectious vasculitis and septic shock, can promote the translocation of β-arrestins to the cell surface beneath bacterial colonies. The cellular receptor used by the pathogen to induce signalling in host cells and allowing it to open endothelial cell junctions and reach meninges was unknown. The involvement of β-arrestins, which are scaffolding proteins regulating G protein coupled receptor signalling and function, incited us to specifically investigate this class of receptors. In this perspective article we will summarize the events leading to the discovery that the β2-adrenergic receptor is the receptor that initiates the signalling cascades induced by meningococcus in host cells. This receptor, however, cannot mediate cell infection on its own. It needs to be pre-associated with an "early" adhesion receptor, CD147, within a hetero-oligomeric complex, stabilized by the cytoskeletal protein α-actinin 4. It then required several years to understand how the pathogen actually activates the signalling receptor. Once bound to the N-terminal glycans of the β2-adrenergic receptor, meningococcus provides a mechanical stimulation that induces the biased activation of β-arrestin-mediated signalling pathways. This activating mechanical stimulus can be reproduced in the absence of any pathogen by applying equivalent forces on receptor glycans. Mechanical activation of the β2-adrenergic receptor might have a physiological role in signalling events promoted in the context of cell-to-cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marullo
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Stefano Marullo,
| | - Mark G. H. Scott
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Enslen
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Coureuil
- Université de Paris, Institut-Necker-Enfants-Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
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Serum Antibodies to N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid Are Elevated in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Correlate with Increased Disease Pathology in Cmah -/-mdx Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1474-1486. [PMID: 34294193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans cannot synthesize the common mammalian sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) because of an inactivating deletion in the cytidine-5'-monophospho-(CMP)-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene responsible for its synthesis. Human Neu5Gc deficiency can lead to development of anti-Neu5Gc serum antibodies, the levels of which can be affected by Neu5Gc-containing diets and by disease. Metabolic incorporation of dietary Neu5Gc into human tissues in the face of circulating antibodies against Neu5Gc-bearing glycans is thought to exacerbate inflammation-driven diseases like cancer and atherosclerosis. Probing of sera with sialoglycan arrays indicated that patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) had a threefold increase in overall anti-Neu5Gc antibody titer compared with age-matched controls. These antibodies recognized a broad spectrum of Neu5Gc-containing glycans. Human-like inactivation of the Cmah gene in mice is known to modulate severity in a variety of mouse models of human disease, including the X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) model for DMD. Cmah-/-mdx mice can be induced to develop anti-Neu5Gc-glycan antibodies as humans do. The presence of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, in concert with induced Neu5Gc expression, correlated with increased severity of disease pathology in Cmah-/-mdx mice, including increased muscle fibrosis, expression of inflammatory markers in the heart, and decreased survival. These studies suggest that patients with DMD who harbor anti-Neu5Gc serum antibodies might exacerbate disease severity when they ingest Neu5Gc-rich foods, like red meats.
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Wu G, Murugesan G, Nagala M, McCraw A, Haslam SM, Dell A, Crocker PR. Activation of regulatory T cells triggers specific changes in glycosylation associated with Siglec-1-dependent inflammatory responses. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:134. [PMID: 35224210 PMCID: PMC8844539 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16834.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Siglec-1 is a macrophage lectin-like receptor that mediates sialic acid-dependent cellular interactions. Its upregulation on macrophages in autoimmune disease was shown previously to promote inflammation through suppressing the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here we investigate the molecular basis for Siglec-1 binding to Tregs using in vitro-induced cells as a model system. Methods: Glycosylation changes that affect Siglec‑1 binding were studied by comparing activated and resting Tregs using RNA-Seq, glycomics, proteomics and binding of selected antibodies and lectins. A proximity labelling and proteomics strategy was used to identify Siglec-1 counter-receptors expressed on activated Tregs. Results: Siglec-1 binding was strongly upregulated on activated Tregs, but lost under resting conditions. Glycomics revealed changes in N-glycans and glycolipids following Treg activation and we observed changes in expression of multiple 'glycogenes' that could lead to the observed increase in Siglec-1 binding. Proximity labelling of intact, living cells identified 49 glycoproteins expressed by activated Tregs that may function as Siglec-1 counter-receptors. These represent ~5% of the total membrane protein pool and were mainly related to T cell activation and proliferation. We demonstrate that several of these counter-receptors were upregulated following activation of Tregs and provide initial evidence that their altered glycosylation may also be important for Siglec-1 binding. Conclusions: We provide the first comprehensive analysis of glycan changes that occur in activated Tregs, leading to recognition by the macrophage lectin, Siglec-1 and suppression of Treg expansion. We furthermore provide insights into glycoprotein counter-receptors for Siglec-1 expressed by activated Tregs that are likely to be important for suppressing Treg expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Gavuthami Murugesan
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Manjula Nagala
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alex McCraw
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Stuart M. Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul R. Crocker
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, UK
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12
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Yang H, Lu L, Chen X. An overview and future prospects of sialic acids. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 46:107678. [PMID: 33285252 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are negatively charged functional monosaccharides present in a wide variety of natural sources (plants, animals and microorganisms). Sias play an important role in many life processes, which are widely applied in the medical and food industries as intestinal antibacterials, antivirals, anti-oxidative agents, food ingredients, and detoxification agents. Most Sias are composed of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, >99%), and Sia is its most commonly used name. In this article, we review Sias in terms of their structures, applications, determination methods, metabolism, and production strategies. In particular, we summarise and compare different production strategies, including extraction from natural sources, chemical synthesis, polymer decomposition, enzymatic synthesis, whole-cell catalysis, and de novo biosynthesis via microorganism fermentation. We also discuss research on their physiological functions and applications, barriers to efficient production, and strategies for overcoming these challenges. We focus on efficient de novo biosynthesis strategies for Neu5Ac via microbial fermentation using novel synthetic biology tools and methods that may be applied in future. This work provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances on Sias, and addresses future challenges regarding their functions, applications, and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liping Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; College of life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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13
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Rota P, La Rocca P, Allevi P, Pappone C, Anastasia L. Intramolecular Lactones of Sialic Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8098. [PMID: 33143039 PMCID: PMC7663150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The so-called "sialo-chemical-biology" has become an attractive research area, as an increasing number of natural products containing a sialic acid moiety have been shown to play important roles in biological, pathological, and immunological processes. The intramolecular lactones of sialic acids are a subclass from this crucial family that could have central functions in the discrimination of physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we report an in-depth analysis of the synthetic achievements in the preparation of the intramolecular lactones of sialic acids (1,4-, 1,7- and γ-lactones), in their free and/or protected form. In particular, recent advances in the synthesis of the 1,7-lactones have allowed the preparation of key sialic acid derivatives. These compounds could be used as authentic reference standards for their correct determination in biological samples, thus overcoming some of the limitations of the previous analytical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rota
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Paolo La Rocca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Pietro Allevi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Carlo Pappone
- Arrhythmology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Anastasia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
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14
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Liu R, Sheng Z, Huang C, Wang D, Li F. Influenza D virus. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:154-161. [PMID: 32932215 PMCID: PMC7755673 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Influenza D is the only type of influenza virus that mainly affects cattle with frequent spillover to other species. Since the initial description of influenza D virus (IDV) in 2011, the virus has been found to circulate among cattle and swine populations worldwide. Research conducted during the past several years has led to an increased understanding of this novel influenza virus with bovines as a reservoir. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of epidemiology and host range of IDV followed by discussion of infection biology and animal model development for IDV. Finally, we review progress towards understanding of the pathogenesis and host response of IDV as well as developing preventive vaccines for IDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Liu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zukerman Institute of Mind Brain Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
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15
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Samal J, Saldova R, Rudd PM, Pandit A, O'Flaherty R. Region-Specific Characterization of N-Glycans in the Striatum and Substantia Nigra of an Adult Rodent Brain. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12842-12851. [PMID: 32815717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
