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Larson AC, Doty KR, Solheim JC. The double life of a chemotherapy drug: Immunomodulatory functions of gemcitabine in cancer. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7287. [PMID: 38770637 PMCID: PMC11106691 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the development of immunotherapies has been revolutionary in the treatment of several cancers, many cancer types remain unresponsive to immune-based treatment and are largely managed by chemotherapy drugs. However, chemotherapeutics are not infallible and are frequently rendered ineffective as resistance develops from prolonged exposure. Recent investigations have indicated that some chemotherapy drugs have additional functions beyond their normative cytotoxic capacity and are in fact immune-modifying agents. Of the pharmaceuticals with identified immune-editing properties, gemcitabine is well-studied and of interest to clinicians and scientists alike. Gemcitabine is a chemotherapy drug approved for the treatment of multiple cancers, including breast, lung, pancreatic, and ovarian. Because of its broad applications, relatively low toxicity profile, and history as a favorable combinatory partner, there is promise in the recharacterization of gemcitabine in the context of the immune system. Such efforts may allow the identification of suitable immunotherapeutic combinations, wherein gemcitabine can be used as a priming agent to improve immunotherapy efficacy in traditionally insensitive cancers. This review looks to highlight documented immunomodulatory abilities of one of the most well-known chemotherapy agents, gemcitabine, relating to its influence on cells and proteins of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina C. Larson
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied DiseasesUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer CenterUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Kenadie R. Doty
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied DiseasesUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer CenterUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Joyce C. Solheim
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied DiseasesUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer CenterUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & ImmunologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
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Yılmaz Tuğan B, Sarıhan M, Kasap M, Akpınar G, Karabaş L, Şahin N, Yüksel N, Bayrak YE, Sönmez HE. Is tear proteome profile a predictor of developing uveitis in ANA-positive patients with oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:211-221. [PMID: 37773290 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although less than one-third of anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) positive patients with oJIA develop uveitis, ANA positivity is still the most well-known marker for assessing the risk of uveitis in oligoarticular JIA (oJIA). Therefore, novel biomarkers are needed to better assess the risk of developing uveitis. For this purpose, we performed a comparative tear proteome analysis of uveitis patients to reveal the identity of differentially regulated proteins. DESIGN Tear samples were collected using the Schirmer strips in 7 oJIA and 7 oJIA patients with uveitis (oJIA-U). All oJIA-U patients had developed bilateral anterior uveitis and were inactive and topical treatment-free. METHODS The nHPLC LC-MS/MS system was used for protein identification and label-free proteome comparisons. The PANTHER and STRING analyses were carried out using UniProt accession numbers of the identified proteins. RESULTS Patient characteristics, e.g., age, gender, disease duration, and treatments were similar. For protein identification, three different databases were searched. Twenty-two, 147, and 258 database searches, respectively. Of these, 15 were common to all three proteome databases. Of these 15 proteins, 10 proteins were upregulated, and 2 were downregulated, based on the twofold regulation criteria. The upregulated proteins were, namely, cystatin-S, secretoglobin family 1D member, opiorphin prepropeptide, mammaglobin-B, lysozyme C, mesothelin, immunoglobulin kappa constant, extracellular glycoprotein lacritin, beta-2-microglobulin, and immunoglobulin J chain. The downregulated proteins were dermcidin and prolactin-inducible protein. Among the differentially regulated proteins, cystatin-S was the most regulated protein with an 18-fold upregulation ratio in tear samples from uveitis patients. CONCLUSION Here, the identities and regulation ratios of several proteins were revealed when tear samples from uveitis patients were compared to patients without uveitis. These proteins are putative biomarkers for assessing uveitis risk and require further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Yılmaz Tuğan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Sarıhan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Biology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Murat Kasap
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Biology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gürler Akpınar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Biology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Levent Karabaş
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nihal Şahin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nurşen Yüksel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Yunus Emre Bayrak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Hafize Emine Sönmez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Pritchett EM, Van Goor A, Schneider BK, Young M, Lamont SJ, Schmidt CJ. Chicken pituitary transcriptomic responses to acute heat stress. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:5233-5246. [PMID: 37127810 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poultry production is vulnerable to increasing temperatures in terms of animal welfare and in economic losses. With the predicted increase in global temperature and the number and severity of heat waves, it is important to understand how chickens raised for food respond to heat stress. This knowledge can be used to determine how to select chickens that are adapted to thermal challenge. As neuroendocrine organs, the hypothalamus and pituitary provide systemic regulation of the heat stress response. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we report a transcriptome analysis of the pituitary response to acute heat stress. Chickens were stressed for 2 h at 35 °C (HS) and transcriptomes compared with birds maintained in thermoneutral temperatures (25 °C). CONCLUSIONS The observations were evaluated in the context of ontology terms and pathways to describe the pituitary response to heat stress. The pituitaries of heat stressed birds exhibited responses to hyperthermia through altered expression of genes coding for chaperones, cell cycle regulators, cholesterol synthesis, transcription factors, along with the secreted peptide hormones, prolactin, and proopiomelanocortin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica Van Goor
- Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Meaghan Young
- Animal and Food Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Carl J Schmidt
- Animal and Food Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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Matsukawa H, Ikezaki M, Nishioka K, Iwahashi N, Fujimoto M, Nishitsuji K, Ihara Y, Ino K. Calnexin Is Involved in Forskolin-induced Syncytialization in Cytotrophoblast Model BeWo Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081050. [PMID: 36008943 PMCID: PMC9405722 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calnexin (CNX), a membrane-bound molecular chaperone, is involved in protein folding and quality control of nascent glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. We previously suggested critical roles of calreticulin, a functional paralogue of CNX, in placentation, including invasion of extravillous trophoblasts and syncytialization of cytotrophoblasts. However, the roles of CNX in placentation are unclear. In human choriocarcinoma BeWo cells, which serve as an experimental model of syncytialization, CNX knockdown suppressed forskolin-induced cell fusion and β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) induction. Cell-surface luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor, a β-hCG receptor, was significantly down-regulated in CNX-knockdown cells, which suggested the presence of a dysfunctional autocrine loop of β-hCG up-regulation. In this study, we also found abundant CNX expression in normal human placentas. Collectively, our results revealed the critical role of CNX in the syncytialization-related signaling in a villous trophoblast model and suggest a link between CNX expression and placenta development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Matsukawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (H.M.); (K.N.); (N.I.); (K.I.)
| | - Midori Ikezaki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (M.I.); (K.N.)
| | - Kaho Nishioka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (H.M.); (K.N.); (N.I.); (K.I.)
| | - Naoyuki Iwahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (H.M.); (K.N.); (N.I.); (K.I.)
| | - Masakazu Fujimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
| | - Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (M.I.); (K.N.)
| | - Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (M.I.); (K.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-73-441-0628
| | - Kazuhiko Ino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (H.M.); (K.N.); (N.I.); (K.I.)
