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Lee J, Rho JH, Roehrl MH, Wang JY. Dermatan Sulfate Is a Potential Regulator of IgH via Interactions With Pre-BCR, GTF2I, and BiP ER Complex in Pre-B Lymphoblasts. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680212. [PMID: 34113352 PMCID: PMC8185350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS) and autoantigen (autoAg) complexes are capable of stimulating autoreactive CD5+ B1 cells. We examined the activity of DS on CD5+ pre-B lymphoblast NFS-25 cells. CD19, CD5, CD72, PI3K, and Fas possess varying degrees of DS affinity. The three pre-BCR components, Ig heavy chain mu (IgH), VpreB, and lambda 5, display differential DS affinities, with IgH having the strongest affinity. DS attaches to NFS-25 cells, gradually accumulates in the ER, and eventually localizes to the nucleus. DS and IgH co-localize on the cell surface and in the ER. DS associates strongly with 17 ER proteins (e.g., BiP/Grp78, Grp94, Hsp90ab1, Ganab, Vcp, Canx, Kpnb1, Prkcsh, Pdia3), which points to an IgH-associated multiprotein complex in the ER. In addition, DS interacts with nuclear proteins (Ncl, Xrcc6, Prmt5, Eftud2, Supt16h) and Lck. We also discovered that DS binds GTF2I, a required gene transcription factor at the IgH locus. These findings support DS as a potential regulator of IgH in pre-B cells at protein and gene levels. We propose a (DS•autoAg)-autoBCR dual signal model in which an autoBCR is engaged by both autoAg and DS, and, once internalized, DS recruits a cascade of molecules that may help avert apoptosis and steer autoreactive B cell fate. Through its affinity with autoAgs and its control of IgH, DS emerges as a potential key player in the development of autoreactive B cells and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jung-hyun Rho
- MP Biomedicals New Zealand Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael H. Roehrl
- Department of Pathology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Choi J, Phelan JD, Wright GW, Häupl B, Huang DW, Shaffer AL, Young RM, Wang Z, Zhao H, Yu X, Oellerich T, Staudt LM. Regulation of B cell receptor-dependent NF-κB signaling by the tumor suppressor KLHL14. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6092-6102. [PMID: 32127472 PMCID: PMC7084139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921187117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The KLHL14 gene acquires frequent inactivating mutations in mature B cell malignancies, especially in the MYD88L265P, CD79B mutant (MCD) genetic subtype of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which relies on B cell receptor (BCR) signaling for survival. However, the pathogenic role of KLHL14 in DLBCL and its molecular function are largely unknown. Here, we report that KLHL14 is in close proximity to the BCR in the endoplasmic reticulum of MCD cell line models and promotes the turnover of immature glycoforms of BCR subunits, reducing total cellular BCR levels. Loss of KLHL14 confers relative resistance to the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib and promotes assembly of the MYD88-TLR9-BCR (My-T-BCR) supercomplex, which initiates prosurvival NF-κB activation. Consequently, KLHL14 inactivation allows MCD cells to maintain NF-κB signaling in the presence of ibrutinib. These findings reinforce the central role of My-T-BCR-dependent NF-κB signaling in MCD DLBCL and suggest that the genetic status of KLHL14 should be considered in clinical trials testing inhibitors of BTK and BCR signaling mediators in DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- CD79 Antigens/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Piperidines
- Proteolysis
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Choi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James D Phelan
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - George W Wright
- Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Björn Häupl
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium/German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Translational Proteomics, Frankfurt Cancer Institute, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Da Wei Huang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Arthur L Shaffer
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ryan M Young
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hong Zhao
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xin Yu
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas Oellerich
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium/German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Translational Proteomics, Frankfurt Cancer Institute, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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3
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Yang Y, Kong S, Zhang Y, Melo-Cardenas J, Gao B, Zhang Y, Zhang DD, Zhang B, Song J, Thorp E, Zhang K, Zhang J, Fang D. The endoplasmic reticulum-resident E3 ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 controls a critical checkpoint in B cell development in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12934-12944. [PMID: 29907570 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity involves multiple checkpoints that occur in B cell development, maturation, and activation. The pre-B-cell receptor (pre-BCR) is expressed following the productive recombination of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene, and sSignalsing through the pre-BCR are required for the differentiation of pre-B cells into immature B cells. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling the pre-BCR expression and signaling strength remain undefined. Herein, we probed the role of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated, stress-activated E3 ubiquitin ligase HMG-CoA reductase degradation 1 (Hrd1) in B cell differentiation. Using mice with a specific Hrd1 deletion in pro-B cells and subsequent B cell developmental stages, we showed that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 governs a critical checkpoint during B cell development. We observed that Hrd1 is required for degradation of the pre-BCR complex during the early stage of B cell development. As a consequence, loss of Hrd1 in the B cell lineage resulted in increased pre-BCR expression levels and a developmental defect in the transition from large to small pre-B cells. This defect, in turn, resulted in reduced fewer mature B cells in bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid organs. Our results revealed a novel critical role of Hrd1 in controlling a critical checkpoint in B cell-mediated immunity and suggest that Hrd1 may functioning as an E3 ubiquitin ligase of the pre-BCR complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Sinyi Kong
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Yana Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery of Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Johanna Melo-Cardenas
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Beixue Gao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Yusi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 16801
| | - Edward Thorp
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China.