N-glycan alterations in the nervous system can result in different neuropathological symptoms such as mental retardation, seizures, and epilepsy. Studies have reported the characterization of N-glycans in rodent brains, but there is a lack of spatial resolution as either the tissue samples were homogenized or specific proteins were selected for analysis of glycosylation. We hypothesize that region-specific resolution of N-glycans isolated from the striatum and substantia nigra (SN) can give an insight into the establishment and pathophysiological degeneration of neural circuitry in Parkinson's disease. Specific objectives of the study include isolation of N-glycans from the rat striatum and SN; reproducibility, resolution, and relative quantitation of N-glycome using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), weak anion exchange-UPLC, and lectin histochemistry. The total N-glycomes from the striatum and SN were characterized using database mining (GlycoStore), exoglycosidase digestions, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. It revealed significant differences in complex and oligomannose type N-glycans, sialylation (mono-, di-, and tetra-), fucosylation (tri-, core, and outer arm), and galactosylation (di-, tri-, and tetra-) between striatum and SN N-glycans with the detection of phosphorylated N-glycans in SN which were not detected in the striatum. This study presents the most comprehensive comparative analysis of relative abundances of N-glycans in the striatum and SN of rodent brains, serving as a foundation for identifying "brain-type" glycans as biomarkers or therapeutic targets and their modulation in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Samal
- CÚRAM-SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Co. Galway H91W2TY, Ireland
| | - Radka Saldova
- CÚRAM-SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Co. Galway H91W2TY, Ireland.,GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin A94X099, Ireland.,UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science (CHAS), University College Dublin (UCD), Co. Dublin A94X099, Ireland
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin A94X099, Ireland.,Analytics Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (AStar), 20 Biopolis Way, 06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM-SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Co. Galway H91W2TY, Ireland
| | - Róisín O'Flaherty
- GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin A94X099, Ireland
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16
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Broszeit F, Tzarum N, Zhu X, Nemanichvili N, Eggink D, Leenders T, Li Z, Liu L, Wolfert MA, Papanikolaou A, Martínez-Romero C, Gagarinov IA, Yu W, García-Sastre A, Wennekes T, Okamatsu M, Verheije MH, Wilson IA, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid as a Receptor for Influenza A Viruses. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3284-3294.e6. [PMID: 31189111 PMCID: PMC6750725 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A species barrier for the influenza A virus is the differential expression of sialic acid, which can either be α2,3-linked for avians or α2,6-linked for human viruses. The influenza A virus hosts also express other species-specific sialic acid derivatives. One major modification at C-5 is N-glycolyl (NeuGc), instead of N-acetyl (NeuAc). N-glycolyl is mammalian specific and expressed in pigs and horses, but not in humans, ferrets, seals, or dogs. Hemagglutinin (HA) adaptation to either N-acetyl or N-glycolyl is analyzed on a sialoside microarray containing both α2,3- and α2,6-linkage modifications on biologically relevant N-glycans. Binding studies reveal that avian, human, and equine HAs bind either N-glycolyl or N-acetyl. Structural data on N-glycolyl binding HA proteins of both H5 and H7 origin describe this specificity. Neuraminidases can cleave N-glycolyl efficiently, and tissue-binding studies reveal strict species specificity. The exclusive manner in which influenza A viruses differentiate between N-glycolyl and N-acetyl is indicative of selection. Broszeit and colleagues demonstrate that influenza A viruses recognize either N-acetyl or N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, and they explain these specificities using X-ray structures. NeuGc-binding viruses are perfectly viable, and neuraminidases can cleave NeuGc-containing receptor structures. There is an apparent selection now for NeuAc, as no known NeuGc-binding virus currently circulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Broszeit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Netanel Tzarum
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Department of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Leenders
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Zeshi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lin Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Margreet A Wolfert
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andreas Papanikolaou
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carles Martínez-Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ivan A Gagarinov
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wenli Yu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Monique H Verheije
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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17
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Gram-Negative Bacterial Endotoxin LPS Induces NeuGc Loss through Ets1-Dependent Downregulation of Intestine-Specific pcmah Transcript in Porcine Intestinal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144892. [PMID: 32664459 PMCID: PMC7402312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc), a non-human sialic acid derivative synthesized by cytidine-5′-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), plays a crucial role in mediating infections by certain pathogens. Although it has been postulated that NeuGc biosynthesis and CMAH expression are downregulated during microbial infection, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study showed that exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, leads to loss of NeuGc biosynthesis in pig small intestinal I2I-2I cells. This LPS-induced NeuGc loss was accompanied by decreased CMAH transcript levels, especially intestine-specific 5′pcmah-1. Furthermore, LPS suppressed the activity of the Pi promoter responsible for 5′pcmah-1 by inhibiting DNA binding of Est1. These findings provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms of Neu5Gc biosynthesis during pathogenic infectious events, which may represent a host defense mechanism that protects the self against pathogenic bacterial infections even in non-sanitary environments.
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18
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Marullo S, Doly S, Saha K, Enslen H, Scott MGH, Coureuil M. Mechanical GPCR Activation by Traction Forces Exerted on Receptor N-Glycans. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:171-178. [PMID: 32296760 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells are sensitive to chemical stimulation which is converted into intracellular biochemical signals by the activation of specific receptors. Mechanical stimulations can also induce biochemical responses via the activation of various mechano-sensors. Although principally appreciated for their chemosensory function, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) may participate in mechano-transduction. They are indirectly activated by the paracrine release of chemical compounds secreted in response to mechanical stimuli, but they might additionally behave as mechano-sensors that are directly stimulated by mechanical forces. Although several studies are consistent with this latter hypothesis, the molecular mechanisms of a potential direct mechanical activation of GPCRs have remained elusive until recently. In particular, investigating the activation of the catecholamine β2-adrenergic receptor by a pathogen revealed that traction forces directly exerted on the N-terminus of the receptor via N-glycan chains activate specific signaling pathways. These findings open new perspectives in GPCR biology and pharmacology since most GPCRs express N-glycan chains in their N-terminus, which might similarly be involved in the interaction with cell-surface glycan-specific lectins in the context of cell-to-cell mechanical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marullo
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Stephane Doly
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, NEURO-DOL, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kusumika Saha
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Enslen
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Mark G H Scott
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Coureuil
- Université de Paris, Institut-Necker-Enfants-Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, 75015 Paris, France
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19
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Zygmunt DA, Xu R, Jia Y, Ashbrook A, Menke C, Shao G, Yoon JH, Hamilton S, Pisharath H, Bolon B, Martin PT. rAAVrh74.MCK. GALGT2 Demonstrates Safety and Widespread Muscle Glycosylation after Intravenous Delivery in C57BL/6J Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 15:305-319. [PMID: 31890730 PMCID: PMC6923506 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
rAAVrh74.MCK.GALGT2 is a surrogate gene therapy that inhibits muscular dystrophy in multiple animal models. Here, we report on a dose-response study of functional muscle GALGT2 expression as well as toxicity and biodistribution studies after systemic intravenous (i.v.) delivery of rAAVrh74.MCK.GALGT2. A dose of 4.3 × 1014vg/kg (measured with linear DNA standard) resulted in GALGT2-induced glycosylation in the majority of skeletal myofibers throughout the body and in almost all cardiomyocytes, while several lower doses also showed significant muscle glycosylation. No adverse clinical signs or treatment-dependent changes in tissue or organ pathology were noted at 1 or 3 months post-treatment. Blood cell and serum enzyme chemistry measures in treated mice were all within the normal range except for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, which was elevated in serum but not in tissues. Some anti-rAAVrh74 capsid T cell responses were noted at 4 weeks post-treatment, but all such responses were not present at 12 weeks. Using intramuscular delivery, GALGT2-induced muscle glycosylation was increased in Cmah-deficient mice, which have a humanized sialoglycome, relative to wild-type mice, suggesting that use of mice may underestimate GALGT2 activity in human muscle. These data demonstrate safety and high transduction of muscles throughout the body plan with i.v. delivery of rAAVrh74.MCK.GALGT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Zygmunt
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rui Xu
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ying Jia
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anna Ashbrook
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, USA.,Animal Resources Core, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chelsea Menke
- Animal Resources Core, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Guohong Shao
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jung Hae Yoon
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sonia Hamilton
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Harshan Pisharath
- Animal Resource Center and Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Paul T Martin
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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20