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Rodrigues MC, Morais JAV, Ganassin R, Oliveira GRT, Costa FC, Morais AAC, Silveira AP, Silva VCM, Longo JPF, Muehlmann LA. An Overview on Immunogenic Cell Death in Cancer Biology and Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081564. [PMID: 36015189 PMCID: PMC9413301 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a modality of regulated cell death that is sufficient to promote an adaptive immune response against antigens of the dying cell in an immunocompetent host. An important characteristic of ICD is the release and exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns, which are potent endogenous immune adjuvants. As the induction of ICD can be achieved with conventional cytotoxic agents, it represents a potential approach for the immunotherapy of cancer. Here, different aspects of ICD in cancer biology and treatment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosar Corrêa Rodrigues
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (M.C.R.); (J.A.V.M.); (R.G.); (G.R.T.O.); (F.C.C.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - José Athayde Vasconcelos Morais
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (M.C.R.); (J.A.V.M.); (R.G.); (G.R.T.O.); (F.C.C.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - Rayane Ganassin
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (M.C.R.); (J.A.V.M.); (R.G.); (G.R.T.O.); (F.C.C.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - Giulia Rosa Tavares Oliveira
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (M.C.R.); (J.A.V.M.); (R.G.); (G.R.T.O.); (F.C.C.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - Fabiana Chagas Costa
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (M.C.R.); (J.A.V.M.); (R.G.); (G.R.T.O.); (F.C.C.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - Amanda Alencar Cabral Morais
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - Ariane Pandolfo Silveira
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - Victor Carlos Mello Silva
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - João Paulo Figueiró Longo
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - Luis Alexandre Muehlmann
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (M.C.R.); (J.A.V.M.); (R.G.); (G.R.T.O.); (F.C.C.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibi Hayat SM, Movahedpour A, Savardashtaki A, Loveless R, Barreto GE, Teng Y, Sahebkar A. The complex roles of efferocytosis in cancer development, metastasis, and treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111776. [PMID: 34062411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When tumor cells are killed by targeted therapy, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, they trigger their primary tumor by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Microenvironmental interactions can also promote tumor heterogeneity and development. In this line, several immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, including macrophages, dendritic cells, regulatory T-cells, and CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, are involved in the clearance of apoptotic tumor cells through a process called efferocytosis. Although the efficiency of apoptotic tumor cell efferocytosis is positive under physiological conditions, there are controversies regarding its usefulness in treatment-induced apoptotic tumor cells (ATCs). Efferocytosis can show the limitation of cytotoxic treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Since cytotoxic treatments lead to extensive cell mortality, efferocytosis, and macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype, the immune response may get involved in tumor recurrence and metastasis. Tumor cells can use the anti-inflammatory effect of apoptotic tumor cell efferocytosis to induce an immunosuppressive condition that is tumor-tolerant. Since M2 polarization and efferocytosis are tumor-promoting processes, the receptors on macrophages act as potential targets for cancer therapy. Moreover, researchers have shown that efferocytosis-related molecules/pathways are potential targets for cancer therapy. These include phosphatidylserine and calreticulin, Tyro3, Axl, and Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK), receptors of tyrosine kinase, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1, annexin V, CD47, TGF-β, IL-10, and macrophage phenotype switch are combined with conventional therapy, which can be more effective in cancer treatment. Thus, we set out to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of efferocytosis in treatment-induced apoptotic tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibi Hayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Reid Loveless
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging and Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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7
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Brown AI, Koslover EF. Design principles for the glycoprotein quality control pathway. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008654. [PMID: 33524026 PMCID: PMC7877790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly-translated glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) often undergo cycles of chaperone binding and release in order to assist in folding. Quality control is required to distinguish between proteins that have completed native folding, those that have yet to fold, and those that have misfolded. Using quantitative modeling, we explore how the design of the quality-control pathway modulates its efficiency. Our results show that an energy-consuming cyclic quality-control process, similar to the observed physiological system, outperforms alternative designs. The kinetic parameters that optimize the performance of this system drastically change with protein production levels, while remaining relatively insensitive to the protein folding rate. Adjusting only the degradation rate, while fixing other parameters, allows the pathway to adapt across a range of protein production levels, aligning with in vivo measurements that implicate the release of degradation-associated enzymes as a rapid-response system for perturbations in protein homeostasis. The quantitative models developed here elucidate design principles for effective glycoprotein quality control in the ER, improving our mechanistic understanding of a system crucial to maintaining cellular health. We explore the architecture and limitations of the quality-control pathway responsible for efficient folding of secretory proteins. Newly-synthesized proteins are tagged by the attachment of a ‘glycan’ sugar chain which facilitates their binding to a chaperone that assists protein folding. Removal of a specific sugar group on the glycan ends the interaction with the chaperone, and not-yet-folded proteins can be re-tagged for another round of chaperone binding. A degradation pathway acts in parallel with the folding cycle, to remove those proteins that have remained unfolded for a sufficiently long time. We develop and solve a mathematical model of this quality-control system, showing that the cyclical design found in living cells is uniquely able to maximize folded protein throughput while avoiding accumulation of unfolded proteins. Although this physiological model provides the best performance, its parameters must be adjusted to perform optimally under different protein production loads, and any single fixed set of parameters leads to poor performance when production rate is altered. We find that a single adjustable parameter, the protein degradation rate, is sufficient to allow optimal performance across a range of conditions. Interestingly, observations of living cells suggest that the degradation speed is indeed rapidly adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan I. Brown
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Elena F. Koslover
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Raposo CD, Canelas AB, Barros MT. Human Lectins, Their Carbohydrate Affinities and Where to Find Them. Biomolecules 2021; 11:188. [PMID: 33572889 PMCID: PMC7911577 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are a class of proteins responsible for several biological roles such as cell-cell interactions, signaling pathways, and several innate immune responses against pathogens. Since lectins are able to bind to carbohydrates, they can be a viable target for targeted drug delivery systems. In fact, several lectins were approved by Food and Drug Administration for that purpose. Information about specific carbohydrate recognition by lectin receptors was gathered herein, plus the specific organs where those lectins can be found within the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia D. Raposo
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - André B. Canelas
- Glanbia-AgriChemWhey, Lisheen Mine, Killoran, Moyne, E41 R622 Tipperary, Ireland;
| | - M. Teresa Barros
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
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Adams BM, Canniff NP, Guay KP, Hebert DN. The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperones in Protein Folding and Quality Control. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:27-50. [PMID: 34050861 PMCID: PMC9185992 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones assist the folding of nascent chains in the cell. Chaperones also aid in quality control decisions as persistent chaperone binding can help to sort terminal misfolded proteins for degradation. There are two major molecular chaperone families in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that assist proteins in reaching their native structure and evaluating the fidelity of the maturation process. The ER Hsp70 chaperone, BiP, supports adenine nucleotide-regulated binding to non-native proteins that possess exposed hydrophobic regions. In contrast, the carbohydrate-dependent chaperone system involving the membrane protein calnexin and its soluble paralogue calreticulin recognize a specific glycoform of an exposed hydrophilic protein modification for which the composition is controlled by a series of glycosidases and transferases. Here, we compare and contrast the properties, mechanisms of action and functions of these different chaperones systems that work in parallel, as well as together, to assist a large variety of substrates that traverse the eukaryotic secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Nathan P Canniff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kevin P Guay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Daniel N Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Folding of proteins is essential so that they can exert their functions. For proteins that transit the secretory pathway, folding occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and various chaperone systems assist in acquiring their correct folding/subunit formation. N-glycosylation is one of the most conserved posttranslational modification for proteins, and in eukaryotes it occurs in the ER. Consequently, eukaryotic cells have developed various systems that utilize N-glycans to dictate and assist protein folding, or if they consistently fail to fold properly, to destroy proteins for quality control and the maintenance of homeostasis of proteins in the ER.
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11
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Guo XY, Liu YS, Gao XD, Kinoshita T, Fujita M. Calnexin mediates the maturation of GPI-anchors through ER retention. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16393-16410. [PMID: 32967966 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein folding and lipid moiety status of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are monitored in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), with calnexin playing dual roles in the maturation of GPI-APs. In the present study, we investigated the functions of calnexin in the quality control and lipid remodeling of GPI-APs in the ER. By directly binding the N-glycan on proteins, calnexin was observed to efficiently retain GPI-APs in the ER until they were correctly folded. In addition, sufficient ER retention time was crucial for GPI-inositol deacylation, which is mediated by post-GPI attachment protein 1 (PGAP1). Once the calnexin/calreticulin cycle was disrupted, misfolded and inositol-acylated GPI-APs could not be retained in the ER and were exposed on the plasma membrane. In calnexin/calreticulin-deficient cells, endogenous GPI-anchored alkaline phosphatase was expressed on the cell surface, but its activity was significantly decreased. ER stress induced surface expression of misfolded GPI-APs, but proper GPI-inositol deacylation occurred due to the extended time that they were retained in the ER. Our results indicate that calnexin-mediated ER quality control systems for GPI-APs are necessary for both protein folding and GPI-inositol deacylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Shi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a pleiotropic and highly conserved molecule that is mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Recently, CRT has gained special interest for its functions outside the endoplasmic reticulum where it has immunomodulatory properties. CRT translocation to the cell membrane serves as an "eat me" signal and promotes efferocytosis of apoptotic cells and cancer cell removal with completely opposite outcomes. Efferocytosis results in a silenced immune response and homeostasis, while removal of dying cancer cells brought about by anthracycline treatment, ionizing-irradiation or photodynamic therapy results in immunogenic cell death with activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, CRT impacts phagocyte activation and cytokine production. The effects of CRT on cytokine production depend on its conformation, species specificity, degree of oligomerization and/or glycosylation, as well as its cellular localization and the molecular partners involved. The controversial roles of CRT in cancer progression and the possible role of the CALR gene mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms are also addressed. The release of CRT and its influence on the different cells involved during efferocytosis and immunogenic cell death points to additional roles of CRT besides merely acting as an "eat me" signal during apoptosis. Understanding the contribution of CRT in physiological and pathological processes could give us some insight into the potential of CRT as a therapeutic target.
