1
|
Chen WA, Dou Y, Fletcher HM, Boskovic DS. Local and Systemic Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:470. [PMID: 36838435 PMCID: PMC9963840 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative anaerobe, is a leading etiological agent in periodontitis. This infectious pathogen can induce a dysbiotic, proinflammatory state within the oral cavity by disrupting commensal interactions between the host and oral microbiota. It is advantageous for P. gingivalis to avoid complete host immunosuppression, as inflammation-induced tissue damage provides essential nutrients necessary for robust bacterial proliferation. In this context, P. gingivalis can gain access to the systemic circulation, where it can promote a prothrombotic state. P. gingivalis expresses a number of virulence factors, which aid this pathogen toward infection of a variety of host cells, evasion of detection by the host immune system, subversion of the host immune responses, and activation of several humoral and cellular hemostatic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William A Chen
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Yuetan Dou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Hansel M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Danilo S Boskovic
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chow YC, Yam HC, Gunasekaran B, Lai WY, Wo WY, Agarwal T, Ong YY, Cheong SL, Tan SA. Implications of Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidyl arginine deiminase and gingipain R in human health and diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:987683. [PMID: 36250046 PMCID: PMC9559808 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.987683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogenic bacterium involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Citrullination has been reported as the underlying mechanism of the pathogenesis, which relies on the interplay between two virulence factors of the bacterium, namely gingipain R and the bacterial peptidyl arginine deiminase. Gingipain R cleaves host proteins to expose the C-terminal arginines for peptidyl arginine deiminase to citrullinate and generate citrullinated proteins. Apart from carrying out citrullination in the periodontium, the bacterium is found capable of citrullinating proteins present in the host synovial tissues, atherosclerotic plaques and neurons. Studies have suggested that both virulence factors are the key factors that trigger distal effects mediated by citrullination, leading to the development of some non-communicable diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, inhibition of these virulence factors not only can mitigate periodontitis, but also can provide new therapeutic solutions for systematic diseases involving bacterial citrullination. Herein, we described both these proteins in terms of their unique structural conformations and biological relevance to different human diseases. Moreover, investigations of inhibitory actions on the enzymes are also enumerated. New approaches for identifying inhibitors for peptidyl arginine deiminase through drug repurposing and virtual screening are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoke Chan Chow
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hok Chai Yam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Baskaran Gunasekaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Weng Yeen Lai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Weng Yue Wo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, India
| | - Yien Yien Ong
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Lee Cheong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Sheri-Ann Tan, ; Siew Lee Cheong,
| | - Sheri-Ann Tan
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Sheri-Ann Tan, ; Siew Lee Cheong,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim S, Bando Y, Chang C, Kwon J, Tarverti B, Kim D, Lee SH, Ton-That H, Kim R, Nara PL, Park NH. Topical application of Porphyromonas gingivalis into the gingival pocket in mice leads to chronic‑active infection, periodontitis and systemic inflammation. Int J Mol Med 2022; 50:103. [PMID: 35703359 PMCID: PMC9242655 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), one of the 'red-complex' perio-pathogens known to play a critical role in the development of periodontitis, has been used in various animal models to mimic human bacteria-induced periodontitis. In order to achieve a more realistic animal model of human Pg infection, the present study investigated whether repeated small-volume topical applications of Pg directly into the gingival pocket can induce local infection, including periodontitis and systemic vascular inflammation in wild-type mice. Freshly cultured Pg was topically applied directly into the gingival pocket of the second molars for 5 weeks (3 times/week). After the final application, the mice were left in cages for 4 or 8 weeks and sacrificed. The status of Pg colony formation in the pocket, gingival inflammation, alveolar bone loss, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum and aorta, the presence of anti-Pg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and gingipain (Kpg and RgpB) antibodies in the serum, as well as the accumulation of Pg LPS and gingipain aggregates in the gingiva and arterial wall were evaluated. The topical application of Pg into the gingival pocket induced the following local and systemic pathohistological changes in mice when examined at 4 or 8 weeks after the final topical Pg application: Pg colonization in the majority of gingival pockets; increased gingival pocket depths; gingival inflammation indicated by the increased expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β; significant loss of alveolar bone at the sites of topical Pg application; and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17, IL-13, KC and IFN-γ in the serum in comparison to those from mice receiving PBS. In addition, the Pg application/colonization model induced anti-Pg LPS and gingipain antibodies in serum, as well as the accumulation of Pg LPS and gingipain aggregates in the gingivae and arterial walls. To the best of our knowledge, this mouse model represents the first example of creating a more sustained local infection in the gingival tissues of wild-type mice and may prove to be useful for the investigation of the more natural and complete pathogenesis of the bacteria in the development of local oral and systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis. It may also be useful for the determination of a treatment/prevention/efficacy model associated with Pg-induced colonization periodontitis in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Bando
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chungyu Chang
- Section of Oral Biology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeonga Kwon
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Berta Tarverti
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Doohyun Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sung Hee Lee
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hung Ton-That
- Section of Oral Biology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Reuben Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter L Nara
- Keystone Bio Incorporated, Suite 200, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - No-Hee Park
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sarwar MT, Ohara-Nemoto Y, Kobayakawa T, Naito M, Nemoto TK. Characterization of substrate specificity and novel autoprocessing mechanism of dipeptidase A from Prevotella intermedia. Biol Chem 2021; 401:629-642. [PMID: 31913843 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prevotella intermedia, a Gram-negative anaerobic rod, is frequently observed in subgingival polymicrobial biofilms from adults with chronic periodontitis. Peptidases in periodontopathic bacteria are considered to function as etiological reagents. Prevotella intermedia OMA14 cells abundantly express an unidentified cysteine peptidase specific for Arg-4-methycoumaryl-7-amide (MCA). BAU17746 (locus tag, PIOMA14_I_1238) and BAU18827 (locus tag, PIOMA14_II_0322) emerged as candidates of this peptidase from the substrate specificity and sequence similarity with C69-family Streptococcus gordonii Arg-aminopeptidase. The recombinant form of the former solely exhibited hydrolyzing activity toward Arg-MCA, and BAU17746 possesses a 26.6% amino acid identity with the C69-family Lactobacillus helveticus dipeptidase A. It was found that BAU17746 as well as L. helveticus dipeptidase A was a P1-position Arg-specific dipeptidase A, although the L. helveticus entity, a representative of the C69 family, had been reported to be specific for Leu and Phe. The full-length form of BAU17746 was intramolecularly processed to a mature form carrying the N-terminus of Cys15. In conclusion, the marked Arg-MCA-hydrolyzing activity in Pre. intermedia was mediated by BAU17746 belonging to the C69-family dipeptidase A, in which the mature form carries an essential cysteine at the N-terminus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tanvir Sarwar
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yuko Ohara-Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayakawa
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Mariko Naito
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Takayuki K Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nemoto TK, Ohara Nemoto Y. Dipeptidyl-peptidases: Key enzymes producing entry forms of extracellular proteins in asaccharolytic periodontopathic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 36:145-156. [PMID: 33006264 PMCID: PMC8048996 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a pathogen of chronic periodontitis, is an asaccharolytic microorganism that solely utilizes nutritional amino acids as its energy source and cellular constituents. The bacterium is considered to incorporate proteinaceous nutrients mainly as dipeptides, thus exopeptidases that produce dipeptides from polypeptides are critical for survival and proliferation. We present here an overview of dipeptide production by P. gingivalis mediated by dipeptidyl-peptidases (DPPs), e.g., DPP4, DPP5, DPP7, and DPP11, serine exopeptidases localized in periplasm, which release dipeptides from the N-terminus of polypeptides. Additionally, two other exopeptidases, acylpeptidyl-oligopeptidase (AOP) and prolyl tripeptidyl-peptidase A (PTP-A), which liberate N-terminal acylated di-/tri-peptides and tripeptides with Pro at the third position, respectively, provide polypeptides in an acceptable form for DPPs. Hence, a large fraction of dipeptides is produced from nutritional polypeptides by DPPs with differential specificities in combination with AOP and PTP-A. The resultant dipeptides are then incorporated across the inner membrane mainly via a proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT), a member of the major facilitator superfamily. Recent studies also indicate that DPP4 and DPP7 directly link between periodontal and systemic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and coagulation abnormality, respectively. Therefore, these dipeptide-producing and incorporation molecules are considered to be potent targets for prevention and treatment of periodontal and related systemic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki K Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Ohara Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nakayama M, Ohara N. Molecular mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis-host cell interaction on periodontal diseases. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2017; 53:134-140. [PMID: 29201258 PMCID: PMC5703693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a major oral pathogen and associated with periodontal diseases including periodontitis and alveolar bone loss. In this review, we indicate that two virulence factors, which are hemoglobin receptor protein (HbR) and cysteine proteases “gingipains”, expressed by P. gingivalis have novel functions on the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis. P. gingivalis produces three types of gingipains and concomitantly several adhesin domains. Among the adhesin domains, hemoglobin receptor protein (HbR), also called HGP15, has the function of induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression in human gingival epithelial cells, indicating the possibility that HbR is associated with P. gingivalis-induced periodontal inflammation. On bacteria-host cells contact, P. gingivalis induces cellular signaling alteration in host cells. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt are well known to play a pivotal role in various cellular physiological functions including cell survival and glucose metabolism in mammalian cells. Recently, we demonstrated that gingipains attenuate the activity of PI3K and Akt, which might have a causal influence on periodontal diseases by chronic infection to the host cells from the speculation of molecular analysis. In this review, we discuss new molecular and biological characterization of the virulence factors from P. gingivalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Nakayama
