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Schiefer S, Hale BG. Proximal protein landscapes of the type I interferon signaling cascade reveal negative regulation by PJA2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4484. [PMID: 38802340 PMCID: PMC11130243 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the intricate dynamic events governing type I interferon (IFN) signaling is critical to unravel key regulatory mechanisms in host antiviral defense. Here, we leverage TurboID-based proximity labeling coupled with affinity purification-mass spectrometry to comprehensively map the proximal human proteomes of all seven canonical type I IFN signaling cascade members under basal and IFN-stimulated conditions. This uncovers a network of 103 high-confidence proteins in close proximity to the core members IFNAR1, IFNAR2, JAK1, TYK2, STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9, and validates several known constitutive protein assemblies, while also revealing novel stimulus-dependent and -independent associations between key signaling molecules. Functional screening further identifies PJA2 as a negative regulator of IFN signaling via its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Mechanistically, PJA2 interacts with TYK2 and JAK1, promotes their non-degradative ubiquitination, and limits the activating phosphorylation of TYK2 thereby restraining downstream STAT signaling. Our high-resolution proximal protein landscapes provide global insights into the type I IFN signaling network, and serve as a valuable resource for future exploration of its functional complexities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Schiefer
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, ETH and University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin G Hale
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Maji L, Sengupta S, Purawarga Matada GS, Teli G, Biswas G, Das PK, Panduranga Mudgal M. Medicinal chemistry perspective of JAK inhibitors: synthesis, biological profile, selectivity, and structure activity relationship. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10794-5. [PMID: 38236444 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
JAK-STAT signalling pathway was discovered more than quarter century ago. The JAK-STAT pathway protein is considered as one of the crucial hubs for cytokine secretion which mediates activation of different inflammatory, cellular responses and hence involved in different etiological factors. The various etiological factors involved are haematopoiesis, immune fitness, tissue repair, inflammation, apoptosis, and adipogenesis. The presence of the active mutation V617K plays a significant role in the progression of the JAK-STAT pathway-related disease. Consequently, targeting the JAK-STAT pathway could be a promising therapeutic approach for addressing a range of causative factors. In this current review, we provided a comprehensive discussion for the in-detail study of anatomy and physiology of the JAK-STAT pathway which contributes structural domain rearrangement, activation, and negative regulation associated with the downstream signaling pathway, relationship between different cytokines and diseases. This review also discussed the recent development of clinical trial entities. Additionally, this review also provides updates on FDA-approved drugs. In the current investigation, we have classified recently developed small molecule inhibitors of JAK-STAT pathway according to different chemical classes and we emphasized their synthetic routes, biological evaluation, selectivity, and structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalmohan Maji
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sindhuja Sengupta
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ghanshyam Teli
- School of Pharmacy, Sangam University, Atoon, Bhilwara, 311001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gourab Biswas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Brainware University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pronoy Kanti Das
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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3
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Gracias S, Chazal M, Decombe A, Unterfinger Y, Sogues A, Pruvost L, Robert V, Lacour SA, Lemasson M, Sourisseau M, Li Z, Richardson J, Pellegrini S, Decroly E, Caval V, Jouvenet N. Tick-borne flavivirus NS5 antagonizes interferon signaling by inhibiting the catalytic activity of TYK2. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57424. [PMID: 37860832 PMCID: PMC10702846 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms utilized by different flaviviruses to evade antiviral functions of interferons are varied and incompletely understood. Using virological approaches, biochemical assays, and mass spectrometry analyses, we report here that the NS5 protein of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Louping Ill virus (LIV), two related tick-borne flaviviruses, antagonize JAK-STAT signaling through interactions with the tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2). Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) experiments, yeast gap-repair assays, computational protein-protein docking and functional studies identify a stretch of 10 residues of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase domain of tick-borne flavivirus NS5, but not mosquito-borne NS5, that is critical for interactions with the TYK2 kinase domain. Additional co-IP assays performed with several TYK2 orthologs reveal that the interaction is conserved across mammalian species. In vitro kinase assays show that TBEV and LIV NS5 reduce the catalytic activity of TYK2. Our results thus illustrate a novel mechanism by which viruses suppress the interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ségolène Gracias
- Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, CNRS UMR3569, Institut PasteurUniversité de Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Maxime Chazal
- Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, CNRS UMR3569, Institut PasteurUniversité de Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Alice Decombe
- AFMB UMR 7257, CNRSAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Yves Unterfinger
- UMR1161 Virologie Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortUniversité Paris‐EstMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Adrià Sogues
- Structural and Molecular MicrobiologyVIB‐VUB, Center for Structural BiologyBrusselsBelgium
| | - Lauryne Pruvost
- Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, CNRS UMR3569, Institut PasteurUniversité de Paris CitéParisFrance
| | | | - Sandrine A Lacour
- UMR1161 Virologie Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortUniversité Paris‐EstMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Manon Lemasson
- UMR1161 Virologie Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortUniversité Paris‐EstMaisons‐AlfortFrance
- Phagos Pépinière Genopole EntrepriseEvry‐CourcouronnesFrance
| | - Marion Sourisseau
- UMR1161 Virologie Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortUniversité Paris‐EstMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Zhi Li
- Unit of Cytokine Signaling, INSERM U122Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, CNRS UMR2000, Institut PasteurUniversité de Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- UMR1161 Virologie Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortUniversité Paris‐EstMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | | | | | - Vincent Caval
- Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, CNRS UMR3569, Institut PasteurUniversité de Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, CNRS UMR3569, Institut PasteurUniversité de Paris CitéParisFrance
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4
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López-Mejía JA, Mantilla-Ollarves JC, Rocha-Zavaleta L. Modulation of JAK-STAT Signaling by LNK: A Forgotten Oncogenic Pathway in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14777. [PMID: 37834225 PMCID: PMC10573125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Tumors that express hormone receptors account for 75% of all cases. Understanding alternative signaling cascades is important for finding new therapeutic targets for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients. JAK-STAT signaling is commonly activated in hormone receptor-positive breast tumors, inducing inflammation, proliferation, migration, and treatment resistance in cancer cells. In hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, the JAK-STAT cascade is stimulated by hormones and cytokines, such as prolactin and IL-6. In normal cells, JAK-STAT is inhibited by the action of the adaptor protein, LNK. However, the role of LNK in breast tumors is not fully understood. This review compiles published reports on the expression and activation of the JAK-STAT pathway by IL-6 and prolactin and potential inhibition of the cascade by LNK in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Additionally, it includes analyses of available datasets to determine the level of expression of LNK and various members of the JAK-STAT family for the purpose of establishing associations between expression and clinical outcomes. Together, experimental evidence and in silico studies provide a better understanding of the potential implications of the JAK-STAT-LNK loop in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. López-Mejía
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 03100, Mexico; (J.A.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-O.)
| | - Jessica C. Mantilla-Ollarves
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 03100, Mexico; (J.A.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-O.)
| | - Leticia Rocha-Zavaleta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 03100, Mexico; (J.A.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-O.)