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13
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Calreticulin protects insulin against reductive stress in vitro and in MIN6 cells. Biochimie 2020; 171-172:1-11. [PMID: 32004653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative folding of proinsulin in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is critical for the proper sorting and secretion of insulin from pancreatic β-cells. Here, by using non-cell-based insulin aggregation assays and mouse insulinoma-derived MIN6 cells, we searched for a candidate molecular chaperone for (pro)insulin when its oxidative folding is compromised. We found that interaction between insulin and calreticulin (CRT), a lectin that acts as an ER-resident chaperone, was enhanced by reductive stress in MIN6 cells. Co-incubation of insulin with recombinant CRT prevented reductant-induced aggregation of insulin. Furthermore, lysosomal degradation of proinsulin, which was facilitated by dithiothreitol-induced reductive stress, depended on CRT in MIN6 cells. Together, our results suggest that CRT may be a protective molecule against (pro)insulin aggregation when oxidative folding is defective, e.g. under reductive stress conditions, in vitro and in cultured cells. Because CRT acts as a molecular chaperone for not only glycosylated proteins but also non-glycosylated polypeptides, we also propose that (pro)insulin is a novel candidate client of the chaperone function of CRT.
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14
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Ihara Y, Ikezaki M, Takatani M, Ito Y. Calnexin/Calreticulin and Assays Related to N-Glycoprotein Folding In Vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2132:295-308. [PMID: 32306337 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0430-4_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT) are ER-resident lectin-like molecular chaperones involved in the quality control of secretory or membrane glycoproteins. They can exert molecular chaperone functions via specific binding to the early processing intermediates of Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharides of N-glycoproteins. CNX and CRT have similar N-terminal luminal domains and share the same jelly roll tertiary structure as legume lectins. In addition to the lectin-like interactions, CNX and CRT also suppress the aggregation of non-glycosylated substrates through interaction with hydrophobic peptide parts, suggesting a general chaperone function in glycan-dependent and glycan-independent manners. This chapter describes the isolation and purification of CRT produced in a bacterial expression system. We also introduce in vitro assays to estimate the molecular chaperone functions of CRT via the interaction with monoglucosylated N-glycans using Jack bean α-mannosidase as a target substrate. These assays are valuable in assessing quality control events related to the CNX/CRT chaperone cycle and lectin functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Midori Ikezaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Maki Takatani
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
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15
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Calreticulin is a Critical Cell Survival Factor in Malignant Neoplasms. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000402. [PMID: 31568485 PMCID: PMC6768457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a high-capacity Ca2+ protein whose expression is up-regulated during cellular transformation and is associated with disease progression in multiple types of malignancies. At the same time, CRT has been characterized as an important stress-response protein capable of inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) when translocated to the cell surface. It remains unclear why CRT expression is preserved by malignant cells during the course of transformation despite its immunogenic properties. In this study, we identify a novel, critical function of CRT as a cell survival factor in multiple types of human solid-tissue malignancies. CRT knockdown activates p53, which mediates cell-death response independent of executioner caspase activity and accompanied full-length poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Mechanistically, we show that down-regulation of CRT results in mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and induction of mitochondria permeability transition pore (mPTP)-dependent cell death, which can be significantly rescued by the mPTP inhibitor, Cyclosporin A (CsA). The clinical importance of CRT expression was revealed in the analysis of the large cohort of cancer patients (N = 2,058) to demonstrate that high levels of CRT inversely correlates with patient survival. Our study identifies intracellular CRT as an important therapeutic target for tumors whose survival relies on its expression. This study reveals a novel role for the calcium-binding protein calreticulin in the survival of cancer cells; downregulation of calreticulin leads to mitochondrial calcium overload and an induction of non-apoptotic cell death. Calreticulin levels inversely correlate with the survival of patients diagnosed with various types of solid cancers.
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16
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Lin YC, Chen CC, Chen WM, Lu KY, Shen TL, Jou YC, Shen CH, Ohbayashi N, Kanaho Y, Huang YL, Lee H. LPA 1/3 signaling mediates tumor lymphangiogenesis through promoting CRT expression in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1305-1315. [PMID: 30053596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid growth factor which is present in high levels in serum and platelets. LPA binds to its specific G-protein-coupled receptors, including LPA1 to LPA6, thereby regulating various physiological functions, including cancer growth, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Our previous study showed that LPA promotes the expression of the lymphangiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Interestingly, LPA has been shown to regulate the expression of calreticulin (CRT), a multifunctional chaperone protein, but the roles of CRT in PCa progression remain unclear. Here we investigated the involvement of CRT in LPA-mediated VEGF-C expression and lymphangiogenesis in PCa. Knockdown of CRT significantly reduced LPA-induced VEGF-C expression in PC-3 cells. Moreover, LPA promoted CRT expression through LPA receptors LPA1 and LPA3, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). Tumor-xenografted mouse experiments further showed that CRT knockdown suppressed tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis. Notably, clinical evidence indicated that the LPA-producing enzyme autotaxin (ATX) is related to CRT and that CRT level is highly associated with lymphatic vessel density and VEGF-C expression. Interestingly, the pharmacological antagonist of LPA receptors significantly reduced the lymphatic vessel density in tumor and lymph node metastasis in tumor-bearing nude mice. Together, our results demonstrated that CRT is critical in PCa progression through the mediation of LPA-induced VEGF-C expression, implying that targeting the LPA signaling axis is a potential therapeutic strategy for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Chien Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan; Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Chin Jou
- Department of Urology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Huang Shen
- Department of Urology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Norihiko Ohbayashi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kanaho
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hsinyu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Electronic and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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17
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Interplay between P-Glycoprotein Expression and Resistance to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stressors. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020337. [PMID: 29415493 PMCID: PMC6017601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a phenotype of cancer cells with reduced sensitivity to a wide range of unrelated drugs. P-glycoprotein (P-gp)—a drug efflux pump (ABCB1 member of the ABC transporter gene family)—is frequently observed to be a molecular cause of MDR. The drug-efflux activity of P-gp is considered as the underlying mechanism of drug resistance against P-gp substrates and results in failure of cancer chemotherapy. Several pathological impulses such as shortages of oxygen and glucose supply, alterations of calcium storage mechanisms and/or processes of protein N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER stress (ERS), characterized by elevation of unfolded protein cell content and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR is responsible for modification of protein folding pathways, removal of misfolded proteins by ER associated protein degradation (ERAD) and inhibition of proteosynthesis. However, sustained ERS may result in UPR-mediated cell death. Neoplastic cells could escape from the death pathway induced by ERS by switching UPR into pro survival mechanisms instead of apoptosis. Here, we aimed to present state of the art information about consequences of P-gp expression on mechanisms associated with ERS development and regulation of the ERAD system, particularly focused on advances in ERS-associated therapy of drug resistant malignancies.