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Virion Z, Doly S, Saha K, Lambert M, Guillonneau F, Bied C, Duke RM, Rudd PM, Robbe-Masselot C, Nassif X, Coureuil M, Marullo S. Sialic acid mediated mechanical activation of β 2 adrenergic receptors by bacterial pili. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4752. [PMID: 31628314 PMCID: PMC6800425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12685-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningococcus utilizes β-arrestin selective activation of endothelial cell β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) to cause meningitis in humans. Molecular mechanisms of receptor activation by the pathogen and of its species selectivity remained elusive. We report that β2AR activation requires two asparagine-branched glycan chains with terminally exposed N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (sialic acid, Neu5Ac) residues located at a specific distance in its N-terminus, while being independent of surrounding amino-acid residues. Meningococcus triggers receptor signaling by exerting direct and hemodynamic-promoted traction forces on β2AR glycans. Similar activation is recapitulated with beads coated with Neu5Ac-binding lectins, submitted to mechanical stimulation. This previously unknown glycan-dependent mode of allosteric mechanical activation of a G protein-coupled receptor contributes to meningococcal species selectivity, since Neu5Ac is only abundant in humans due to the loss of CMAH, the enzyme converting Neu5Ac into N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid in other mammals. It represents an additional mechanism of evolutionary adaptation of a pathogen to its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Virion
- Inserm, U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Institut-Necker-Enfants-Malades, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Doly
- Inserm, U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Kusumika Saha
- Inserm, U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Lambert
- Inserm, U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Camille Bied
- Inserm, U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Rebecca M Duke
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Blackrock, Co., Mount Merrion, Fosters Avenue, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Blackrock, Co., Mount Merrion, Fosters Avenue, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Robbe-Masselot
- CNRS, UMR 8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), Université Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Nassif
- Inserm, U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Institut-Necker-Enfants-Malades, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Coureuil
- Inserm, U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Institut-Necker-Enfants-Malades, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Stefano Marullo
- Inserm, U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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21
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Kooner AS, Yu H, Chen X. Synthesis of N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid (Neu5Gc) and Its Glycosides. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2004. [PMID: 31555264 PMCID: PMC6724515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids constitute a family of negatively charged structurally diverse monosaccharides that are commonly presented on the termini of glycans in higher animals and some microorganisms. In addition to N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-glycolyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is among the most common sialic acid forms in nature. Nevertheless, unlike most animals, human cells loss the ability to synthesize Neu5Gc although Neu5Gc-containing glycoconjugates have been found on human cancer cells and in various human tissues due to dietary incorporation of Neu5Gc. Some pathogenic bacteria also produce Neu5Ac and the corresponding glycoconjugates but Neu5Gc-producing bacteria have yet to be found. In addition to Neu5Gc, more than 20 Neu5Gc derivatives have been found in non-human vertebrates. To explore the biological roles of Neu5Gc and its naturally occurring derivatives as well as the corresponding glycans and glycoconjugates, various chemical and enzymatic synthetic methods have been developed to obtain a vast array of glycosides containing Neu5Gc and/or its derivatives. Here we provide an overview on various synthetic methods that have been developed. Among these, the application of highly efficient one-pot multienzyme (OPME) sialylation systems in synthesizing compounds containing Neu5Gc and derivatives has been proven as a powerful strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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22
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Song KH, Kwak CH, Chung TW, Ha SH, Park JY, Ha KT, Cho SH, Lee YC, Kim CH. Intestine specific regulation of pig cytidine-5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene for N-glycolylneuraminic acid biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4292. [PMID: 30862964 PMCID: PMC6414617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), a generic form of sialic acid, is enzymatically synthesized by cytidine-5′-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH). Although expression of pig CMAH gene pcmah encoding CMAH has been reported to be regulated by pathogenic infection and developmental processes, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the regulation of pcmah gene expression. The objective of this study was to determine mechanism(s) involved in intestine specific regulation of pcmah gene by identifying several cis-acting elements and nuclear transcription factors that could directly interact with these cis-acting elements. We identified intestine specific promoter region (Pi) of pcmah gene located at upstream regions of the 5′flanking region of exon 1a and found that the promoter region is responsible for the transcriptional regulation of 5′pcmah-1. Based on reporter assays using serially constructed luciferase genes with each deleted promoter, we demonstrated that the Pi promoter activity was more active in intestinal IPI-2I cells than that in kidney PK15 cells, corresponding to both mRNA expression patterns in the two cell lines. In addition, we found that Sp1 transcription factor was necessary for basal activity of Pi promoter and that Ets-1 contributed to intestine-specific activity of Pi promoter. This study helps us understand transcriptional regulation of pcmah in the intestine of pig tissues. It also allows us to consider potential roles of Neu5Gc in interaction with environmental factors present in the intestinal tissue during pathogenic infection and developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon-Ho Song
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyunggi-Do, 16419, Korea
| | - Choong-Hwan Kwak
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyunggi-Do, 16419, Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Chung
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan City, Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Ha
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyunggi-Do, 16419, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyunggi-Do, 16419, Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan City, Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Korea National Institute of Health, Division of Bacterial Disease Research, 202, Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Korea
| | - Young-Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Korea.
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyunggi-Do, 16419, Korea. .,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
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23
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Li J. Analysis of O-Acetylated Sialic Acids in Dried Blood Spots. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2744-2751. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research,
Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research,
Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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24
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Abstract
Sialic acids are cytoprotectors, mainly localized on the surface of cell membranes with multiple and outstanding cell biological functions. The history of their structural analysis, occurrence, and functions is fascinating and described in this review. Reports from different researchers on apparently similar substances from a variety of biological materials led to the identification of a 9-carbon monosaccharide, which in 1957 was designated "sialic acid." The most frequently occurring member of the sialic acid family is N-acetylneuraminic acid, followed by N-glycolylneuraminic acid and O-acetylated derivatives, and up to now over about 80 neuraminic acid derivatives have been described. They appeared first in the animal kingdom, ranging from echinoderms up to higher animals, in many microorganisms, and are also expressed in insects, but are absent in higher plants. Sialic acids are masks and ligands and play as such dual roles in biology. Their involvement in immunology and tumor biology, as well as in hereditary diseases, cannot be underestimated. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid is very special, as this sugar cannot be expressed by humans, but is a xenoantigen with pathogenetic potential. Sialidases (neuraminidases), which liberate sialic acids from cellular compounds, had been known from very early on from studies with influenza viruses. Sialyltransferases, which are responsible for the sialylation of glycans and elongation of polysialic acids, are studied because of their significance in development and, for instance, in cancer. As more information about the functions in health and disease is acquired, the use of sialic acids in the treatment of diseases is also envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Peri S, Kulkarni A, Feyertag F, Berninsone PM, Alvarez-Ponce D. Phylogenetic Distribution of CMP-Neu5Ac Hydroxylase (CMAH), the Enzyme Synthetizing the Proinflammatory Human Xenoantigen Neu5Gc. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:207-219. [PMID: 29206915 PMCID: PMC5767959 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) is responsible for the synthesis of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), a sialic acid present on the cell surface proteins of most deuterostomes. The CMAH gene is thought to be present in most deuterostomes, but it has been inactivated in a number of lineages, including humans. The inability of humans to synthesize Neu5Gc has had several evolutionary and biomedical implications. Remarkably, Neu5Gc is a xenoantigen for humans, and consumption of Neu5Gc-containing foods, such as red meats, may promote inflammation, arthritis, and cancer. Likewise, xenotransplantation of organs producing Neu5Gc can result in inflammation and organ rejection. Therefore, knowing what animal species contain a functional CMAH gene, and are thus capable of endogenous Neu5Gc synthesis, has potentially far-reaching implications. In addition to humans, other lineages are known, or suspected, to have lost CMAH; however, to date reports of absent and pseudogenic CMAH genes are restricted to a handful of species. Here, we analyze all available genomic data for nondeuterostomes, and 322 deuterostome genomes, to ascertain the phylogenetic distribution of CMAH. Among nondeuterostomes, we found CMAH homologs in two green algae and a few prokaryotes. Within deuterostomes, putatively functional CMAH homologs are present in 184 of the studied genomes, and a total of 31 independent gene losses/pseudogenization events were inferred. Our work produces a list of animals inferred to be free from endogenous Neu5Gc based on the absence of CMAH homologs and are thus potential candidates for human consumption, xenotransplantation research, and model organisms for investigation of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sateesh Peri