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,The Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Naoya Ohara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,The Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lasica AM, Ksiazek M, Madej M, Potempa J. The Type IX Secretion System (T9SS): Highlights and Recent Insights into Its Structure and Function. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28603700 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00215.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein secretion systems are vital for prokaryotic life, as they enable bacteria to acquire nutrients, communicate with other species, defend against biological and chemical agents, and facilitate disease through the delivery of virulence factors. In this review, we will focus on the recently discovered type IX secretion system (T9SS), a complex translocon found only in some species of the Bacteroidetes phylum. T9SS plays two roles, depending on the lifestyle of the bacteria. It provides either a means of movement (called gliding motility) for peace-loving environmental bacteria or a weapon for pathogens. The best-studied members of these two groups are Flavobacterium johnsoniae, a commensal microorganism often found in water and soil, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, a human oral pathogen that is a major causative agent of periodontitis. In P. gingivalis and some other periodontopathogens, T9SS translocates proteins, especially virulence factors, across the outer membrane (OM). Proteins destined for secretion bear a conserved C-terminal domain (CTD) that directs the cargo to the OM translocon. At least 18 proteins are involved in this still enigmatic process, with some engaged in the post-translational modification of T9SS cargo proteins. Upon translocation across the OM, the CTD is removed by a protease with sortase-like activity and an anionic LPS is attached to the newly formed C-terminus. As a result, a cargo protein could be secreted into the extracellular milieu or covalently attached to the bacterial surface. T9SS is regulated by a two-component system; however, the precise environmental signal that triggers it has not been identified. Exploring unknown systems contributing to bacterial virulence is exciting, as it may eventually lead to new therapeutic strategies. During the past decade, the major components of T9SS were identified, as well as hints suggesting the possible mechanism of action. In addition, the list of characterized cargo proteins is constantly growing. The actual structure of the translocon, situated in the OM of bacteria, remains the least explored area; however, new technical approaches and increasing scientific attention have resulted in a growing body of data. Therefore, we present a compact up-to-date review of this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Lasica
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of DentistryLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Bacterial Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of DentistryLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of DentistryLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lasica AM, Ksiazek M, Madej M, Potempa J. The Type IX Secretion System (T9SS): Highlights and Recent Insights into Its Structure and Function. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:215. [PMID: 28603700 PMCID: PMC5445135 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein secretion systems are vital for prokaryotic life, as they enable bacteria to acquire nutrients, communicate with other species, defend against biological and chemical agents, and facilitate disease through the delivery of virulence factors. In this review, we will focus on the recently discovered type IX secretion system (T9SS), a complex translocon found only in some species of the Bacteroidetes phylum. T9SS plays two roles, depending on the lifestyle of the bacteria. It provides either a means of movement (called gliding motility) for peace-loving environmental bacteria or a weapon for pathogens. The best-studied members of these two groups are Flavobacterium johnsoniae, a commensal microorganism often found in water and soil, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, a human oral pathogen that is a major causative agent of periodontitis. In P. gingivalis and some other periodontopathogens, T9SS translocates proteins, especially virulence factors, across the outer membrane (OM). Proteins destined for secretion bear a conserved C-terminal domain (CTD) that directs the cargo to the OM translocon. At least 18 proteins are involved in this still enigmatic process, with some engaged in the post-translational modification of T9SS cargo proteins. Upon translocation across the OM, the CTD is removed by a protease with sortase-like activity and an anionic LPS is attached to the newly formed C-terminus. As a result, a cargo protein could be secreted into the extracellular milieu or covalently attached to the bacterial surface. T9SS is regulated by a two-component system; however, the precise environmental signal that triggers it has not been identified. Exploring unknown systems contributing to bacterial virulence is exciting, as it may eventually lead to new therapeutic strategies. During the past decade, the major components of T9SS were identified, as well as hints suggesting the possible mechanism of action. In addition, the list of characterized cargo proteins is constantly growing. The actual structure of the translocon, situated in the OM of bacteria, remains the least explored area; however, new technical approaches and increasing scientific attention have resulted in a growing body of data. Therefore, we present a compact up-to-date review of this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Lasica
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of DentistryLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Bacterial Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of DentistryLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of DentistryLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The outer-membrane export signal of Porphyromonas gingivalis type IX secretion system (T9SS) is a conserved C-terminal β-sandwich domain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23123. [PMID: 27005013 PMCID: PMC4804311 DOI: 10.1038/srep23123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recently characterized Type IX Secretion System (T9SS), the conserved C-terminal domain (CTD) in secreted proteins functions as an outer membrane translocation signal for export of virulence factors to the cell surface in the Gram-negative Bacteroidetes phylum. In the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, the CTD is cleaved off by PorU sortase in a sequence-independent manner, and anionic lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS) is attached to many translocated proteins, thus anchoring them to the bacterial surface. Here, we solved the atomic structure of the CTD of gingipain B (RgpB) from P. gingivalis, alone and together with a preceding immunoglobulin-superfamily domain (IgSF). The CTD was found to possess a typical Ig-like fold encompassing seven antiparallel β-strands organized in two β-sheets, packed into a β-sandwich structure that can spontaneously dimerise through C-terminal strand swapping. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) revealed no fixed orientation of the CTD with respect to the IgSF. By introducing insertion or substitution of residues within the inter-domain linker in the native protein, we were able to show that despite the region being unstructured, it nevertheless is resistant to general proteolysis. These data suggest structural motifs located in the two adjacent Ig-like domains dictate the processing of CTDs by the T9SS secretion pathway.
Collapse
|
10
|
Nemoto TK, Ohara-Nemoto Y, Bezerra GA, Shimoyama Y, Kimura S. A Porphyromonas gingivalis Periplasmic Novel Exopeptidase, Acylpeptidyl Oligopeptidase, Releases N-Acylated Di- and Tripeptides from Oligopeptides. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5913-5925. [PMID: 26733202 PMCID: PMC4786725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.687566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exopeptidases, including dipeptidyl- and tripeptidylpeptidase, are crucial for the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontopathic asaccharolytic bacterium that incorporates amino acids mainly as di- and tripeptides. In this study, we identified a novel exopeptidase, designated acylpeptidyl oligopeptidase (AOP), composed of 759 amino acid residues with active Ser(615) and encoded by PGN_1349 in P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. AOP is currently listed as an unassigned S9 family peptidase or prolyl oligopeptidase. Recombinant AOP did not hydrolyze a Pro-Xaa bond. In addition, although sequence similarities to human and archaea-type acylaminoacyl peptidase sequences were observed, its enzymatic properties were apparently distinct from those, because AOP scarcely released an N-acyl-amino acid as compared with di- and tripeptides, especially with N-terminal modification. The kcat/Km value against benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Lys-Met-4-methycoumaryl-7-amide, the most potent substrate, was 123.3 ± 17.3 μm(-1) s(-1), optimal pH was 7-8.5, and the activity was decreased with increased NaCl concentrations. AOP existed predominantly in the periplasmic fraction as a monomer, whereas equilibrium between monomers and oligomers was observed with a recombinant molecule, suggesting a tendency of oligomerization mediated by the N-terminal region (Met(16)-Glu(101)). Three-dimensional modeling revealed the three domain structures (residues Met(16)-Ala(126), which has no similar homologue with known structure; residues Leu(127)-Met(495) (β-propeller domain); and residues Ala(496)-Phe(736) (α/β-hydrolase domain)) and further indicated the hydrophobic S1 site of AOP in accord with its hydrophobic P1 preference. AOP orthologues are widely distributed in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, suggesting its importance for processing of nutritional and/or bioactive oligopeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki K Nemoto
- From the Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yuko Ohara-Nemoto
- From the Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Gustavo Arruda Bezerra
- the Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria, and.