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611.
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4
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Vanshylla K, Opazo F, Gronke K, Wienands J, Engels N. The extracellular membrane-proximal domain of membrane-bound IgE restricts B cell activation by limiting B cell antigen receptor surface expression. Eur J Immunol 2017; 48:441-453. [PMID: 29150831 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies are key mediators of allergic reactions. Due to their potentially harmful anaphylactic properties, their production is tightly regulated. The membrane-bound isoform of IgE (mIgE), which is an integral component of the B cell antigen receptor, has been shown to be critical for the regulation of IgE responses in mice. In primate species including humans, mIgE can be expressed in two isoforms that are produced by alternative splicing of the primary ε Ig heavy chain transcript, and differ in the absence or presence of an extracellular membrane-proximal domain (EMPD) consisting of 52 amino acids. However, the function of the EMPD remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the EMPD restricts surface expression of mIgE-containing BCRs in human and murine B cells. The EMPD does not interfere with BCR assembly but acts as an autonomous endoplasmic reticulum retention domain. Limited surface expression of EMPD-containing mIgE-BCRs caused impaired activation of intracellular signaling cascades and hence represents a regulatory mechanism that may control the production of potentially anaphylactic IgE antibodies in primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Vanshylla
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, Unversity Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felipe Opazo
- Institute of Neuro- & Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konrad Gronke
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, Unversity Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, Unversity Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Engels
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, Unversity Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Ji Y, Kim H, Yang L, Sha H, Roman CA, Long Q, Qi L. The Sel1L-Hrd1 Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation Complex Manages a Key Checkpoint in B Cell Development. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2630-2640. [PMID: 27568564 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) is a principal mechanism that targets ER-associated proteins for cytosolic proteasomal degradation. Here, our data demonstrate a critical role for the Sel1L-Hrd1 complex, the most conserved branch of ERAD, in early B cell development. Loss of Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD in B cell precursors leads to a severe developmental block at the transition from large to small pre-B cells. Mechanistically, we show that Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD selectively recognizes and targets the pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) for proteasomal degradation in a BiP-dependent manner. The pre-BCR complex accumulates both intracellularly and at the cell surface in Sel1L-deficient pre-B cells, leading to persistent pre-BCR signaling and pre-B cell proliferation. This study thus implicates ERAD mediated by Sel1L-Hrd1 as a key regulator of B cell development and reveals the molecular mechanism underpinning the transient nature of pre-BCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewei Ji
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hana Kim
- Graduate Field of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Haibo Sha
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christopher A Roman
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, The School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center at Brooklyn, New York, NY 11203, USA
| | - Qiaoming Long
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Qi
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Graduate Field of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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6
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Rosenbaum M, Andreani V, Kapoor T, Herp S, Flach H, Duchniewicz M, Grosschedl R. MZB1 is a GRP94 cochaperone that enables proper immunoglobulin heavy chain biosynthesis upon ER stress. Genes Dev 2014; 28:1165-78. [PMID: 24888588 PMCID: PMC4052763 DOI: 10.1101/gad.240762.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