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno
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26
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Samraj AN, Bertrand KA, Luben R, Khedri Z, Yu H, Nguyen D, Gregg CJ, Diaz SL, Sawyer S, Chen X, Eliassen H, Padler-Karavani V, Wu K, Khaw KT, Willett W, Varki A. Polyclonal human antibodies against glycans bearing red meat-derived non-human sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid are stable, reproducible, complex and vary between individuals: Total antibody levels are associated with colorectal cancer risk. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197464. [PMID: 29912879 PMCID: PMC6005533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is a non-human red-meat-derived sialic acid immunogenic to humans. Neu5Gc can be metabolically incorporated into glycan chains on human endothelial and epithelial surfaces. This represents the first example of a "xeno-autoantigen", against which circulating human "xeno-autoantibodies" can react. The resulting inflammation ("xenosialitis") has been demonstrated in human-like Neu5Gc-deficient mice and contributed to carcinoma progression via antibody-mediated inflammation. Anti-Neu5Gc antibodies have potential as biomarkers for diseases associated with red meat consumption such as carcinomas, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes. METHODS ELISA assays measured antibodies against Neu5Gc or Neu5Gc-glycans in plasma or serum samples from the Nurses' Health Studies, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, and the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, including inter-assay reproducibility, stability with delayed sample processing, and within-person reproducibility over 1-3 years in archived samples. We also assessed associations between antibody levels and coronary artery disease risk (CAD) or red meat intake. A glycan microarray was used to detected antibodies against multiple Neu5Gc-glycan epitopes. A nested case-control study design assessed the association between total anti-Neu5Gc antibodies detected in the glycan array assay and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). RESULTS ELISA assays showed a wide range of anti-Neu5Gc responses and good inter-assay reproducibility, stability with delayed sample processing, and within-person reproducibility over time, but these antibody levels did not correlate with CAD risk or red meat intake. Antibodies against Neu5Gc alone or against individual Neu5Gc-bearing epitopes were also not associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, a sialoglycan microarray study demonstrated positive association with CRC risk when the total antibody responses against all Neu5Gc-glycans were combined. Individuals in the top quartile of total anti-Neu5Gc IgG antibody concentrations had nearly three times the risk compared to those in the bottom quartile (Multivariate Odds Ratio comparing top to bottom quartile: 2.98, 95% CI: 0.80, 11.1; P for trend = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Further work harnessing the utility of these anti-Neu5Gc antibodies as biomarkers in red meat-associated diseases must consider diversity in individual antibody profiles against different Neu5Gc-bearing glycans. Traditional ELISA assays for antibodies directed against Neu5Gc alone, or against specific Neu5Gc-glycans may not be adequate to define risk associations. Our finding of a positive association of total anti-Neu5Gc antibodies with CRC risk also warrants confirmation in larger prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie N. Samraj
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A. Bertrand
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zahra Khedri
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dzung Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Gregg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sandra L. Diaz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sherilyn Sawyer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Heather Eliassen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Walter Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ajit Varki
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
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27
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Minami A, Ishii A, Shimba S, Kano T, Fujioka E, Sai S, Oshio N, Ishibashi S, Takahashi T, Kurebayashi Y, Kanazawa H, Yuki N, Otsubo T, Ikeda K, Suzuki T. Down-regulation of glutamate release from hippocampal neurons by sialidase. J Biochem 2018; 163:273-280. [PMID: 29319803 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialidase, which removes sialic acid residues in sialylglycoconjugates, is essential for hippocampal memory and synaptic plasticity. Enzyme activity of sialidase is rapidly increased in response to neural excitation. Because sialic acid bound to gangliosides such as the tetra-sialoganglioside GQ1b is crucial for calcium signalling and neurotransmitter release, neural activity-dependent removal of sialic acid may affect hippocampal neurotransmission. In the present study, we found that 2-deoxy-2, 3-didehydro-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA), a sialidase inhibitor, increased expression of ganglioside GQ1b/GT1a in hippocampal acute slices. Extracellular glutamate level in the rat hippocampus measured by using in vivo microdialysis was increased by the sialidase inhibitor 2, 3-dehydro-2-deoxy-N-glycolylneuraminic acid as well as DANA. Synaptic vesicle exocytosis and intracellular Ca2+ increase evoked by high-K+ were also enhanced by DANA in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. Expression of GQ1b/GT1a was rapidly decreased by depolarization with high-K+, suggesting that the increase in sialidase activity by neural excitation is sufficient for cleavage of sialic acid. Our findings indicate that sialidase down-regulates glutamate release from hippocampal neurons via Ca2+ signalling modulation. Neural activity-dependent desialylation by sialidase may be a negative-feedback factor against presynaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Minami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ami Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Sumika Shimba
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Takahiro Kano
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Eri Fujioka
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Saki Sai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Nagisa Oshio
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | | | | | | | - Hiroaki Kanazawa
- Department of Functional Anatomy, School of Nursing, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yuki
- Department of Neurology, Mishima Hospital, 1713-8 Fujikawa, Niigata 940-2302, Japan
| | - Tadamune Otsubo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshinkai, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ikeda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshinkai, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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28
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Rodrigues M, Echigoya Y, Fukada SI, Yokota T. Current Translational Research and Murine Models For Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. J Neuromuscul Dis 2018; 3:29-48. [PMID: 27854202 PMCID: PMC5271422 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-150113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration. Mutations in the DMD gene result in the absence of dystrophin, a protein required for muscle strength and stability. Currently, there is no cure for DMD. Since murine models are relatively easy to genetically manipulate, cost effective, and easily reproducible due to their short generation time, they have helped to elucidate the pathobiology of dystrophin deficiency and to assess therapies for treating DMD. Recently, several murine models have been developed by our group and others to be more representative of the human DMD mutation types and phenotypes. For instance, mdx mice on a DBA/2 genetic background, developed by Fukada et al., have lower regenerative capacity and exhibit very severe phenotype. Cmah-deficient mdx mice display an accelerated disease onset and severe cardiac phenotype due to differences in glycosylation between humans and mice. Other novel murine models include mdx52, which harbors a deletion mutation in exon 52, a hot spot region in humans, and dystrophin/utrophin double-deficient (dko), which displays a severe dystrophic phenotype due the absence of utrophin, a dystrophin homolog. This paper reviews the pathological manifestations and recent therapeutic developments in murine models of DMD such as standard mdx (C57BL/10), mdx on C57BL/6 background (C57BL/6-mdx), mdx52, dystrophin/utrophin double-deficient (dko), mdxβgeo, Dmd-null, humanized DMD (hDMD), mdx on DBA/2 background (DBA/2-mdx), Cmah-mdx, and mdx/mTRKO murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merryl Rodrigues
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yusuke Echigoya
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - So-Ichiro Fukada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yokota
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Muscular Dystrophy Canada Research Chair, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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29
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30
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Ereño-Orbea J, Sicard T, Cui H, Mazhab-Jafari MT, Benlekbir S, Guarné A, Rubinstein JL, Julien JP. Molecular basis of human CD22 function and therapeutic targeting. Nat Commun 2017; 8:764. [PMID: 28970495 PMCID: PMC5624926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00836-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD22 maintains a baseline level of B-cell inhibition to keep humoral immunity in check. As a B-cell-restricted antigen, CD22 is targeted in therapies against dysregulated B cells that cause autoimmune diseases and blood cancers. Here we report the crystal structure of human CD22 at 2.1 Å resolution, which reveals that specificity for α2-6 sialic acid ligands is dictated by a pre-formed β-hairpin as a unique mode of recognition across sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins. The CD22 ectodomain adopts an extended conformation that facilitates concomitant CD22 nanocluster formation on B cells and binding to trans ligands to avert autoimmunity in mammals. We structurally delineate the CD22 site targeted by the therapeutic antibody epratuzumab at 3.1 Å resolution and determine a critical role for CD22 N-linked glycosylation in antibody engagement. Our studies provide molecular insights into mechanisms governing B-cell inhibition and valuable clues for the design of immune modulators in B-cell dysfunction.The B-cell-specific co-receptor CD22 is a therapeutic target for depleting dysregulated B cells. Here the authors structurally characterize the ectodomain of CD22 and present its crystal structure with the bound therapeutic antibody epratuzumab, which gives insights into the mechanism of inhibition of B-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Ereño-Orbea
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
| | - Taylor Sicard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Hong Cui
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
| | - Mohammad T Mazhab-Jafari
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
| | - Samir Benlekbir
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
| | - Alba Guarné
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4L8
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.