| | - Yu Shimoyama
- the Division of Molecular Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kimura
- the Division of Molecular Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nemoto TK, Ohara-Nemoto Y. Exopeptidases and gingipains in Porphyromonas gingivalis as prerequisites for its amino acid metabolism. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2016; 52:22-29. [PMID: 28408952 PMCID: PMC5382784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, an asaccharolytic bacterium, utilizes amino acids as energy and carbon sources. Since amino acids are incorporated into the bacterial cells mainly as di- and tri-peptides, exopeptidases including dipeptidyl-peptidase (DPP) and tripeptidyl-peptidase are considered to be prerequisite components for their metabolism. We recently discovered DPP11, DPP5, and acylpeptidyl oligopeptidase in addition to previously reported DPP4, DPP7, and prolyl tripeptidyl peptidase A. DPP11 is a novel enzyme specific for acidic P1 residues (Asp and Glu) and distributed ubiquitously in eubacteria, while DPP5 is preferential for the hydrophobic P1 residue and the first entity identified in prokaryotes. Recently, acylpeptidyl oligopeptidase with a preference for hydrophobic P1 residues was found to release N-terminally blocked di- and tri-peptides. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that gingipains R and K contribute to P1-basic dipeptide production. These observations implicate that most, if not all, combinations of di- and tri-peptides are produced from extracellular oligopeptides even with an N-terminal modification. Here, we review P. gingivalis exopeptidases mainly in regard to their enzymatic characteristics. These exopeptidases with various substrate specificities benefit P. gingivalis for obtaining energy and carbon sources from the nutritionally limited subgingival environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki K. Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Smalley JW, Olczak T. Heme acquisition mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis - strategies used in a polymicrobial community in a heme-limited host environment. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:1-23. [PMID: 26662717 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a main etiologic agent and key pathogen responsible for initiation and progression of chronic periodontitis requires heme as a source of iron and protoporphyrin IX for its survival and the ability to establish an infection. Porphyromonas gingivalis is able to accumulate a defensive cell-surface heme-containing pigment in the form of μ-oxo bisheme. The main sources of heme for P. gingivalis in vivo are hemoproteins present in saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, and erythrocytes. To acquire heme, P. gingivalis uses several mechanisms. Among them, the best characterized are those employing hemagglutinins, hemolysins, and gingipains (Kgp, RgpA, RgpB), TonB-dependent outer-membrane receptors (HmuR, HusB, IhtA), and hemophore-like proteins (HmuY, HusA). Proteins involved in intracellular heme transport, storage, and processing are less well characterized (e.g. PgDps). Importantly, P. gingivalis may also use the heme acquisition systems of other bacteria to fulfill its own heme requirements. Porphyromonas gingivalis displays a novel paradigm for heme acquisition from hemoglobin, whereby the Fe(II)-containing oxyhemoglobin molecule must first be oxidized to methemoglobin to facilitate heme release. This process not only involves P. gingivalis arginine- and lysine-specific gingipains, but other proteases (e.g. interpain A from Prevotella intermedia) or pyocyanin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Porphyromonas gingivalis is then able to fully proteolyze the more susceptible methemoglobin substrate to release free heme or to wrest heme from it directly through the use of the HmuY hemophore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Smalley
- School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - T Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Involvement of an Skp-Like Protein, PGN_0300, in the Type IX Secretion System of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2015; 84:230-40. [PMID: 26502912 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01308-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis is an important pathogen involved in chronic periodontitis. Among its virulence factors, the major extracellular proteinases, Arg-gingipain and Lys-gingipain, are of interest given their abilities to degrade host proteins and process other virulence factors. Gingipains possess C-terminal domains (CTDs) and are translocated to the cell surface or into the extracellular milieu by the type IX secretion system (T9SS). Gingipains contribute to the colonial pigmentation of the bacterium on blood agar. In this study, Omp17, the PGN_0300 gene product, was found in the outer membrane fraction. A mutant lacking Omp17 did not show pigmentation on blood agar and showed reduced proteolytic activity of the gingipains. CTD-containing proteins were released from bacterial cells without cleavage of the CTDs in the omp17 mutant. Although synthesis of the anionic polysaccharide (A-LPS) was not affected in the omp17 mutant, the processing of and A-LPS modification of CTD-containing proteins was defective. PorU, a C-terminal signal peptidase that cleaves the CTDs of other CTD-containing proteins, was not detected in any membrane fraction of the omp17 mutant, suggesting that the defective maturation of CTD-containing proteins by impairment of Omp17 is partly due to loss of function of PorU. In the mouse subcutaneous infection experiment, the omp17 mutant was less virulent than the wild type. These results suggested that Omp17 is involved in P. gingivalis virulence.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang Q, Yu F, Sun L, Zhang Q, Lin M, Geng X, Sun X, Li J, Liu Y. Identification of amino acid residues involved in hemin binding inPorphyromonas gingivalishemagglutinin 2. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 30:337-46. [PMID: 25833325 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q.B. Yang
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - F.Y. Yu
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - L. Sun
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Q.X. Zhang
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - M. Lin
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - X.Y. Geng
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - X.N. Sun
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - J.L. Li
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Y. Liu
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li N, Collyer CA. Gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis - Complex domain structures confer diverse functions. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2014; 1:41-58. [PMID: 24466435 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.1.2011.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingipains, a group of arginine or lysine specific cysteine proteinases (also known as RgpA, RgpB and Kgp), have been recognized as major virulence factors in Porphyromonas gingivalis. This bacterium is one of a handful of pathogens that cause chronic periodontitis. Gingipains are involved in adherence to and colonization of epithelial cells, haemagglutination and haemolysis of erythrocytes, disruption and manipulation of the inflammatory response, and the degradation of host proteins and tissues. RgpA and Kgp are multi-domain proteins composed of catalytic domains and haemagglutinin/adhesin (HA) regions. The structure of the HA regions have previously been defined by a gingipain domain structure hypothesis which is a set of putative domain boundaries derived from the sequences of fragments of these proteins extracted from the cell surface. However, multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models predict an alternative domain architecture for the HA regions of gingipains. In this alternate model, two or three repeats of the so-called "cleaved adhesin" domains (and one other undefined domain in some strains) are the modules which constitute the substructure of the HA regions. Recombinant forms of these putative cleaved adhesin domains are indeed stable folded protein modules and recently determined crystal structures support the hypothesis of a modular organisation of the HA region. Based on the observed K2 and K3 structures as well as multiple sequence alignments, it is proposed that all the cleaved adhesin domains in gingipains will share the same β-sandwich jelly roll fold. The new domain model of the structure for gingipains and the haemagglutinin (HagA) proteins of P. gingivalis will guide future functional studies of these virulence factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Li
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney NSW Australia
| | - C A Collyer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Belibasakis G, Thurnheer T, Bostanci N. Porphyromonas gingivalis: a heartful oral pathogen? Virulence 2014; 5:463-4. [PMID: 24759693 PMCID: PMC4063808 DOI: 10.4161/viru.28930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Belibasakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Thurnheer
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Oral Translational Research; Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kataoka S, Baba A, Suda Y, Takii R, Hashimoto M, Kawakubo T, Asao T, Kadowaki T, Yamamoto K. A novel, potent dual inhibitor of Arg‐gingipains and Lys‐gingipain as a promising agent for periodontal disease therapy. FASEB J 2014; 28:3564-78. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-252130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsuyo Baba
- Department of PharmacologyGraduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yoshimitsu Suda
- Taiho Pharmaceutical CorporationTokushima Research PlanningTokushimaJapan
| | - Ryosuke Takii
- Department of PharmacologyGraduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Munetaka Hashimoto
- Department of PharmacologyGraduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Tomoyo Kawakubo
- Proteolysis Research LaboratoryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Tetsuji Asao
- Taiho Pharmaceutical CorporationTokushima Research PlanningTokushimaJapan
| | - Tomoko Kadowaki
