1
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Iwanaga R, Yahagi N, Hakeda-Suzuki S, Suzuki T. Cell adhesion and actin dynamics factors promote axonal extension and synapse formation in transplanted Drosophila photoreceptor cells. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:205-218. [PMID: 38403285 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Vision is formed by the transmission of light stimuli to the brain through axons extending from photoreceptor cells. Damage to these axons leads to loss of vision. Despite research on neural circuit regeneration through transplantation, achieving precise axon projection remains challenging. To achieve optic nerve regeneration by transplantation, we employed the Drosophila visual system. We previously established a transplantation method for Drosophila utilizing photoreceptor precursor cells extracted from the eye disc. However, little axonal elongation of transplanted cells into the brain, the lamina, was observed. We verified axonal elongation to the lamina by modifying the selection process for transplanted cells. Moreover, we focused on N-cadherin (Ncad), a cell adhesion factor, and Twinstar (Tsr), which has been shown to promote actin reorganization and induce axon elongation in damaged nerves. Overexpression of Ncad and tsr promoted axon elongation to the lamina, along with presynaptic structure formation in the elongating axons. Furthermore, overexpression of Neurexin-1 (Nrx-1), encoding a protein identified as a synaptic organizer, was found to not only promote presynapse formation but also enhance axon elongation. By introducing Ncad, tsr, and Nrx-1, we not only successfully achieved axonal projection of transplanted cells to the brain beyond the retina, but also confirmed the projection of transplanted cells into a deeper ganglion, the medulla. The present study offers valuable insights to realize regeneration through transplantation in a more complex nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Iwanaga
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokahama, Japan
| | - Nagisa Yahagi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokahama, Japan
| | - Satoko Hakeda-Suzuki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokahama, Japan
- Research Initiatives and Promotion Organization, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokahama, Japan
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2
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Sousa-Squiavinato ACM, Morgado-Díaz JA. A glimpse into cofilin-1 role in cancer therapy: A potential target to improve clinical outcomes? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189087. [PMID: 38395237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Cofilin-1 (CFL1) modulates dynamic actin networks by severing and enhancing depolymerization. The upregulation of cofilin-1 expression in several cancer types is associated with tumor progression and metastasis. However, recent discoveries indicated relevant cofilin-1 functions under oxidative stress conditions, interplaying with mitochondrial dynamics, and apoptosis networks. In this scenario, these emerging roles might impact the response to clinical therapy and could be used to enhance treatment efficacy. Here, we highlight new perspectives of cofilin-1 in the therapy resistance context and discussed how cofilin-1 is involved in these events, exploring aspects of its contribution to therapeutic resistance. We also provide an analysis of CFL1 expression in several tumors predicting survival. Therefore, understanding how exactly coflin-1 plays, particularly in therapy resistance, may pave the way to the development of treatment strategies and improvement of patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Andrés Morgado-Díaz
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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3
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Lagani GD, Lin W, Natarajan S, Lampl N, Harper ER, Emili A, Beffert U, Ho A. Beyond Glycolysis: Aldolase A is a Novel Effector in Reelin Mediated Dendritic Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.12.575269. [PMID: 38260505 PMCID: PMC10802565 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.12.575269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Reelin, a secreted glycoprotein, plays a crucial role in guiding neocortical neuronal migration, dendritic outgrowth and arborization, and synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. Reelin primarily operates through the canonical lipoprotein receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (Apoer2) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr). Reelin also engages with non-canonical receptors and unidentified co-receptors; however, the effects of which are less understood. Using high-throughput tandem mass tag LC-MS/MS-based proteomics and gene set enrichment analysis, we identified both shared and unique intracellular pathways activated by Reelin through its canonical and non-canonical signaling in primary murine neurons during dendritic growth and arborization. We observed pathway crosstalk related to regulation of cytoskeleton, neuron projection development, protein transport, and actin filament-based process. We also found enriched gene sets exclusively by the non-canonical Reelin pathway including protein translation, mRNA metabolic process and ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis suggesting Reelin fine-tunes neuronal structure through distinct signaling pathways. A key discovery is the identification of aldolase A, a glycolytic enzyme and actin binding protein, as a novel effector of Reelin signaling. Reelin induced de novo translation and mobilization of aldolase A from the actin cytoskeleton. We demonstrated that aldolase A is necessary for Reelin-mediated dendrite growth and arborization in primary murine neurons and mouse brain cortical neurons. Interestingly, the function of aldolase A in dendrite development is independent of its known role in glycolysis. Altogether, our findings provide new insights into the Reelin-dependent signaling pathways and effector proteins that are crucial for actin remodeling and dendritic development. Significance Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein and exerts its function primarily by binding to the canonical lipoprotein receptors Apoer2 and Vldlr. Reelin is best known for its role in neuronal migration during prenatal brain development. Reelin also signals through a non-canonical pathway outside of Apoer2/Vldlr; however, these receptors and signal transduction pathways are less defined. Here, we examined Reelin's role during dendritic outgrowth in primary murine neurons and identified shared and distinct pathways activated by canonical and non-canonical Reelin signaling. We also found aldolase A as a novel effector of Reelin signaling, that functions independently of its known metabolic role, highlighting Reelin's influence on actin dynamics and neuronal structure and growth.
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4
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Ventura Santos C, Rogers SL, Carter AP. CryoET shows cofilactin filaments inside the microtubule lumen. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57264. [PMID: 37702953 PMCID: PMC10626427 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic microtubules are tubular polymers that can harbor small proteins or filaments inside their lumen. The identities of these objects and mechanisms for their accumulation have not been conclusively established. Here, we used cryogenic electron tomography of Drosophila S2 cell protrusions and found filaments inside the microtubule lumen, which resemble those reported recently in human HAP1 cells. The frequency of these filaments increased upon inhibition of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase with the small molecule drug thapsigargin. Subtomogram averaging showed that the luminal filaments adopt a helical structure reminiscent of cofilin-bound actin (cofilactin). Consistent with this, we observed cofilin dephosphorylation, an activating modification, in cells under the same conditions that increased luminal filament occurrence. Furthermore, RNA interference knock-down of cofilin reduced the frequency of luminal filaments with cofilactin morphology. These results suggest that cofilin activation stimulates its accumulation on actin filaments inside the microtubule lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen L Rogers
- Department of Biology and Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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5
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Sun Y, Li M, Geng J, Meng S, Tu R, Zhuang Y, Sun M, Rui M, Ou M, Xing G, Johnson TK, Xie W. Neuroligin 2 governs synaptic morphology and function through RACK1-cofilin signaling in Drosophila. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1056. [PMID: 37853189 PMCID: PMC10584876 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroligins are transmembrane cell adhesion proteins well-known for their genetic links to autism spectrum disorders. Neuroligins can function by regulating the actin cytoskeleton, however the factors and mechanisms involved are still largely unknown. Here, using the Drosophila neuromuscular junction as a model, we reveal that F-Actin assembly at the Drosophila NMJ is controlled through Cofilin signaling mediated by an interaction between DNlg2 and RACK1, factors not previously known to work together. The deletion of DNlg2 displays disrupted RACK1-Cofilin signaling pathway with diminished actin cytoskeleton proteo-stasis at the terminal of the NMJ, aberrant NMJ structure, reduced synaptic transmission, and abnormal locomotion at the third-instar larval stage. Overexpression of wildtype and activated Cofilin in muscles are sufficient to rescue the morphological and physiological defects in dnlg2 mutants, while inactivated Cofilin is not. Since the DNlg2 paralog DNlg1 is known to regulate F-actin assembly mainly via a specific interaction with WAVE complex, our present work suggests that the orchestration of F-actin by Neuroligins is a diverse and complex process critical for neural connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Moyi Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Junhua Geng
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Sibie Meng
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Renjun Tu
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Mingkuan Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Menglong Rui
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Mengzhu Ou
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Guangling Xing
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Travis K Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Wei Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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6