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18
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Owusu BY, Zimmerman KA, Murphy-Ullrich JE. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum protein calreticulin in mediating TGF-β-stimulated extracellular matrix production in fibrotic disease. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 12:289-299. [PMID: 29080087 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a key factor contributing to fibrotic disease. Although ER stress is a short-term adaptive response, with chronic stimulation, it can activate pathways leading to fibrosis. ER stress can induce TGF-β signaling, a central driver of extracellular matrix production in fibrosis. This review will discuss the role of an ER protein, calreticulin (CRT), which has both chaperone and calcium regulatory functions, in fibrosis. CRT expression is upregulated in multiple different fibrotic diseases. The roles of CRT in regulation of fibronectin extracellular matrix assembly, extracellular matrix transcription, and collagen secretion and processing into the extracellular matrix will be discussed. Evidence for the importance of CRT in ER calcium release and NFAT activation downstream of TGF-β signaling will be presented. Finally, we will summarize evidence from animal models in which CRT expression is genetically reduced or experimentally downregulated in targeted tissues of adult animals and discuss how these models define a key role for CRT in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y Owusu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, G001A Volker Hall, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kurt A Zimmerman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, G001A Volker Hall, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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19
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Migliaccio AR, Uversky VN. Dissecting physical structure of calreticulin, an intrinsically disordered Ca 2+-buffering chaperone from endoplasmic reticulum. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:1617-1636. [PMID: 28504081 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1330224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) is a Ca2+ binding multifunctional protein that mostly resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plays a number of important roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Although the major functions ascribed to CALR are controlling the Ca2+ homeostasis in ER and acting as a lectin-like ER chaperon for many glycoproteins, this moonlighting protein can be found in various cellular compartments where it has many non-ER functions. To shed more light on the mechanisms underlying polyfunctionality of this moonlighting protein that can be found in different cellular compartments and that possesses a wide spectrum of unrelated biological activities, being able to interact with Ca2+ (and potentially other metal ions), RNA, oligosaccharides, and numerous proteins, we used a set of experimental and computational tools to evaluate the intrinsic disorder status of CALR and the role of calcium binding on structural properties and conformational stability of the full-length CALR and its isolated P- and C-domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Migliaccio
- a Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS) , New York , NY , USA.,b Department of Biomedical and Neuromotorial Sciences , Alma Mater University , Bologna , Italy
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- c Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA.,d Laboratory of New Methods in Biology , Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino , Moscow Region 142290 , Russia
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20
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Neerincx A, Hermann C, Antrobus R, van Hateren A, Cao H, Trautwein N, Stevanović S, Elliott T, Deane JE, Boyle LH. TAPBPR bridges UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 onto MHC class I to provide quality control in the antigen presentation pathway. eLife 2017; 6:e23049. [PMID: 28425917 PMCID: PMC5441866 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we revealed that TAPBPR is a peptide exchange catalyst that is important for optimal peptide selection by MHC class I molecules. Here, we asked whether any other co-factors associate with TAPBPR, which would explain its effect on peptide selection. We identify an interaction between TAPBPR and UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGT1), a folding sensor in the calnexin/calreticulin quality control cycle that is known to regenerate the Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 moiety on glycoproteins. Our results suggest the formation of a multimeric complex, dependent on a conserved cysteine at position 94 in TAPBPR, in which TAPBPR promotes the association of UGT1 with peptide-receptive MHC class I molecules. We reveal that the interaction between TAPBPR and UGT1 facilities the reglucosylation of the glycan on MHC class I molecules, promoting their recognition by calreticulin. Our results suggest that in addition to being a peptide editor, TAPBPR improves peptide optimisation by promoting peptide-receptive MHC class I molecules to associate with the peptide-loading complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Neerincx
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clemens Hermann
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andy van Hateren
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Huan Cao
- Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Trautwein
- Department of Immunology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim Elliott
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Janet E Deane
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Louise H Boyle
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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21
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De Almeida I, Oliveira NMM, Randall RA, Hill CS, McCoy JM, Stern CD. Calreticulin is a secreted BMP antagonist, expressed in Hensen's node during neural induction. Dev Biol 2017; 421:161-170. [PMID: 27919666 PMCID: PMC5231319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hensen's node is the "organizer" of the avian and mammalian early embryo. It has many functions, including neural induction and patterning of the ectoderm and mesoderm. Some of the signals responsible for these activities are known but these do not explain the full complexity of organizer activity. Here we undertake a functional screen to discover new secreted factors expressed by the node at this time of development. Using a Signal Sequence Trap in yeast, we identify several candidates. Here we focus on Calreticulin. We show that in addition to its known functions in intracellular Calcium regulation and protein folding, Calreticulin is secreted, it can bind to BMP4 and act as a BMP antagonist in vivo and in vitro. Calreticulin is not sufficient to account for all organizer functions but may contribute to the complexity of its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene De Almeida
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nidia M M Oliveira
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | | | - Claudio D Stern
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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22
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Land WG, Agostinis P, Gasser S, Garg AD, Linkermann A. Transplantation and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs). Am J Transplant 2016; 16:3338-3361. [PMID: 27421829 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Upon solid organ transplantation and during cancer immunotherapy, cellular stress responses result in the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The various cellular stresses have been characterized in detail over the last decades, but a unifying classification based on clinically important aspects is lacking. Here, we provide an in-depth review of the most recent literature along with a unifying concept of the danger/injury model, suggest a classification of DAMPs, and review the recently elaborated mechanisms that result in the emission of such factors. We further point out the differences in DAMP responses including the release following a heat shock pattern, endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage-mediated DAMP release, and discuss the diverse pathways of regulated necrosis in this respect. The understanding of various forms of DAMPs and the consequences of their different release patterns are prerequisite to associate serum markers of cellular stresses with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Land
- German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich, Germany.,Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, Plateforme GENOMAX, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,LabexTRANSPLANTEX, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Gasser
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A D Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Linkermann
- Cluster of Excellence EXC306, Inflammation at Interfaces, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.,Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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23
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Brehm MA. Von Willebrand factor processing. Hamostaseologie 2016; 37:59-72. [PMID: 28139814 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-16-06-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a multimeric glycoprotein essential for primary haemostasis that is produced only in endothelial cells and megakaryocytes. Key to VWF's function in recruitment of platelets to the site of vascular injury is its multimeric structure. The individual steps of VWF multimer biosynthesis rely on distinct posttranslational modifications at specific pH conditions, which are realized by spatial separation of the involved processes to different cell organelles. Production of multimers starts with translocation and modification of the VWF prepropolypeptide in the endoplasmic reticulum to produce dimers primed for glycosylation. In the Golgi apparatus they are further processed to multimers that carry more than 300 complex glycan structures functionalized by sialylation, sulfation and blood group determinants. Of special importance is the sequential formation of disulfide bonds with different functions in structural support of VWF multimers, which are packaged, stored and further processed after secretion. Here, all these processes are being reviewed in detail including background information on the occurring biochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Brehm
- PD Dr. Maria A. Brehm, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 22399 Hamburg, Germany, Tel.: +49 40 7410 58523, Fax: +49 40 7410 54601, E-Mail:
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24
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Quality control of glycoprotein folding and ERAD: the role of N-glycan handling, EDEM1 and OS-9. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:269-284. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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25
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Bossard G, Grébaut P, Thévenon S, Séveno M, Berthier D, Holzmuller P. Cloning, expression, molecular characterization and preliminary studies on immunomodulating properties of recombinant Trypanosoma congolense calreticulin. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:320-331. [PMID: 27688033 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are bloodstream protozoan parasites, which are pathogens of veterinary and medical importance. Several mammalian species, including humans, can be infected by different species of the genus Trypanosoma (T. congolense, T. evansi, T. brucei, T. vivax) exhibiting more or less virulent and pathogenic phenotypes. A previous screening of the excreted-secreted proteins of T. congolense demonstrated an overexpression of several proteins correlated with the virulence and pathogenicity of the strain. Of these proteins, calreticulin (CRT) has shown differential expression between two T. congolense strains with opposite infectious behavior and has been selected as a target molecule based on its immune potential functions in parasitic diseases. In this study, we set out to determine the role of T. congolense calreticulin as an immune target. Immunization of mice with recombinant T. congolense calreticulin induced antibody production, which was associated with delayed parasitemia and increased survival of the challenged animal. These results strongly suggest that some excreted-secreted proteins of T. congolense are a worthwhile target candidate to interfere with the infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Bossard
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP (Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatidés), campus international de Baillarguet, TA/A-17/G, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Sophie Thévenon
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP (Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatidés), campus international de Baillarguet, TA/A-17/G, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Martial Séveno
- plateforme de protéomique fonctionnelle, UMS biocampus Montpellier, institut de génomique fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, F-34094 Montpellier, France.