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31
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Okerblom J, Varki A. Biochemical, Cellular, Physiological, and Pathological Consequences of Human Loss of N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1155-1171. [PMID: 28423240 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
About 2-3 million years ago, Alu-mediated deletion of a critical exon in the CMAH gene became fixed in the hominin lineage ancestral to humans, possibly through a stepwise process of selection by pathogen targeting of the CMAH product (the sialic acid Neu5Gc), followed by reproductive isolation through female anti-Neu5Gc antibodies. Loss of CMAH has occurred independently in some other lineages, but is functionally intact in Old World primates, including our closest relatives, the chimpanzee. Although the biophysical and biochemical ramifications of losing tens of millions of Neu5Gc hydroxy groups at most cell surfaces remains poorly understood, we do know that there are multiscale effects functionally relevant to both sides of the host-pathogen interface. Hominin CMAH loss might also contribute to understanding human evolution, at the time when our ancestors were starting to use stone tools, increasing their consumption of meat, and possibly hunting. Comparisons with chimpanzees within ethical and practical limitations have revealed some consequences of human CMAH loss, but more has been learned by using a mouse model with a human-like Cmah inactivation. For example, such mice can develop antibodies against Neu5Gc that could affect inflammatory processes like cancer progression in the face of Neu5Gc metabolic incorporation from red meats, display a hyper-reactive immune system, a human-like tendency for delayed wound healing, late-onset hearing loss, insulin resistance, susceptibility to muscular dystrophy pathologies, and increased sensitivity to multiple human-adapted pathogens involving sialic acids. Further studies in such mice could provide a model for other human-specific processes and pathologies involving sialic acid biology that have yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Okerblom
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California in San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0687, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, GRTC) and, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California in San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0687, USA
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32
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Go S, Go S, Veillon L, Ciampa MG, Mauri L, Sato C, Kitajima K, Prinetti A, Sonnino S, Inokuchi JI. Altered expression of ganglioside GM3 molecular species and a potential regulatory role during myoblast differentiation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7040-7051. [PMID: 28275055 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.771253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides (sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids) help regulate many important biological processes, including cell proliferation, signal transduction, and differentiation, via formation of functional microdomains in plasma membranes. The structural diversity of gangliosides arises from both the ceramide moiety and glycan portion. Recently, differing molecular species of a given ganglioside are suggested to have distinct biological properties and regulate specific and distinct biological events. Elucidation of the function of each molecular species is important and will provide new insights into ganglioside biology. Gangliosides are also suggested to be involved in skeletal muscle differentiation; however, the differential roles of ganglioside molecular species remain unclear. Here we describe striking changes in quantity and quality of gangliosides (particularly GM3) during differentiation of mouse C2C12 myoblast cells and key roles played by distinct GM3 molecular species at each step of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Go
- From the Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Shiori Go
- From the Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.,Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, and
| | - Lucas Veillon
- From the Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Maria Grazia Ciampa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate Milano, Italy
| | - Chihiro Sato
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, and
| | - Ken Kitajima
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, and
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate Milano, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate Milano, Italy
| | - Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
- From the Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan,
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33
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Naito-Matsui Y, Davies LRL, Takematsu H, Chou HH, Tangvoranuntakul P, Carlin AF, Verhagen A, Heyser CJ, Yoo SW, Choudhury B, Paton JC, Paton AW, Varki NM, Schnaar RL, Varki A. Physiological Exploration of the Long Term Evolutionary Selection against Expression of N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in the Brain. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2557-2570. [PMID: 28049733 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.768531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
All vertebrate cell surfaces display a dense glycan layer often terminated with sialic acids, which have multiple functions due to their location and diverse modifications. The major sialic acids in most mammalian tissues are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), the latter being derived from Neu5Ac via addition of one oxygen atom at the sugar nucleotide level by CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase (Cmah). Contrasting with other organs that express various ratios of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc depending on the variable expression of Cmah, Neu5Gc expression in the brain is extremely low in all vertebrates studied to date, suggesting that neural expression is detrimental to animals. However, physiological exploration of the reasons for this long term evolutionary selection has been lacking. To explore the consequences of forced expression of Neu5Gc in the brain, we have established brain-specific Cmah transgenic mice. Such Neu5Gc overexpression in the brain resulted in abnormal locomotor activity, impaired object recognition memory, and abnormal axon myelination. Brain-specific Cmah transgenic mice were also lethally sensitive to a Neu5Gc-preferring bacterial toxin, even though Neu5Gc was overexpressed only in the brain and other organs maintained endogenous Neu5Gc expression, as in wild-type mice. Therefore, the unusually strict evolutionary suppression of Neu5Gc expression in the vertebrate brain may be explained by evasion of negative effects on neural functions and by selection against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Naito-Matsui
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine
| | - Leela R L Davies
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,the Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hsun-Hua Chou
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine
| | | | - Aaron F Carlin
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine
| | - Andrea Verhagen
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine
| | | | | | | | - James C Paton
- the Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Adrienne W Paton
- the Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Nissi M Varki
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687
| | - Ronald L Schnaar
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - Ajit Varki
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, .,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and
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34
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Le NPL, Bowden TA, Struwe WB, Crispin M. Immune recruitment or suppression by glycan engineering of endogenous and therapeutic antibodies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1860:1655-68. [PMID: 27105835 PMCID: PMC4922387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human serum IgG contains multiple glycoforms which exhibit a range of binding properties to effector molecules such as cellular Fc receptors. Emerging knowledge of how the Fc glycans contribute to the antibody structure and effector functions has opened new avenues for the exploitation of defined antibody glycoforms in the treatment of diseases. Here, we review the structure and activity of antibody glycoforms and highlight developments in antibody glycoengineering by both the manipulation of the cellular glycosylation machinery and by chemoenzymatic synthesis. We discuss wide ranging applications of antibody glycoengineering in the treatment of cancer, autoimmunity and inflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Phuong Lan Le
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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Hurh S, Kang B, Choi I, Cho B, Lee EM, Kim H, Kim YJ, Chung YS, Jeong JC, Hwang JI, Kim JY, Lee BC, Surh CD, Yang J, Ahn C. Human antibody reactivity against xenogeneic N-glycolylneuraminic acid and galactose-α-1,3-galactose antigen. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:279-92. [PMID: 27373998 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the development of α1,3-galactosyl transferase-knockout (GTKO) pigs, acute humoral xenograft rejection caused by antibodies against non-Gal antigens, along with complement activation, are hurdles that need to be overcome. Among non-Gal antigens, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is considered to play an important role in xenograft rejection in human. METHODS We generated human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells that expressed xenogeneic Neu5Gc (HEK293-pCMAH) or α1,3Gal (HEK293-pGT) antigen and investigated the degree of human antibody binding and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against these antigens using 100 individual human sera. RESULTS Both IgM and IgG bound to α1,3Gal, while only IgG bound to Neu5Gc. Of the ABO blood groups, the degree of IgG binding to α1,3Gal was highest for blood group A. The degree of CDC against HEK293-pCMAH cells was significantly lower than that against HEK293-pGT cells. However, CDC against HEK293-pCMAH cells was significantly higher than that against control HEK293 cells. In addition, the severity of CDC against HEK293-pCMAH cells positively correlated with that against GTKO pig aortic endothelial cells (PAECs), suggesting that Neu5Gc is the main antigen in GTKO PAECs. Similar to antibody-binding activity, only IgG binding correlated with CDC against HEK293-pCMAH cells. The most common subclass of IgGs against Neu5Gc was IgG1, which typically induces strong complement activation. CONCLUSIONS We showed that IgG-mediated CDC was detected in Neu5Gc-overexpressed HEK293 cells incubated with human sera; however, this antibody reactivity to Neu5Gc was highly variable among individuals. Our results suggest that additional modifications to the CMAH gene should be considered for widespread use of pig organs for human transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Hurh