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Davis MJ, Earley S, Li YS, Chien S. Vascular mechanotransduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1247-1421. [PMID: 36603156 PMCID: PMC9942936 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00053.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to survey the current state of mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), including their sensing of mechanical stimuli and transduction of mechanical signals that result in the acute functional modulation and longer-term transcriptomic and epigenetic regulation of blood vessels. The mechanosensors discussed include ion channels, plasma membrane-associated structures and receptors, and junction proteins. The mechanosignaling pathways presented include the cytoskeleton, integrins, extracellular matrix, and intracellular signaling molecules. These are followed by discussions on mechanical regulation of transcriptome and epigenetics, relevance of mechanotransduction to health and disease, and interactions between VSMCs and ECs. Throughout this review, we offer suggestions for specific topics that require further understanding. In the closing section on conclusions and perspectives, we summarize what is known and point out the need to treat the vasculature as a system, including not only VSMCs and ECs but also the extracellular matrix and other types of cells such as resident macrophages and pericytes, so that we can fully understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the blood vessel as a whole, thus enhancing the comprehension, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Scott Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Yi-Shuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
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7
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Wang Q, Xu Y, Zhao S, Jiang Y, Yi R, Guo Y, Huang S. Activation of actin-depolymerizing factor by CDPK16-mediated phosphorylation promotes actin turnover in Arabidopsis pollen tubes. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002073. [PMID: 37011088 PMCID: PMC10101649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the stimulus-responsive mediator of actin dynamics, actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin is subject to tight regulation. It is well known that kinase-mediated phosphorylation inactivates ADF/cofilin. Here, however, we found that the activity of Arabidopsis ADF7 is enhanced by CDPK16-mediated phosphorylation. We found that CDPK16 interacts with ADF7 both in vitro and in vivo, and it enhances ADF7-mediated actin depolymerization and severing in vitro in a calcium-dependent manner. Accordingly, the rate of actin turnover is reduced in cdpk16 pollen and the amount of actin filaments increases significantly at the tip of cdpk16 pollen tubes. CDPK16 phosphorylates ADF7 at Serine128 both in vitro and in vivo, and the phospho-mimetic mutant ADF7S128D has enhanced actin-depolymerizing activity compared to ADF7. Strikingly, we found that failure in the phosphorylation of ADF7 at Ser128 impairs its function in promoting actin turnover in vivo, which suggests that this phospho-regulation mechanism is biologically significant. Thus, we reveal that CDPK16-mediated phosphorylation up-regulates ADF7 to promote actin turnover in pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Wang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuxiang Jiang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Yi
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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8
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Santos CV, Rogers SL, Carter AP. CryoET shows cofilactin filaments inside the microtubule lumen. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.31.535077. [PMID: 37034688 PMCID: PMC10081314 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.31.535077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic microtubules are tubular polymers that can harbor small proteins or filaments inside their lumen. The identity of these objects and what causes their accumulation has not been conclusively established. Here, we used cryogenic electron tomography (cryoET) of Drosophila S2 cell protrusions and found filaments inside the microtubule lumen, which resemble those reported recently in human HAP1 cells. The frequency of these filaments increased upon inhibition of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase (SERCA) with the small-molecule drug thapsigargin. Subtomogram averaging showed that the luminal filaments adopt a helical structure reminiscent of cofilin-bound actin (cofilactin). Consistent with this, cofilin was activated in cells under the same conditions that increased luminal filament occurrence. Furthermore, RNAi knock-down of cofilin reduced the frequency of luminal filaments with cofilactin morphology. These results suggest that cofilin activation stimulates its accumulation on actin filaments inside the microtubule lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen L. Rogers
- Department of Biology and Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Andrew P. Carter
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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9
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Ishii K, Kohno T, Sakai K, Hattori M. Reelin regulates the migration of late-born hippocampal CA1 neurons via cofilin phosphorylation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 124:103794. [PMID: 36435394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin, a large secreted glycoprotein, plays an important role in neuronal migration during brain development. The C-terminal region (CTR) of Reelin is involved in the efficient activation of downstream signaling and its loss leads to abnormal hippocampal layer formation. However, the molecular mechanism by which Reelin CTR regulates hippocampal development remains unknown. Here, we showed that the migration of late-born, but not early-born, neurons is impaired in the knock-in mice in which Reelin CTR is deleted (ΔC-KI mice). The phosphorylation of cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing protein, was remarkably decreased in the hippocampus of the ΔC-KI mice. Exogenous expression of pseudo-phosphorylated cofilin rescued the ectopic positioning of neurons in the hippocampus of ΔC-KI mice. These results suggest that Reelin CTR is required for the migration of late-born neurons in the hippocampus and that this event involves appropriate phosphorylation of cofilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ishii
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Kaori Sakai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
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10
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Nakajima M, Kawahara R, Simizu S. Cofilin promotes vasculogenic mimicry by regulating the actin cytoskeleton in human breast cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:1114-1124. [PMID: 36737242 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is the formation of microvascular channels by cancer cells. VM requires cellular processes that are regulated by changes in cellular migration and morphology. Cofilin (CFL), a key regulator of actin depolymerization, has been reported to affect malignant phenotypes of cancer. We show that treatment with inhibitors of actin dynamics suppresses VM in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. We established CFL-knockout (KO) MDA-MB-231 cells and found that VM was attenuated in CFL-KO cells. Although the re-expression of wild-type CFL restored VM in CFL-KO cells, inactive phosphomimetic CFL failed to do so. Collectively, our results demonstrate that CFL is a critical regulator of VM and implicate CFL as a novel therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Nakajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryota Kawahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Siro Simizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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11
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PIK-24 Inhibits RSV-Induced Syncytium Formation via Direct Interaction with the p85α Subunit of PI3K. J Virol 2022; 96:e0145322. [PMID: 36416586 PMCID: PMC9749462 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01453-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling regulates many cellular processes, including cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, cytoskeleton reorganization, and apoptosis. The actin cytoskeleton regulated by PI3K signaling plays an important role in plasma membrane rearrangement. Currently, it is known that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection requires PI3K signaling. However, the regulatory pattern or corresponding molecular mechanism of PI3K signaling on cell-to-cell fusion during syncytium formation remains unclear. This study synthesized a novel PI3K inhibitor PIK-24 designed with PI3K as a target and used it as a molecular probe to investigate the involvement of PI3K signaling in syncytium formation during RSV infection. The results of the antiviral mechanism revealed that syncytium formation required PI3K signaling to activate RHO family GTPases Cdc42, to upregulate the inactive form of cofilin, and to increase the amount of F-actin in cells, thereby causing actin cytoskeleton reorganization and membrane fusion between adjacent cells. PIK-24 treatment significantly abolished the generation of these events by blocking the activation of PI3K signaling. Moreover, PIK-24 had an obvious binding activity with the p85α regulatory subunit of PI3K. The anti-RSV effect similar to PIK-24 was obtained after knockdown of p85α in vitro or knockout of p85α in vivo, suggesting that PIK-24 inhibited RSV infection by targeting PI3K p85α. Most importantly, PIK-24 exerted a potent anti-RSV activity, and its antiviral effect was stronger than that of the classic PI3K inhibitor LY294002, PI-103, and broad-spectrum antiviral drug ribavirin. Thus, PIK-24 has the potential to be developed into a novel anti-RSV agent targeting cellular PI3K signaling. IMPORTANCE PI3K protein has many functions and regulates various cellular processes. As an important regulatory subunit of PI3K, p85α can regulate the activity of PI3K signaling. Therefore, it serves as the key target for virus infection. Indeed, p85α-regulated PI3K signaling facilitates various intracellular plasma membrane rearrangement events by modulating the actin cytoskeleton, which may be critical for RSV-induced syncytium formation. In this study, we show that a novel PI3K inhibitor inhibits RSV-induced PI3K signaling activation and actin cytoskeleton reorganization by targeting the p85α protein, thereby inhibiting syncytium formation and exerting a potent antiviral effect. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common respiratory pathogens, causing enormous morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Currently, no effective antiviral drugs or vaccines exist for RSV infection. This study contributes to understanding the molecular mechanism by which PI3K signaling regulates syncytium formation and provides a leading compound for anti-RSV infection drug development.