- Department of PharmacologyGraduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- Department of PharmacologyGraduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Proteolysis Research LaboratoryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kamaguchi A, Nakano M, Shoji M, Nakamura R, Sagane Y, Okamoto M, Watanabe T, Ohyama T, Ohta M, Nakayama K. Autolysis ofPorphyromonas gingivalisIs Accompanied by an Increase in Several Periodontal Pathogenic Factors in the Supernatant. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:541-5. [PMID: 15272200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis autolyzes in the culture media. To examine in more detail the molecular components of the autolysate, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed. Many protein spots varied both in number and volume. One of these spots included Arg-gingipain (Rgp) as determined by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Corresponding to the increase in spot volume, Rgp activity also increased during autolysis. The results of this study suggested that Rgp and other proteins in the P. gingivalis autolysate may be involved with the prolongation of periodontal disease, even after the death of P. gingivalis cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arihide Kamaguchi
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ganuelas LA, Li N, Yun P, Hunter N, Collyer CA. The lysine gingipain adhesin domains from Porphyromonas gingivalis interact with erythrocytes and albumin: Structures correlate to function. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2013; 3:152-62. [PMID: 24265933 PMCID: PMC3832095 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.3.2013.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the K1 domain, an adhesin module of the lysine gingipain (Kgp) expressed on the cell surface by the periodontopathic anaerobic bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis W83, is compared to the previously determined structures of homologues K2 and K3, all three being representative members of the cleaved adhesin domain family. In the structure of K1, the conformation of the most extensive surface loop is unexpectedly perturbed, perhaps by crystal packing, and is displaced from a previously reported arginine-anchored position observed in K2 and K3. This displacement allows the loop to become free to interact with other proteins; the alternate flipped-out loop conformation is a novel mechanism for interacting with target host proteins, other bacteria, or other gingipain protein domains. Further, the K1 adhesin module, like others, is found to be haemolytic in vitro, and so, functions in erythrocyte recognition thereby contributing to the haemolytic function of Kgp. K1 was also observed to selectively bind to haem-albumin with high affinity, suggesting this domain may be involved in gingipain-mediated haem acquisition from haem-albumin. Therefore, it is most likely that all cleaved adhesin domains of Kgp contribute to the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis in more complex ways than simply mediating bacterial adherence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Ganuelas
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of
SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - N. Li
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of
SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - P. Yun
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and
Centre for Oral Health, Westmead HospitalSydney, NSWAustralia
| | - N. Hunter
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and
Centre for Oral Health, Westmead HospitalSydney, NSWAustralia,Faculty of Dentistry, The University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - C. A. Collyer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of
SydneySydneyAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sztukowska M, Veillard F, Potempa B, Bogyo M, Enghild JJ, Thogersen IB, Nguyen KA, Potempa J. Disruption of gingipain oligomerization into non-covalent cell-surface attached complexes. Biol Chem 2013; 393:971-7. [PMID: 22944696 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
RgpA and Kgp gingipains are non-covalent complexes of endoprotease catalytic and hemagglutinin-adhesin domains on the surface of Porphyromonas gingivalis. A motif conserved in each domain has been suggested to function as an oligomerization motif. We tested this hypothesis by mutating motif residues to hexahistidine or insertion of hexahistidine tag to disrupt the motif within the Kgp catalytic domain. All modifications led to the secretion of entire Kgp activity into the growth media, predominantly in a form without functional His-tag. This confirmed the role of the conserved motif in correct posttranslational proteolytic processing and assembly of the multidomain complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryta Sztukowska
- Oral Health and Systemic Diseases Research Group, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
The K1K2 region of Lys-gingipain of Porphyromonas gingivalis blocks induction of HLA expression by gamma interferon. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3733-41. [PMID: 22802347 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00528-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of periodontal disease, cysteine proteinases or gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis have been implicated in the hydrolysis of cytokines, including gamma interferon (IFN-γ). This cytokine plays a crucial role in host defenses, in part, by regulating expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules. Our recent analysis has identified three structurally defined modules, K1, K2, and K3, of the hemagglutinin region of the lysine gingipain Kgp. These three structurally homologous domains have a common β-sandwich topology that is similar to that found in a superfamily of adhesins and carbohydrate binding domains. The three Kgp hemagglutinin modules are distinguished by variation in some of the loops projecting from the β-sandwich core. Recombinant products corresponding to both single and multidomain regions as well as native Kgp bound IFN-γ with similar affinities. Among the adhesin domain constructs, only the K1K2 polypeptide inhibited the upregulation of HLA-1 expression in a human erythroleukemia (K562) line induced by both recombinant and native IFN-γ. The K1K2 polypeptide also inhibited HLA-DR expression induced by IFN-γ in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These effects were competitively inhibited by coincubation with sodium or potassium chloride solution. The N-terminal residues of IFN-γ were implicated in mediating the effect of K1K2, while antibody binding to loop 1 of K2 blocked the action of K1K2. The findings indicate the potential significance of structurally defined Kgp adhesin modules in the inactivation of IFN-γ but also the potential of K1K2 in locating the target for the catalytic domain of Kgp.
Collapse
|
22
|
Li N, Yun P, Jeffries CM, Langley D, Gamsjaeger R, Church WB, Hunter N, Collyer CA. The modular structure of haemagglutinin/adhesin regions in gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:1358-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
23
|
The Lysine-Specific Gingipain of Porphyromonas gingivalis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 712:15-29. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
24
|
A Porphyromonas gingivalis mutant defective in a putative glycosyltransferase exhibits defective biosynthesis of the polysaccharide portions of lipopolysaccharide, decreased gingipain activities, strong autoaggregation, and increased biofilm formation. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3801-12. [PMID: 20624909 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00071-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen in periodontal disease, one of the biofilm-caused infectious diseases. The bacterium possesses potential virulence factors, including fimbriae, proteinases, hemagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and outer membrane vesicles, and some of these factors are associated with biofilm formation; however, the precise mechanism of biofilm formation is still unknown. Colonial pigmentation of the bacterium on blood agar plates is related to its virulence. In this study, we isolated a nonpigmented mutant that had an insertion mutation within the new gene PGN_1251 (gtfB) by screening a transposon insertion library. The gene shares homology with genes encoding glycosyltransferase 1 of several bacteria. The gtfB mutant was defective in biosynthesis of both LPSs containing O side chain polysaccharide (O-LPS) and anionic polysaccharide (A-LPS). The defect in the gene resulted in a complete loss of surface-associated gingipain proteinases, strong autoaggregation, and a marked increase in biofilm formation, suggesting that polysaccharide portions of LPSs influence attachment of gingipain proteinases to the cell surface, autoaggregation, and biofilm formation of P. gingivalis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Osbourne DO, Aruni W, Roy F, Perry C, Sandberg L, Muthiah A, Fletcher HM. Role of vimA in cell surface biogenesis in Porphyromonas gingivalis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 156:2180-2193. [PMID: 20378652 PMCID: PMC3068682 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.038331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The Porphyromonas gingivalis vimA gene has been previously shown to play a significant role in the biogenesis of gingipains. Further, in P. gingivalis FLL92, a vimA-defective mutant, there was increased auto-aggregation, suggesting alteration in membrane surface proteins. In order to determine the role of the VimA protein in cell surface biogenesis, the surface morphology of P. gingivalis FLL92 was further characterized. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated abundant fimbrial appendages and a less well defined and irregular capsule in FLL92 compared with the wild-type. In addition, atomic force microscopy showed that the wild-type had a smoother surface compared with FLL92. Western blot analysis using anti-FimA antibodies showed a 41 kDa immunoreactive protein band in P. gingivalis FLL92 which was missing in the wild-type P. gingivalis W83 strain. There was increased sensitivity to globomycin and vancomycin in FLL92 compared with the wild-type. Outer membrane fractions from FLL92 had a modified lectin-binding profile. Furthermore, in contrast with the wild-type strain, nine proteins were missing from the outer membrane fraction of FLL92, while 20 proteins present in that fraction from FLL92 were missing in the wild-type strain. Taken together, these results suggest that the VimA protein affects capsular synthesis and fimbrial phenotypic expression, and plays a role in the glycosylation and anchorage of several surface proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devon O Osbourne