MZB1 (pERp1) is a B-cell-specific and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein implicated in antibody secretion and integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Rosenbaum et al. discovered that MZB1 deletion impairs humoral immune responses and antibody secretion in plasma cells that naturally undergo ER stress. Experimental induction of ER stress in mice results in a block of pro-B-cell to pre-B-cell differentiation in Mzb1 knockout mice. MZB1 associates directly with GRP94 and is required for the interaction of GRP94 with immunoglobulin µ heavy chains upon ER stress. MZB1 (pERp1) is a B-cell-specific and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein implicated in antibody secretion and integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Here, we examine the role of MZB1 in vivo by conditional gene inactivation in the mouse germline and at different stages of B lymphopoiesis. Deletion of MZB1 impairs humoral immune responses and antibody secretion in plasma cells that naturally undergo ER stress. In addition, we found that experimental induction of ER stress by tunicamycin injections in mice results in a block of pro-B-cell to pre-B-cell differentiation specifically in Mzb1−/− mice. A similar developmental block was observed in Mzb1fl/flmb1Cre mice, whereby a Cre recombinase-induced genotoxic stress unmasks a role for MZB1 in the surface expression of immunoglobulin µ heavy chains (µHCs). MZB1 associates directly with the substrate-specific chaperone GRP94 (also called HSP90B1 or gp96) in an ATP-sensitive manner and is required for the interaction of GRP94 with µHCs upon ER stress. Thus, MZB1 seems to act as a substrate-specific cochaperone of GRP94 that enables proper biosynthesis of µHCs under conditions of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Rosenbaum
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Virginia Andreani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Tanya Kapoor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Simone Herp
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Henrik Flach
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Marlena Duchniewicz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Rudolf Grosschedl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
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7
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A novel mechanism for the autonomous termination of pre-B cell receptor expression via induction of lysosome-associated protein transmembrane 5. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4462-71. [PMID: 22949502 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00531-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of the pre-B cell receptor (BCR) is confined to the early stage of B cell development, and its dysregulation is associated with anomalies of B-lineage cells, including leukemogenesis. Previous studies suggested that the pre-BCR signal might trigger the autonomous termination of pre-BCR expression even before the silencing of pre-BCR gene expression to prevent sustained pre-BCR expression. However, the underlying mechanism remains ill defined. Here we demonstrate that the pre-BCR signal induces the expression of lysosome-associated protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5), which leads to the prompt downmodulation of the pre-BCR. While LAPTM5 induction had no significant impact on the internalization of cell surface pre-BCR, it elicited the translocation of a large pool of intracellular pre-BCR from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lysosomal compartment concomitantly with a drastic reduction of the level of intracellular pre-BCR proteins. This reduction was inhibited by lysosomal inhibitors, indicating the lysosomal degradation of the pre-BCR. Notably, the LAPTM5 deficiency in pre-B cells led to the augmented expression level of surface pre-BCR. Collectively, the pre-BCR induces the prompt downmodulation of its own expression through the induction of LAPTM5, which promotes the lysosomal transport and degradation of the intracellular pre-BCR pool and, hence, limits the supply of pre-BCR to the cell surface.
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8
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All oligosaccharide moieties of the μ chains in the pre-BCR are of the high-mannose type. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:351-5. [PMID: 20801511 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that pre-BCR signaling governs proliferation and differentiation during B cell development, the components of the pre-BCR that are important for signaling are a matter of controversy. It has been suggested that signaling by the μ heavy chains of the pre-BCR induces survival and differentiation of pre-B cells, while the λ5 part of the pre-BCR is essential for proliferation and clonal expansion. However, the mechanism by which pre-BCR μ chains initiate differentiation signals is not clear. Using two variants of a murine B-lymphocyte cell line that differ only in surface expression of either BCR or pre-BCR, we demonstrated that surface μ chains in the pre-BCR are of the high-mannose type only, while those in the BCR are of the complex type. It is hypothesized that mannose-specific lectin-like molecules on accessory cells or in solution may function as the non-antigen ligand that triggers the pre-BCR.