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12
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Lv S, Chen Z, Mi H, Yu X. Cofilin Acts as a Booster for Progression of Malignant Tumors Represented by Glioma. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:3245-3269. [PMID: 36452435 PMCID: PMC9703913 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s389825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cofilin, as a depolymerization factor of actin filaments, has been widely studied. Evidences show that cofilin has a role in actin structural reorganization and dynamic regulation. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated a regulatory role for cofilin in the migration and invasion mediated by cell dynamics and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)/EMT-like process, apoptosis, radiotherapy resistance, immune escape, and transcriptional dysregulation of malignant tumor cells, particularly glioma cells. On this basis, it is practical to evaluate cofilin as a biomarker for predicting tumor metastasis and prognosis. Targeting cofilin regulating kinases, Lin11, Isl-1 and Mec-3 kinases (LIM kinases/LIMKs) and their major upstream molecules inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion and targeting cofilin-mediated mitochondrial pathway induces apoptosis of tumor cells represent effective options for the development of novel anti-malignant tumor drug, especially anti-glioma drugs. This review explores the structure, general biological function, and regulation of cofilin, with an emphasis on the critical functions and prospects for clinical therapeutic applications of cofilin in malignant tumors represented by glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, 157011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiye Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailong Mi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingjiang Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Chetty AK, Ha BH, Boggon TJ. Rho family GTPase signaling through type II p21-activated kinases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:598. [PMID: 36401658 PMCID: PMC10105373 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Signaling from the Rho family small GTPases controls a wide range of signaling outcomes. Key among the downstream effectors for many of the Rho GTPases are the p21-activated kinases, or PAK group. The PAK family comprises two types, the type I PAKs (PAK1, 2 and 3) and the type II PAKs (PAK4, 5 and 6), which have distinct structures and mechanisms of regulation. In this review, we discuss signal transduction from Rho GTPases with a focus on the type II PAKs. We discuss the role of PAKs in signal transduction pathways and selectivity of Rho GTPases for PAK family members. We consider the less well studied of the Rho GTPases and their PAK-related signaling. We then discuss the molecular basis for kinase domain recognition of substrates and for regulation of signaling. We conclude with a discussion of the role of PAKs in cross talk between Rho family small GTPases and the roles of PAKs in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin K Chetty
- Yale College, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Byung Hak Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Titus J Boggon
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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14
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Shannon N, Gravelle R, Cunniff B. Mitochondrial trafficking and redox/phosphorylation signaling supporting cell migration phenotypes. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:925755. [PMID: 35936783 PMCID: PMC9355248 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.925755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cell signaling cascades is critical in making sure the response is activated spatially and for a desired duration. Cell signaling cascades are spatially and temporally controlled through local protein phosphorylation events which are determined by the activation of specific kinases and/or inactivation of phosphatases to elicit a complete and thorough response. For example, A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs) contribute to the local regulated activity protein kinase A (PKA). The activity of kinases and phosphatases can also be regulated through redox-dependent cysteine modifications that mediate the activity of these proteins. A primary example of this is the activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the inactivation of the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) phosphatase by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, the local redox environment must play a critical role in the timing and magnitude of these events. Mitochondria are a primary source of ROS and energy (ATP) that contributes to redox-dependent signaling and ATP-dependent phosphorylation events, respectively. The strategic positioning of mitochondria within cells contributes to intracellular gradients of ROS and ATP, which have been shown to correlate with changes to protein redox and phosphorylation status driving downstream cellular processes. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between subcellular mitochondrial positioning and intracellular ROS and ATP gradients that support dynamic oxidation and phosphorylation signaling and resulting cellular effects, specifically associated with cell migration signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Shannon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Redox Biology Program, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Randi Gravelle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Redox Biology Program, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Brian Cunniff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Redox Biology Program, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian Cunniff,
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15
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Jin S, Jeon H, Choe CP. Expression and Functional Analysis of cofilin1-like in Craniofacial Development in Zebrafish. Dev Reprod 2022; 26:23-36. [PMID: 35528320 PMCID: PMC9042393 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2022.26.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharyngeal pouches, a series of outgrowths of the pharyngeal endoderm, are a key
epithelial structure governing facial skeleton development in vertebrates. Pouch
formation is achieved through collective cell migration and rearrangement of
pouch-forming cells controlled by actin cytoskeleton dynamics. While essential
transcription factors and signaling molecules have been identified in pouch
formation, regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics have not been reported yet
in any vertebrates. Cofilin1-like (Cfl1l) is a fish-specific member of the
Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/Cofilin family, a critical regulator of actin
cytoskeleton dynamics in eukaryotic cells. Here, we report the expression and
function of cfl1l in pouch development in zebrafish. We first
showed that fish cfl1l might be an ortholog of vertebrate
adf, based on phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate
adf and cfl genes. During pouch formation,
cfl1l was expressed sequentially in the developing pouches
but not in the posterior cell mass in which future pouch-forming cells are
present. However, pouches, as well as facial cartilages whose development is
dependent upon pouch formation, were unaffected by loss-of-function mutations in
cfl1l. Although it could not be completely ruled out a
possibility of a genetic redundancy of Cfl1l with other Cfls, our results
suggest that the cfl1l expression in the developing pouches
might be dispensable for regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics in pouch-forming
cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sil Jin
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Haewon Jeon
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Chong Pyo Choe
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.,Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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16
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Kumar N, Rath PP, Aggarwal P, Maiti S, Bhavesh NS, Gourinath S. Unravelling the Biology of EhActo as the First Cofilin From Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:785680. [PMID: 35281106 PMCID: PMC8914023 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.785680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin-depolymerising factors (ADF) are a known family of proteins that regulate actin dynamics. Actin regulation is critical for primitive eukaryotes since it drives their key cellular processes. Entamoeba histolytica, a protist human pathogen harbours eleven proteins within this family, however, with no actin depolymerising protein reported to date. We present here the NMR model of EhActo, the first Cofilin from E. histolytica that severs actin filaments and also participates in cellular events like phagocytosis and pseudopod formation. The model typically represents the ADF-homology domain compared to other cofilins. Uniquely, EhActo lacks the critical Serine3 residue present in all known actophorins mediating its phospho-regulation. The second mode of regulation that cofilin’s are subjected to is via their interaction with 14-3-3 proteins through the phosphorylated Serine residue and a consensus binding motif. We found a unique interaction between EhActo and 14-3-3 without the presence of the consensus motif or the phosphorylated Serine. These interesting results present unexplored newer mechanisms functional in this pathogen to regulate actophorin. Through our structural and biochemical studies we have deciphered the mechanism of action of EhActo, implicating its role in amoebic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Nitesh Kumar, ; Samudrala Gourinath,
| | | | - Priyanka Aggarwal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sankar Maiti
- Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Neel Sarovar Bhavesh
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Samudrala Gourinath
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Nitesh Kumar, ; Samudrala Gourinath,
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17
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Satoh F, Sugiura A, Tashiro J, Hosaka YZ, Warita K. Chondroitin sulfate E downregulates N-cadherin and suppresses myotube formation. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:494-501. [PMID: 35173094 PMCID: PMC9096049 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenesis, the formation of muscle fibers, is affected by certain glycoproteins,
including chondroitin sulfate (CS), which are involved in various cellular processes. We
aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying CS-E-induced suppression of myotube
formation using the myoblast cell line C2C12. Differentiated cells treated with 0.1 mg/ml
CS-E for nine days showed multinucleated and rounded myotubes with myosin heavy chain
positivity. No difference was found between the CS-E-treated group with rounded myotubes
and CS (−) controls with elongated myotubes in the levels of phospho-cofilin, a protein
involved in the dynamics of actin cytoskeleton. Interestingly, N-cadherin, which is
involved in the gene expression of myoblast fusion factors (myomaker and myomixer), was
significantly downregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels following CS-E treatment.
These results suggest that N-cadherin downregulation is one of the mechanisms underlying
the CS-E-induced suppression of myotube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Satoh
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Akihiro Sugiura
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Jiro Tashiro
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Katsuhiko Warita
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
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18
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Spada A, Mantovani G, Lania AG, Treppiedi D, Mangili F, Catalano R, Carosi G, Sala E, Peverelli E. Pituitary Tumors: Genetic and Molecular Factors Underlying Pathogenesis and Clinical Behavior. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:15-33. [PMID: 33524974 DOI: 10.1159/000514862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are the most common intracranial neoplasms. Although generally benign, they can show a clinically aggressive course, with local invasion, recurrences, and resistance to medical treatment. No universally accepted biomarkers of aggressiveness are available yet, and predicting clinical behavior of PitNETs remains a challenge. In rare cases, the presence of germline mutations in specific genes predisposes to PitNET formation, as part of syndromic diseases or familial isolated pituitary adenomas, and associates to more aggressive, invasive, and drug-resistant tumors. The vast majority of cases is represented by sporadic PitNETs. Somatic mutations in the α subunit of the stimulatory G protein gene (gsp) and in the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8) gene have been recognized as pathogenetic factors in sporadic GH- and ACTH-secreting PitNETs, respectively, without an association with a worse clinical phenotype. Other molecular factors have been found to significantly affect PitNET drug responsiveness and invasive behavior. These molecules are cytoskeleton and/or scaffold proteins whose alterations prevent proper functioning of the somatostatin and dopamine receptors, targets of medical therapy, or promote the ability of tumor cells to invade surrounding tissues. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the genetic and molecular alterations that can contribute to determine PitNET clinical behavior. Understanding subcellular mechanisms underlying pituitary tumorigenesis and PitNET clinical phenotype will hopefully lead to identification of new potential therapeutic targets and new markers predicting the behavior and the response to therapeutic treatments of PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spada
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea G Lania
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Medical Andrology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Treppiedi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Mangili
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Catalano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Carosi
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Sala
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Peverelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,
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19
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Creighton BA, Afriyie S, Ajit D, Casingal CR, Voos KM, Reger J, Burch AM, Dyne E, Bay J, Huang JK, Anton ES, Fu MM, Lorenzo DN. Giant ankyrin-B mediates transduction of axon guidance and collateral branch pruning factor sema 3A. eLife 2021; 10:69815. [PMID: 34812142 PMCID: PMC8610419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in the high confident autism spectrum disorder (ASD) gene ANK2 target both ubiquitously expressed 220 kDa ankyrin-B and neurospecific 440 kDa ankyrin-B (AnkB440) isoforms. Previous work showed that knock-in mice expressing an ASD-linked Ank2 variant yielding a truncated AnkB440 product exhibit ectopic brain connectivity and behavioral abnormalities. Expression of this variant or loss of AnkB440 caused axonal hyperbranching in vitro, which implicated AnkB440 microtubule bundling activity in suppressing collateral branch formation. Leveraging multiple mouse models, cellular assays, and live microscopy, we show that AnkB440 also modulates axon collateral branching stochastically by reducing the number of F-actin-rich branch initiation points. Additionally, we show that AnkB440 enables growth cone (GC) collapse in response to chemorepellent factor semaphorin 3 A (Sema 3 A) by stabilizing its receptor complex L1 cell adhesion molecule/neuropilin-1. ASD-linked ANK2 variants failed to rescue Sema 3A-induced GC collapse. We propose that impaired response to repellent cues due to AnkB440 deficits leads to axonal targeting and branch pruning defects and may contribute to the pathogenicity of ANK2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Creighton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Simone Afriyie
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Deepa Ajit
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Cristine R Casingal
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Kayleigh M Voos
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Joan Reger
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, United States.,Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, United States
| | - April M Burch
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Eric Dyne
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, United States
| | - Julia Bay
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Huang
- Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, United States
| | - E S Anton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Meng-Meng Fu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, United States
| | - Damaris N Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, Chapel Hill, United States
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20
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Jiang X, Lv J, Zhou R, Xiang X. The effect of cofilin 1 expression and phosphorylation dynamics on cell fate determination and neuron maturation in neural stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136292. [PMID: 34655709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that neural stem cells (NSCs) have an ability to differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. However, the mechanisms that govern the fate of neural stem cell determination have not yet been fully clarified. In this study, we demonstrated that expression and activation of cofilin 1, a F-actin depolymerizing factor, are significantly changed during the development of brain, cortex or NSCs. Using Neuro-2a cells as a model, we found that overexpression of cofilin 1 significantly inhibit the cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth, while inhibition of intracellular cofilin 1 phosphorylation was significantly promoted. In cultured NSCs, we observed that cofilin 1 reduced the proportion of neurons derived from NSC due to inhibition of the phosphorylation, while the morphological maturation of neurons was promoted. Together, our findings revealed that cofilin 1 plays dynamic regulatory role on NSC cell fate determination and enhance neuronal maturation through regulating its activity and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418008, China; School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418008, China
| | - Jianyi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418008, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418008, China
| | - Xiaoliang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418008, China.