| | - David Berthier
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP (Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatidés), campus international de Baillarguet, TA/A-17/G, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE (control des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes), campus international de Baillarguet, TA/A-15/G, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
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Lum R, Ahmad S, Hong SJ, Chapman DC, Kozlov G, Williams DB. Contributions of the Lectin and Polypeptide Binding Sites of Calreticulin to Its Chaperone Functions in Vitro and in Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19631-41. [PMID: 27413183 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin is a lectin chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum that interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins by binding to Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharides as well as to the polypeptide chain. In vitro, the latter interaction potently suppresses the aggregation of various non-glycosylated proteins. Although the lectin-oligosaccharide association is well understood, the polypeptide-based interaction is more controversial because the binding site on calreticulin has not been identified, and its significance in the biogenesis of glycoproteins in cells remains unknown. In this study, we identified the polypeptide binding site responsible for the in vitro aggregation suppression function by mutating four candidate hydrophobic surface patches. Mutations in only one patch, P19K/I21E and Y22K/F84E, impaired the ability of calreticulin to suppress the thermally induced aggregation of non-glycosylated firefly luciferase. These mutants also failed to bind several hydrophobic peptides that act as substrate mimetics and compete in the luciferase aggregation suppression assay. To assess the relative contributions of the glycan-dependent and -independent interactions in living cells, we expressed lectin-deficient, polypeptide binding-deficient, and doubly deficient calreticulin constructs in calreticulin-negative cells and monitored the effects on the biogenesis of MHC class I molecules, the solubility of mutant forms of α1-antitrypsin, and interactions with newly synthesized glycoproteins. In all cases, we observed a profound impairment in calreticulin function when its lectin site was inactivated. Remarkably, inactivation of the polypeptide binding site had little impact. These findings indicate that the lectin-based mode of client interaction is the predominant contributor to the chaperone functions of calreticulin within the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Lum
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Samar Ahmad
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Seo Jung Hong
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Daniel C Chapman
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Guennadi Kozlov
- the Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Proteines, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - David B Williams
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
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Abstract
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a vertebrate secretory protein synthesized in the thyrocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it acquires N-linked glycosylation and conformational maturation (including formation of many disulfide bonds), leading to homodimerization. Its primary functions include iodide storage and thyroid hormonogenesis. Tg consists largely of repeating domains, and many tyrosyl residues in these domains become iodinated to form monoiodo- and diiodotyrosine, whereas only a small portion of Tg structure is dedicated to hormone formation. Interestingly, evolutionary ancestors, dependent upon thyroid hormone for development, synthesize thyroid hormones without the complete Tg protein architecture. Nevertheless, in all vertebrates, Tg follows a strict pattern of region I, II-III, and the cholinesterase-like (ChEL) domain. In vertebrates, Tg first undergoes intracellular transport through the secretory pathway, which requires the assistance of thyrocyte ER chaperones and oxidoreductases, as well as coordination of distinct regions of Tg, to achieve a native conformation. Curiously, regions II-III and ChEL behave as fully independent folding units that could function as successful secretory proteins by themselves. However, the large Tg region I (bearing the primary T4-forming site) is incompetent by itself for intracellular transport, requiring the downstream regions II-III and ChEL to complete its folding. A combination of nonsense mutations, frameshift mutations, splice site mutations, and missense mutations in Tg occurs spontaneously to cause congenital hypothyroidism and thyroidal ER stress. These Tg mutants are unable to achieve a native conformation within the ER, interfering with the efficiency of Tg maturation and export to the thyroid follicle lumen for iodide storage and hormonogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Di Jeso
- Laboratorio di Patologia Generale (B.D.J.), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (P.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Peter Arvan
- Laboratorio di Patologia Generale (B.D.J.), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (P.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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28
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Glinschert A, Oscarson S. Synthesis of four (4″-, 2″-, 2′-, and 6-) monodeoxy analogs of the trisaccharide α-d-Glcp-(1→3)-α-d-Manp-(1→2)-α-d-ManpOMe recognized by Calreticulin/Calnexin. Carbohydr Res 2015; 414:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) supports many cellular processes and performs diverse functions, including protein synthesis, translocation across the membrane, integration into the membrane, folding, and posttranslational modifications including N-linked glycosylation; and regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis. In mammalian systems, the majority of proteins synthesized by the rough ER have N-linked glycans critical for protein maturation. The N-linked glycan is used as a quality control signal in the secretory protein pathway. A series of chaperones, folding enzymes, glucosidases, and carbohydrate transferases support glycoprotein synthesis and processing. Perturbation of ER-associated functions such as disturbed ER glycoprotein quality control, protein glycosylation and protein folding results in activation of an ER stress coping response. Collectively this ER stress coping response is termed the unfolded protein response (UPR), and occurs through the activation of complex cytoplasmic and nuclear signaling pathways. Cellular and ER homeostasis depends on balanced activity of the ER protein folding, quality control, and degradation pathways; as well as management of the ER stress coping response.
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30
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Boelt SG, Houen G, Højrup P. Agarose gel shift assay reveals that calreticulin favors substrates with a quaternary structure in solution. Anal Biochem 2015; 481:33-42. [PMID: 25908558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we present an agarose gel shift assay that, in contrast to other electrophoresis approaches, is loaded in the center of the gel. This allows proteins to migrate in either direction according to their isoelectric points. Therefore, the presented assay enables a direct visualization, separation, and prefractionation of protein interactions in solution independent of isoelectric point. We demonstrate that this assay is compatible with immunochemical methods and mass spectrometry. The assay was used to investigate interactions with several potential substrates for calreticulin, a chaperone that is involved in different biological aspects through interaction with other proteins. The current analytical assays used to investigate these interactions are mainly spectroscopic aggregation assays or solid phase assays that do not provide a direct visualization of the stable protein complex but rather provide an indirect measure of interactions. Therefore, no interaction studies between calreticulin and substrates in solution have been investigated previously. The results presented here indicate that calreticulin has a preference for substrates with a quaternary structure and primarily β-sheets in their secondary structure. It is also demonstrated that the agarose gel shift assay is useful in the study of other protein interactions and can be used as an alternative method to native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Grundvad Boelt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark; Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark; Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Højrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
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Functional roles of calreticulin in cancer biology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:526524. [PMID: 25918716 PMCID: PMC4396016 DOI: 10.1155/2015/526524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin is a highly conserved endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein which participates in various cellular processes. It was first identified as a Ca2+-binding protein in 1974. Accumulated evidences indicate that calreticulin has great impacts for the development of different cancers and the effect of calreticulin on tumor formation and progression may depend on cell types and clinical stages. Cell surface calreticulin is considered as an “eat-me” signal and promotes phagocytic uptake of cancer cells by immune system. Moreover, several reports reveal that manipulation of calreticulin levels profoundly affects cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis as well as differentiation. In addition to immunogenicity and tumorigenesis, interactions between calreticulin and integrins have been described during cell adhesion, which is an essential process for cancer metastasis. Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane receptors which connect extracellular matrix and intracellular cytoskeleton and trigger inside-out or outside-in signaling transduction. More and more evidences reveal that proteins binding to integrins might affect integrin-cytoskeleton interaction and therefore influence ability of cell adhesion. Here, we reviewed the biological roles of calreticulin and summarized the potential mechanisms of calreticulin in regulating mRNA stability and therefore contributed to cancer metastasis.