- Programa Institucional de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 03100, Mexico
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5
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Pang Q, You L, Meng X, Li Y, Deng T, Li D, Zhu B. Regulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway: The promising targets for cardiovascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115587. [PMID: 37187275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Individuals have known that Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway was involved in the growth of the cell, cell differentiation courses advancement, immune cellular survival, as well as hematopoietic system advancement. Researches in the animal models have already uncovered a JAK/STAT regulatory function in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), acute myocardial infarction (MI), hypertension, myocarditis, heart failure, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Evidences originating in these studies indicate a therapeutic JAK/STAT function in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In this retrospection, various JAK/STAT functions in the normal and ill hearts were described. Moreover, the latest figures about JAK/STAT were summarized under the background of CVDs. Finally, we discussed the clinical transformation prospects and technical limitations of JAK/STAT as the potential therapeutic targets for CVDs. This collection of evidences has essential meanings for the clinical application of JAK/STAT as medicinal agents for CVDs. In this retrospection, various JAK/STAT functions in the normal and ill hearts were described. Moreover, the latest figures about JAK/STAT were summarized under the background of CVDs. Finally, we discussed the clinical transformation prospects and toxicity of JAK/STAT inhibitors as potential therapeutic targets for CVDs. This collection of evidences has essential meanings for the clinical application of JAK/STAT as medicinal agents for CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Pang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu You
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangmin Meng
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Deng
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Deyong Li
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingmei Zhu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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6
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Valle-Mendiola A, Gutiérrez-Hoya A, Soto-Cruz I. JAK/STAT Signaling and Cervical Cancer: From the Cell Surface to the Nucleus. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1141. [PMID: 37372319 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway constitutes a rapid signaling module from the cell surface to the nucleus, and activates different cellular responses, such as proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and inflammation. When the JAK/STAT pathway is altered, it contributes to cancer progression and metastasis. STAT proteins play a central role in developing cervical cancer, and inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling may be necessary to induce tumor cell death. Several cancers show continuous activation of different STATs, including cervical cancer. The constitutive activation of STAT proteins is associated with a poor prognosis and overall survival. The human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins E6 and E7 play an essential role in cervical cancer progression, and they activate the JAK/STAT pathway and other signals that induce proliferation, survival, and migration of cancer cells. Moreover, there is a crosstalk between the JAK/STAT signaling cascade with other signaling pathways, where a plethora of different proteins activate to induce gene transcription and cell responses that contribute to tumor growth. Therefore, inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway shows promise as a new target in cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the role of the JAK/STAT pathway components and the role of the HPV oncoproteins associated with cellular malignancy through the JAK/STAT proteins and other signaling pathways to induce tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Valle-Mendiola
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Batalla 5 de Mayo s/n, Colonia Ejército de Oriente, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| | - Adriana Gutiérrez-Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Batalla 5 de Mayo s/n, Colonia Ejército de Oriente, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
- Cátedra CONACYT, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| | - Isabel Soto-Cruz
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Batalla 5 de Mayo s/n, Colonia Ejército de Oriente, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
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7
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Xue C, Yao Q, Gu X, Shi Q, Yuan X, Chu Q, Bao Z, Lu J, Li L. Evolving cognition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway: autoimmune disorders and cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:204. [PMID: 37208335 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of transmembrane signal transduction that enables cells to communicate with the exterior environment. Various cytokines, interferons, growth factors, and other specific molecules activate JAK-STAT signaling to drive a series of physiological and pathological processes, including proliferation, metabolism, immune response, inflammation, and malignancy. Dysregulated JAK-STAT signaling and related genetic mutations are strongly associated with immune activation and cancer progression. Insights into the structures and functions of the JAK-STAT pathway have led to the development and approval of diverse drugs for the clinical treatment of diseases. Currently, drugs have been developed to mainly target the JAK-STAT pathway and are commonly divided into three subtypes: cytokine or receptor antibodies, JAK inhibitors, and STAT inhibitors. And novel agents also continue to be developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. The effectiveness and safety of each kind of drug also warrant further scientific trials before put into being clinical applications. Here, we review the current understanding of the fundamental composition and function of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. We also discuss advancements in the understanding of JAK-STAT-related pathogenic mechanisms; targeted JAK-STAT therapies for various diseases, especially immune disorders, and cancers; newly developed JAK inhibitors; and current challenges and directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinfan Yao
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingmiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengyi Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Kumar S, Mehan S, Narula AS. Therapeutic modulation of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPAR-γ signaling in neurological dysfunctions. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:9-49. [PMID: 36478124 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine-activated Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) cascade is a pleiotropic pathway that involves receptor subunit multimerization. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase that perceives and integrates a variety of intracellular and environmental stimuli to regulate essential activities such as cell development and metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a prototypical metabolic nuclear receptor involved in neural differentiation and axon polarity. The JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling pathways serve as a highly conserved signaling hub that coordinates neuronal activity and brain development. Additionally, overactivation of JAK/STAT, mTOR, and inhibition of PPARγ signaling have been linked to various neurocomplications, including neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Emerging research suggests that even minor disruptions in these cellular and molecular processes can have significant consequences manifested as neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Of interest, target modulators have been proven to alleviate neuronal complications associated with acute and chronic neurological deficits. This research-based review explores the therapeutic role of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling modulators in preventing neuronal dysfunctions in preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India.
| | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
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Hu X, Li J, Fu M, Zhao X, Wang W. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway: from bench to clinic. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:402. [PMID: 34824210 PMCID: PMC8617206 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 215.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway was discovered more than a quarter-century ago. As a fulcrum of many vital cellular processes, the JAK/STAT pathway constitutes a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module and induces the expression of various critical mediators of cancer and inflammation. Growing evidence suggests that dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway is associated with various cancers and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the composition, activation, and regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Moreover, we highlight the role of the JAK/STAT pathway and its inhibitors in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Maorong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
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10
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Moslin R, Zhang Y, Wrobleski ST, Lin S, Mertzman M, Spergel S, Tokarski JS, Strnad J, Gillooly K, McIntyre KW, Zupa-Fernandez A, Cheng L, Sun H, Chaudhry C, Huang C, D'Arienzo C, Heimrich E, Yang X, Muckelbauer JK, Chang C, Tredup J, Mulligan D, Xie D, Aranibar N, Chiney M, Burke JR, Lombardo L, Carter PH, Weinstein DS. Identification of N-Methyl Nicotinamide and N-Methyl Pyridazine-3-Carboxamide Pseudokinase Domain Ligands as Highly Selective Allosteric Inhibitors of Tyrosine Kinase 2 (TYK2). J Med Chem 2019; 62:8953-8972. [PMID: 31314518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the Janus (JAK) family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, TYK2 plays an important role in mediating the signaling of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-12, IL-23, and type 1 interferons. The nicotinamide 4, identified by a SPA-based high-throughput screen targeting the TYK2 pseudokinase domain, potently inhibits IL-23 and IFNα signaling in cellular assays. The described work details the optimization of this poorly selective hit (4) to potent and selective molecules such as 47 and 48. The discoveries described herein were critical to the eventual identification of the clinical TYK2 JH2 inhibitor (see following report in this issue). Compound 48 provided robust inhibition in a mouse IL-12-induced IFNγ pharmacodynamic model as well as efficacy in an IL-23 and IL-12-dependent mouse colitis model. These results demonstrate the ability of TYK2 JH2 domain binders to provide a highly selective alternative to conventional TYK2 orthosteric inhibitors.
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11
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Hammarén HM, Virtanen AT, Raivola J, Silvennoinen O. The regulation of JAKs in cytokine signaling and its breakdown in disease. Cytokine 2019; 118:48-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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The secret life of kinases: insights into non-catalytic signalling functions from pseudokinases. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:665-681. [PMID: 28620028 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, our understanding of the mechanisms by which pseudokinases, which comprise ∼10% of the human and mouse kinomes, mediate signal transduction has advanced rapidly with increasing structural, biochemical, cellular and genetic studies. Pseudokinases are the catalytically defective counterparts of conventional, active protein kinases and have been attributed functions as protein interaction domains acting variously as allosteric modulators of conventional protein kinases and other enzymes, as regulators of protein trafficking or localisation, as hubs to nucleate assembly of signalling complexes, and as transmembrane effectors of such functions. Here, by categorising mammalian pseudokinases based on their known functions, we illustrate the mechanistic diversity among these proteins, which can be viewed as a window into understanding the non-catalytic functions that can be exerted by conventional protein kinases.
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Ferrao R, Lupardus PJ. The Janus Kinase (JAK) FERM and SH2 Domains: Bringing Specificity to JAK-Receptor Interactions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:71. [PMID: 28458652 PMCID: PMC5394478 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinases (JAKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases essential for signaling in response to cytokines and interferons and thereby control many essential functions in growth, development, and immune regulation. JAKs are unique among tyrosine kinases for their constitutive yet non-covalent association with class I and II cytokine receptors, which upon cytokine binding bring together two JAKs to create an active signaling complex. JAK association with cytokine receptors is facilitated by N-terminal FERM and SH2 domains, both of which are classical mediators of peptide interactions. Together, the JAK FERM and SH2 domains mediate a bipartite interaction with two distinct receptor peptide motifs, the proline-rich "Box1" and hydrophobic "Box2," which are present in the intracellular domain of cytokine receptors. While the general sidechain chemistry of Box1 and Box2 peptides is conserved between receptors, they share very weak primary sequence homology, making it impossible to posit why certain JAKs preferentially interact with and signal through specific subsets of cytokine receptors. Here, we review the structure and function of the JAK FERM and SH2 domains in light of several recent studies that reveal their atomic structure and elucidate interaction mechanisms with both the Box1 and Box2 receptor motifs. These crystal structures demonstrate how evolution has repurposed the JAK FERM and SH2 domains into a receptor-binding module that facilitates interactions with multiple receptors possessing diverse primary sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ferrao
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick J. Lupardus
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Patrick J. Lupardus,
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14
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Steen HC, Kotredes KP, Nogusa S, Harris MY, Balachandran S, Gamero AM. Phosphorylation of STAT2 on serine-734 negatively regulates the IFN-α-induced antiviral response. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4190-4199. [PMID: 27802159 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine phosphorylation of STAT proteins is an important post-translational modification event that, in addition to tyrosine phosphorylation, is required for strong transcriptional activity. However, we recently showed that phosphorylation of STAT2 on S287 induced by type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β), evoked the opposite effect. S287-STAT2 phosphorylation inhibited the biological effects of IFN-α. We now report the identification and characterization of S734 on the C-terminal transactivation domain of STAT2 as a new phosphorylation site that can be induced by type I IFNs. IFN-α-induced S734-STAT2 phosphorylation displayed different kinetics to that of tyrosine phosphorylation. S734-STAT2 phosphorylation was dependent on STAT2 tyrosine phosphorylation and JAK1 kinase activity. Mutation of S734-STAT2 to alanine (S734A) enhanced IFN-α-driven antiviral responses compared to those driven by wild-type STAT2. Furthermore, DNA microarray analysis demonstrated that a small subset of type I IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) was induced more by IFNα in cells expressing S734A-STAT2 when compared to wild-type STAT2. Taken together, these studies identify phosphorylation of S734-STAT2 as a new regulatory mechanism that negatively controls the type I IFN-antiviral response by limiting the expression of a select subset of antiviral ISGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan C Steen
- Dept. of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kevin P Kotredes
- Dept. of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shoko Nogusa
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Michele Y Harris
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Ana M Gamero
- Dept. of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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15
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Tyrosine kinase 2 is not limiting human antiviral type III interferon responses. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2639-2649. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Min X, Ungureanu D, Maxwell S, Hammarén H, Thibault S, Hillert EK, Ayres M, Greenfield B, Eksterowicz J, Gabel C, Walker N, Silvennoinen O, Wang Z. Structural and Functional Characterization of the JH2 Pseudokinase Domain of JAK Family Tyrosine Kinase 2 (TYK2). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27261-27270. [PMID: 26359499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.672048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK (Janus family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases) family tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) participates in signaling through cytokine receptors involved in immune responses and inflammation. JAKs are characterized by dual kinase domain: a tyrosine kinase domain (JH1) that is preceded by a pseudokinase domain (JH2). The majority of disease-associated mutations in JAKs map to JH2, demonstrating its central regulatory function. JH2s were considered catalytically inactive, but JAK2 JH2 was found to have low autoregulatory catalytic activity. Whether the other JAK JH2s share ATP binding and enzymatic activity has been unclear. Here we report the crystal structure of TYK2 JH2 in complex with adenosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) (ATP-γS) and characterize its nucleotide binding by biochemical and biophysical methods. TYK2 JH2 did not show phosphotransfer activity, but it binds ATP and the nucleotide binding stabilizes the protein without inducing major conformational changes. Mutation of the JH2 ATP-binding pocket increased basal TYK2 phosphorylation and downstream signaling. The overall structural characteristics of TYK2 JH2 resemble JAK2 JH2, but distinct stabilizing molecular interactions around helix αAL in the activation loop provide a structural basis for differences in substrate access and catalytic activities among JAK family JH2s. The structural and biochemical data suggest that ATP binding is functionally important for both TYK2 and JAK2 JH2s, whereas the regulatory phosphorylation appears to be a unique property of JAK2. Finally, the co-crystal structure of TYK2 JH2 complexed with a small molecule inhibitor demonstrates that JH2 is accessible to ATP-competitive compounds, which offers novel approaches for targeting cytokine signaling as well as potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Min
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Daniela Ungureanu
- the Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sarah Maxwell
- Departments of Inflammation, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Henrik Hammarén
- the School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Steve Thibault
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | | - Merrill Ayres
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Brad Greenfield
- Departments of Inflammation, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - John Eksterowicz
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Chris Gabel
- Departments of Inflammation, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Nigel Walker
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- the School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Hematology, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Zhulun Wang
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080.