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21
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Promotion or inhibition of extracellular vesicle release: Emerging therapeutic opportunities. J Control Release 2021; 340:136-148. [PMID: 34695524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vehicles of intercellular communication that are released from various cell types under physiological and pathological conditions, with differing effects on the body. Under physiological conditions, EVs mediate cell-to-cell and intertissue communication and participate in maintaining homeostasis. Certain EV types have emerged as biological therapeutic agents in various fields, such as cell-free regenerative medicine, drug delivery and immunotherapy. However, the low yield of EVs is a bottleneck in the large-scale implementation of these therapies. Conversely, more EVs in the microenvironment in other circumstances, such as tumor metastasis, viral particle transmission, and the propagation of neurodegenerative disease, can exacerbate the situation, and the inhibition of EV secretion may delay the progression of these diseases. Therefore, the promotion and inhibition of EV release is a new and promising field because of its great research potential and wide application prospects. We first review the methods and therapeutic opportunities for the regulation of EV release based on the mechanism of EV biogenesis and consider the side effects and challenges.
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22
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Bamburg JR, Minamide LS, Wiggan O, Tahtamouni LH, Kuhn TB. Cofilin and Actin Dynamics: Multiple Modes of Regulation and Their Impacts in Neuronal Development and Degeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102726. [PMID: 34685706 PMCID: PMC8534876 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin family are ubiquitous among eukaryotes and are essential regulators of actin dynamics and function. Mammalian neurons express cofilin-1 as the major isoform, but ADF and cofilin-2 are also expressed. All isoforms bind preferentially and cooperatively along ADP-subunits in F-actin, affecting the filament helical rotation, and when either alone or when enhanced by other proteins, promotes filament severing and subunit turnover. Although self-regulating cofilin-mediated actin dynamics can drive motility without post-translational regulation, cells utilize many mechanisms to locally control cofilin, including cooperation/competition with other proteins. Newly identified post-translational modifications function with or are independent from the well-established phosphorylation of serine 3 and provide unexplored avenues for isoform specific regulation. Cofilin modulates actin transport and function in the nucleus as well as actin organization associated with mitochondrial fission and mitophagy. Under neuronal stress conditions, cofilin-saturated F-actin fragments can undergo oxidative cross-linking and bundle together to form cofilin-actin rods. Rods form in abundance within neurons around brain ischemic lesions and can be rapidly induced in neurites of most hippocampal and cortical neurons through energy depletion or glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. In ~20% of rodent hippocampal neurons, rods form more slowly in a receptor-mediated process triggered by factors intimately connected to disease-related dementias, e.g., amyloid-β in Alzheimer’s disease. This rod-inducing pathway requires a cellular prion protein, NADPH oxidase, and G-protein coupled receptors, e.g., CXCR4 and CCR5. Here, we will review many aspects of cofilin regulation and its contribution to synaptic loss and pathology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.S.M.); (O.W.); (L.H.T.); (T.B.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-988-9120; Fax: +1-970-491-0494
| | - Laurie S. Minamide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.S.M.); (O.W.); (L.H.T.); (T.B.K.)
| | - O’Neil Wiggan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.S.M.); (O.W.); (L.H.T.); (T.B.K.)
| | - Lubna H. Tahtamouni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.S.M.); (O.W.); (L.H.T.); (T.B.K.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Thomas B. Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.S.M.); (O.W.); (L.H.T.); (T.B.K.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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23
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Robaszkiewicz K, Jurewicz E, Moraczewska J, Filipek A. Ca 2+-dependent binding of S100A6 to cofilin-1 regulates actin filament polymerization-depolymerization dynamics. Cell Calcium 2021; 99:102457. [PMID: 34464867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
S100A6 is a Ca2+-binding protein belonging to the S100 family. Many reports indicate that S100A6 is involved in actin filament organization, however the mechanism of S100A6 action in this process is not fully understood. By screening S100A6 binding partners in NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts, we have found that S100A6 binds cofilin-1, a protein required for the dynamics of actin polymerization and depolymerization. By applying various biochemical and cell biology assays, we have shown that S100A6 bound to cofilin-1 in a Ca2+-dependent manner and increased cofilin-1 affinity for F-actin. Microscopic analysis indicated that S100A6 significantly decreased severing of the actin filaments induced by cofilin-1. Moreover, in the presence of cofilin-1, S100A6 stabilized the filaments by inhibiting their depolymerization. When S100A6 was present at sub-stoichiometric concentrations in relation to actin, polymerization of G-actin accelerated by cofilin-1 was increased. At higher S100A6:actin ratios the polymerization rate was decreased. Altogether, these results show that S100A6 regulates actin filament dynamics by controlling activity of cofilin-1 and suggest that this regulation is Ca2+ -dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Robaszkiewicz
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Department of Biological Sciences, 12 Poniatowskiego Street, 85-671 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Jurewicz
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Moraczewska
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Department of Biological Sciences, 12 Poniatowskiego Street, 85-671 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Anna Filipek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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24
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Liaci C, Camera M, Caslini G, Rando S, Contino S, Romano V, Merlo GR. Neuronal Cytoskeleton in Intellectual Disability: From Systems Biology and Modeling to Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116167. [PMID: 34200511 PMCID: PMC8201358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a pathological condition characterized by limited intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. It affects 1–3% of the worldwide population, and no pharmacological therapies are currently available. More than 1000 genes have been found mutated in ID patients pointing out that, despite the common phenotype, the genetic bases are highly heterogeneous and apparently unrelated. Bibliomic analysis reveals that ID genes converge onto a few biological modules, including cytoskeleton dynamics, whose regulation depends on Rho GTPases transduction. Genetic variants exert their effects at different levels in a hierarchical arrangement, starting from the molecular level and moving toward higher levels of organization, i.e., cell compartment and functions, circuits, cognition, and behavior. Thus, cytoskeleton alterations that have an impact on cell processes such as neuronal migration, neuritogenesis, and synaptic plasticity rebound on the overall establishment of an effective network and consequently on the cognitive phenotype. Systems biology (SB) approaches are more focused on the overall interconnected network rather than on individual genes, thus encouraging the design of therapies that aim to correct common dysregulated biological processes. This review summarizes current knowledge about cytoskeleton control in neurons and its relevance for the ID pathogenesis, exploiting in silico modeling and translating the implications of those findings into biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Liaci
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Mattia Camera
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Giovanni Caslini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Simona Rando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Salvatore Contino
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Valentino Romano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giorgio R. Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0116706449; Fax: +39-0116706432
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25
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Sarkar S, Olsen AL, Sygnecka K, Lohr KM, Feany MB. α-synuclein impairs autophagosome maturation through abnormal actin stabilization. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009359. [PMID: 33556113 PMCID: PMC7895402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular trafficking defects, particularly those in the autophagolysosomal system, have been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and related α-synucleinopathies. However, mechanisms mediating dysfunction of membrane trafficking remain incompletely understood. Using a Drosophila model of α-synuclein neurotoxicity with widespread and robust pathology, we find that human α-synuclein expression impairs autophagic flux in aging adult neurons. Genetic destabilization of the actin cytoskeleton rescues F-actin accumulation, promotes autophagosome clearance, normalizes the autophagolysosomal system, and rescues neurotoxicity in α-synuclein transgenic animals through an Arp2/3 dependent mechanism. Similarly, mitophagosomes accumulate in human α-synuclein-expressing neurons, and reversal of excessive actin stabilization promotes both clearance of these abnormal mitochondria-containing organelles and rescue of mitochondrial dysfunction. These results suggest that Arp2/3 dependent actin cytoskeleton stabilization mediates autophagic and mitophagic dysfunction and implicate failure of autophagosome maturation as a pathological mechanism in Parkinson’s disease and related α-synucleinopathies. Vesicle trafficking is a central cell biological pathway perturbed in Parkinson’s disease. Here we use a genetic approach to define an underlying mechanism by demonstrating that the key Parkinson’s disease protein α-synuclein impairs maturation of autophagosomes and mitophagosomes through Arp2/3 dependent excess stabilization of cellular actin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvarish Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abby L. Olsen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katja Sygnecka
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kelly M. Lohr
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mel B. Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- * E-mail:
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Mote RD, Yadav J, Singh SB, Tiwari M, V SL, Patil S, Subramanyam D. Pluripotency of embryonic stem cells lacking clathrin-mediated endocytosis cannot be rescued by restoring cellular stiffness. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16888-16896. [PMID: 33087446 PMCID: PMC7864080 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac120.014343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) display unique mechanical properties, including low cellular stiffness in contrast to differentiated cells, which are stiffer. We have previously shown that mESCs lacking the clathrin heavy chain (Cltc), an essential component for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), display a loss of pluripotency and an enhanced expression of differentiation markers. However, it is not known whether physical properties such as cellular stiffness also change upon loss of Cltc, similar to what is seen in differentiated cells, and if so, how these altered properties specifically impact pluripotency. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we demonstrate that mESCs lacking Cltc display higher Young's modulus, indicative of greater cellular stiffness, compared with WT mESCs. The increase in stiffness was accompanied by the presence of actin stress fibers and accumulation of the inactive, phosphorylated, actin-binding protein cofilin. Treatment of Cltc knockdown mESCs with actin polymerization inhibitors resulted in a decrease in the Young's modulus to values similar to those obtained with WT mESCs. However, a rescue in the expression profile of pluripotency factors was not obtained. Additionally, whereas WT mouse embryonic fibroblasts could be reprogrammed to a state of pluripotency, this was inhibited in the absence of Cltc. This indicates that the presence of active CME is essential for the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Additionally, whereas physical properties may serve as a simple readout of the cellular state, they may not always faithfully recapitulate the underlying molecular fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridim D Mote
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, India; Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India; Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, JES College, Jalna, India
| | - Jyoti Yadav
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Surya Bansi Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Mahak Tiwari
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Shinde Laxmikant V
- Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India; Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, JES College, Jalna, India
| | - Shivprasad Patil
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India.