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Wilson Aruni
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Francis Roy
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Christopher Perry
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lawrence Sandberg
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Arun Muthiah
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Hansel M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li N, Yun P, Nadkarni MA, Ghadikolaee NB, Nguyen KA, Lee M, Hunter N, Collyer CA. Structure determination and analysis of a haemolytic gingipain adhesin domain from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Microbiol 2010; 76:861-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
27
|
Pathirana RD, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC. Host immune responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis antigens. Periodontol 2000 2010; 52:218-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
28
|
Nhien NTT, Huy NT, Naito M, Oida T, Uyen DT, Huang M, Kikuchi M, Harada S, Nakayama K, Hirayama K, Kamei K. Neutralization of toxic haem by Porphyromonas gingivalis haemoglobin receptor. J Biochem 2009; 147:317-25. [PMID: 19861401 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Free haem is known to be toxic to organs, tissues and cells. It enhances permeability by binding to a cell membrane, which leads to cell death, and damages lipids, proteins and DNA through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Lysine- and arginine-specific gingipains (Kgp and RgpA/B) are major proteinases that play an important role in the pathogenicity of a black-pigmented periodontopathogen named Porphyromonas gingivalis. One of the adhesin domains of gingipain, HbR could bind haem as an iron nutrient source for P. gingivalis. Using erythrocyte and its membrane as a model, results from the present study demonstrate that recombinant HbR expressed in Escherichia coli could inhibit haem-induced haemolysis, probably through removing haem from the haem-membrane complex and lowering free haem toxicity by mediating dimerization of haem molecules. The ability to protect a cell membrane from haem toxicity is a new function for HbR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Thuy Nhien
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fitzpatrick RE, Wijeyewickrema LC, Pike RN. The gingipains: scissors and glue of the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:471-87. [PMID: 19416015 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaerobic bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis, is associated with chronic periodontal disease (periodontitis or gum disease). The disease is not only the leading cause of tooth loss in the developed world, but is associated with a number of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The most potent virulence factors of this bacterium are the gingipains, three cysteine proteases that bind and cleave a wide range of host proteins. This article summarizes current knowledge of the structure and function of the enzymes, with a particular focus on what remains to be elucidated regarding the structure and function of the nonenzymatic adhesin domains of the high-molecular-weight forms of the proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Fitzpatrick
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Sciences & Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
McAlister AD, Sroka A, Fitzpatrick RE, Quinsey NS, Travis J, Potempa J, Pike RN. Gingipain enzymes from Porphyromonas gingivalis preferentially bind immobilized extracellular proteins: a mechanism favouring colonization? J Periodontal Res 2008; 44:348-53. [PMID: 18973544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Porphyromonas gingivalis, an anaerobic bacterium associated with adult periodontal disease, employs a number of pathogenic mechanisms, including protease/adhesin complexes (gingipains), fimbriae and hemagglutinins, to maintain attachment within colonized hosts. Here we examined the binding of gingipains and whole, live P. gingivalis cells to immobilized extracellular matrix proteins in the presence of soluble forms of the same proteins, to investigate whether this may constitute a colonization mechanism in the oral environment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Binding of purified gingipain molecules and whole bacterial cells to immobilized matrix proteins was examined in the presence and absence of soluble competitors using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Purified gingipains or whole, live bacteria preferentially bound immobilized forms of matrix proteins, even in the presence of soluble forms of the same proteins. Fimbriae appeared to be redundant for adhesion to immobilized proteins in the presence of the gingipains, indicating that the protease/adhesins and hemagglutinins may be more important for adhesion under these conditions. CONCLUSION The data presented here provide evidence for a model of adhesion for P. gingivalis within the fluid environment of the oral cavity, where preferential binding of matrix-located proteins over soluble forms facilitates colonization of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D McAlister
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and CRC for Oral Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bhatti M, MacRobert A, Meghji S, Henderson B, Wilson M. A Study of the Uptake of Toluidine Blue O by Porphyromonas gingivalis and the Mechanism of Lethal Photosensitization. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb09694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
32
|
Nemoto TK, Ohara-Nemoto Y, Ono T, Kobayakawa T, Shimoyama Y, Kimura S, Takagi T. Characterization of the glutamyl endopeptidase from Staphylococcus aureus expressed in Escherichia coli. FEBS J 2008; 275:573-87. [PMID: 18199287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
V8 protease, a member of the glutamyl endopeptidase I family, of Staphylococcus aureus V8 strain (GluV8) is widely used for proteome analysis because of its unique substrate specificity and resistance to detergents. In this study, an Escherichia coli expression system for GluV8, as well as its homologue from Staphylococcus epidermidis (GluSE), was developed, and the roles of the prosegments and two specific amino acid residues, Val69 and Ser237, were investigated. C-terminal His(6)-tagged proGluSE was successfully expressed from the full-length sequence as a soluble form. By contrast, GluV8 was poorly expressed by the system as a result of autodegradation; however, it was efficiently obtained by swapping its preprosegment with that of GluSE, or by the substitution of four residues in the GluV8 prosequence with those of GluSE. The purified proGluV8 was converted to the mature form in vitro by thermolysin treatment. The prosegment was essential for the suppression of proteolytic activity, as well as for the correct folding of GluV8, indicating its role as an intramolecular chaperone. Furthermore, the four amino acid residues at the C-terminus of the prosegment were sufficient for both of these roles. In vitro mutagenesis revealed that Ser237 was essential for proteolytic activity, and that Val69 was indispensable for the precise cleavage by thermolysin and was involved in the proteolytic reaction itself. This is the first study to express quantitatively GluV8 in E. coli, and to demonstrate explicitly the intramolecular chaperone activity of the prosegment of glutamyl endopeptidase I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki K Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sheets SM, Robles-Price AG, McKenzie RME, Casiano CA, Fletcher HM. Gingipain-dependent interactions with the host are important for survival of Porphyromonas gingivalis. FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE : A JOURNAL AND VIRTUAL LIBRARY 2008; 13:3215-38. [PMID: 18508429 PMCID: PMC3403687 DOI: 10.2741/2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontal pathogen, must acquire nutrients from host derived substrates, overcome oxidative stress and subvert the immune system. These activities can be coordinated via the gingipains which represent the most significant virulence factor produced by this organism. In the context of our contribution to this field, we will review the current understanding of gingipain biogenesis, glycosylation, and regulation, as well as discuss their role in oxidative stress resistance and apoptosis. We can postulate a model, in which gingipains may be part of the mechanism for P. gingivalis virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M. Sheets
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Antonette G. Robles-Price
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Rachelle M. E. McKenzie
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Carlos A. Casiano
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
- The Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Hansel M. Fletcher
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ishida Y, Hu J, Sakai E, Kadowaki T, Yamamoto K, Tsukuba T, Kato Y, Nakayama K, Okamoto K. Determination of active site of lysine-specific cysteine proteinase (Lys-gingipain) by use of a Porphyromonas gingivalis plasmid system. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:538-44. [PMID: 18295742 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major etiological bacterium of periodontal diseases, produces a unique lysine-specific cysteine proteinase (Lys-gingipain, Kgp) implicated in the virulence of this organism. Our observations show the expression of a catalytically active recombinant Kgp in a P. gingivalis Kgp-null mutant and the restoration of its functions by the use of a shuttle plasmid vector stable in P. gingivalis. The Kgp-expressing mutant exhibited a similar catalytic activity to that of the wild-type strain. This mutant also restored the ability to form black-pigmented colonies on blood agar plates and to generate a 19-kDa haemoglobin receptor protein responsible for haemoglobin binding. In order to establish the importance of the active-site Cys residue and elucidate its role in bacterial black pigmentation we constructed three Kgp mutants with changed potential active-site Cys residues. The cells expressing a single mutation (C476A) showed the high Kgp activity and the black pigmentation. In contrast, the cells expressing the single mutant (C477A) and the double mutant (C476A/C477A) exhibited neither Kgp activity nor black pigmentation. These results indicate that the 477th Cys residue is essential for both the Kgp activity and the black pigmentation of P. gingivalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ishida