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9
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Karnowski A, Cao C, Matthias G, Carotta S, Corcoran LM, Martensson IL, Skok JA, Matthias P. Silencing and nuclear repositioning of the lambda5 gene locus at the pre-B cell stage requires Aiolos and OBF-1. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3568. [PMID: 18974788 PMCID: PMC2571989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin regulator Aiolos and the transcriptional coactivator OBF-1 have been implicated in regulating aspects of B cell maturation and activation. Mice lacking either of these factors have a largely normal early B cell development. However, when both factors are eliminated simultaneously a block is uncovered at the transition between pre-B and immature B cells, indicating that these proteins exert a critical function in developing B lymphocytes. In mice deficient for Aiolos and OBF-1, the numbers of immature B cells are reduced, small pre-BII cells are increased and a significant impairment in immunoglobulin light chain DNA rearrangement is observed. We identified genes whose expression is deregulated in the pre-B cell compartment of these mice. In particular, we found that components of the pre-BCR, such as the surrogate light chain genes λ5 and VpreB, fail to be efficiently silenced in double-mutant mice. Strikingly, developmentally regulated nuclear repositioning of the λ5 gene is impaired in pre-B cells lacking OBF-1 and Aiolos. These studies uncover a novel role for OBF-1 and Aiolos in controlling the transcription and nuclear organization of genes involved in pre-BCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Karnowski
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chun Cao
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Matthias
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Carotta
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynn M. Corcoran
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Inga-Lill Martensson
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A. Skok
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Patrick Matthias
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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10
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Dobbs AK, Yang T, Farmer D, Kager L, Parolini O, Conley ME. Cutting edge: a hypomorphic mutation in Igbeta (CD79b) in a patient with immunodeficiency and a leaky defect in B cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2055-9. [PMID: 17675462 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although null mutations in Igalpha have been identified in patients with defects in B cell development, no mutations in Igbeta have been reported. We recently identified a patient with a homozygous amino acid substitution in Igbeta, a glycine to serine at codon 137, adjacent to the cysteine required for the disulfide bond between Igalpha and Igbeta. This patient has a small percentage of surface IgM(dim) B cells in the peripheral circulation (0.08% compared with 5-20% in healthy controls). Using expression vectors in 293T cells or Jurkat T cells, we show that the mutant Igbeta can form disulfide-linked complexes and bring the mu H chain to the cell surface as part of the BCR but is inefficient at both tasks. The results show that minor changes in the ability of the Igalpha/Igbeta complex to bring the BCR to the cell surface have profound effects on B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kerry Dobbs
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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11
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Wang H, Clarke SH. Association of the pre-B cell receptor (BCR) expression level with the quality of pre-BII cell differentiation reveals hierarchical pre-BCR function. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:1765-74. [PMID: 17007932 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.07.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of a pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) is required for allelic exclusion and pre-BII cell differentiation. V(H)12 microH chains are unusual in that they form pre-BCRs and mediate allelic exclusion, but most cannot drive pre-BII cell differentiation. To explain this paradox, we examined pre-BCR functions and pre-BII cell differentiation in mice expressing microH chain transgenes encoding a B cell-permissible V(H)12 microH chain (designated 10/G4(6-1)), and a non-permissible V(H)12 microH chain (designated 8/G0). Compared with 10/G4 pre-BCRs, 8/G0 pre-BCRs are expressed at low levels on the cell surface. 8/G0 pre-BCRs mediate allelic exclusion, but 8/G0 pre-BII cells are defective in proliferation and expression of survival factors Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L) and hemokinin 1 (HK1). Increasing 8/G0 microH chain production restores HK1 transcription and improves proliferation of pre-BII cells as well as later stage B cell development. These data reveal a hierarchy of pre-BCR function that determines the development and plasticity of early B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Wang
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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12