| | - Deepa Subramanyam
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, India.
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Wang Q, Yuan W, Yang X, Wang Y, Li Y, Qiao H. Role of Cofilin in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584898. [PMID: 33324642 PMCID: PMC7726191 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.584898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disease and has an inconspicuous onset and progressive development. Clinically, it is characterized by severe dementia manifestations, including memory impairment, aphasia, apraxia, loss of recognition, impairment of visual-spatial skills, executive dysfunction, and changes in personality and behavior. Its etiology is unknown to date. However, several cellular biological signatures of AD have been identified such as synaptic dysfunction, β-amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylated tau, cofilin-actin rods, and Hirano bodies which are related to the actin cytoskeleton. Cofilin is one of the most affluent and common actin-binding proteins and plays a role in cell motility, migration, shape, and metabolism. They also play an important role in severing actin filament, nucleating, depolymerizing, and bundling activities. In this review, we summarize the structure of cofilins and their functional and regulating roles, focusing on the synaptic dysfunction, β-amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylated tau, cofilin-actin rods, and Hirano bodies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaohang Yang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- College of Medical Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Haifa Qiao
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Xianyang Key Laboratory of Neurobiology and Acupuncture, Xi’an, China
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Pignataro M, Di Rocco G, Lancellotti L, Bernini F, Subramanian K, Castellini E, Bortolotti CA, Malferrari D, Moro D, Valdrè G, Borsari M, Del Monte F. Phosphorylated cofilin-2 is more prone to oxidative modifications on Cys39 and favors amyloid fibril formation. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101691. [PMID: 32863228 PMCID: PMC7472925 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cofilins are small protein of the actin depolymerizing family. Actin polymerization/depolymerization is central to a number of critical cellular physiological tasks making cofilin a key protein for several physiological functions of the cell. Cofilin activity is mainly regulated by phosphorylation on serine residue 3 making this post-translational modification key to the regulation of myofilament integrity. In fact, in this form, the protein segregates in myocardial aggregates in human idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Since myofilament network is an early target of oxidative stress we investigated the molecular changes induced by oxidation on cofilin isoforms and their interplay with the protein phosphorylation state to get insight on whether/how those changes may predispose to early protein aggregation. Using different and complementary approaches we characterized the aggregation properties of cofilin-2 and its phosphomimetic variant (S3D) in response to oxidative stress in silico, in vitro and on isolated cardiomyocytes. We found that the phosphorylated (inactive) form of cofilin-2 is mechanistically linked to the formation of an extended network of fibrillar structures induced by oxidative stress via the formation of a disulfide bond between Cys39 and Cys80. Such phosphorylation-dependent effect is likely controlled by changes in the hydrogen bonding network involving Cys39. We found that the sulfide ion inhibits the formation of such structures. This might represent the mechanism for the protective effect of the therapeutic agent Na2S on ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Pignataro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Giulia Di Rocco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lidia Lancellotti
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bernini
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Elena Castellini
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Malferrari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Moro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valdrè
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Borsari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Federica Del Monte
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Luo X, He JY, Xu J, Hu SY, Mo BH, Shu QX, Chen C, Gong YZ, Zhao XL, Xie GF, Yu ST. Vascular NRP2 triggers PNET angiogenesis by activating the SSH1-cofilin axis. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:113. [PMID: 32983407 PMCID: PMC7509939 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis is a critical step in the growth of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) and may be a selective target for PNET therapy. However, PNETs are robustly resistant to current anti-angiogenic therapies that primarily target the VEGFR pathway. Thus, the mechanism of PNET angiogenesis urgently needs to be clarified. Methods Dataset analysis was used to identify angiogenesis-related genes in PNETs. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the relationship among Neuropilin 2 (NRP2), VEGFR2 and CD31. Cell proliferation, wound-healing and tube formation assays were performed to clarify the function of NRP2 in angiogenesis. The mechanism involved in NRP2-induced angiogenesis was detected by constructing plasmids with mutant variants and performing Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays. A mouse model was used to evaluate the effect of the NRP2 antibody in vivo, and clinical data were collected from patient records to verify the association between NRP2 and patient prognosis. Results NRP2, a VEGFR2 co-receptor, was positively correlated with vascularity but not with VEGFR2 in PNET tissues. NRP2 promoted the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured in the presence of conditioned medium PNET cells via a VEGF/VEGFR2-independent pathway. Moreover, NRP2 induced F-actin polymerization by activating the actin-binding protein cofilin. Cofilin phosphatase slingshot-1 (SSH1) was highly expressed in NRP2-activating cofilin, and silencing SSH1 ameliorated NRP2-activated HUVEC migration and F-actin polymerization. Furthermore, blocking NRP2 in vivo suppressed PNET angiogenesis and tumor growth. Finally, elevated NRP2 expression was associated with poor prognosis in PNET patients. Conclusion Vascular NRP2 promotes PNET angiogenesis by activating the SSH1/cofilin/actin axis. Our findings demonstrate that NRP2 is an important regulator of angiogenesis and a potential therapeutic target of anti-angiogenesis therapy for PNET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luo
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Yi He
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Yi Hu
- Nursing Division, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang-Hui Mo
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Xia Shu
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Chen
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhu Gong
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan-Feng Xie
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Tao Yu
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Pan H, Zhao F, Yang Y, Chang N. Overexpression of long non-coding RNA SNHG16 against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through miR-106b-5p/LIMK1 axis. Life Sci 2020; 254:117778. [PMID: 32407850 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) involved in types of physiological insults and diseases via regulating the responses of complex molecular, including cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. LncRNA SNHG16 played a potential role in ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we utilized an in vitro cell model of I/R to examine the specific function and mechanism of LncRNA SNHG16 in oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) induced SH-SY5Y cells. After in vitro treatment of OGD/R, the lower the SH-SY5Y cell survival, the higher cell the apoptosis and increased caspase-3 activity was observed. Also, OGD/R induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) through increasing GRP78 and CHOP expressions and down-regulated LncRNA SNHG16 in SH-SY5Y cells. Conversely, LncRNA SNHG16 overexpression promoted OGD/R induced SH-SY5Y cell survival, suppressed its apoptosis, and caspase-3 activity. GRP78 and CHOP expressions were significantly suppressed in LncRNA SNHG16 overexpressing cells. MiR-106b-5p expression was increased and LIMK1 expression was down-regulated in OGD/R induced SH-SY5Y cells, and these effects were reversed by LncRNA SNHG16 overexpression, respectively. Moreover, LIMK1 is a direct target of MiR-106b-5p, and knockdown of LIMK1 reversed the effects of LncRNA SNHG16 on OGD/R-induced SH-SY5Y cells biology. Altogether, these results confirmed an important neuroprotection role of LncRNA SNHG16 in OGD/R induced SH-SY5Y cells injury, and miR-106b-5p/LIMK1 signal axis was involved in the action of LncRNA SNHG16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Pan
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan province, China
| | - Fangfang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan province, China
| | - Yanmin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan province, China
| | - Na Chang
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan province, China..
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Much More Than a Scaffold: Cytoskeletal Proteins in Neurological Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020358. [PMID: 32033020 PMCID: PMC7072452 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent observations related to the structure of the cytoskeleton in neurons and novel cytoskeletal abnormalities involved in the pathophysiology of some neurological diseases are changing our view on the function of the cytoskeletal proteins in the nervous system. These efforts allow a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying neurological diseases and allow us to see beyond our current knowledge for the development of new treatments. The neuronal cytoskeleton can be described as an organelle formed by the three-dimensional lattice of the three main families of filaments: actin filaments, microtubules, and neurofilaments. This organelle organizes well-defined structures within neurons (cell bodies and axons), which allow their proper development and function through life. Here, we will provide an overview of both the basic and novel concepts related to those cytoskeletal proteins, which are emerging as potential targets in the study of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neurological disorders.