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Tannous A, Patel N, Tamura T, Hebert DN. Reglucosylation by UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 delays glycoprotein secretion but not degradation. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:390-405. [PMID: 25428988 PMCID: PMC4310732 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGT1) is a central quality control gatekeeper in the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The reglucosylation of glycoproteins supports their rebinding to the carbohydrate-binding ER molecular chaperones calnexin and calreticulin. A cell-based reglucosylation assay was used to investigate the role of UGT1 in ER protein surveillance or the quality control process. UGT1 was found to modify wild-type proteins or proteins that are expected to eventually traffic out of the ER through the secretory pathway. Trapping of reglucosylated wild-type substrates in their monoglucosylated state delayed their secretion. Whereas terminally misfolded substrates or off-pathway proteins were most efficiently reglucosylated by UGT1, the trapping of these mutant substrates in their reglucosylated or monoglucosylated state did not delay their degradation by the ER-associated degradation pathway. This indicated that monoglucosylated mutant proteins were actively extracted from the calnexin/calreticulin binding-reglucosylation cycle for degradation. Therefore trapping proteins in their monoglucosylated state was sufficient to delay their exit to the Golgi but had no effect on their rate of degradation, suggesting that the degradation selection process progressed in a dominant manner that was independent of reglucosylation and the glucose-containing A-branch on the substrate glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abla Tannous
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Nishant Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Taku Tamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Daniel N Hebert
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
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33
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Huang SH, Zhao LX, Hong C, Duo CC, Guo BN, Zhang LJ, Gong Z, Xiong SD, Gong FY, Gao XM. Self-oligomerization is essential for enhanced immunological activities of soluble recombinant calreticulin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64951. [PMID: 23762269 PMCID: PMC3677884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that calreticulin (CRT), a luminal resident protein, can be found in the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and also that recombinant CRT (rCRT) exhibits extraordinarily strong immunological activities. We herein further demonstrate that rCRT fragments 18-412 (rCRT/18-412), rCRT/39-272, rCRT/120-308 and rCRT/120-250 can self-oligomerize in solution and are 50-100 fold more potent than native CRT (nCRT, isolated from mouse livers) in activating macrophages in vitro. We narrowed down the active site of CRT to residues 150-230, the activity of which also depends on dimerization. By contrast, rCRT/18-197 is almost completely inactive. When rCRT/18-412 is fractionated into oligomers and monomers by gel filtration, the oligomers maintain most of their immunological activities in terms of activating macrophages in vitro and inducing specific antibodies in vivo, while the monomers were much less active by comparison. Additionally, rCRT/18-412 oligomers are much better than monomers in binding to, and uptake by, macrophages. Inhibition of macrophage endocytosis partially blocks the stimulatory effect of rCRT/18-412. We conclude that the immunologically active site of CRT maps between residues 198-230 and that soluble CRT could acquire potent immuno-pathological activities in microenvironments favoring its oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Hui Huang
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Hong
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cui-Cui Duo
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bing-Nan Guo
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si-Dong Xiong
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Gong
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (XMG); (FYG)
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (XMG); (FYG)
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34
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N-glycosylation deficiency enhanced heterologous production of a Bacillus licheniformis thermostable α-amylase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5473-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Qiu X, Hong C, Zhong Z, Li Y, Zhang T, Bao W, Xiong S, Gao XM. Modulation of cellular immunity by antibodies against calreticulin. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2419-30. [PMID: 22685035 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although caltreticulin (CRT) is mainly a residential ER protein, it is also expressed on the membrane surface of various types of cells exhibiting multiple functions. We report here that intraperitoneal administration of a soluble recombinant CRT fragment (rCRT/39-272) led to a substantial decrease in delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in BALB/c mice and EAE in C57BL/6 mice. In the recall response against keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in vitro, draining lymph node cells from the rCRT/39-272-treated mice produced less IFN-γ but more IL-4 as compared with the cells from the control group. The immunomodulating effect of intraperitoneally administered rCRT/39-272 was attributed to anti-CRT Abs thereby induced, because, in passive transfer experiments, the CRT-specific antiserum could suppress DTH in BALB/c mice. B-cell-deficient μMT mice were not susceptible to rCRT/39-272-mediated DTH suppression. Furthermore, CRT appears on the surface of murine T cells soon after activation and remains detectable (at relatively low level) by flow cytometry for approximately 5 days in vitro. Anti-CRT Abs were able to inhibit AKT phosphorylation, proliferation, and cytokine production by activated murine T cells. We propose that cell surface CRT could play a role in the function of effector T cells and may be considered a target for immunological manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qiu
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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36
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Park S, Lee J. Proteome profile changes in SH-SY5y neuronal cells after treatment with neurotrophic factors. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3845-55. [PMID: 21826712 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Artemin, one of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors (GDNFs) supports sensory neuron. Although a role of artemin and GDNF as neurite outgrowth regulators in early neuron development has been suggested, the immediate effects of artemin and GDNF on neuronal cells have not been elucidated. Here, we investigated artemin and GDNF actions on the neuronal cell proteome. To identify immediate-early protein changes by artemin and GDNF in neuronal cells, we used a differential proteomics approach in SH-SY5y human neuronal cells treated with artemin or GDNF for 1 h. Eleven proteins that changed after both artemin and GDNF treatment were identified using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectroscopy. The calcium ion-binding chaperone calreticulin and calcium/calmodulin-binding nuclear matrix protein matrin 3 showed common quantitative differences after both artemin and GDNF treatment. Cytoskeletal proteins also showed quantitative profile differences, which are functionally relevant to cytoskeletal rearrangement leading to the neurite elongation in neurons. These protein changes were detected in neuronal cells without accompanying changes in mRNA levels. These results suggest that immediate changes induced by artemin and GDNF are related to cytoskeletal protein level changes without transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 136-714, Korea.
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37
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Price JL, Culyba EK, Chen W, Murray AN, Hanson SR, Wong CH, Powers ET, Kelly JW. N-glycosylation of enhanced aromatic sequons to increase glycoprotein stability. Biopolymers 2012; 98:195-211. [PMID: 22782562 PMCID: PMC3539202 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation can increase the rate of protein folding, enhance thermodynamic stability, and slow protein unfolding; however, the molecular basis for these effects is incompletely understood. Without clear engineering guidelines, attempts to use N-glycosylation as an approach for stabilizing proteins have resulted in unpredictable energetic consequences. Here, we review the recent development of three "enhanced aromatic sequons," which appear to facilitate stabilizing native-state interactions between Phe, Asn-GlcNAc and Thr when placed in an appropriate reverse turn context. It has proven to be straightforward to engineer a stabilizing enhanced aromatic sequon into glycosylation-naïve proteins that have not evolved to optimize specific protein-carbohydrate interactions. Incorporating these enhanced aromatic sequons into appropriate reverse turn types within proteins should enhance the well-known pharmacokinetic benefits of N-glycosylation-based stabilization by lowering the population of protease-susceptible unfolded and aggregation-prone misfolded states, thereby making such proteins more useful in research and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Elizabeth K. Culyba
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Wentao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Amber N. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sarah R. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Evan T. Powers
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
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38
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Abstract
Cortical granules are membrane bound organelles located in the cortex of unfertilized oocytes. Following fertilization, cortical granules undergo exocytosis to release their contents into the perivitelline space. This secretory process, which is calcium dependent and SNARE protein-mediated pathway, is known as the cortical reaction. After exocytosis, the released cortical granule proteins are responsible for blocking polyspermy by modifying the oocytes' extracellular matrices, such as the zona pellucida in mammals. Mammalian cortical granules range in size from 0.2 um to 0.6 um in diameter and different from most other regulatory secretory organelles in that they are not renewed once released. These granules are only synthesized in female germ cells and transform an egg upon sperm entry; therefore, this unique cellular structure has inherent interest for our understanding of the biology of fertilization. Cortical granules are long thought to be static and awaiting in the cortex of unfertilized oocytes to be stimulated undergoing exocytosis upon gamete fusion. Not till recently, the dynamic nature of cortical granules is appreciated and understood. The latest studies of mammalian cortical granules document that this organelle is not only biochemically heterogeneous, but also displays complex distribution during oocyte development. Interestingly, some cortical granules undergo exocytosis prior to fertilization; and a number of granule components function beyond the time of fertilization in regulating embryonic cleavage and preimplantation development, demonstrating their functional significance in fertilization as well as early embryonic development. The following review will present studies that investigate the biology of cortical granules and will also discuss new findings that uncover the dynamic aspect of this organelle in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Private Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Republic of China.