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17
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Kreins AY, Ciancanelli MJ, Okada S, Kong XF, Ramírez-Alejo N, Kilic SS, El Baghdadi J, Nonoyama S, Mahdaviani SA, Ailal F, Bousfiha A, Mansouri D, Nievas E, Ma CS, Rao G, Bernasconi A, Sun Kuehn H, Niemela J, Stoddard J, Deveau P, Cobat A, El Azbaoui S, Sabri A, Lim CK, Sundin M, Avery DT, Halwani R, Grant AV, Boisson B, Bogunovic D, Itan Y, Moncada-Velez M, Martinez-Barricarte R, Migaud M, Deswarte C, Alsina L, Kotlarz D, Klein C, Muller-Fleckenstein I, Fleckenstein B, Cormier-Daire V, Rose-John S, Picard C, Hammarstrom L, Puel A, Al-Muhsen S, Abel L, Chaussabel D, Rosenzweig SD, Minegishi Y, Tangye SG, Bustamante J, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S. Human TYK2 deficiency: Mycobacterial and viral infections without hyper-IgE syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1641-62. [PMID: 26304966 PMCID: PMC4577846 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Kreins et al. report the identification and immunological characterization of a group of TYK2-deficient patients. Autosomal recessive, complete TYK2 deficiency was previously described in a patient (P1) with intracellular bacterial and viral infections and features of hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES), including atopic dermatitis, high serum IgE levels, and staphylococcal abscesses. We identified seven other TYK2-deficient patients from five families and four different ethnic groups. These patients were homozygous for one of five null mutations, different from that seen in P1. They displayed mycobacterial and/or viral infections, but no HIES. All eight TYK2-deficient patients displayed impaired but not abolished cellular responses to (a) IL-12 and IFN-α/β, accounting for mycobacterial and viral infections, respectively; (b) IL-23, with normal proportions of circulating IL-17+ T cells, accounting for their apparent lack of mucocutaneous candidiasis; and (c) IL-10, with no overt clinical consequences, including a lack of inflammatory bowel disease. Cellular responses to IL-21, IL-27, IFN-γ, IL-28/29 (IFN-λ), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were normal. The leukocytes and fibroblasts of all seven newly identified TYK2-deficient patients, unlike those of P1, responded normally to IL-6, possibly accounting for the lack of HIES in these patients. The expression of exogenous wild-type TYK2 or the silencing of endogenous TYK2 did not rescue IL-6 hyporesponsiveness, suggesting that this phenotype was not a consequence of the TYK2 genotype. The core clinical phenotype of TYK2 deficiency is mycobacterial and/or viral infections, caused by impaired responses to IL-12 and IFN-α/β. Moreover, impaired IL-6 responses and HIES do not appear to be intrinsic features of TYK2 deficiency in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Y Kreins
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael J Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Satoshi Okada
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Xiao-Fei Kong
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Noé Ramírez-Alejo
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sara Sebnem Kilic
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, 16059 Görükle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Jamila El Baghdadi
- Genetics Unit, Military Hospital Mohamed V, Hay Riad, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Shigeaki Nonoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-0042, Japan
| | - Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center; and Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital; National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 141556153 Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatima Ailal
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, King Hassan II University, CHU Ibn Rochd, 20000 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Aziz Bousfiha
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, King Hassan II University, CHU Ibn Rochd, 20000 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Davood Mansouri
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center; and Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital; National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 141556153 Tehran, Iran
| | - Elma Nievas
- Immunology Unit, Pediatric Hospital A. Fleming-OSEP, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Geetha Rao
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Andrea Bernasconi
- Immunology and Rheumatology Service, Garrahan Hospital, Buenos Aires 1408, Argentina
| | - Hye Sun Kuehn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Julie Niemela
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jennifer Stoddard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paul Deveau
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Safa El Azbaoui
- Genetics Unit, Military Hospital Mohamed V, Hay Riad, 10100 Rabat, Morocco Faculty of Science-Kenitra, Ibn Tofaïl University, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Ayoub Sabri
- Genetics Unit, Military Hospital Mohamed V, Hay Riad, 10100 Rabat, Morocco Faculty of Science-Kenitra, Ibn Tofaïl University, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Che Kang Lim
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856
| | - Mikael Sundin
- Pediatric Hematology/Immunology, Astrid Lindgrens Children's Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danielle T Avery
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Asthma Research Chair and Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Audrey V Grant
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yuval Itan
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Marcela Moncada-Velez
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Group of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Institute of Biology, University of Antioquia UdeA, 1226 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ruben Martinez-Barricarte
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Melanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Deswarte
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Laia Alsina
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204 Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204 Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona University, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Kotlarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Ingrid Muller-Fleckenstein
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Fleckenstein
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valerie Cormier-Daire
- Department of Genetics, INSERM U1163, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cite, Imagine Institute, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Capucine Picard
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lennart Hammarstrom
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Saleh Al-Muhsen
- Asthma Research Chair and Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Systems Biology Department, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yoshiyuki Minegishi
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France Pediatric Immunology and Hematology Unit, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
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18
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Krause CD, Digioia G, Izotova LS, Xie J, Kim Y, Schwartz BJ, Mirochnitchenko OV, Pestka S. Ligand-independent interaction of the type I interferon receptor complex is necessary to observe its biological activity. Cytokine 2013; 64:286-97. [PMID: 23830819 PMCID: PMC3770802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.06.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic coexpression of the two chains of the Type I and Type III interferon (IFN) receptor complexes (IFN-αR1 and IFN-αR2c, or IFN-λR1 and IL-10R2) yielded sensitivity to IFN-alpha or IFN-lambda in only some cells. We found that IFN-αR1 and IFN-αR2c exhibit FRET only when expressed at equivalent and low levels. Expanded clonal cell lines expressing both IFN-αR1 and IFN-αR2c were sensitive to IFN-alpha only when IFN-αR1 and IFN-αR2c exhibited FRET in the absence of human IFN-alpha. Coexpression of RACK-1 or Jak1 enhanced the affinity of the interaction between IFN-αR1 and IFN-αR2c. Both IFN-αR1 and IFN-αR2c exhibited FRET with Jak1 and Tyk2. Together with data showing that disruption of the preassociation between the IFN-gamma receptor chains inhibited its biological activity, we propose that biologically active IFN receptors require ligand-independent juxtaposition of IFN receptor chains assisted by their associated cytosolic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Krause
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School - The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA
| | - Gina Digioia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School - The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA
- Pestka Biomedical Laboratories, 131 Ethel Road West, Suite 6, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Lara S. Izotova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School - The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School - The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA
| | - Youngsun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School - The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA
| | - Barbara J. Schwartz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School - The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA
| | - Olga V. Mirochnitchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School - The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA
| | - Sidney Pestka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School - The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA
- Pestka Biomedical Laboratories, 131 Ethel Road West, Suite 6, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
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19
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Sohn SJ, Barrett K, Van Abbema A, Chang C, Kohli PB, Kanda H, Smith J, Lai Y, Zhou A, Zhang B, Yang W, Williams K, Macleod C, Hurley CA, Kulagowski JJ, Lewin-Koh N, Dengler HS, Johnson AR, Ghilardi N, Zak M, Liang J, Blair WS, Magnuson S, Wu LC. A restricted role for TYK2 catalytic activity in human cytokine responses revealed by novel TYK2-selective inhibitors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2205-16. [PMID: 23894201 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
TYK2 is a JAK family protein tyrosine kinase activated in response to multiple cytokines, including type I IFNs, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23. Extensive studies of mice that lack TYK2 expression indicate that the IFN-α, IL-12, and IL-23 pathways, but not the IL-6 or IL-10 pathways, are compromised. In contrast, there have been few studies of the role of TYK2 in primary human cells. A genetic mutation at the tyk2 locus that results in a lack of TYK2 protein in a single human patient has been linked to defects in the IFN-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23 pathways, suggesting a broad role for TYK2 protein in human cytokine responses. In this article, we have used a panel of novel potent TYK2 small-molecule inhibitors with varying degrees of selectivity against other JAK kinases to address the requirement for TYK2 catalytic activity in cytokine pathways in primary human cells. Our results indicate that the biological processes that require TYK2 catalytic function in humans are restricted to the IL-12 and IL-23 pathways, and suggest that inhibition of TYK2 catalytic activity may be an efficacious approach for the treatment of select autoimmune diseases without broad immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue J Sohn