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32
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Giardino E, Catalano R, Barbieri AM, Treppiedi D, Mangili F, Spada A, Arosio M, Mantovani G, Peverelli E. Cofilin is a mediator of RET-promoted medullary thyroid carcinoma cell migration, invasion and proliferation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 495:110519. [PMID: 31352037 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that originates from parafollicular thyroid C cells and accounts for 5% of thyroid cancers. In inherited cases of MTC, and in about 40% of sporadic cases, activating mutations of the receptor tyrosine kinase proto-oncogene RET are found. Constitutively active RET triggers signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, survival and motility, but the mechanisms underlying malignant transformation of C-cells have been only partially elucidated. Cofilin is a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. A crucial role of cofilin in tumor development, progression, invasion and metastasis has been demonstrated in different human cancers, but no data are available in MTC. Interestingly, RET activation upregulates cofilin gene expression. The aim of this study was to investigate cofilin contribution in invasiveness and growth of MTC cells, and its relevance in the context of mutant RET signaling. We found that cofilin transfection in human MTC cell line TT significantly increased migration (178 ± 44%, p < 0.001), invasion (165 ± 28%, p < 0.01) and proliferation (146 ± 18%, p < 0.001), accompanied by an increase of ERK1/2 phosphorylation (2.23-fold) and cyclin D1 levels (1.43-fold). Accordingly, all these responses were significantly reduced after genetic silencing of cofilin (-55 ± 10% migration, p < 0.001, -41 ± 8% invasion, p < 0.001, -17 ± 3% proliferation, p < 0.001). These results have been confirmed in primary cells cultures obtained from human MTCs. The inhibition of constitutively active RET in TT cells by both the RET pharmacological inhibitor RPI-1 and the transfection of dominant negative RET mutant (RETΔTK) resulted in a reduction of cofilin expression (-37 ± 8%, p < 0.001 and -31 ± 16%, p < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, RPI-1 inhibitory effects on TT cell migration (-57 ± 13%, p < 0.01), but not on cell proliferation, were completely abolished in cells transfected with cofilin. In conclusion, these data indicate that an unbalanced cofilin expression, induced by oncogenic RET, contributes to promote MTC invasiveness and growth, suggesting the possibility of targeting cofilin pathway for more effective treatment of MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giardino
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Catalano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; PhD Program in Endocrinological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A M Barbieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Treppiedi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Mangili
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Spada
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Arosio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - E Peverelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Ubiquitination and Long Non-coding RNAs Regulate Actin Cytoskeleton Regulators in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122997. [PMID: 31248165 PMCID: PMC6627692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin filaments are a major component of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells and play an important role in cancer metastasis. Dynamics and reorganization of actin filaments are regulated by numerous regulators, including Rho GTPases, PAKs (p21-activated kinases), ROCKs (Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases), LIMKs (LIM domain kinases), and SSH1 (slingshot family protein phosphate 1). Ubiquitination, as a ubiquitous post-transcriptional modification, deceases protein levels of actin cytoskeleton regulatory factors and thereby modulates the actin cytoskeleton. There is increasing evidence showing cytoskeleton regulation by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer metastasis. However, which E3 ligases are activated for the ubiquitination of actin-cytoskeleton regulators involved in tumor metastasis remains to be fully elucidated. Moreover, it is not clear how lncRNAs influence the expression of actin cytoskeleton regulators. Here, we summarize physiological and pathological mechanisms of lncRNAs and ubiquitination control mediators of actin cytoskeleton regulators which that are involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Finally, we briefly discuss crosstalk between ubiquitination and lncRNA control mediators of actin-cytoskeleton regulators in cancer.
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The up and down of sleep: From molecules to electrophysiology. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 160:3-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Mantovani G, Treppiedi D, Giardino E, Catalano R, Mangili F, Vercesi P, Arosio M, Spada A, Peverelli E. Cytoskeleton actin-binding proteins in clinical behavior of pituitary tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R95-R108. [PMID: 30589642 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although generally benign, pituitary tumors are frequently locally invasive, with reduced success of neurosurgery and unresponsive to pharmacological treatment with somatostatin or dopamine analogues. The molecular basis of the different biological behavior of pituitary tumors are still poorly identified, but a body of work now suggests that the activity of specific cytoskeleton proteins is a key factor regulating both the invasiveness and drug resistance of these tumors. This review recapitulates the experimental evidence supporting a role for the actin-binding protein filamin A (FLNA) in the regulation of somatostatin and dopamine receptors expression and signaling in pituitary tumors, thus in determining the responsiveness to currently used drugs, somatostatin analogues and dopamine receptor type 2 agonists. Regarding the regulation of invasive behavior of pituitary tumoral cells, we bring evidence to the role of the actin-severing protein cofilin, whose activation status may be modulated by dopaminergic and somatostatinergic drugs, through FLNA involvement. Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of FLNA expression and function in pituitary tumors will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mantovani
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Treppiedi
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Giardino
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Catalano
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- PhD Program in Endocrinological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F Mangili
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Vercesi
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Arosio
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Spada
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Peverelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Chatzifrangkeskou M, Yadin D, Marais T, Chardonnet S, Cohen-Tannoudji M, Mougenot N, Schmitt A, Crasto S, Di Pasquale E, Macquart C, Tanguy Y, Jebeniani I, Pucéat M, Morales Rodriguez B, Goldmann WH, Dal Ferro M, Biferi MG, Knaus P, Bonne G, Worman HJ, Muchir A. Cofilin-1 phosphorylation catalyzed by ERK1/2 alters cardiac actin dynamics in dilated cardiomyopathy caused by lamin A/C gene mutation. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:3060-3078. [PMID: 29878125 PMCID: PMC6097156 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyper-activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 contributes to heart dysfunction in cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in the lamin A/C gene (LMNA cardiomyopathy). The mechanism of how this affects cardiac function is unknown. We show that active phosphorylated ERK1/2 directly binds to and catalyzes the phosphorylation of the actin depolymerizing factor cofilin-1 on Thr25. Cofilin-1 becomes active and disassembles actin filaments in a large array of cellular and animal models of LMNA cardiomyopathy. In vivo expression of cofilin-1, phosphorylated on Thr25 by endogenous ERK1/2 signaling, leads to alterations in left ventricular function and cardiac actin. These results demonstrate a novel role for cofilin-1 on actin dynamics in cardiac muscle and provide a rationale on how increased ERK1/2 signaling leads to LMNA cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzifrangkeskou
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, Center of Research in Myology, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - David Yadin
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thibaut Marais
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, Center of Research in Myology, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Solenne Chardonnet
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM, UMS29 Omique, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Cohen-Tannoudji
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, Center of Research in Myology, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Mougenot
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM, UMS28 Phénotypage du Petit Animal, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Alain Schmitt
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75014, France
| | - Silvia Crasto
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, National Research Council of Italy, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Elisa Di Pasquale
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, National Research Council of Italy, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Coline Macquart
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, Center of Research in Myology, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Yannick Tanguy
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, Center of Research in Myology, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Imen Jebeniani
- Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR910, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Michel Pucéat
- Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR910, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Blanca Morales Rodriguez
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, Center of Research in Myology, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Wolfgang H Goldmann
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matteo Dal Ferro
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia Biferi
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, Center of Research in Myology, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gisèle Bonne
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, Center of Research in Myology, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Antoine Muchir
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, Center of Research in Myology, F-75013 Paris, France
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37
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Ou S, Tan MH, Weng T, Li H, Koh CG. LIM kinase1 regulates mitotic centrosome integrity via its activity on dynein light intermediate chains. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.170202. [PMID: 29925632 PMCID: PMC6030115 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal centrosome number and function have been implicated in tumour development. LIM kinase1 (LIMK1), a regulator of actin cytoskeleton dynamics, is found to localize at the mitotic centrosome. However, its role at the centrosome is not fully explored. Here, we report that LIMK1 depletion resulted in multi-polar spindles and defocusing of centrosomes, implicating its involvement in the regulation of mitotic centrosome integrity. LIMK1 could influence centrosome integrity by modulating centrosomal protein localization at the spindle pole. Interestingly, dynein light intermediate chains (LICs) are able to rescue the defects observed in LIMK1-depleted cells. We found that LICs are potential novel interacting partners and substrates of LIMK1 and that LIMK1 phosphorylation regulates cytoplasmic dynein function in centrosomal protein transport, which in turn impacts mitotic spindle pole integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirong Ou
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Mei-Hua Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ting Weng
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - HoiYeung Li
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Gee Koh
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore .,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
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38
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Rodiño-Janeiro BK, Martínez C, Fortea M, Lobo B, Pigrau M, Nieto A, González-Castro AM, Salvo-Romero E, Guagnozzi D, Pardo-Camacho C, Iribarren C, Azpiroz F, Alonso-Cotoner C, Santos J, Vicario M. Decreased TESK1-mediated cofilin 1 phosphorylation in the jejunum of IBS-D patients may explain increased female predisposition to epithelial dysfunction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2255. [PMID: 29396473 PMCID: PMC5797119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbed intestinal epithelial barrier and mucosal micro-inflammation characterize irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Despite intensive research demonstrating ovarian hormones modulation of IBS severity, there is still limited knowledge on the mechanisms underlying female predominance in this disorder. Our aim was to identify molecular pathways involved in epithelial barrier dysfunction and female predominance in diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) patients. Total RNA and protein were obtained from jejunal mucosal biopsies from healthy controls and IBS-D patients meeting the Rome III criteria. IBS severity was recorded based on validated questionnaires. Gene and protein expression profiles were obtained and data integrated to explore biological and molecular functions. Results were validated by western blot. Tight junction signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, regulation of actin-based motility by Rho, and cytoskeleton signaling were differentially expressed in IBS-D. Decreased TESK1-dependent cofilin 1 phosphorylation (pCFL1) was confirmed in IBS-D, which negatively correlated with bowel movements only in female participants. In conclusion, deregulation of cytoskeleton dynamics through TESK1/CFL1 pathway underlies epithelial intestinal dysfunction in the small bowel mucosa of IBS-D, particularly in female patients. Further understanding of the mechanisms involving sex-mediated regulation of mucosal epithelial integrity may have significant preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic implications for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno K Rodiño-Janeiro
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Fortea
- Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lobo
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Pigrau
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adoración Nieto
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana María González-Castro
- Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloísa Salvo-Romero
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain.,Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Danila Guagnozzi
- Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pardo-Camacho
- Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Iribarren
- Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Azpiroz
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Investigación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Alonso-Cotoner
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Investigación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Santos
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Investigación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Vicario
- Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Investigación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain
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39
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Oswald J, Büttner M, Jasinski-Bergner S, Jacobs R, Rosenstock P, Kielstein H. Leptin affects filopodia and cofilin in NK-92 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Eur J Histochem 2018; 62:2848. [PMID: 29569869 PMCID: PMC5806502 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2018.2848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperleptinemia, associated with obesity, is related with immune dysfunction and carcinogenesis. Natural Killer (NK) cells, a major component of the innate immune system are mediators of anti-tumor immunity and the most actively migrating cells among leukocytes. Actin rearrangement, promoted by cofilin plays a central role in cellular migration. Leptin affects the phosphorylation-dependent activity of cofilin and thus actin remodeling. We used human NK-92 cells to explore the in vitro effects of leptin on co-localization of cofilin and F-actin and on morphological changes in NK cells. NK-92 cells were incubated with different leptin concentrations (10 and 100 ng/mL) for 30 min and 24 h and immunocytochemically stained. Results demonstrate a dose- and time-dependent influence of leptin on cellular morphology. Utilizing confocal microscopy, we observed that the co-localization of cofilin-1 and F-actin was slightly influenced by leptin. In summary, the present study demonstrates an impact of a physiological leptin stimulation on the filopodia length, and a time-dependent effect on the co-localization of cofilin and F-actin in NK-92 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Oswald
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology.