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bohae Kang
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Bumrae Cho
- Designed Animal & Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwajung Kim
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young June Kim
- Designed Animal & Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Yun Shin Chung
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Jeong
- Department of Nephrology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Byeong Chun Lee
- Designed Animal & Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Korea.,Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Charles D Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea.,Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jaeseok Yang
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Designed Animal & Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Korea.,Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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36
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Song KH, Kwak CH, Jin UH, Ha SH, Park JY, Abekura F, Chang YC, Cho SH, Lee K, Chung TW, Ha KT, Lee YC, Kim CH. Housekeeping promoter 5'pcmah-2 of pig CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene for NeuGc expression. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:779-88. [PMID: 27188588 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we isolated pCMAH house-keeping promoter regions (Ph), which are responsible for transcriptional regulation and which are located upstream of the alternative transcript pcmah-2. Luciferase reporter assays using serial construction of each deleted promoter demonstrated that the Ph promoter was highly active in pig-derived kidney PK15. Ph promoter of pcmah lacked a TATA box, but contained three putative Sp1 binding sites. Mutations of these Sp1 binding sites always resulted in the reduction of luciferase activities in Ph-334. In addition, treatment with mithramycin A (25-100 nM) decreased the luciferase activities of the Ph promoters and NeuGc expression in a dose-dependent manner. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis revealed that the probes containing each Sp1 binding site bound to Sp1. Taken together, the results indicate that Sp1 bind to their putative binding sites on the Ph promoter regions of pcmah and positively regulate the promoter activity in pig kidney cells. Interspecies comparison of 5'UTRs and 5'flanking regions shows high homology between pig and cattle, and Sp1 binding sites existing in genomic regions corresponding Ph region are evolutionally conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon-Ho Song
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Choong-Hwan Kwak
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Un-Ho Jin
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Ha
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Young-Chae Chang
- Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, 705-034, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Department of Enteric Bacterial Infections, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongwon-gun, South Korea
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chung
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan City, South Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan City, South Korea
| | - Young-Choon Lee
- Faculty of Medicinal Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 604-714, South Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong, Suwon, 16419, South Korea. .,Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, South Korea. .,Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-Ro, Suwon, Gyunggi-Do, 16419, South Korea.
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37
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The Chemical Biology of Human Metallo-β-Lactamase Fold Proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:338-355. [PMID: 26805042 PMCID: PMC4819959 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The αββα metallo β-lactamase (MBL) fold (MBLf) was first observed in bacterial enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of almost all β-lactam antibiotics, but is now known to be widely distributed. The MBL core protein fold is present in human enzymes with diverse biological roles, including cell detoxification pathways and enabling resistance to clinically important anticancer medicines. Human (h)MBLf enzymes can bind metals, including zinc and iron ions, and catalyze a range of chemically interesting reactions, including both redox (e.g., ETHE1) and hydrolytic processes (e.g., Glyoxalase II, SNM1 nucleases, and CPSF73). With a view to promoting basic research on MBLf enzymes and their medicinal targeting, here we summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms and roles of these important molecules. MBLs are mono- or di-zinc ion-dependent hydrolases that enable bacterial resistance to almost all β-lactam antibiotics. The αββα MBL core fold is widely distributed and supports a range of catalytic activities, including redox reactions. hMBL proteins are a small family of approximately 18 zinc- and iron-dependent proteins with roles in metabolism and/or detoxification and nucleic acid modification. In a notable parallel with the role of bacterial MBLs in antibiotic resistance, some hMBLf enzymes enable resistance to chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin and mitomycin C.
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38
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Taguchi R, Minami A, Matsuda Y, Takahashi T, Otsubo T, Ikeda K, Suzuki T. Preferential Accumulation of 14C-N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid over 14C-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid in the Rat Brain after Tail Vein Injection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131061. [PMID: 26098915 PMCID: PMC4476740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The two main molecular species of sialic acid existing in nature are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Neu5Ac is abundant in mammalian brains and plays crucial roles in many neural functions. In contrast, Neu5Gc is present only at a trace level in vertebrate brains. The brain-specific suppression of Neu5Gc synthesis, which is a common feature in mammals, suggests that Neu5Gc has toxicity against brain functions. However, in vivo kinetics of Neu5Gc in the whole body, especially in the brain, has not been studied in sufficient detail. To determine the in vivo kinetics of Neu5Gc, 14C-Neu5Gc was enzymatically synthesized and injected into rat tail veins. Although most of 14C-Neu5Gc was excreted in urine, a small amount of 14C-Neu5Gc was detected in the brain. Brain autoradiography indicated that 14C-Neu5Gc was accumulated predominantly in the hippocampus. 14C-Neu5Gc transferred into the brain was incorporated into gangliosides including GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b and GQ1b. Reduction of 14C-Neu5Gc after intracerebroventricular infusion was slower than that of 14C-Neu5Ac in the brain and hippocampus. The results suggest that Neu5Gc is transferred from blood into the brain across the blood brain barrier and accumulates in the brain more preferentially than does Neu5Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Taguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Minami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukino Matsuda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tadamune Otsubo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ikeda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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39
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Matsumura R, Hirakawa J, Sato K, Ikeda T, Nagai M, Fukuda M, Imai Y, Kawashima H. Novel Antibodies Reactive with Sialyl Lewis X in Both Humans and Mice Define Its Critical Role in Leukocyte Trafficking and Contact Hypersensitivity Responses. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15313-26. [PMID: 25944902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.650051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialyl Lewis X (sLe(x)) antigen functions as a common carbohydrate determinant recognized by all three members of the selectin family. However, its expression and function in mice remain undefined due to the poor reactivity of conventional anti-sLe(x) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with mouse tissues. Here, we developed novel anti-sLe(x) mAbs, termed F1 and F2, which react well with both human and mouse sLe(x), by immunizing fucosyltransferase (FucT)-IV and FucT-VII doubly deficient mice with 6-sulfo-sLe(x)-expressing cells transiently transfected with an expression vector encoding CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase. F1 and F2 specifically bound both the N-acetyl and the N-glycolyl forms of sLe(x) as well as 6-sulfo-sLe(x), a major ligand for L-selectin expressed in high endothelial venules, and efficiently blocked physiological lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes in mice. Importantly, both of the mAbs inhibited contact hypersensitivity responses not only when administered in the L-selectin-dependent sensitization phase but also when administered in the elicitation phase in mice. When administered in the latter phase, F1 and F2 efficiently blocked rolling of mouse leukocytes along blood vessels expressing P- and E-selectin in the auricular skin in vivo. Consistent with these findings, the mAbs blocked P- and E-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling in a flow chamber assay. Taken together, these results indicate that novel anti-sLe(x) mAbs reactive with both human and mouse tissues, with the blocking ability against leukocyte trafficking mediated by all three selectins, have been established. These mAbs should be useful in determining the role of sLe(x) antigen under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Matsumura
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Jotaro Hirakawa
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, the Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan, and
| | - Kaori Sato
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ikeda
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Motoe Nagai
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Minoru Fukuda
- the Glycobiology Unit, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Yasuyuki Imai
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, the Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan, and
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40
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Abstract