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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20
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Li Z, Gakovic M, Ragimbeau J, Eloranta ML, Rönnblom L, Michel F, Pellegrini S. Two rare disease-associated Tyk2 variants are catalytically impaired but signaling competent. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2335-44. [PMID: 23359498 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tyk2 belongs to the Janus protein tyrosine kinase family and is involved in signaling of immunoregulatory cytokines (type I and III IFNs, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 families) via its interaction with shared receptor subunits. Depending on the receptor complex, Tyk2 is coactivated with either Jak1 or Jak2, but a detailed molecular characterization of the interplay between the two enzymes is missing. In human populations, the Tyk2 gene presents high levels of genetic diversity with >100 nonsynonymous variants being detected. In this study, we characterized two rare Tyk2 variants, I684S and P1104A, which have been associated with susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Specifically, we measured their in vitro catalytic activity and their ability to mediate Stat activation in fibroblasts and genotyped B cell lines. Both variants were found to be catalytically impaired but rescued signaling in response to IFN-α/β, IL-6, and IL-10. These data, coupled with functional study of an engineered Jak1 P1084A, support a model of nonhierarchical activation of Janus kinases in which one catalytically competent Jak is sufficient for signaling provided that its partner behaves as proper scaffold, even if inactive. Through the analysis of IFN-α and IFN-γ signaling in cells with different Jak1 P1084A levels, we also illustrate a context in which a hypomorphic Jak can hamper signaling in a cytokine-specific manner. Given the multitude of Tyk2-activating cytokines, the cell context-dependent requirement for Tyk2 and the catalytic defect of the two disease-associated variants studied in this paper, we predict that these alleles are functionally significant in complex immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Unit of Cytokine Signaling, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
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21
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Abstract
Abstract
The ATP-binding pocket of the kinase domain of JAK2 is the major target of the present treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Several inhibitors of JAK2 that are ATP competitive have been developed, but they do not discriminate between wild-type and mutant JAK2. These inhibitors have been used in myelofibrosis and, for the first time, treatment induced a reduction in spleen size and in constitutional symptoms. However, no dramatic effects on BM fibrosis, allele burden, or peripheral blast numbers were observed. These data indicate that other avenues should be explored that would either target mutant molecules (JAKs or receptors) more specifically and spare wild-type JAK2 or that would address other pathways that contribute to the malignant proliferation. Future success in treating myeloproliferative neoplasms will depend on advances of the understanding of JAK-STAT signaling and also on a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis, especially the role that mutants in spliceosome factors and epigenetic regulators play in the phenotype of the disease and the precise mechanism of fibrosis development.
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22
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Prchal-Murphy M, Semper C, Lassnig C, Wallner B, Gausterer C, Teppner-Klymiuk I, Kobolak J, Müller S, Kolbe T, Karaghiosoff M, Dinnyés A, Rülicke T, Leitner NR, Strobl B, Müller M. TYK2 kinase activity is required for functional type I interferon responses in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39141. [PMID: 22723949 PMCID: PMC3377589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) is a member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family and is involved in cytokine signalling. In vitro analyses suggest that TYK2 also has kinase-independent, i.e., non-canonical, functions. We have generated gene-targeted mice harbouring a mutation in the ATP-binding pocket of the kinase domain. The Tyk2 kinase-inactive (Tyk2K923E) mice are viable and show no gross abnormalities. We show that kinase-active TYK2 is required for full-fledged type I interferon- (IFN) induced activation of the transcription factors STAT1-4 and for the in vivo antiviral defence against viruses primarily controlled through type I IFN actions. In addition, TYK2 kinase activity was found to be required for the protein’s stability. An inhibitory function was only observed upon over-expression of TYK2K923Ein vitro. Tyk2K923E mice represent the first model for studying the kinase-independent function of a JAK in vivo and for assessing the consequences of side effects of JAK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Prchal-Murphy
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Semper
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Lassnig
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Wallner
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Gausterer
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Julianna Kobolak
- Genetic Reprogramming Group Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Simone Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Kolbe
- Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Department for Agrobiotechnology IFA Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marina Karaghiosoff
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andras Dinnyés
- Genetic Reprogramming Group Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Gödöllö, Hungary
- Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent Istvan University, Gödöllö, Hungary
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole R. Leitner
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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23
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Andraos R, Qian Z, Bonenfant D, Rubert J, Vangrevelinghe E, Scheufler C, Marque F, Régnier CH, De Pover A, Ryckelynck H, Bhagwat N, Koppikar P, Goel A, Wyder L, Tavares G, Baffert F, Pissot-Soldermann C, Manley PW, Gaul C, Voshol H, Levine RL, Sellers WR, Hofmann F, Radimerski T. Modulation of activation-loop phosphorylation by JAK inhibitors is binding mode dependent. Cancer Discov 2012; 2:512-523. [PMID: 22684457 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-11-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are being developed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and leukemias. Most of these drugs target the ATP-binding pocket and stabilize the active conformation of the JAK kinases. This type I binding mode can lead to an increase in JAK activation loop phosphorylation, despite blockade of kinase function. Here we report that stabilizing the inactive state via type II inhibition acts in the opposite manner, leading to a loss of activation loop phosphorylation. We used X-ray crystallography to corroborate the binding mode and report for the first time the crystal structure of the JAK2 kinase domain in an inactive conformation. Importantly, JAK inhibitor-induced activation loop phosphorylation requires receptor interaction, as well as intact kinase and pseudokinase domains. Hence, depending on the respective conformation stabilized by a JAK inhibitor, hyperphosphorylation of the activation loop may or may not be elicited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Andraos
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhiyan Qian
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Débora Bonenfant
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Rubert
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vangrevelinghe
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Scheufler
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Marque
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine H Régnier
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alain De Pover
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Ryckelynck
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neha Bhagwat
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.,Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Priya Koppikar
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Aviva Goel
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Lorenza Wyder
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gisele Tavares
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Baffert
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul W Manley
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Gaul
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Voshol
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - William R Sellers
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Hofmann
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Radimerski
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways play crucial roles in lymphopoiesis. In particular, JAK3 has unique functions in the lymphoid system such that JAK3 ablation results in phenotypes resembling severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. This review focuses on the biochemistry, immunological functions, and clinical significance of JAK3. Compared with other members of the JAK family, the biochemical properties of JAK3 are relatively less well characterized and thus largely inferred from studies of JAK2. Furthermore, new findings concerning the cross-talks between Notch and JAK signaling pathways through ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation are discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, 73104, USA
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25
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Alammar L, Gama L, Clements JE. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection in the brain and lung leads to differential type I IFN signaling during acute infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4008-18. [PMID: 21368232 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Using an accelerated and consistent SIV pigtailed macaque model of HIV-associated neurologic disorders, we have demonstrated that virus enters the brain during acute infection. However, neurologic symptoms do not manifest until late stages of infection, suggesting that immunological mechanisms exist within the CNS that control viral replication and associated inflammation. We have shown that IFN-β, a type I IFN central to viral innate immunity, is a major cytokine present in the brain during acute infection and is responsible for limiting virus infection and inflammatory cytokine expression. However, the induction and role of IFN-α in the CNS during acute SIV infection has never been examined in this model. In the classical model of IFN signaling, IFN-β signals through the IFN-α/β receptor, leading to expression of IFN-α. Surprisingly, although IFN-β is upregulated during acute SIV infection, we found that IFN-α is downregulated. We demonstrate that this downregulation is coupled with a suppression of signaling molecules downstream of the IFN receptor, namely tyrosine kinase 2, STAT1, and IFN regulatory factor 7, as indicated by either lack of protein phosphorylation, lack of nuclear accumulation, or transcriptional and/or translational repression. In contrast to brain, IFN-α is upregulated in lung and accompanied by activation of tyrosine kinase 2 and STAT1. These data provide a novel observation that during acute SIV infection in the brain, there is differential signaling through the IFN-α/β receptor that fails to activate expression of IFN-α in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Alammar