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40
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Zhang Y, Fu R, Liu Y, Li J, Zhang H, Hu X, Chen Y, Liu X, Li Y, Li P, Liu E, Gao N. Dephosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of cofilin sensitizes human leukemia cells to cerulenin-induced apoptosis via the ROCK1/Akt/JNK signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20655-68. [PMID: 26967395 PMCID: PMC4991482 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined that cerulenin, a natural product inhibitor of fatty acid synthase, induces mitochondrial injury and apoptosis in human leukemia cells through the mitochondrial translocation of cofilin. Only dephosphorylated cofilin could translocate to mitochondria during cerulenin-induced apoptosis. Disruption of the ROCK1/Akt/JNK signaling pathway plays a critical role in the cerulenin-mediated dephosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of cofilin and apoptosis. In vivo studies demonstrated that cerulenin-mediated inhibition of tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model of leukemia was associated with mitochondrial translocation of cofilin and apoptosis. These data are consistent with a hierarchical model in which induction of apoptosis by cerulenin primarily results from activation of ROCK1, inactivation of Akt, and activation of JNK. This leads to the dephosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of cofilin and culminates with cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and apoptosis. Our study has revealed a novel role of cofilin in the regulation of mitochondrial injury and apoptosis and suggests that cerulenin is a potential drug for the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruoqiu Fu
- College of Pharmacy, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanxia Liu
- College of Pharmacy, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Pharmacy, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoye Hu
- College of Pharmacy, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yibiao Chen
- College of Pharmacy, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunong Li
- College of Pharmacy, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), Nanjing, China
| | - Ehu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Gao
- College of Pharmacy, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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41
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Xiong TQ, Chen LM, Tan BH, Guo CY, Li YN, Zhang YF, Li SL, Zhao H, Li YC. The effects of calcineurin inhibitor FK506 on actin cytoskeleton, neuronal survival and glial reactions after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice. Epilepsy Res 2018; 140:138-147. [PMID: 29358156 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
After status epilepticus (SE), actin cytoskeleton (F-actin) becomes progressively deconstructed in the hippocampus, which is consistent with the delayed pyramidal cell death in both time course and spatial distribution. A variety of experiments show that calcineurin inhibitors such as FK506 are able to inhibit the SE-induced actin depolymerization. However, it is still unclear what changes happen to the F-actin in the epileptic brain after FK506 treatment. A pilocarpine model of SE in mice was used to examine the effects of FK506 on the F-actin in the hippocampal neurons. The post SE (PSE) mice with or without FK506 treatment were monitored consecutively for 14 days to examine the frequency and duration of spontaneous seizures. The effects of FK506 on the activity of cofilin and actin dynamics were assessed at 7 and 14 d PSE by western blots. The organization of F-actin, neuronal cell death, and glial reactions were investigated by phalloidin staining, histological and immunocytochemical staining, respectively. As compared to the PSE + vehicle mice, FK506 treatment significantly decreased the frequency and duration of spontaneous seizures. Relative to the PSE + vehicle mice, western blots detected a partial restoration of phosphorylated cofilin and a significant increase of F/G ratio in the hippocampus after FK506 treatment. In the PSE + vehicle mice, almost no F-actin puncta were left in the CA1 and CA3 subfields at 7 and 14 d PSE. FK506-treated PSE mice showed a similar decrease of F-actin, but the extent of damage was significantly ameliorated. Consistently, the surviving neurons became significantly increased in number after FK506 treatment, relative to the PSE + vehicle groups. After FK506 treatment, microglial reaction was partially inhibited, but the expression of GFAP was not significantly changed, compared to the PSE + vehicle mice. The results suggest that post-epileptic treatment with FK506 ameliorated, but could not stop the deconstruction of F-actin or the delayed neuronal loss in the PSE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qing Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Ling-Meng Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Bai-Hong Tan
- Laboratory Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Chun-Yan Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Yong-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Yan-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Shu-Lei Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Yan-Chao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China.