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Vettermann C, Herrmann K, Jäck HM. Powered by pairing: The surrogate light chain amplifies immunoglobulin heavy chain signaling and pre-selects the antibody repertoire. Semin Immunol 2006; 18:44-55. [PMID: 16464608 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Selective expansion of functional pre-B cells is accomplished by the assembly of a signaling-competent pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) consisting of immunoglobulin mu heavy chains (muHC), surrogate light chains (SLC) and Igalpha/Igbeta. Here, we review recent data showing that muHCs, in the absence of SLC, deliver autonomous differentiation signals. However, enhanced signaling necessary for pre-B cell expansion requires cross-linking of pre-BCRs via the non-immunoglobulin tail of SLC's subunit lambda5. We also discuss how SLC's ability to modulate the strength of pre-BCR signals is controlled by a muHC's idiotype and its affinity to the chaperone BiP. In this model, BiP in concert with SLC functions as a pre-selector of the antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vettermann
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Galler GR, Mundt C, Parker M, Pelanda R, Mårtensson IL, Winkler TH. Surface mu heavy chain signals down-regulation of the V(D)J-recombinase machinery in the absence of surrogate light chain components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:1523-32. [PMID: 15173209 PMCID: PMC2211789 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20031523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Early B cell development is characterized by stepwise, ordered rearrangement of the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (HC) and light (LC) chain genes. Only one of the two alleles of these genes is used to produce a receptor, a phenomenon referred to as allelic exclusion. It has been suggested that pre–B cell receptor (pre-BCR) signals are responsible for down-regulation of the VDJH-recombinase machinery (Rag1, Rag2, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase [TdT]), thereby preventing further rearrangement on the second HC allele. Using a mouse model, we show that expression of an inducible μHC transgene in Rag2−/− pro–B cells induces down-regulation of the following: (a) TdT protein, (b) a transgenic green fluorescent protein reporter reflecting endogenous Rag2 expression, and (c) Rag1 primary transcripts. Similar effects were also observed in the absence of surrogate LC (SLC) components, but not in the absence of the signaling subunit Ig-α. Furthermore, in wild-type mice and in mice lacking either λ5, VpreB1/2, or the entire SLC, the TdT protein is down-regulated in μHC+LC− pre–B cells. Surprisingly, μHC without LC is expressed on the surface of pro–/pre–B cells from λ5−/−, VpreB1−/−VpreB2−/−, and SLC−/− mice. Thus, SLC or LC is not required for μHC cell surface expression and signaling in these cells. Therefore, these findings offer an explanation for the occurrence of HC allelic exclusion in mice lacking SLC components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther R Galler
- Hematopoiesis Unit, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Glueckstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Rosnet O, Blanco-Betancourt C, Grivel K, Richter K, Schiff C. Binding of Free Immunoglobulin Light Chains to VpreB3 Inhibits Their Maturation and Secretion in Chicken B Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:10228-36. [PMID: 14670953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312169-a200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The VpreB3 gene product was first characterized as an immunoglobulin (Ig) mu heavy chain-binding protein in mouse precursor B (pre-B) cells. Although its function is unknown, it has been proposed to participate in the assembly and transport of the pre-B cell receptor. We have identified a VpreB3 orthologous gene in chicken that is located close to the immunoglobulin light chain (LC) gene cluster and specifically expressed in the bursa of Fabricius. By overexpressing VpreB3 in the DT40 IgM(+) immature chicken B cell line, we have characterized VpreB3 as an endoplasmic reticulum-resident glycoprotein that binds preferentially to free IgLC. However, binding to IgHC is observed in IgLC-deficient DT40 cells. Interaction of VpreB3 with free IgLC is partly covalent and induces retention of free IgLC in the endoplasmic reticulum, preventing their secretion without affecting IgM surface expression. Our results demonstrate that this evolutionarily conserved molecule may play a role in the regulation of the maturation and secretion of free IgLC in B cells. We discuss possible implications in the regulation of the immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chickens
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Flow Cytometry
- Glycoside Hydrolases/pharmacology
- Golgi Apparatus
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin M/chemistry
- Kinetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Pre-B Cell Receptors
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Time Factors
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Rosnet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-Université de la Méditeranée, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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15