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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26
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Spach KM, Noubade R, McElvany B, Hickey WF, Blankenhorn EP, Teuscher C. A single nucleotide polymorphism in Tyk2 controls susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7776-83. [PMID: 19494301 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genes controlling immunopathologic diseases of differing etiopathology may also influence susceptibility to autoimmune disease. B10.D1-H2(q)/SgJ mice with a 2538 G-->A missense mutation in the tyrosine kinase-2 gene (Tyk2) are susceptible to Toxoplasma gondii yet resistant to autoimmune arthritis, unlike the wild-type B10.Q/Ai substrain. To understand whether Tyk2 is also important in a second autoimmune model, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in B10.D1-H2(q)/SgJ (Tyk2(A)) and B10.Q/Ai (Tyk2(G)) mice with the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 79-96. B10.D1-H2(q)/SgJ mice were resistant to EAE whereas B10.Q/Ai mice were susceptible, and a single copy of the Tyk2(G) allele conferred EAE susceptibility in F(1) hybrids. Furthermore, EAE resistance in B10.D1-H2(q)/SgJ mice was overridden when pertussis toxin (PTX) was used to mimic the effects of environmental factors derived from infectious agents. Numerous cytokines and chemokines were increased when PTX was included in the immunization protocol. However, only RANTES, IL-6, and IFN-gamma increased significantly with both genetic compensation and PTX treatment. These data indicate that Tyk2 is a shared autoimmune disease susceptibility gene whose genetic contribution to disease susceptibility can be modified by environmental factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms like the one that distinguishes Tyk2 alleles are of considerable significance given the potential role of gene-by-environment interactions in autoimmune disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Spach
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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27
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Regulation of Jak2 function by phosphorylation of Tyr317 and Tyr637 during cytokine signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:3367-78. [PMID: 19364823 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00278-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Jak2, the cognate tyrosine kinase for numerous cytokine receptors, undergoes multisite phosphorylation during cytokine stimulation. To understand the role of phosphorylation in Jak2 regulation, we used mass spectrometry to identify numerous Jak2 phosphorylation sites and characterize their significance for Jak2 function. Two sites outside of the tyrosine kinase domain, Tyr(317) in the FERM domain and Tyr(637) in the JH2 domain, exhibited strong regulation of Jak2 activity. Mutation of Tyr(317) promotes increased Jak2 activity, and the phosphorylation of Tyr(317) during cytokine signaling requires prior activation loop phosphorylation, which is consistent with a role for Tyr(317) in the feedback inhibition of Jak2 kinase activity after receptor stimulation. Comparison to several previously identified regulatory phosphorylation sites on Jak2 revealed a dominant role for Tyr(317) in the attenuation of Jak2 signaling. In contrast, mutation of Tyr(637) decreased Jak2 signaling and activity and partially suppressed the activating JH2 V617F mutation, suggesting a role for Tyr(637) phosphorylation in the release of JH2 domain-mediated suppression of Jak2 kinase activity during cytokine stimulation. The phosphorylation of Tyr(317) and Tyr(637) act in concert with other regulatory events to maintain appropriate control of Jak2 activity and cytokine signaling.
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28
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Gakovic M, Ragimbeau J, Francois V, Constantinescu SN, Pellegrini S. The Stat3-activating Tyk2 V678F mutant does not up-regulate signaling through the type I interferon receptor but confers ligand hypersensitivity to a homodimeric receptor. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:18522-9. [PMID: 18456658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801427200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyk2 is a Jak family member involved in cytokine signaling through heterodimeric-type receptors. Here, we analyzed the impact of the Val(678)-to-Phe substitution on Tyk2 functioning. This mutation is homologous to the Jak2 Val(617)-to-Phe mutation, implicated in myeloproliferative disorders. We studied ligand-independent and ligand-dependent Jak/Stat signaling in cells expressing Tyk2 V678F. Moreover, the effect of Tyk2 V678F was monitored in the context of the native heterodimeric interferon alpha receptor and in the context of a homodimeric receptor chimera, EpoR/R1, containing the ectodomain of the erythropoietin receptor. We show that Tyk2 V678F has increased catalytic potential in vivo and in vitro and more so when it is anchored to the homodimeric receptor. Tyk2 V678F leads to constitutive Stat3 phosphorylation but has no notable effect on the canonical interferon alpha-induced signaling. However, if anchored to the homodimeric EpoR/R1, the mutant confers to the cell increased sensitivity to erythropoietin. Thus, despite the catalytic gain of function of Tyk2 V678F, the effect on ligand-induced signaling is manifest only when two mutant enzymes are juxtaposed via the homodimeric receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Gakovic
- Cytokine Signaling Unit, CNRS URA 1961, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
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29
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Contributions of the Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR and Jak/STAT pathways to leukemia. Leukemia 2008; 22:686-707. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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30
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Wu KL, Miao H, Khan S. JAK kinases promote invasiveness in VHL-mediated renal cell carcinoma by a suppressor of cytokine signaling-regulated, HIF-independent mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F1836-46. [PMID: 17898043 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00096.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a cancer syndrome, which includes renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and is caused by VHL mutations. Most, but not all VHL phenotypes are due to failure of mutant VHL to regulate constitutive proteolysis of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Janus kinases (JAK1, 2, 3, and TYK2) promote cell survival and proliferation, processes tightly controlled by SOCS proteins, which have sequence and structural homology to VHL. We hypothesized that in VHL disease, RCC pathogenesis results from enhanced SOCS1 degradation, leading to upregulated JAK activity. We find that baseline JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2 activities are increased in RCC cell lines, even after serum deprivation or coincubation with cytokine inhibitors. Furthermore, JAK activity is sustained in RCC stably expressing HIF2α shRNA. Invasion through Matrigel and migration in wound-healing assays, in vitro correlates of metastasis, are significantly greater in VHL mutant RCC compared with wild-type cells, and blocked by dominant-negative JAK expression or JAK inhibitors. Finally, we observe enhanced SOCS2/SOCS1 coprecipitation and reduced SOCS1 expression due to proteasomal degradation in VHL-null RCC compared with wild-type cells. The data support a new HIF-independent mechanism of RCC metastasis, whereby SOCS2 recruits SOCS1 for ubiquitination and proteasome degradation, which lead to unrestricted JAK-dependent RCC invasion. In addition to commonly proposed RCC treatment strategies that target HIFs, our data suggest that JAK inhibition represents an alternative therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Wu
- Case Western Reserve Univ., School of Medicine, Dept. of Nutrition, Research Tower, RT600, 2109 Adelbert Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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31
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Shide K, Shimoda K, Kamezaki K, Kakumitsu H, Kumano T, Numata A, Ishikawa F, Takenaka K, Yamamoto K, Matsuda T, Harada M. Tyk2 mutation homologous to V617F Jak2 is not found in essential thrombocythaemia, although it induces constitutive signaling and growth factor independence. Leuk Res 2007; 31:1077-84. [PMID: 17011030 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A single somatic mutation, V617F, in the pseudokinase domain of the Jak2 is the primary cause of many chronic myeloproliferative diseases. As valine 617 of Jak2 is conserved as valine 678 of Tyk2, we examined the effect of a homologous mutation in Tyk2 (V678F Tyk2) on cell growth. V678F Tyk2 augmented the transcriptional activity of Stat3 and Stat5. The expression of V678F Tyk2 in Ba/F3 cells induced autonomous cell growth and showed hyper-responsiveness to IL-3. Although V678F Tyk2 might cause MPD, no cases of ET patients lacking the V617F Jak2 mutation harbored the Tyk2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Shide
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
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32
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Ishida-Takahashi R, Rosario F, Gong Y, Kopp K, Stancheva Z, Chen X, Feener EP, Myers MG. Phosphorylation of Jak2 on Ser(523) inhibits Jak2-dependent leptin receptor signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:4063-73. [PMID: 16705160 PMCID: PMC1489076 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01589-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The leptin receptor, LRb, and other cytokine receptors are devoid of intrinsic enzymatic activity and rely upon the activity of constitutively associated Jak family tyrosine kinases to mediate intracellular signaling. In order to clarify mechanisms by which Jak2, the cognate LRb-associated Jak kinase, is regulated and mediates downstream signaling, we employed tandem mass spectroscopic analysis to identify phosphorylation sites on Jak2. We identified Ser523 as the first-described site of Jak2 serine phosphorylation and demonstrated that this site is phosphorylated on Jak2 from intact cells and mouse spleen. Ser523 was highly phosphorylated in HEK293 cells independently of LRb-Jak2 activation, suggesting a potential role for the phosphorylation of Ser523 in the regulation of LRb by other pathways. Indeed, mutation of Ser523 sensitized and prolonged signaling by Jak2 following activation by the intracellular domain of LRb. The effect of Ser523 on Jak2 function was independent of Tyr570-mediated inhibition. Thus, the phosphorylation of Jak2 on Ser523 inhibits Jak2 activity and represents a novel mechanism for the regulation of Jak2-dependent cytokine signaling.