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42
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Hu W, Zhu L, Yang X, Lin J, Yang Q. The epidermal growth factor receptor regulates cofilin activity and promotes transmissible gastroenteritis virus entry into intestinal epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12206-21. [PMID: 26933809 PMCID: PMC4914279 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a coronavirus, causes severe diarrhea and high mortality in newborn piglets. The porcine intestinal epithelium is the target of TGEV infection, but the mechanisms that TGEV disrupts the actin cytoskeleton and invades the host epithelium remain largely unknown. We not only found that TGEV infection stimulates F-actin to gather at the cell membrane but the disruption of F-actin inhibits TGEV entry as well. Cofilin is involved in F-actin reorganization and TGEV entry. The TGEV spike protein is capable of binding with EGFR, activating the downstream phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), then causing the phosphorylation of cofilin and F-actin polymerization via Rac1/Cdc42 GTPases. Inhibition of EGFR and PI3K decreases the entry of TGEV. EGFR is also the upstream activator of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways that is involved in F-actin reorganization. Additionally, lipid rafts act as signal platforms for the EGFR-associated signaling cascade and correlate with the adhesion of TGEV. In conlusion, these results provide valuable data of the mechanisms which are responsible for the TGEV pathogenesis and may lead to the development of new methods about controlling TGEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Hu
- Veterinary College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Liqi Zhu
- Veterinary College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xing Yang
- Veterinary College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jian Lin
- Life Science College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Veterinary College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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43
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Molinie N, Gautreau A. The Arp2/3 Regulatory System and Its Deregulation in Cancer. Physiol Rev 2017; 98:215-238. [PMID: 29212790 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex is an evolutionary conserved molecular machine that generates branched actin networks. When activated, the Arp2/3 complex contributes the actin branched junction and thus cross-links the polymerizing actin filaments in a network that exerts a pushing force. The different activators initiate branched actin networks at the cytosolic surface of different cellular membranes to promote their protrusion, movement, or scission in cell migration and membrane traffic. Here we review the structure, function, and regulation of all the direct regulators of the Arp2/3 complex that induce or inhibit the initiation of a branched actin network and that controls the stability of its branched junctions. Our goal is to present recent findings concerning novel inhibitory proteins or the regulation of the actin branched junction and place these in the context of what was previously known to provide a global overview of how the Arp2/3 complex is regulated in human cells. We focus on the human set of Arp2/3 regulators to compare normal Arp2/3 regulation in untransformed cells to the deregulation of the Arp2/3 system observed in patients affected by various cancers. In many cases, these deregulations promote cancer progression and have a direct impact on patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Molinie
- Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 7654, Palaiseau, France; and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Life Sciences Center, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Alexis Gautreau
- Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 7654, Palaiseau, France; and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Life Sciences Center, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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44
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Wang Y, Xia Y, Kuang D, Duan Y, Wang G. PP2A regulates SCF-induced cardiac stem cell migration through interaction with p38 MAPK. Life Sci 2017; 191:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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45
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Santini E, Huynh TN, Longo F, Koo SY, Mojica E, D'Andrea L, Bagni C, Klann E. Reducing eIF4E-eIF4G interactions restores the balance between protein synthesis and actin dynamics in fragile X syndrome model mice. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/504/eaan0665. [PMID: 29114037 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. FXS is caused by silencing of the FMR1 gene, which encodes fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an mRNA-binding protein that represses the translation of its target mRNAs. One mechanism by which FMRP represses translation is through its association with cytoplasmic FMRP-interacting protein 1 (CYFIP1), which subsequently sequesters and inhibits eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). CYFIP1 shuttles between the FMRP-eIF4E complex and the Rac1-Wave regulatory complex, thereby connecting translational regulation to actin dynamics and dendritic spine morphology, which are dysregulated in FXS model mice that lack FMRP. Treating FXS mice with 4EGI-1, which blocks interactions between eIF4E and eIF4G, a critical interaction partner for translational initiation, reversed defects in hippocampus-dependent memory and spine morphology. We also found that 4EGI-1 normalized the phenotypes of enhanced metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-mediated long-term depression (LTD), enhanced Rac1-p21-activated kinase (PAK)-cofilin signaling, altered actin dynamics, and dysregulated CYFIP1/eIF4E and CYFIP1/Rac1 interactions in FXS mice. Our findings are consistent with the idea that an imbalance in protein synthesis and actin dynamics contributes to pathophysiology in FXS mice, and suggest that targeting eIF4E may be a strategy for treating FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Santini
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Thu N Huynh
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Francesco Longo
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - So Yeon Koo
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Edward Mojica
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Laura D'Andrea
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy.,Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Pyronneau A, He Q, Hwang JY, Porch M, Contractor A, Zukin RS. Aberrant Rac1-cofilin signaling mediates defects in dendritic spines, synaptic function, and sensory perception in fragile X syndrome. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/504/eaan0852. [PMID: 29114038 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disabilities and a leading cause of autism. FXS is caused by a trinucleotide expansion in the gene FMR1 on the X chromosome. The neuroanatomical hallmark of FXS is an overabundance of immature dendritic spines, a factor thought to underlie synaptic dysfunction and impaired cognition. We showed that aberrantly increased activity of the Rho GTPase Rac1 inhibited the actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin, a major determinant of dendritic spine structure, and caused disease-associated spine abnormalities in the somatosensory cortex of FXS model mice. Increased cofilin phosphorylation and actin polymerization coincided with abnormal dendritic spines and impaired synaptic maturation. Viral delivery of a constitutively active cofilin mutant (cofilinS3A) into the somatosensory cortex of Fmr1-deficient mice rescued the immature dendritic spine phenotype and increased spine density. Inhibition of the Rac1 effector PAK1 with a small-molecule inhibitor rescued cofilin signaling in FXS mice, indicating a causal relationship between PAK1 and cofilin signaling. PAK1 inhibition rescued synaptic signaling (specifically the synaptic ratio of NMDA/AMPA in layer V pyramidal neurons) and improved sensory processing in FXS mice. These findings suggest a causal relationship between increased Rac1-cofilin signaling, synaptic defects, and impaired sensory processing in FXS and uncover a previously unappreciated role for impaired Rac1-cofilin signaling in the aberrant spine morphology and spine density associated with FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pyronneau
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Qionger He
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jee-Yeon Hwang
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Morgan Porch
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Anis Contractor
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - R Suzanne Zukin
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA.
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Elam WA, Cao W, Kang H, Huehn A, Hocky GM, Prochniewicz E, Schramm AC, Negrón K, Garcia J, Bonello TT, Gunning PW, Thomas DD, Voth GA, Sindelar CV, De La Cruz EM. Phosphomimetic S3D cofilin binds but only weakly severs actin filaments. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19565-19579. [PMID: 28939776 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.808378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biological processes, including cell division, growth, and motility, rely on rapid remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and on actin filament severing by the regulatory protein cofilin. Phosphorylation of vertebrate cofilin at Ser-3 regulates both actin binding and severing. Substitution of serine with aspartate at position 3 (S3D) is widely used to mimic cofilin phosphorylation in cells and in vitro The S3D substitution weakens cofilin binding to filaments, and it is presumed that subsequent reduction in cofilin occupancy inhibits filament severing, but this hypothesis has remained untested. Here, using time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy, electron cryomicroscopy, and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we show that S3D cofilin indeed binds filaments with lower affinity, but also with a higher cooperativity than wild-type cofilin, and severs actin weakly across a broad range of occupancies. We found that three factors contribute to the severing deficiency of S3D cofilin. First, the high cooperativity of S3D cofilin generates fewer boundaries between bare and decorated actin segments where severing occurs preferentially. Second, S3D cofilin only weakly alters filament bending and twisting dynamics and therefore does not introduce the mechanical discontinuities required for efficient filament severing at boundaries. Third, Ser-3 modification (i.e. substitution with Asp or phosphorylation) "undocks" and repositions the cofilin N terminus away from the filament axis, which compromises S3D cofilin's ability to weaken longitudinal filament subunit interactions. Collectively, our results demonstrate that, in addition to inhibiting actin binding, Ser-3 modification favors formation of a cofilin-binding mode that is unable to sufficiently alter filament mechanical properties and promote severing.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Austin Elam
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Wenxiang Cao
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Hyeran Kang
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Andrew Huehn
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Glen M Hocky
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Ewa Prochniewicz
- the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and
| | - Anthony C Schramm
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Karina Negrón
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Jean Garcia
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Teresa T Bonello
- the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Peter W Gunning
- the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - David D Thomas
- the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and
| | - Gregory A Voth
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Charles V Sindelar
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Enrique M De La Cruz
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
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48
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Bagnato P, Castagnino A, Cortese K, Bono M, Grasso S, Bellese G, Daniele T, Lundmark R, Defilippi P, Castagnola P, Tacchetti C. Cooperative but distinct early co-signaling events originate from ERBB2 and ERBB1 receptors upon trastuzumab treatment in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60109-60122. [PMID: 28947957 PMCID: PMC5601125 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ERBB2 receptor belongs to the ERBB tyrosine kinase receptor family. At variance to the other family members, ERBB2 is a constitutively active orphan receptor. Upon ligand binding and activation, ERBB receptors form homo- or hetero-dimers with the other family members, including ERBB2, promoting an intracellular signaling cascade. ERBB2 is the preferred dimerization partner and ERBB2 heterodimers signaling is stronger and longer acting compared to heterodimers between other ERBB members. The specific contribution of ERBB2 in heterodimer signaling is still undefined. Here we report the formation of circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) upon treatment of the ERBB2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines SK-BR-3 and ZR751 with Trastuzumab, a therapeutic humanized monoclonal antibody directed against ERBB2. We found that in SK-BR-3 cells Trastuzumab leads to surface redistribution of ERBB2 and ERBB1 in CDRs, and that the ERBB2-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation and ERBB1 expression are both required for CDR formation. In particular, in these cells CDR formation requires activation of both the protein regulator of actin polymerization N-WASP, mediated by ERK1/2, and of the actin depolymerizing protein cofilin, mediated by ERBB1. Furthermore, we suggest that this latter event may be inhibited by the negative cell motility regulator p140Cap, as we found that p140Cap overexpression led to cofilin deactivation and inhibition of CDR formation. In conclusion, here we show for the first time an ERBB2-specific signaling contribution to an ERBB2/ERBB1 heterodimer, in the activation of a complex biological process such as the formation of CDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bagnato
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessia Castagnino
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Katia Cortese
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Bono
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Grasso
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre and Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Torino, Italy
| | - Grazia Bellese
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Daniele
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Experimental Imaging Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Lundmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Paola Defilippi
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre and Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizio Castagnola
- Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS AOU - San Martino - IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.,San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Experimental Imaging Centre, Milan, Italy
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49
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DeActs: genetically encoded tools for perturbing the actin cytoskeleton in single cells. Nat Methods 2017; 14:479-482. [PMID: 28394337 PMCID: PMC5419720 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is essential for many fundamental biological processes, but tools for directly manipulating actin dynamics are limited to cell-permeable drugs that preclude single-cell perturbations. Here we describe DeActs, genetically encoded actin-modifying polypeptides, which effectively induce actin disassembly in eukaryotic cells. We demonstrate that DeActs are universal tools for studying the actin cytoskeleton in single cells in culture, tissues, and multicellular organisms including various neurodevelopmental model systems.
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50
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Omotade OF, Pollitt SL, Zheng JQ. Actin-based growth cone motility and guidance. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 84:4-10. [PMID: 28268126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth cones, the dilated tip of developing axons, are equipped with exquisite abilities to sense environmental cues and to move rapidly through complex terrains of developing brain, leading the axons to their specific targets for precise neuronal wiring. The actin cytoskeleton is the major component of the growth cone that powers its directional motility. Past research has provided significant insights into the mechanisms by which growth cones translate extracellular signals into directional migration. In this review, we summarize the actin-based mechanisms underlying directional growth cone motility, examine novel findings, and discuss the outstanding questions concerning the actin-based growth cone behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omotola F Omotade
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Stephanie L Pollitt
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - James Q Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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