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39
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Hariprasad G, Kumar M, Rani K, Kaur P, Srinivasan A. Aminoglycoside induced nephrotoxicity: molecular modeling studies of calreticulin-gentamicin complex. J Mol Model 2011; 18:2645-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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40
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Cherif S, Clavel JM, Monneret C. SYNTHESIS OF THE TETRASACCHARIDE Glc α (1→3) Man α (1→2) Man α (1→2) Man α (OMe) AS INHIBITOR OF CALNEXIN BINDING TO GlcMan 9GlcNAc 2 a. J Carbohydr Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/car-120003743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Slim Cherif
- a Section de Recherche , UMR 176 CNRS-Institut Curie , 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Cedex 05, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Clavel
- a Section de Recherche , UMR 176 CNRS-Institut Curie , 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Cedex 05, Paris, France
| | - Claude Monneret
- a Section de Recherche , UMR 176 CNRS-Institut Curie , 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Cedex 05, Paris, France
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41
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Demonstration that endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of glycoproteins can occur downstream of processing by endomannosidase. Biochem J 2011; 438:133-42. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20110186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During quality control in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), nascent glycoproteins are deglucosylated by ER glucosidases I and II. In the post-ER compartments, glycoprotein endo-α-mannosidase provides an alternative route for deglucosylation. Previous evidence suggests that endomannosidase non-selectively deglucosylates glycoproteins that escape quality control in the ER, facilitating secretion of aberrantly folded as well as normal glycoproteins. In the present study, we employed FOS (free oligosaccharides) released from degrading glycoproteins as biomarkers of ERAD (ER-associated degradation), allowing us to gain a global rather than single protein-centred view of ERAD. Glucosidase inhibition was used to discriminate between glucosidase- and endomannosidase-mediated ERAD pathways. Endomannosidase expression was manipulated in CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary)-K1 cells, naturally lacking a functional version of the enzyme, and HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293T cells. Endomannosidase was shown to decrease the levels of total FOS, suggesting decreased rates of ERAD. However, following pharmacological inhibition of ER glucosidases I and II, endomannosidase expression resulted in a partial switch between glucosylated FOS, released from ER-confined glycoproteins, to deglucosylated FOS, released from endomannosidase-processed glycoproteins transported from the Golgi/ERGIC (ER/Golgi intermediate compartment) to the ER. Using this approach, we have identified a previously unknown pathway of glycoprotein flow, undetectable by the commonly employed methods, in which secretory cargo is targeted back to the ER after being processed by endomannosidase.
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Pocanschi CL, Kozlov G, Brockmeier U, Brockmeier A, Williams DB, Gehring K. Structural and functional relationships between the lectin and arm domains of calreticulin. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27266-77. [PMID: 21652723 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.258467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin and calnexin are key components in maintaining the quality control of glycoprotein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum. Although their lectin function of binding monoglucosylated sugar moieties of glycoproteins is well documented, their chaperone activity in suppressing protein aggregation is less well understood. Here, we use a series of deletion mutants of calreticulin to demonstrate that its aggregation suppression function resides primarily within its lectin domain. Using hydrophobic peptides as substrate mimetics, we show that aggregation suppression is mediated through a single polypeptide binding site that exhibits a K(d) for peptides of 0.5-1 μM. This site is distinct from the oligosaccharide binding site and differs from previously identified sites of binding to thrombospondin and GABARAP (4-aminobutyrate type A receptor-associated protein). Although the arm domain of calreticulin was incapable of suppressing aggregation or binding hydrophobic peptides on its own, it did contribute to aggregation suppression in the context of the whole molecule. The high resolution x-ray crystal structure of calreticulin with a partially truncated arm domain reveals a marked difference in the relative orientations of the arm and lectin domains when compared with calnexin. Furthermore, a hydrophobic patch was detected on the arm domain that mediates crystal packing and may contribute to calreticulin chaperone function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin L Pocanschi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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43
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Stigliano ID, Alculumbre SG, Labriola CA, Parodi AJ, D'Alessio C. Glucosidase II and N-glycan mannose content regulate the half-lives of monoglucosylated species in vivo. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:1810-23. [PMID: 21471007 PMCID: PMC3103398 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-01-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A decrease in N-glycan mannose content significantly diminishes in vivo glucosidase II–mediated deglucosylation rates but does not affect in vivo UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase–mediated glucosylation, thus increasing the possibility of displaying monoglucosylated structures able to interact with calnexin/calreticulin for longer time periods. Glucosidase II (GII) sequentially removes the two innermost glucose residues from the glycan (Glc3Man9GlcNAc2) transferred to proteins. GII also participates in cycles involving the lectin/chaperones calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT) as it removes the single glucose unit added to folding intermediates and misfolded glycoproteins by the UDP-Glc:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGGT). GII is a heterodimer in which the α subunit (GIIα) bears the active site, and the β subunit (GIIβ) modulates GIIα activity through its C-terminal mannose 6-phosphate receptor homologous (MRH) domain. Here we report that, as already described in cell-free assays, in live Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells a decrease in the number of mannoses in the glycan results in decreased GII activity. Contrary to previously reported cell-free experiments, however, no such effect was observed in vivo for UGGT. We propose that endoplasmic reticulum α-mannosidase–mediated N-glycan demannosylation of misfolded/slow-folding glycoproteins may favor their interaction with the lectin/chaperone CNX present in S. pombe by prolonging the half-lives of the monoglucosylated glycans (S. pombe lacks CRT). Moreover, we show that even N-glycans bearing five mannoses may interact in vivo with the GIIβ MRH domain and that the N-terminal GIIβ G2B domain is involved in the GIIα–GIIβ interaction. Finally, we report that protists that transfer glycans with low mannose content to proteins have nevertheless conserved the possibility of displaying relatively long-lived monoglucosylated glycans by expressing GIIβ MRH domains with a higher specificity for glycans with high mannose content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan D Stigliano
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-CONICET, C1405BWE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Møllegaard KM, Duus K, Træholt SD, Thaysen-Andersen M, Liu Y, Palma AS, Feizi T, Hansen PR, Højrup P, Houen G. The interactions of calreticulin with immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin Y. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:889-99. [PMID: 21447409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin is a chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) assisting proteins in achieving the correctly folded structure. Details of the binding specificity of calreticulin are still a matter of debate. Calreticulin has been described as an oligosaccharide-binding chaperone but data are also accumulating in support of calreticulin as a polypeptide binding chaperone. In contrast to mammalian immunoglobulin G (IgG), which has complex type N-glycans, chicken immunoglobulin Y (IgY) possesses a monoglucosylated high mannose N-linked glycan, which is a ligand for calreticulin. Here, we have used solid and solution-phase assays to analyze the in vitro binding of calreticulin, purified from human placenta, to human IgG and chicken IgY in order to compare the interactions. In addition, peptides from the respective immunoglobulins were included to further probe the binding specificity of calreticulin. The experiments demonstrate the ability of calreticulin to bind to denatured forms of both IgG and IgY regardless of the glycosylation state of the proteins. Furthermore, calreticulin exhibits binding to peptides (glycosylated and non-glycosylated) derived from trypsin digestion of both immunoglobulins. Additionally, calreticulin peptide binding was examined with synthetic peptides covering the IgG Cγ2 domain demonstrating interaction with approximately half the peptides. Our results show that the dominant binding activity of calreticulin in vitro is toward the polypeptide moieties of IgG and IgY even in the presence of the monoglucosylated high mannose N-linked oligosaccharide on IgY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Mai Møllegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kozlov G, Pocanschi CL, Rosenauer A, Bastos-Aristizabal S, Gorelik A, Williams DB, Gehring K. Structural basis of carbohydrate recognition by calreticulin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:38612-20. [PMID: 20880849 PMCID: PMC2992293 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.168294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The