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33
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Rani MRS, Ransohoff RM. Alternative and accessory pathways in the regulation of IFN-beta-mediated gene expression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 25:788-98. [PMID: 16375607 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2005.25.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) induce the transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) through activation of the Jak-Stat pathway. Although some determinants of specificity are dictated by the Jak-Stat components, recent observations indicate that the system incorporates other components for selectivity and flexibility, whose mechanisms remain to be defined. We identified a gene, beta-R1, which was induced relatively selectively by IFN-beta as compared with numerous IFN-alpha subtypes. Because all type I IFNs equally activate Jak-Stat signaling to IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), this observation implied the existence of accessory signals for IFN-induced gene expression. We have used beta-R1 as a model system to examine this accessory signaling. In addition to Jak-Stat signaling for mediating IFN-induced cellular responses, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), the IkappaB kinases (IKKs), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) are some of the accessory components identified as required for the induction of certain IFN-beta-induced genes. This review focuses on the roles of accessory components in IFN-beta-mediated signaling, mechanisms of accessory signal generation, and how they modulate gene induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Sandhya Rani
- Department of Neurosciences/NC30, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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34
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Staerk J, Kallin A, Demoulin JB, Vainchenker W, Constantinescu SN. JAK1 and Tyk2 Activation by the Homologous Polycythemia Vera JAK2 V617F Mutation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:41893-9. [PMID: 16239216 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c500358200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of polycythemia vera (PV) patients harbor a unique somatic mutation (V617F) in the pseudokinase domain of JAK2, which leads to constitutive signaling. Here we show that the homologous mutations in JAK1 (V658F) and in Tyk2 (V678F) lead to constitutive activation of these kinases. Their expression induces autonomous growth of cytokine-dependent cells and constitutive activation of STAT5, STAT3, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt signaling in Ba/F3 cells. The mutant JAKs exhibit constitutive signaling also when expressed in fibrosarcoma cells deficient in JAK proteins. Expression of the JAK2 V617F mutant renders Ba/F3 cells hypersensitive to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), which is a hallmark of PV erythroid progenitors. Upon selection of Ba/F3 cells for autonomous growth induced by the JAK2 V617F mutant, cells respond to IGF1 by activating STAT5, STAT3, Erk1/2, and Akt on top of the constitutive activation characteristic of autonomous cells. The synergic effect on proliferation and STAT activation appears specific to the JAK2 V617F mutant. Our results show that the homologous V617F mutation induces activation of JAK1 and Tyk2, suggesting a common mechanism of activation for the JAK1, JAK2, and Tyk2 mutants. JAK3 is not activated by the homologous mutation M592F, despite the presence of the conserved GVC preceding sequence. We suggest that mutations in the JAK1 and Tyk2 genes may be identified as initial molecular defects in human cancers and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Staerk
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
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35
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Matsuda T, Feng J, Witthuhn BA, Sekine Y, Ihle JN. Determination of the transphosphorylation sites of Jak2 kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 325:586-94. [PMID: 15530433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Janus kinases are the key enzymes involved in the initial transmission of signals in response to type I and II cytokines. Activation of the signal begins with the transphosphorylation of Jak kinases. Substrates that give rise to downstream events are recruited to the receptor complex in part by interactions with phosphorylated tyrosines. The identity of many of the phosphotyrosines responsible for recruitment has been elucidated as being receptor-based tyrosines. The ability of Jaks to recruit substrates through their own phosphotyrosines has been demonstrated for tyrosines in the kinase activation loop. Recent studies demonstrate that other tyrosines have implications in regulatory roles of Jak kinase activity. In this study, baculovirus-produced Jak2 was utilized to demonstrate that transphosphorylation of Jak kinases occurs on multiple residues throughout the protein. We demonstrate that among the tyrosines phosphorylated, those in the kinase domain occur as expected, but many other sites are also phosphorylated. The tyrosines conserved in the Jak family are the object of this study, although many of them are phosphorylated, many are not. This result suggests that conservation of tyrosines is perhaps as important in maintaining structure of the Jak family. Additionally, non-Jak family conserved tyrosines are phosphorylated suggesting that the individual Jaks ability to phosphorylated specific tyrosines may influence signals emitting from activated Jaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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36
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Platis D, Foster GR. Activity of hybrid type I interferons in cells lacking Tyk2: a common region of IFN-alpha 8 induces a response, but IFN-alpha2/8 hybrids can behave like IFN-beta. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2004; 23:655-66. [PMID: 14651780 DOI: 10.1089/107999003322558791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of pleiotropic cytokines with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory properties. The type I IFN family consists of 12 IFN-alpha subtypes, IFN-beta, and IFN-omega. Cells lacking the receptor-associated protein kinase Tyk2 (U1A) are responsive only to IFN-beta and partially to IFN-alpha8. We constructed a series of IFN-alpha2/alpha8 hybrids and mutants and identified the region within IFN-alpha8 responsible for its activity in Tyk2-deficient cells. The same domain mediates the interactions between IFN and IFN-alpha receptor (IFNAR) in Tyk2-complemented and Tyk2-deficient cells (U1A). The presence or absence of Tyk2 altered the inhibitory effects of anti-IFNAR antibodies, suggesting that the IFN-alpha binding domain on IFNAR is altered by the presence of Tyk2. The activity of IFN-beta was not significantly affected by the deletion of Tyk2, and, surprisingly, one of our IFN-alpha2/alpha8 hybrids (IFN-alpha288) behaved like IFN-beta in a number of assays that distinguish IFN-alphas from IFN-beta. This suggests that this hybrid mimics the interactions of IFN-beta with the receptor and also suggests the existence of a distinct binding site(s) on IFNAR for IFN-beta and some hybrid IFN-alphas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Platis
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine at St. Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, England
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Hofmann SR, Lam AQ, Frank S, Zhou YJ, Ramos HL, Kanno Y, Agnello D, Youle RJ, O'Shea JJ. Jak3-independent trafficking of the common gamma chain receptor subunit: chaperone function of Jaks revisited. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:5039-49. [PMID: 15143194 PMCID: PMC416416 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.11.5039-5049.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinases (Jaks) play an essential role in cytokine signaling and have been reported to regulate plasma membrane expression of their cognate receptors. In this study, we examined whether Jak3 and the common gamma chain (gamma(c)) reciprocally regulate their plasma membrane expression. In contrast to interleukin-2Ralpha, gamma(c) localized poorly to the plasma membrane and accumulated in endosomal-lysosomal compartments. However, gamma(c) was expressed at comparable levels on the surface of cells lacking Jak3, and plasma membrane turnover of gamma(c) was independent of Jak3. Nonetheless, overexpression of Jak3 enhanced accumulation of gamma(c) at the plasma membrane. Without gamma(c), Jak3 localized in the cytosol, whereas in the presence of the receptor, it colocalized with gamma(c) in endosomes and at the plasma membrane. Although the Jak FERM domain is necessary and sufficient for receptor binding, the requirement for full-length Jak3 in gamma(c) membrane trafficking was remarkably stringent; using truncation and deletion mutants, we showed that the entire Jak3 molecule was required, although kinase activity was not. Thus, unlike other cytokine receptors, gamma(c) does not require Jak3 for receptor membrane expression. However, full-length Jak3 is required for normal trafficking of this cytokine receptor/Jak pair, a finding that has important structural and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun R Hofmann
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, 10 Center Dr., Bldg. 10, Rm. 9N256, Bethesda, MD 20892-1820, USA.