- Department of Oral Pathopharmacology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical and Dental Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yun LWP, Decarlo AA, Hunter N. Blockade of protease-activated receptors on T cells correlates with altered proteolysis of CD27 by gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:217-29. [PMID: 17937677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases, termed gingipains, of Porphyromonas gingivalis are able to inactivate a broad range of host proteins involved in cellular responses and have been implicated as key virulence factors in the onset and progression of adult periodontitis. In the present study, the high molecular weight Arg-gingipain, RgpA, produced a time- and concentration-dependent hydrolysis of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha receptor family member CD27 on resting T cells. As a consequence of CD27 degradation, a reduction in CD27-ligation dependent co-stimulatory CD40L expression was observed. Concomitantly, RgpA activated the protease-activated receptors (PAR)-1, PAR-2 and PAR-4 and induced CD69 and CD25 expression on T cells, thereby demonstrating T cell activation. The Lys-gingipain Kgp demonstrated a low capacity to degrade CD27 but the ability to affect CD27 expression and biological activity was increased when T cells were pretreated with blocking peptide against PAR-2. CD70, the ligand for CD27 induced on activated B cells, was significantly reduced by RgpA treatment and weakly affected by Kgp. These findings suggest that while RgpA can activate T cells through PARs, the parallel action of direct hydrolysis of membrane CD27 as well as CD70 indicates a potential down-regulatory effect through inhibition of CD27/CD70-mediated cell activation in periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L W P Yun
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Smalley JW, Birss AJ, Szmigielski B, Potempa J. Sequential action of R- and K-specific gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the generation of the haem-containing pigment from oxyhaemoglobin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 465:44-9. [PMID: 17577572 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The arginine- and lysine-specific gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis have been implicated in the degradation of haemoglobin from which the black mu-oxo haem dimer-containing pigment is generated. Here, we examined interactions of oxyhaemoglobin (oxyHb) with the Arg-(R)-specific (HRgpA) and Lys-(K)-specific (Kgp) gingipains. Incubation of oxyHb with HRgpA resulted in formation of methaemoglobin (metHb), which could be prevented by the R-gingipain specific inhibitor leupeptin. oxyHb-Kgp interactions resulted in formation of a haemoglobin haemichrome. This was inhibited by the lysine-specific protease inhibitor Z-Phe-Lys-acyloxymethylketone (Z-FKck). metHb, formed by treatment of oxyHb with either NaNO(2) or by pre-incubation with HRgpA, was rapidly degraded by Kgp compared to oxyHb. metHb degradation by Kgp was also inhibited Z-FKck. Together these data show that R-gingipain activity is crucial for converting oxyHb into the metHb form which is rendered more susceptible to Kgp degradation for the eventual release of iron(III) protoporphyrin IX and production of the mu-oxo haem dimer. This explains previous observations [J.W. Smalley, M.F. Thomas, A.J. Birss, R. Withnall, J. Silver, Biochem. J. 379 (2004) 833-840.] of the requirement for a combination of both R- and K-gingipains for pigment production from oxyhaemoglobin by P. gingivalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Smalley
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sakai E, Naito M, Sato K, Hotokezaka H, Kadowaki T, Kamaguchi A, Yamamoto K, Okamoto K, Nakayama K. Construction of recombinant hemagglutinin derived from the gingipain-encoding gene of Porphyromonas gingivalis, identification of its target protein on erythrocytes, and inhibition of hemagglutination by an interdomain regional peptide. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:3977-86. [PMID: 17384191 PMCID: PMC1913415 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01691-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, an anaerobic gram-negative bacterium associated with chronic periodontitis, can agglutinate human erythrocytes. In general, hemagglutination can be considered the ability to adhere to host cells; however, P. gingivalis-mediated hemagglutination has special significance because heme markedly accelerates growth of this bacterium. Although a number of studies have indicated that a major hemagglutinin of P. gingivalis is intragenically encoded by rgpA, kgp, and hagA, direct evidence has not been obtained. We demonstrated in this study that recombinant HGP44(720-1081), a fully processed HGP44 domain protein, had hemagglutinating activity but that an unprocessed form, HGP44(720-1138), did not. A peptide corresponding to residues 1083 to 1102, which was included in HGP44(720-1138) but not in HGP44(720-1081), could bind HGP44(720-1081) in a dose-dependent manner and effectively inhibited HGP44(720-1081)-mediated hemagglutination, indicating that the interdomain regional amino acid sequence may function as an intramolecular suppressor of hemagglutinating activity. Analyses by solid-phase binding and chemical cross-linking suggested that HGP44 interacted with glycophorin A on the erythrocyte membrane. Glycophorin A and, more effectively, asialoglycophorin, which were added exogenously, inhibited HGP44(720-1081)-mediated hemagglutination. Treatment of erythrocytes with RgpB proteinase resulted in degradation of glycophorin A on the membrane and a decrease in HGP44(720-1081)-mediated hemagglutination. Surface plasmon resonance detection analysis revealed that HGP44(720-1081) could bind to asialoglycophorin with a dissociation constant of 3.0 x 10(-7) M. These results indicate that the target of HGP44 on the erythrocyte membrane appears to be glycophorin A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Sakai
- Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yamatake K, Maeda M, Kadowaki T, Takii R, Tsukuba T, Ueno T, Kominami E, Yokota S, Yamamoto K. Role for gingipains in Porphyromonas gingivalis traffic to phagolysosomes and survival in human aortic endothelial cells. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2090-100. [PMID: 17296756 PMCID: PMC1865784 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01013-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingipains are cysteine proteinases that are responsible for the virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Recent studies have shown that P. gingivalis is trapped within autophagic compartments of infected cells, where it promotes survival. In this study we investigated the role of gingipains in the intracellular trafficking and survival of this bacterium in human aortic endothelial cells and any possible involvement of these enzymes in the autophagic pathway. Although autophagic events were enhanced by infection with either wild-type (WT) P. gingivalis strains (ATCC 33277, 381, and W83) or an ATCC 33277 mutant lacking gingipains (KDP136), we have found that more than 90% of intracellular WT and KDP136 colocalized with cathepsin B, a lysosome marker, and only a few of the internalized cells colocalized with LC3, an autophagosome marker, during the 0.5- to 4-h postinfection period. This was further substantiated by immunogold electron microscopic analyses, thus implying that P. gingivalis evades the autophagic pathway and instead directly traffics to the endocytic pathway to lysosomes. At the late stages after infection, WT strains in phagolysosomes retained their double-membrane structures. KDP136 in these compartments, however, lost its double-membrane structures, representing a characteristic feature of its vulnerability to rupture. Together with the ultrastructural observations, we found that the number of intracellular viable WT cells decreased more slowly than that of KDP136 cells, thus suggesting that gingipains contribute to bacterial survival, but not to trafficking, within the infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Yamatake
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pathirana RD, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Brammar GC, Slakeski N, Reynolds EC. Kgp and RgpB, but not RgpA, are important for Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence in the murine periodontitis model. Infect Immun 2007; 75:1436-42. [PMID: 17220315 PMCID: PMC1828545 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01627-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The contributions of three proteinase genes (rgpA, rgpB, and kgp) to the virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 were investigated in the murine periodontitis model. Mice were orally inoculated with eight doses (1 x 10(10) cells per dose) of rgpA, rgpB, kgp, rgpA rgpB, or rgpA rgpB kgp isogenic mutants, and the level of alveolar bone loss, immune response induced, and number of bacterial cells per half maxilla were compared with those of animals inoculated with wild-type P. gingivalis. The kgp, rgpB, rgpA rgpB, and rgpA rgpB kgp isogenic mutants induced significantly (P < 0.05) less bone loss than the rgpA isogenic mutant and the wild type did, and the virulence of the rgpA isogenic mutant and the wild type were not significantly different. Mice inoculated with the wild type or the rgpA isogenic mutant exhibited significantly (P < 0.01) more P. gingivalis cells per half maxilla than mice inoculated with rgpB, kgp, rgpA rgpB, and rgpA rgpB kgp isogenic mutants or nonchallenged mice did, as determined using real-time PCR. A significant positive correlation was found between the number of P. gingivalis cells detected per half maxilla and the amount of alveolar bone loss induced. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that each isogenic mutant and the wild type induced a predominant P. gingivalis antigen-specific immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3) response. Furthermore, the kgp and rgpA rgpB kgp isogenic mutants induced significantly (P < 0.05) lower IgG3 antibody responses than the responses induced by the wild type or the rgpA, rgpB, and rgpA rgpB isogenic mutants. The results suggest that the order in which the proteinases contribute to the virulence of P. gingivalis in the murine periodontitis model is Kgp > or = RgpB >> RgpA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi D Pathirana