The sialic acids N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) differ by a single oxygen atom and are widely found at the terminal position of glycans on vertebrate cell surfaces. In animals capable of synthesizing Neu5Gc, most tissues and cell types express both sialic acids, in proportions that vary between species. However, it has long been noted that Neu5Gc is consistently expressed at trace to absent levels in the brains of all vertebrates studied to date. Although several reports have claimed to find low levels of Neu5Gc-containing glycans in neural tissue, no study definitively excludes the possibility of contamination with glycans from non-neural cell types. This distribution of a molecule - prominently but variably expressed in extraneural tissues but very low or absent in the brain - is, to our knowledge, unique. The evolutionarily conserved brain-specific suppression of Neu5Gc may indicate that its presence is toxic to this organ; however, no studies to date have directly addressed this very interesting question. Here we provide a historical background to this issue and discuss potential mechanisms causing the suppression of Neu5Gc expression in brain tissue, as well as mechanisms by which Neu5Gc may exert the presumed toxicity. Finally, we discuss future approaches towards understanding the mechanisms and implications of this unusual finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela R L Davies
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0687, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0687, USA
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Kitazume S, Imamaki R, Kurimoto A, Ogawa K, Kato M, Yamaguchi Y, Tanaka K, Ishida H, Ando H, Kiso M, Hashii N, Kawasaki N, Taniguchi N. Interaction of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) with α2,6-sialylated glycan regulates its cell surface residency and anti-apoptotic role. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27604-13. [PMID: 25135639 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.563585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The luminal sides of vascular endothelial cells are heavily covered with a so-called glycocalyx, but the precise role of the endothelial glycocalyx remains unclear. Our previous study showed that N-glycan α2,6-sialylation regulates the cell surface residency of an anti-apoptotic molecule, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), as well as the sensitivity of endothelial cells toward apoptotic stimuli. As PECAM itself was shown to be modified with biantennary N-glycans having α2,6-sialic acid, we expected that PECAM would possess lectin-like activity toward α2,6-sialic acid to ensure its homophilic interaction. To verify this, a series of oligosaccharides were initially added to observe their inhibitory effects on the homophilic PECAM interaction in vitro. We found that a longer α2,6-sialylated oligosaccharide exhibited strong inhibitory activity. Furthermore, we found that a cluster-type α2,6-sialyl N-glycan probe specifically bound to PECAM-immobilized beads. Moreover, the addition of the α2,6-sialylated oligosaccharide to endothelial cells enhanced the internalization of PECAM as well as the sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. Collectively, these findings suggest that PECAM is a sialic acid binding lectin and that this binding property supports endothelial cell survival. Notably, our findings that α2,6-sialylated glycans influenced the susceptibility to endothelial cell apoptosis shed light on the possibility of using a glycan-based method to modulate angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Masaki Kato
- Structural Glycobiology Team, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, and
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, and
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan, Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, and
| | - Makoto Kiso
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan, Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, and
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Nana Kawasaki
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Samraj AN, Läubli H, Varki N, Varki A. Involvement of a non-human sialic Acid in human cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:33. [PMID: 24600589 PMCID: PMC3928833 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are common monosaccharides that are widely expressed as outer terminal units on all vertebrate cell surfaces, and play fundamental roles in cell–cell and cell–microenvironment interactions. The predominant sialic acids on most mammalian cells are N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Neu5Gc is notable for its deficiency in humans due to a species-specific and species-universal inactivating deletion in the CMAH gene encoding the hydroxylase that converts CMP-Neu5Ac to CMP-Neu5Gc. However, Neu5Gc is metabolically incorporated into human tissues from dietary sources (particularly red meat), and detected at even higher levels in some human cancers. Early life exposure to Neu5Gc-containing foods in the presence of certain commensal bacteria that incorporate dietary Neu5Gc into lipooligosaccharides can lead to generation of antibodies that are also cross-reactive against Neu5Gc-containing glycans in human tissues (“xeno-autoantigens”). Such anti-Neu5Gc “xeno-autoantibodies” are found in all humans, although ranging widely in levels among individuals, and displaying diverse and variable specificities for the underlying glycan. Experimental evidence in a human-like Neu5Gc-deficient Cmah−/−mouse model shows that inflammation due to “xenosialitis” caused by this antigen–antibody interaction can promote tumor progression, suggesting a likely mechanism for the well-known epidemiological link between red meat consumption and carcinoma risk. In this review, we discuss the history of this field, mechanisms of Neu5Gc incorporation into tissues, the origin and specificities of human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, their use as possible cancer biomarkers, implications of xenosialitis in cancer initiation and progression, and current and future approaches toward immunotherapy that could take advantage of this unusual human-specific phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie N Samraj
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Nissi Varki
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
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43
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Martin PT, Golden B, Okerblom J, Camboni M, Chandrasekharan K, Xu R, Varki A, Flanigan KM, Kornegay JN. A comparative study of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and cytotoxic T cell (CT) carbohydrate expression in normal and dystrophin-deficient dog and human skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88226. [PMID: 24505439 PMCID: PMC3914967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and the cytotoxic T cell (CT) carbohydrate can impact the severity of muscular dystrophy arising from the loss of dystrophin in mdx mice. Here, we describe the expression of these two glycans in skeletal muscles of dogs and humans with or without dystrophin-deficiency. Neu5Gc expression was highly reduced (>95%) in muscle from normal golden retriever crosses (GR, n = 3) and from golden retriever with muscular dystrophy (GRMD, n = 5) dogs at multiple ages (3, 6 and 13 months) when compared to mouse muscle, however, overall sialic acid expression in GR and GRMD muscles remained high at all ages. Neu5Gc was expressed on only a minority of GRMD satellite cells, CD8+ T lymphocytes and macrophages. Human muscle from normal (no evident disease, n = 3), Becker (BMD, n = 3) and Duchenne (DMD, n = 3) muscular dystrophy individuals had absent to very low Neu5Gc staining, but some punctate intracellular muscle staining was present in BMD and DMD muscles. The CT carbohydrate was localized to the neuromuscular junction in GR muscle, while GRMD muscles had increased expression on a subset of myofibers and macrophages. In humans, the CT carbohydrate was ectopically expressed on the sarcolemmal membrane of some BMD muscles, but not normal human or DMD muscles. These data are consistent with the notion that altered Neu5Gc and CT carbohydrate expression may modify disease severity resulting from dystrophin deficiency in dogs and humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dogs
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Neuraminic Acids/analysis
- Neuraminic Acids/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Martin
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bethannie Golden
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Okerblom
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marybeth Camboni
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kumaran Chandrasekharan
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rui Xu
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Flanigan
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joe N. Kornegay
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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44
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Naito-Matsui Y, Takada S, Kano Y, Iyoda T, Sugai M, Shimizu A, Inaba K, Nitschke L, Tsubata T, Oka S, Kozutsumi Y, Takematsu H. Functional evaluation of activation-dependent alterations in the sialoglycan composition of T cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:1564-79. [PMID: 24297165 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.523753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are often conjugated to the termini of cellular glycans and are key mediators of cellular recognition. Sias are nine-carbon acidic sugars, and, in vertebrates, the major species are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), differing in structure at the C5 position. Previously, we described a positive feedback loop involving regulation of Neu5Gc expression in mouse B cells. In this context, Neu5Gc negatively regulated B-cell proliferation, and Neu5Gc expression was suppressed upon activation. Similarly, resting mouse T cells expressed principally Neu5Gc, and Neu5Ac was induced upon activation. In the present work, we used various probes to examine sialoglycan expression by activated T cells in terms of the Sia species expressed and the linkages of Sias to glycans. Upon T-cell activation, sialoglycan expression shifted from Neu5Gc to Neu5Ac, and the linkage shifted from α2,6 to α2,3. These changes altered the expression levels of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (siglec) ligands. Expression of sialoadhesin and Siglec-F ligands increased, and that of CD22 ligands decreased. Neu5Gc exerted a negative effect on T-cell activation, both in terms of the proliferative response and in the context of activation marker expression. Suppression of Neu5Gc expression in mouse T and B cells prevented the development of nonspecific CD22-mediated T cell-B cell interactions. Our results suggest that an activation-dependent shift from Neu5Gc to Neu5Ac and replacement of α2,6 by α2,3 linkages may regulate immune cell interactions at several levels.