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38
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Feener EP, Rosario F, Dunn SL, Stancheva Z, Myers MG. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak2 in the JH2 domain inhibits cytokine signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:4968-78. [PMID: 15143188 PMCID: PMC416405 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.11.4968-4978.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Jak family tyrosine kinases mediate signaling by cytokine receptors to regulate diverse biological processes. Although Jak2 and other Jak kinase family members are phosphorylated on numerous sites during cytokine signaling, the identity and function of most of these sites remains unknown. Using tandem mass spectroscopic analysis of activated Jak2 protein from intact cells, we identified Tyr(221) and Tyr(570) as novel sites of Jak2 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of both sites was stimulated by cytokine treatment of cultured cells, and this stimulation required Jak2 kinase activity. While we observed no gross alteration of signaling upon mutation of Tyr(221), Tyr(570) lies within the inhibitory JH2 domain of Jak2, and mutation of this site (Jak2(Y570F)) results in constitutive Jak2-dependent signaling in the absence of cytokine stimulation and enhances and prolongs Jak2 activation during cytokine stimulation. Mutation of Tyr(570) does not alter the ability of SOCS3 to bind or inhibit Jak2, however. Thus, the phosphorylation of Tyr(570) in vivo inhibits Jak2-dependent signaling independently of SOCS3-mediated inhibition. This Tyr(570)-dependent mechanism of Jak2 inhibition likely represents an important mechanism by which cytokine function is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Feener
- Joslin Proteomics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Pl., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Versteeg HH, Spek CA, Slofstra SH, Diks SH, Richel DJ, Peppelenbosch MP. FVIIa:TF induces cell survival via G12/G13-dependent Jak/STAT activation and BclXL production. Circ Res 2004; 94:1032-40. [PMID: 15016732 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000125625.18597.ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF), apart from activating the extrinsic pathway of the blood coagulation, is a principal regulator of embryonic and oncogenic angiogenesis, inflammation, leukocyte reverse transmigration, and tumor progression. It has become clear that these events are mediated by intracellular signal transduction elicited by TF/factor VIIa (FVIIa) interaction, but the details of this signaling remain largely obscure. In this study, we show that FVIIa/TF-interaction produces STAT5 phosphorylation, STAT5 nuclear translocation and transactivation of a STAT5 reporter construct. FVIIa-dependent STAT5 activation was dependent on FVIIa proteolytic activity but not on generation of the downstream coagulation factors Xa and thrombin, nor on the TF cytoplasmic domain. FVIIa-induced STAT5 phosphorylation was dependent on functional G12/G13 class G proteins and Jak2 activity, but not Jak1 or Tyk2. Finally, we show that FVIIa leads to cell survival through a Jak2/STAT5-dependent production of the antiapoptotic STAT5 target Bcl(XL) as well as Jak2-dependent activation of the antiapoptotic protein PKB. In conclusion, our results show that FVIIa induces cell survival through STAT5-dependent Bcl(XL) production and Jak2-dependent activation of PKB. Finally, we demonstrated for the first time that TF/FVIIa-signal transduction is dependent on G12/G13 class G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri H Versteeg
- Laboratory of Experimental Internal Medicine, G2-131, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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40
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Steelman LS, Pohnert SC, Shelton JG, Franklin RA, Bertrand FE, McCubrey JA. JAK/STAT, Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and BCR-ABL in cell cycle progression and leukemogenesis. Leukemia 2004; 18:189-218. [PMID: 14737178 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The roles of the JAK/STAT, Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signal transduction pathways and the BCR-ABL oncoprotein in leukemogenesis and their importance in the regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis are discussed in this review. These pathways have evolved regulatory proteins, which serve to limit their proliferative and antiapoptotic effects. Small molecular weight cell membrane-permeable drugs that target these pathways have been developed for leukemia therapy. One such example is imatinib mesylate, which targets the BCR-ABL kinase as well as a few structurally related kinases. This drug has proven to be effective in the treatment of CML patients. However, leukemic cells have evolved mechanisms to become resistant to this drug. A means to combat drug resistance is to target other prominent signaling components involved in the pathway or to inhibit BCR-ABL by other mechanisms. Treatment of imatinib-resistant leukemia cells with drugs that target Ras (farnysyl transferase inhibitors) or with the protein destabilizer geldanamycin has proven to be a means to inhibit the growth of resistant cells. This review will tie together three important signal transduction pathways involved in the regulation of hematopoietic cell growth and indicate how their expression is dysregulated by the BCR-ABL oncoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Usacheva A, Tian X, Sandoval R, Salvi D, Levy D, Colamonici OR. The WD motif-containing protein RACK-1 functions as a scaffold protein within the type I IFN receptor-signaling complex. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:2989-94. [PMID: 12960323 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The WD repeat-containing protein receptor for activated protein kinase C (RACK)-1 has been linked to a variety of signaling systems including protein kinase C, growth factors, and IFNs. In the IFN system, RACK-1 functions as an adaptor recruiting the transcription factor STAT1 to the receptor complex. However, RACK-1 should play a broader role in type I IFN signaling because mutation of the RACK-1 binding site in the IFN-alpha receptor 2/beta subunit of the type I IFN receptor abrogates not only STAT1, but also STAT2, activation. In this study, we demonstrate that RACK-1 serves as a scaffold protein for a multiprotein complex that includes the IFN-alpha receptor 2/beta-chain of the receptor, STAT1, Janus kinase 1, and tyrosine kinase 2. In vitro data further suggest that within this complex tyrosine kinase 2 is the tyrosine kinase responsible for the phosphorylation of STAT1. Finally, we provide evidence that RACK-1 may also serve as a scaffold protein in other cytokine systems such as IL-2, IL-4, and erythropoietin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Usacheva
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Saharinen P, Vihinen M, Silvennoinen O. Autoinhibition of Jak2 tyrosine kinase is dependent on specific regions in its pseudokinase domain. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 14:1448-59. [PMID: 12686600 PMCID: PMC153113 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e02-06-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Jak tyrosine kinases have a unique domain structure containing a kinase domain (JH1) adjacent to a catalytically inactive pseudokinase domain (JH2). JH2 is crucial for inhibition of basal Jak activity, but the mechanism of this regulation has remained elusive. We show that JH2 negatively regulated Jak2 in bacterial cells, indicating that regulation is an intrinsic property of Jak2. JH2 suppressed basal Jak2 activity by lowering the V(max) of Jak2, whereas JH2 did not affect the K(m) of Jak2 for a peptide substrate. Three inhibitory regions (IR1-3) within JH2 were identified. IR3 (residues 758-807), at the C terminus of JH2, directly inhibited JH1, suggesting an inhibitory interaction between IR3 and JH1. Molecular modeling of JH2 showed that IR3 could form a stable alpha-helical fold, supporting that IR3 could independently inhibit JH1. IR2 (725-757) in the C-terminal lobe of JH2, and IR1 (619-670), extending from the N-terminal to the C-terminal lobe, enhanced IR3-mediated inhibition of JH1. Disruption of IR3 either by mutations or a small deletion increased basal Jak2 activity, but abolished interferon-gamma-inducible signaling. Together, the results provide evidence for autoinhibition of a Jak family kinase and identify JH2 regions important for autoregulation of Jak2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pipsa Saharinen
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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Ragimbeau J, Dondi E, Alcover A, Eid P, Uzé G, Pellegrini S. The tyrosine kinase Tyk2 controls IFNAR1 cell surface expression. EMBO J 2003; 22:537-47. [PMID: 12554654 PMCID: PMC140723 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The four mammalian Jak tyrosine kinases are non-covalently associated with cell surface receptors binding helical bundled cytokines. In the type I interferon receptor, Tyk2 associates with the IFNAR1 receptor subunit and positively influences ligand binding to the receptor complex. Here, we report that Tyk2 is essential for stable cell surface expression of IFNAR1. In the absence of Tyk2, mature IFNAR1 is weakly expressed on the cell surface. Rather, it is localized into a perinuclear endosomal compartment which overlaps with that of recycling transferrin receptors and with early endosomal antigen-1 (EEA1) positive vesicles. Conversely, co-expressed Tyk2 greatly enhances surface IFNAR1 expression. Importantly, we demonstrate that Tyk2 slows down IFNAR1 degradation and that this is due, at least in part, to inhibition of IFNAR1 endocytosis. In addition, Tyk2 induces plasma membrane relocalization of the R2 subunit of the interleukin-10 receptor. These results reveal a novel function of a Jak protein on internalization of a correctly processed cytokine receptor. This function is distinct from the previously reported effect of other Jak proteins on receptor exit from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Ragimbeau
- Unité de Signalisation des Cytokines, CNRS URA 1961, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, CNRS URA 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724 cedex 15, Laboratoire d’Oncologie Virale, UPR 9045, CNRS, Villejuif and CNRS UMR 5124, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Montpellier 34293 cedex 5, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Elisabetta Dondi
- Unité de Signalisation des Cytokines, CNRS URA 1961, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, CNRS URA 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724 cedex 15, Laboratoire d’Oncologie Virale, UPR 9045, CNRS, Villejuif and CNRS UMR 5124, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Montpellier 34293 cedex 5, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Unité de Signalisation des Cytokines, CNRS URA 1961, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, CNRS URA 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724 cedex 15, Laboratoire d’Oncologie Virale, UPR 9045, CNRS, Villejuif and CNRS UMR 5124, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Montpellier 34293 cedex 5, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Pierre Eid
- Unité de Signalisation des Cytokines, CNRS URA 1961, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, CNRS URA 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724 cedex 15, Laboratoire d’Oncologie Virale, UPR 9045, CNRS, Villejuif and CNRS UMR 5124, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Montpellier 34293 cedex 5, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Gilles Uzé
- Unité de Signalisation des Cytokines, CNRS URA 1961, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, CNRS URA 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724 cedex 15, Laboratoire d’Oncologie Virale, UPR 9045, CNRS, Villejuif and CNRS UMR 5124, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Montpellier 34293 cedex 5, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Sandra Pellegrini