calnexin cycle is a process by which glycosylated proteins are subjected to folding cycles in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen via binding to the membrane protein calnexin (CNX) or to its soluble homolog calreticulin (CRT). CNX and CRT specifically recognize monoglucosylated Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) glycans, but the structural determinants underlying this specificity are unknown. Here, we report a 1.95-Å crystal structure of the CRT lectin domain in complex with the tetrasaccharide α-Glc-(1→3)-α-Man-(1→2)-α-Man-(1→2)-Man. The tetrasaccharide binds to a long channel on CRT formed by a concave β-sheet. All four sugar moieties are engaged in the protein binding via an extensive network of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts. The structure explains the requirement for glucose at the nonreducing end of the carbohydrate; the oxygen O(2) of glucose perfectly fits to a pocket formed by CRT side chains while forming direct hydrogen bonds with the carbonyl of Gly(124) and the side chain of Lys(111). The structure also explains a requirement for the Cys(105)-Cys(137) disulfide bond in CRT/CNX for efficient carbohydrate binding. The Cys(105)-Cys(137) disulfide bond is involved in intimate contacts with the third and fourth sugar moieties of the Glc(1)Man(3) tetrasaccharide. Finally, the structure rationalizes previous mutagenesis of CRT and lays a structural groundwork for future studies of the role of CNX/CRT in diverse biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guennadi Kozlov
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Cosmin L. Pocanschi
- the Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Angelika Rosenauer
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Sara Bastos-Aristizabal
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Alexei Gorelik
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - David B. Williams
- the Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kalle Gehring
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada and
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Participation of lectin chaperones and thiol oxidoreductases in protein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 23:157-66. [PMID: 21094034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum occurs in conjunction with a complex array of molecular chaperones and folding catalysts that assist the folding process as well as function in quality control processes to monitor the outcome. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the calnexin/calreticulin chaperone system that is directed primarily toward Asn-linked glycoproteins, as well as the protein disulfide isomerase family of enzymes that catalyze disulfide formation, reduction, and isomerization. We highlight issues related to function and substrate specificity as well as the functional interplay between the two systems.
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Price JL, Shental-Bechor D, Dhar A, Turner MJ, Powers ET, Gruebele M, Levy Y, Kelly JW. Context-dependent effects of asparagine glycosylation on Pin WW folding kinetics and thermodynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:15359-67. [PMID: 20936810 PMCID: PMC2965790 DOI: 10.1021/ja106896t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine glycosylation is one of the most common and important post-translational modifications of proteins in eukaryotic cells. N-glycosylation occurs when a triantennary glycan precursor is transferred en bloc to a nascent polypeptide (harboring the N-X-T/S sequon) as the peptide is cotranslationally translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In addition to facilitating binding interactions with components of the ER proteostasis network, N-glycans can also have intrinsic effects on protein folding by directly altering the folding energy landscape. Previous work from our laboratories (Hanson et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 109, 3131-3136; Shental-Bechor, D.; Levy, Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105, 8256-8261) suggested that the three sugar residues closest to the protein are sufficient for accelerating protein folding and stabilizing the resulting structure in vitro; even a monosaccharide can have a dramatic effect. The highly conserved nature of these three proximal sugars in N-glycans led us to speculate that introducing an N-glycosylation site into a protein that is not normally glycosylated would stabilize the protein and increase its folding rate in a manner that does not depend on the presence of specific stabilizing protein-saccharide interactions. Here, we test this hypothesis experimentally and computationally by incorporating an N-linked GlcNAc residue at various positions within the Pin WW domain, a small β-sheet-rich protein. The results show that an increased folding rate and enhanced thermodynamic stability are not general, context-independent consequences of N-glycosylation. Comparison between computational predictions and experimental observations suggests that generic glycan-based excluded volume effects are responsible for the destabilizing effect of glycosylation at highly structured positions. However, this reasoning does not adequately explain the observed destabilizing effect of glycosylation within flexible loops. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that specific, evolved protein-glycan contacts must also play an important role in mediating the beneficial energetic effects on protein folding that glycosylation can confer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Price
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dalit Shental-Bechor
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 76100
| | - Apratim Dhar
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Maurice J. Turner
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Evan T. Powers
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Martin Gruebele
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Yaakov Levy
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 76100
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Zhu Y, Zhang W, Veerapen N, Besra G, Cresswell P. Calreticulin controls the rate of assembly of CD1d molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:38283-92. [PMID: 20861015 PMCID: PMC2992262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.170530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d is an MHC class I-like molecule comprised of a transmembrane glycoprotein (heavy chain) associated with β2-microglobulin (β2m) that presents lipid antigens to NKT cells. Initial folding of the heavy chain involves its glycan-dependent association with calreticulin (CRT), calnexin (CNX), and the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57, and is followed by assembly with β2m to form the heterodimer. Here we show that in CRT-deficient cells CD1d heavy chains convert to β2m-associated dimers at an accelerated rate, indicating faster folding of the heavy chain, while the rate of intracellular transport after assembly is unaffected. Unlike the situation with MHC class I molecules, antigen presentation by CD1d is not impaired in the absence of CRT. Instead, there are elevated levels of stable and functional CD1d on the surface of CRT-deficient cells. Association of the heavy chains with the ER chaperones Grp94 and Bip is observed in the absence of CRT, and these may replace CRT in mediating CD1d folding and assembly. ER retention of free CD1d heavy chains is impaired in CRT-deficient cells, allowing their escape and subsequent expression on the plasma membrane. However, these free heavy chains are rapidly internalized and degraded in lysosomes, indicating that β2m association is required for the exceptional resistance of CD1d to lysosomal degradation that is normally observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Zhu
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011, USA
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Hong C, Qiu X, Li Y, Huang Q, Zhong Z, Zhang Y, Liu X, Sun L, Lv P, Gao XM. Functional analysis of recombinant calreticulin fragment 39-272: implications for immunobiological activities of calreticulin in health and disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4561-9. [PMID: 20855873 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although calreticulin (CRT) is a major Ca(2+)-binding luminal resident protein, it can also appear on the surface of various types of cells and it functions as an immunopotentiating molecule. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the potent immunobiological activity of cell surface CRT are still unclear. In the present study, a recombinant fragment (rCRT/39-272) covering the lectin-like N domain and partial P domain of murine CRT has been expressed in Escherichia coli. The affinity-purified rCRT/39-272 assembles into homodimers and oligomers in solution and exhibits high binding affinity to various glycans, including carrageenan, alginic acids, and hyaluronic acids. Functionally, rCRT/39-272 is capable of driving the activation and maturation of B cells and cytokine production by macrophages in a TLR-4-dependent manner in vitro. It specifically binds recombinant mouse CD14, but not BAFFR and CD40. It is also able to trigger Ig class switching by B cells in the absence of T cell help both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, this fragment of CRT exhibits strong adjuvanticity when conjugated to polysaccharides or expressed as part of a fusion protein. Soluble CRT can be detected in the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, but not in healthy subjects. We argue that CRT, either on the membrane surface of cells or in soluble form, is a potent stimulatory molecule to B cells and macrophages via the TLR-4/CD14 pathway and plays important roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hong
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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50
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Wang W, Chen R, Luo K, Wu D, Huang L, Huang T, Xiao G. Calnexin inhibits thermal aggregation and neurotoxicity of prion protein. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:343-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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