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45
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Mercado CP, Quintero MV, Li Y, Singh P, Byrd AK, Talabnin K, Ishihara M, Azadi P, Rusch NJ, Kuberan B, Maroteaux L, Kilic F. A serotonin-induced N-glycan switch regulates platelet aggregation. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2795. [PMID: 24077408 PMCID: PMC3786303 DOI: 10.1038/srep02795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a multifunctional signaling molecule that plays different roles in a concentration-dependent manner. We demonstrated that elevated levels of plasma 5-HT accelerate platelet aggregation resulting in a hypercoagulable state in which the platelet surface becomes occupied by several glycoproteins. Here we study the novel hypothesis that an elevated level of plasma 5-HT results in modification of the content of N-glycans on the platelet surface and this abnormality is associated with platelet aggregation. Mass spectrometry of total surface glycoproteins on platelets isolated from wild-type mice infused for 24 hours with saline or 5-HT revealed that the content of glycoproteins on platelets from 5-HT-infused mice switched from predominantly N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) to N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminate hydroxylase (CMAH) synthesizes Neu5Gc from Neu5Ac. Up-regulation of Neu5Gc content on the platelet surface resulted from an increase in the catalytic function, not expression, of CMAH in platelets of 5-HT-infused mice. The highest level of Neu5Gc was observed in platelets of 5-HT-infused, 5-HT transporter-knock out mice, suggesting that the surface delineated 5-HT receptor on platelets may promote CMAH catalytic activity. These new findings link elevated levels of plasma 5-HT to altered platelet N-glycan content, a previously unrecognized abnormality that may favor platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Mercado
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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46
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Yi D, He N, Kickstein M, Metzner J, Weiß M, Berry A, Fessner W. Engineering of a Cytidine 5′‐Monophosphate‐Sialic Acid Synthetase for Improved Tolerance to Functional Sialic Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yi
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐6151‐166636
| | - Ning He
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐6151‐166636
| | - Michael Kickstein
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐6151‐166636
| | - Julia Metzner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐6151‐166636
| | - Martin Weiß
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐6151‐166636
| | - Alan Berry
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9 JT, U.K
| | - Wolf‐Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐6151‐166636
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47
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Hua S, Jeong HN, Dimapasoc LM, Kang I, Han C, Choi JS, Lebrilla CB, An HJ. Isomer-specific LC/MS and LC/MS/MS profiling of the mouse serum N-glycome revealing a number of novel sialylated N-glycans. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4636-43. [PMID: 23534819 DOI: 10.1021/ac400195h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mice are the premier mammalian models for studies of human physiology and disease, bearing extensive biological similarity to humans with far fewer ethical, economic, or logistic complications. To facilitate glycomic studies based on the mouse model, we comprehensively profiled the mouse serum N-glycome using isomer-specific nano-LC/MS and -LC/MS/MS. N-Glycans were identified by accurate mass MS and structurally elucidated by MS/MS. Porous graphitized carbon nano-LC was able to separate out nearly 300 N-linked glycan compounds (including isomers) from just over 100 distinct N-linked glycan compositions. Additional MS/MS structural analysis was performed on a number of novel N-glycans, revealing the structural characteristics of modifications such as dehydration, O-acetylation, and lactylation. Experimental findings were combined with known glycobiology to generate a theoretical library of all biologically possible mouse serum N-glycan compositions. The library may be used for automated identification of complex mixtures of mouse N-glycans, with possible applications to a wide range of mouse-related research endeavors, including pharmaceutical drug development and biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serenus Hua
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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48
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Martin PT, Camboni M, Xu R, Golden B, Chandrasekharan K, Wang CM, Varki A, Janssen PML. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid deficiency worsens cardiac and skeletal muscle pathophysiology in α-sarcoglycan-deficient mice. Glycobiology 2013; 23:833-43. [PMID: 23514716 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Roughly 3 million years ago, an inactivating deletion occurred in CMAH, the human gene encoding CMP-Neu5Ac (cytidine-5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid) hydroxylase (Chou HH, Takematsu H, Diaz S, Iber J, Nickerson E, Wright KL, Muchmore EA, Nelson DL, Warren ST, Varki A. 1998. A mutation in human CMP-sialic acid hydroxylase occurred after the Homo-Pan divergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:11751-11756). This inactivating deletion is now homozygous in all humans, causing the loss of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) biosynthesis in all human cells and tissues. The CMAH enzyme is active in other mammals, including mice, where Neu5Gc is an abundant form of sialic acid on cellular membranes, including those in cardiac and skeletal muscle. We recently demonstrated that the deletion of mouse Cmah worsened the severity of pathophysiology measures related to muscular dystrophy in mdx mice, a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Chandrasekharan K, Yoon JH, Xu Y, deVries S, Camboni M, Janssen PM, Varki A, Martin PT. 2010. A human-specific deletion in mouse Cmah increases disease severity in the mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Sci Transl Med. 2:42-54). Here, we demonstrate similar changes in cardiac and skeletal muscle pathology and physiology resulting from Cmah deletion in α-sarcoglycan-deficient (Sgca(-/-)) mice, a model for limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2D. These experiments demonstrate that loss of mouse Cmah can worsen disease severity in more than one form of muscular dystrophy and suggest that Cmah may be a general genetic modifier of muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Martin
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
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49
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Generation of anti-sulfated glycan antibodies using sulfotransferase-deficient mice. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1022:51-60. [PMID: 23765653 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-465-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anti-carbohydrate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are very useful in the functional analysis of complex carbohydrates in vivo. However, such mAbs are difficult to generate, largely because a wide variety of complex carbohydrates is intrinsically expressed in mice and rats and because the antigenicities of glycans are generally poor. In this chapter, I describe an efficient method for generating anti-carbohydrate mAbs using glycan--synthesizing enzyme-knockout mice in which the glycan structures formed by the missing enzymes should be highly antigenic. As an application of this method, I describe the generation of anti-sulfated glycan mAbs using sulfotransferase-deficient mice and the immunohistochemical detection of sulfated glycans involved in lymphocyte homing in both humans and mice.
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50
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Bergfeld AK, Pearce OMT, Diaz SL, Lawrence R, Vocadlo DJ, Choudhury B, Esko JD, Varki A. Metabolism of vertebrate amino sugars with N-glycolyl groups: incorporation of N-glycolylhexosamines into mammalian glycans by feeding N-glycolylgalactosamine. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:28898-916. [PMID: 22692203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.363499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The outermost positions of mammalian cell-surface glycans are predominantly occupied by the sialic acids N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). To date, hydroxylation of CMP-Neu5Ac resulting in the conversion into CMP-Neu5Gc is the only known enzymatic reaction in mammals to synthesize a monosaccharide carrying an N-glycolyl group. In our accompanying paper (Bergfeld, A. K., Pearce, O. M., Diaz, S. L., Pham, T., and Varki, A. (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 287, jbc.M112.363549), we report a metabolic pathway for degradation of Neu5Gc, demonstrating that N-acetylhexosamine pathways are tolerant toward the N-glycolyl substituent of Neu5Gc breakdown products. In this study, we show that exogenously added N-glycolylgalactosamine (GalNGc) serves as a precursor for Neu5Gc de novo biosynthesis, potentially involving seven distinct mammalian enzymes. Following the GalNAc salvage pathway, UDP-GalNGc is epimerized to UDP-GlcNGc, which might compete with the endogenous UDP-GlcNAc for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. Using UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase-deficient cells, we confirm that conversion of GalNGc into Neu5Gc depends on this key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, we demonstrate by mass spectrometry that the metabolic intermediates UDP-GalNGc and UDP-GlcNGc serve as substrates for assembly of most major classes of cellular glycans. We show for the first time incorporation of GalNGc and GlcNGc into chondroitin/dermatan sulfates and heparan sulfates, respectively. As demonstrated by structural analysis, N-glycolylated hexosamines were found in cellular gangliosides and incorporated into Chinese hamster ovary cell O-glycans. Remarkably, GalNAc derivatives altered the overall O-glycosylation pattern as indicated by the occurrence of novel O-glycan structures. This study demonstrates that mammalian N-acetylhexosamine pathways and glycan assembly are surprisingly tolerant toward the N-glycolyl substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Bergfeld
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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