- Cooperative Centre for Oral Health Science, School of Dental Science, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Seers CA, Slakeski N, Veith PD, Nikolof T, Chen YY, Dashper SG, Reynolds EC. The RgpB C-terminal domain has a role in attachment of RgpB to the outer membrane and belongs to a novel C-terminal-domain family found in Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:6376-86. [PMID: 16923905 PMCID: PMC1595369 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00731-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis produces outer membrane-attached proteins that include the virulence-associated proteinases RgpA and RgpB (Arg-gingipains) and Kgp (Lys-gingipain). We analyzed the P. gingivalis outer membrane proteome and identified numerous proteins with C-terminal domains similar in sequence to those of RgpB, RgpA, and Kgp, indicating that these domains may have a common function. Using RgpB as a model to investigate the role of the C-terminal domain, we expressed RgpB as a full-length zymogen (recombinant RgpB [rRgpB]), with a catalytic Cys244Ala mutation [rRgpB(C244A)], or with the C-terminal 72 amino acids deleted (rRgpB435) in an Arg-gingipain P. gingivalis mutant (YH522AB) and an Arg- and Lys-gingipain mutant (YH522KAB). rRgpB was catalytically active and located predominantly attached to the outer membrane of both background strains. rRgpB(C244A) was inactive and outer membrane attached, with a typical attachment profile for both background strains according to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but in YH522KAB, the prodomain was not removed. Thus, in vivo, RgpB export and membrane attachment are independent of the proteolytic activity of RgpA, RgpB, or Kgp. However, for maturation involving proteolytic processing of RgpB, the proteolytic activity of RgpB, RgpA, or Kgp is required. The C-terminally-truncated rRgpB435 was not attached to the outer membrane and was located as largely inactive, discrete 71-kDa and 48-kDa isoforms in the culture supernatant and the periplasm. These results suggest that the C-terminal domain is essential for outer membrane attachment and may be involved in a coordinated process of export and attachment to the cell surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Seers
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, School of Dental Science, University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kobayashi T, Kaneko S, Tahara T, Hayakawa M, Abiko Y, Yoshie H. Antibody responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin A and outer membrane protein in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2006; 77:364-9. [PMID: 16512750 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemagglutinin and outer membrane protein (OMP) are major virulence factors associated with colonization of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the gingival crevice. The genes for the 200-kDa antigenic protein (200-kDa AP) and 40-kDa OMP of P. gingivalis have been successfully cloned. Additionally, the 200-kDa AP gene has been shown to constitute the hemagglutinin A (hagA) gene of P. gingivalis. Therefore, this study was constructed to evaluate the distributions and serum levels of immnoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies specific for 200-kDa AP and 40-kDa OMP in periodontitis patients. METHODS Fifty patients with chronic periodontitis and 59 controls without periodontal destruction were enrolled in this study. We cloned the genes for 200-kDa AP and 40-kDa OMP from P. gingivalis and constructed the purified recombinant proteins. Serum levels of IgG subclass antibodies specific for both recombinant 200-kDa and 40-kDa OMP were determined in patients and controls by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The serum IgG subclass distribution for patients and controls was IgG1>IgG4>IgG2>IgG3 in the anti-200-kDa AP response, which was almost identical to that in the anti-40-kDa OMP response. The patient group showed significantly higher serum IgG responses to the 40-kDa OMP than the control group (P<0.01). In contrast, IgG subclass responses to the 200-kDa AP were not different between the patients and controls. Serum levels of antibodies reactive with both 200-kDa and 40-kDa proteins did not have a significant association with mean probing depth. CONCLUSION These results suggested that serum IgG responses against P. gingivalis OMP rather than the hagA may be more active in chronic periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, and General Dentistry and Clinical Education Unit, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Białas A, Grembecka J, Krowarsch D, Otlewski J, Potempa J, Mucha A. Exploring the Sn binding pockets in gingipains by newly developed inhibitors: structure-based design, chemistry, and activity. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1744-53. [PMID: 16509589 DOI: 10.1021/jm0600141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Arg-gingipains (Rgps) and Lys-gingipain (Kgp) are cysteine proteinases secreted by Porphyromonas gingivalis, the major pathogen implicated in periodontal disease. Gingipains are essential to the bacterium for its virulence and survival, and development of inhibitors targeting these proteins provides an approach to treat periodontal diseases. Here, we present the first example of structure-based design of gingipains inhibitors, with the use of the crystal structure of RgpB and the homology model of Kgp. Chloromethyl ketones were selected as suitable compounds to explore the specificity of the Sn binding region of both enzymes. Three series of inhibitors bearing Arg or Lys at P1 and different substituents at P2 and P3 were designed, synthesized, and tested. High potency (k(obs)/[I] approximately 10(7) M(-1) s(-1)) was achieved for small ligands, such as the dipeptide analogues. The detailed analysis of Sn binding pockets revealed the molecular basis of inhibitory affinity and provided insight into the structure-activity relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Białas
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yonezawa H, Kato T, Kuramitsu HK, Okuda K, Ishihara K. Immunization by Arg-gingipain A DNA vaccine protects mice against an invasive Porphyromonas gingivalis infection through regulation of interferon-gamma production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 20:259-66. [PMID: 16101960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2005.00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that a Porphyromonas gingivalis rgpA DNA vaccine induced protective immune responses against P. gingivalis infection in mice. In the present study, reduction in lethality against infection by lethal doses of P. gingivalis was observed in the rgpA DNA vaccine-immunized mice. Cytokine levels in the mouse model with nonlethal doses of infection by P. gingivalis were evaluated to analyze the mechanism of protection by immunization with the rgpA DNA vaccine. After nonlethal challenge with invasive P. gingivalis W50, production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-12 was elevated; however, interferon (IFN)-gamma was lower in the serum of the DNA vaccine-immunized mice than in the serum of nonimmunized mice. The regulation of IFN-gamma production elicited by immunization with the rgpA DNA vaccine may play a significant role in protection against P. gingivalis infection in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Yonezawa
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gibson FC, Savelli J, Van Dyke TE, Genco CA. Gingipain-Specific IgG in the Sera of Patients With Periodontal Disease Is Necessary for Opsonophagocytosis ofPorphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2005; 76:1629-36. [PMID: 16253083 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.10.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis is a primary etiologic agent of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP), and gingipains, a group of cysteine proteinases, are critical virulence factors expressed by this organism. GAgP patients develop specific antibodies to gingipains; however, the function of these antibodies in the clearance of P. gingivalis infection is poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we defined the levels of gingipain-specific antibodies in GAgP patient sera and examined the ability of gingipain-specific antibodies to facilitate opsonophagocytosis of P. gingivalis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) using a fluorescent phagocytosis assay. RESULTS GAgP patient sera possessed elevated levels of P. gingivalis-, arginine-gingipain (Rgp)A-, RgpB-, and lysine-gingipain (Kgp)-specific IgG (Kgp > RgpA > P. gingivalis > RgpB). Adsorption of GAgP sera with P. gingivalis whole organisms, RgpA, RgpB, and Kgp conjugated to sepharose beads reduced opsonophagocytosis of P. gingivalis by PMNs. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that GAgP patient sera possess elevated levels of P. gingivalis- and gingipain-specific IgG. Furthermore, we show that gingipain antibodies promote uptake of P. gingivalis by PMNs, and our data suggest that gingipain-specific antibodies may be important for the control of P. gingivalis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Gibson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yun PLW, Decarlo AA, Chapple CC, Collyer CA, Hunter N. Binding of Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains to human CD4(+) T cells preferentially down-regulates surface CD2 and CD4 with little affect on co-stimulatory molecule expression. Microb Pathog 2005; 38:85-96. [PMID: 15748810 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine proteinases (gingipains) in the evasion of host cell-mediated immunity has not been fully determined. In this study, modulation by gingipains of accessory and co-stimulatory molecule expression on human CD4(+) T cells was evaluated. Arg-gingipain rather than Lys-gingipain binds to resting CD4(+) T cells in the presence of serum. The constitutive expression of CD28 on T cells was slightly up-regulated following challenge with gingipains, whereas CD45 and CD3 were not affected. Binding of anti-CD2 and anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was reduced after challenge of T cells with gingipains, but restored to 50 and 100%, respectively, of control levels, after 48h of incubation in medium depleted of gingipains. The induced expression, by anti-CD3 mAb, of CTLA-4, CD25, and CD40 ligand (CD40L) was decreased following incubation of T cells with gingipains which also led to decreased response to anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs as shown by reduction of interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Cumulatively, these results indicate that activated gingipains attach to T cells and preferentially cleave CD2 and CD4 molecules, with potential to impair T cell responses at periodontal sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L W Yun