- Unité de Signalisation des Cytokines, CNRS URA 1961, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, CNRS URA 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724 cedex 15, Laboratoire d’Oncologie Virale, UPR 9045, CNRS, Villejuif and CNRS UMR 5124, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Montpellier 34293 cedex 5, France Corresponding author e-mail:
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Saharinen P, Silvennoinen O. The pseudokinase domain is required for suppression of basal activity of Jak2 and Jak3 tyrosine kinases and for cytokine-inducible activation of signal transduction. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:47954-63. [PMID: 12351625 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205156200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus (Jak) tyrosine kinases contain a tyrosine kinase (JH1) domain adjacent to a catalytically inactive pseudokinase domain (JH2). The JH2 domain has been implicated in regulation of Jak activity, but its function remains poorly understood. Here, we found that the JH2 domain negatively regulates the activity of Jak2 and Jak3. Deletion of JH2 resulted in increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the Jak2- and Jak3-JH2 deletion mutants as well as of coexpressed STAT5. In cytokine receptor signaling, the deletion of the Jak2- and Jak3-JH2 domains resulted in interferon-gamma and interleukin-2-independent STAT activation, respectively. However, cytokine stimulations did not further induce the JH2 deletion mutant-mediated STAT activation. The deletion of the Jak2 JH2 domain also abolished interferon-gamma-inducible kinase activation, although it did not affect the reciprocal Jak1-Jak2 interaction in 293T cells. Chimeric constructs, where the JH2 domains were swapped between Jak2 and Jak3, retained low basal activity and cytokine inducible signaling, indicating functional conservation between the two JH2 domains. However, the basal activity of Jak2 was significantly lower than that of Jak3, suggesting differences in the regulation of Jak2 and Jak3 activity. In conclusion, we found that the JH2 domain has a conserved function in Jak2 and Jak3. The JH2 domain is required for two distinct functions in cytokine signaling: (i) inhibition of the basal activity of Jak2 and Jak3, and (ii) cytokine-inducible activation of signaling. The Jak-JH2 deletion mutants are catalytically active, activate STAT5, and interact with another Jak kinase, but the JH2 domain is required to connect these signaling events to receptor activation. Thus, we propose that the JH2 domain contributes to both the uninduced and ligand-induced Jak-receptor complex, where it acts as a cytokine-inducible switch to regulate signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pipsa Saharinen
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, Biomedicum Helsinki, Programme for Developmental and Reproductive Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Scott MJ, Godshall CJ, Cheadle WG. Jaks, STATs, Cytokines, and Sepsis. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:1153-9. [PMID: 12414743 PMCID: PMC130124 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.6.1153-1159.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Scott
- Department of Surgery and Price Institute for Surgical Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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46
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Giordanetto F, Kroemer RT. Prediction of the structure of human Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) comprising JAK homology domains 1 through 7. Protein Eng Des Sel 2002; 15:727-37. [PMID: 12456871 DOI: 10.1093/protein/15.9.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical model of human Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) comprising all seven Janus homology domains is presented. The model was generated by application of homology modelling approaches. The three-dimensional structure contains, starting from the N-terminus, FERM (4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin), SH2 (Src homology region 2), tyrosine kinase-like, and tyrosine kinase domains. The predicted inter-domain orientation in JAK2 is discussed and the currently existing mutational data for Janus kinases are evaluated. Structural details of the SH2 and the FERM domains are presented. The predictions indicate that the SH2 domain is not fully functional. A number of hydrophobic amino acids of the FERM domain that are predicted to be involved in the constitutive association with the cytokine receptors are highlighted. The model gives new insights into the structure-function relationship of this important protein, and areas that could be investigated by mutation studies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Giordanetto
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College,University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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47
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Usacheva A, Kotenko S, Witte MM, Colamonici OR. Two distinct domains within the N-terminal region of Janus kinase 1 interact with cytokine receptors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:1302-8. [PMID: 12133952 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.3.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between receptors and kinases of the Janus kinase (Jak) family is critical for signaling by growth factors, cytokines, and IFNs. Therefore, the characterization of the domains involved in these interactions is pivotal not only in understanding kinase activation but also in the development of drugs that mimic or inhibit signaling. In this report, we have characterized the domains of Jak1 required to associate with distinct cytokine receptor subunits: IFN-alpha R beta L, IFN-gamma R alpha, IL-10R alpha, IL-2R beta, and IL-4R alpha. We demonstrate that two regions of Jak1 are necessary for the interaction with cytokine receptors. First, a common N-terminal region that includes Jak homology (JH) domain 7 and the first 19 aa of JH6, and, second, a C-terminal region (JH6-3) that was different for distinct receptors. The contribution of the two different regions of Jak1 to cytokine receptor binding was also variable. Deletion of JH7-6 impaired the association of IL-2R beta and IL-4R alpha chains with Jak1 but did not have a major impact on the binding of Jak1 to IFN-alpha R beta L or IL-10R alpha. Interestingly, regardless of the effect on receptor binding, removal of JH7-6 completely abrogated kinase activation, indicating that this domain is required for ligand-driven kinase activation and, thus, for proper signaling through cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Usacheva
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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48
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Deo DD, Axelrad TW, Robert EG, Marcheselli V, Bazan NG, Hunt JD. Phosphorylation of STAT-3 in response to basic fibroblast growth factor occurs through a mechanism involving platelet-activating factor, JAK-2, and Src in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Evidence for a dual kinase mechanism. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:21237-45. [PMID: 11940567 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110955200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent proinflammatory phospholipid with multiple pathological and physiological effects. We have shown that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) supplementation induces rapid proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), which is reduced upon removal of bFGF or by bFGF immunoneutralization. The PAF receptor antagonist LAU-8080 inhibited bFGF-stimulated HUVEC proliferation, indicating the involvement of PAF in the bFGF-mediated signaling of HUVEC. Although FGF receptor phosphorylation was not affected by LAU-8080, the bFGF-mediated prolonged phosphorylation, and activation of Erk-1 and -2 were attenuated. Phosphorylation of STAT-3 was observed in the presence of PAF or bFGF, which was attenuated by PAFR antagonists. PAF-induced STAT-3 phosphorylation observed in HUVEC pretreated with either Src inhibitor PP1 or JAK-2 inhibitor AG-490 indicated (i) immediate (1 min) phosphorylation of STAT-3 is dependent on Src, (ii) JAK-2-dependent STAT-3 phosphorylation occurs after the delayed (30 min) PAF exposure, and (iii) prolonged (60 min) STAT-3 phosphorylation may be either through Src and/or JAK-2. Attenuation of the STAT-3 phosphorylation by the PAFR antagonists indicated signaling through the PAF receptor. Taken together, these findings suggest the production of PAF is important for bFGF-mediated signaling and that a dual kinase mechanism is involved in the PAF-mediated signal transduction cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanand D Deo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Kisseleva T, Bhattacharya S, Braunstein J, Schindler CW. Signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway, recent advances and future challenges. Gene 2002; 285:1-24. [PMID: 12039028 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 785] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Investigation into the mechanism of cytokine signaling led to the discovery of the JAK/STAT pathway. Following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are activated by members of the janus activated kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases. Once activated, they dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes. During the past several years significant progress has been made in the characterization of the JAK/STAT signaling cascade, including the identification of multiple STATs and regulatory proteins. Seven STATs have been identified in mammals. The vital role these STATs play in the biological response to cytokines has been demonstrated through the generation of murine 'knockout' models. These mice will be invaluable in carefully elucidating the role STATs play in regulating the host response to various stresses. Similarly, the solution of the crystal structure of two STATs has and will continue to facilitate our understanding of how STATs function. This review will highlight these exciting developments in JAK/STAT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kisseleva
- Department of Microbiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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da Silva AJ, Brickelmaier M, Majeau GR, Lukashin AV, Peyman J, Whitty A, Hochman PS. Comparison of gene expression patterns induced by treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with IFN-alpha 2b vs. IFN-beta 1a: understanding the functional relationship between distinct type I interferons that act through a common receptor. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002; 22:173-88. [PMID: 11911800 DOI: 10.1089/107999002753536149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed whether interferon-alpha 2b (IFN-alpha 2b) and IFN-beta 1a engage their common receptor to generate activated receptor complexes possessing distinct signaling properties. Human vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) are 100-1000-fold more sensitive to IFN-beta 1a than to IFN-alpha 2b in in vitro assays. An nonarray-based expression profiling (GeneCalling) technology was employed to compare the patterns and levels of gene expression induced by these IFN as the broadest means by which signaling events could be measured. To distinguish subtype-related differences from dose-related effects, RNA was prepared from HUVEC treated with 50-5000 pg/ml of each IFN. The results showed that at 50 pg/ml IFN, only a subset of the genes induced by IFN-beta 1a were also induced by IFN-alpha 2b and that individual genes were induced to higher levels by IFN-beta 1a. In contrast, at 5000 pg/ml, both subtypes induced essentially identical sets of genes to similar levels of expression. No genes were seen to be induced uniquely by IFN-alpha 2b but not by IFN-beta 1a. The results show that the two IFN are intrinsically capable of inducing similar gene induction responses and do not provide evidence that they generate activated receptor complexes possessing distinct signaling properties. In contrast, the two IFN generate gene induction patterns that are both qualitatively and quantitatively distinct at subsaturating and potentially physiologically more relevant concentrations.
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