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Centre for Oral Health, P. O. Box 533 Wentworthville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Imamura T, Potempa J, Travis J. Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system and release of new kinins through alternative cleavage of kininogens by microbial and human cell proteinases. Biol Chem 2005; 385:989-96. [PMID: 15576318 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2004.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Kinins are released from kininogens through the activation of the Hageman factor-prekallikrein system or by tissue kallikrein. These peptides exert various biological activities, such as vascular permeability increase, smooth muscle contraction, pain sensation and induction of hypotension. In many instances kinins are thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of various diseases. Recent studies have revealed that microbial and human cell proteinases activate Hageman factor and/or prekallikrein, or directly release kinin from kininogens. This review discusses the activation of the kinin-release system by mast-cell tryptase and microbial proteinases, including gingipains, which are cysteine proteinases from Porphyromonas gingivalis , the major pathogen of periodontal disease. Each enzyme is evaluated in the context of its association to allergy and infectious diseases, respectively. Furthermore, a novel system of kinin generation directly from kininogens by the concerted action of two proteinases is described. An interesting example of this system with implications to bacterial pathogenicity is the release of kinins from kininogens by neutrophil elastase and a synergistic action of cysteine proteinases from Staphylococcus aureus . This alternative production of kinins by proteinases present in diseased sites indicates a significant contribution of proteinases other than kallikreins in kinin generation. Therefore kinin receptor antagonists and proteinase inhibitors may be useful as therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Imamura
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sztukowska M, Sroka A, Bugno M, Banbula A, Takahashi Y, Pike RN, Genco CA, Travis J, Potempa J. The C-terminal domains of the gingipain K polyprotein are necessary for assembly of the active enzyme and expression of associated activities. Mol Microbiol 2005; 54:1393-408. [PMID: 15554977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Porphyromonas gingivalis lysine-specific cysteine protease (gingipain K, Kgp) is expressed as a large precursor protein consisting of a leader sequence, a pro-fragment, a catalytic domain with a C-terminal IgG-like subdomain (IgSF) and a large haemagglutinin/adhesion (HA) domain. In order to directly study the role of these non-catalytic domains in pro-Kgp processing and maturation in P. gingivalis, the wild-type form of the gene was replaced with deletion variants encoding C-terminally truncated proteins, including KgpDeltaHA3/4 (Delta1292-1732 aa), KgpDeltaHA2-4 (Delta1157-1732 aa), KgpDeltaHA1-4 (Delta738-1732 aa), KgpDeltaC-term/HA (Delta681-1732 aa) and KgpDeltaIg/C-term/HA (602-1732 aa). Northern blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that all truncated variants of the kgp gene were transcribed in P. gingivalis. Despite high levels of kgpDeltaC-term/HA and kgpDeltaIg/C-term/HA transcripts, no Kgp-specific antigen was detected in cultures of these mutants as determined by Western blot analysis with monoclonal antibodies specific for the Kgp catalytic domain. Furthermore, only barely measurable amounts of Kgp-specific activity were detected in these two mutants. The remaining mutants expressed significant Kgp activity, however, at lower levels when compared with the parental strain. The decreased activity most probably resulted from altered folding and/or hindered secretion of the protein. The kgp gene truncation was also demonstrated to alter the distribution of the gingipain protein between membrane-associated and -secreted forms. While both gingipain K activity and the protein were cell membrane-associated in the parental strain, the mutants released significant amounts of both protein and activity into the media. Taken together, these results suggest that the C-terminal HA domains of Kgp are not only essential for full expression of gingipain activity, but also for proper processing of the multiprotein complex assembly on the P. gingivalis outer membrane. Moreover, our results indicate that the immunoglobulin-like subdomain is indispensable for proper folding and expression of the gingipains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryta Sztukowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Olczak T, Simpson W, Liu X, Genco CA. Iron and heme utilization in Porphyromonas gingivalis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2005; 29:119-44. [PMID: 15652979 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Revised: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium associated with the initiation and progression of adult periodontal disease. Iron is utilized by this pathogen in the form of heme and has been shown to play an essential role in its growth and virulence. Recently, considerable attention has been given to the characterization of various secreted and surface-associated proteins of P. gingivalis and their contribution to virulence. In particular, the properties of proteins involved in the uptake of iron and heme have been extensively studied. Unlike other Gram-negative bacteria, P. gingivalis does not produce siderophores. Instead it employs specific outer membrane receptors, proteases (particularly gingipains), and lipoproteins to acquire iron/heme. In this review, we will focus on the diverse mechanisms of iron and heme acquisition in P. gingivalis. Specific proteins involved in iron and heme capture will be described. In addition, we will discuss new genes for iron/heme utilization identified by nucleotide sequencing of the P. gingivalis W83 genome. Putative iron- and heme-responsive gene regulation in P. gingivalis will be discussed. We will also examine the significance of heme/hemoglobin acquisition for the virulence of this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Olczak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wroclaw University, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Takii R, Kadowaki T, Baba A, Tsukuba T, Yamamoto K. A functional virulence complex composed of gingipains, adhesins, and lipopolysaccharide shows high affinity to host cells and matrix proteins and escapes recognition by host immune systems. Infect Immun 2005; 73:883-93. [PMID: 15664930 PMCID: PMC547079 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.2.883-893.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arg-gingipain (Rgp) and Lys-gingipain (Kgp) are Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine proteinases implicated as major virulence factors in pathologies of periodontitis. We purified a 660-kDa cell-associated gingipain complex existing as a homodimer of two catalytically active monomers which comprises their catalytic and adhesin domains. Electron microscopy revealed that the complex was composed of a globular particle with a 10-nm external diameter possessing one or two electron-dense hole-like structures. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analyses revealed the association of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with the catalytic domains and a hemagglutinin domain, Hgp44, of Rgp and Kgp in the complex. The complex significantly degraded human type I collagen and elastin and strongly disrupted viability of human gingival fibroblasts and umbilical vein endotherial cells with an efficiency which was higher than that of the monomeric gingipains. The native complex produced only a small amount of nitrogen dioxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6 by macrophages, whereas the heat-denatured complex resulted in increased production. Inhibition of the proteolytic activities of the gingipain complex did not up-regulate the cytokine production, indicating that the functional domains in LPS are structurally masked by the complex proteins. These results indicate the importance of the complex in evasion of host defense mechanisms as well as in host tissue breakdown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Takii
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sato K, Sakai E, Veith PD, Shoji M, Kikuchi Y, Yukitake H, Ohara N, Naito M, Okamoto K, Reynolds EC, Nakayama K. Identification of a new membrane-associated protein that influences transport/maturation of gingipains and adhesins of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:8668-77. [PMID: 15634642 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413544200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The dual membrane envelopes of Gram-negative bacteria provide two barriers of unlike nature that regulate the transport of molecules into and out of organisms. Organisms have developed several systems for transport across the inner and outer membranes. The Gram-negative periodontopathogenic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis produces proteinase and adhesin complexes, gingipains/adhesins, on the cell surface and in the extracellular milieu as one of the major virulence factors. Gingipains and/or adhesins are encoded by kgp, rgpA, rgpB, and hagA on the chromosome. In this study, we isolated a P. gingivalis mutant (porT), which showed very weak activities of gingipains in the cell lysates and culture supernatants. Subcellular fractionation and immunoblot analysis demonstrated that precursor forms of gingipains and adhesins were accumulated in the periplasmic space of the porT mutant cells. Peptide mass fingerprinting and N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the precursor proteins and the kgp'-'rgpB chimera gene product in the porT mutant indicated that these proteins lacked the signal peptide regions, consistent with their accumulation in the periplasm. The PorT protein seemed to be membrane-associated and exposed to the periplasmic space, as revealed by subcellular fractionation and immunoblot analysis using anti-PorT antiserum. These results suggest that the membrane-associated protein PorT is essential for transport of the kgp, rgpA, rgpB, and hagA gene products across the outer membrane from the periplasm to the cell surface, where they are processed and matured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sato
- Divisions of Microbiology, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|