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Mielenz D, Ruschel A, Vettermann C, Jäck HM. Immunoglobulin mu heavy chains do not mediate tyrosine phosphorylation of Ig alpha from the ER-cis-Golgi. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:3091-101. [PMID: 12960335 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Signals delivered by Ig receptors guide the development of functional B lymphocytes. For example, clonal expansion of early mu heavy chain ( mu HC)-positive pre-B cells requires the assembly of a signal-competent pre-B cell receptor complex (pre-BCR) consisting of a mu HC, a surrogate L chain, and the signal dimer Ig alpha beta. However, only a small fraction of the pre-BCR is transported to the cell surface, suggesting that pre-BCR signaling initiates already from an intracellular compartment, e.g., the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The finding that differentiation of pre-B cells and allelic exclusion at the IgH locus take place in surrogate L chain-deficient mice further supports the presence of a mu HC-mediated intracellular signal pathway. To determine whether a signal-competent Ig complex can already be assembled in the ER, we analyzed the consequence of pervanadate on tyrosine phosphorylation of Ig alpha in J558L plasmacytoma and 38B9 pre-B cells transfected with either a transport-competent IgL chain-pairing or an ER-retained nonpairing micro HC. Flow cytometry, combined Western blot-immunoprecipitation-kinase assays, and confocal microscopy revealed that both the nonpairing and pairing mu HC assembled with the Ig alpha beta dimer; however, in contrast to a pairing mu HC, the nonpairing mu HC was retained in the ER-cis-Golgi compartment, and neither colocalized with the src kinase lyn nor induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Ig alpha after pervanadate treatment of cells. On the basis of these findings, we propose that a signal-competent Ig complex consisting of mu HC, Ig alpha beta, and associated kinases is assembled in a post-ER compartment, thereby supporting the idea that a pre-BCR must be transported to the cell surface to initiate pre-BCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Bradl H, Wittmann J, Milius D, Vettermann C, Jäck HM. Interaction of murine precursor B cell receptor with stroma cells is controlled by the unique tail of lambda 5 and stroma cell-associated heparan sulfate. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:2338-48. [PMID: 12928380 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.5.2338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficient clonal expansion of early precursor B (pre-B) cells requires signals delivered by an Ig-like integral membrane complex, the so-called pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR). A pre-BCR consists of two membrane micro H chains, two covalently associated surrogate L chains, and the heterodimeric signaling transducer Igalphabeta. In contrast to a conventional Ig L chain, the surrogate L chain is a heterodimer composed of the invariant polypeptides VpreB and lambda5. Although it is still unclear how pre-BCR signals are initiated, two recent findings support a ligand-dependent initiation of pre-BCR signals: 1) a pre-BCR/galectin-1 interaction is required to induce phosphorylation of Igalphabeta in a human precursor B line, and 2) soluble murine as well as human pre-BCR molecules bind to stroma and other adherent cells. In this study, we show that efficient binding of a soluble murine pre-BCR to stroma cells requires the non-Ig-like unique tail of lambda5. Surprisingly however, a murine pre-BCR, in contrast to its human counterpart, does not interact with galectin-1, as revealed by lactose blocking, RNA interference, and immunoprecipitation assays. Finally, the binding of a murine pre-BCR to stroma cells can be blocked either with heparin or by pretreatment of stroma cells with heparitinase or a sulfation inhibitor. Hence, efficient binding of a murine pre-BCR to stroma cells requires the unique tail of lambda5 and stroma cell-associated heparan sulfate. These findings not only identified heparan sulfate as potential pre-BCR ligands, but will also facilitate the development of appropriate animal models to determine whether a pre-BCR/heparan sulfate interaction is involved in early B cell maturation.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Baculoviridae/genetics
- Binding Sites, Antibody/drug effects
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- Cell Line
- Galectin 1/metabolism
- Genetic Vectors
- HeLa Cells
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Heparin/pharmacology
- Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism
- Heparitin Sulfate/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Constant Regions/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains, Surrogate
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/physiology
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/physiology
- Ligands
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Solubility
- Spodoptera
- Stromal Cells/drug effects
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Bradl
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstrasse 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Elkabetz Y, Kerem A, Tencer L, Winitz D, Kopito RR, Bar-Nun S. Immunoglobulin light chains dictate vesicular transport-dependent and -independent routes for IgM degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:18922-9. [PMID: 12754269 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208730200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of IgM mu heavy chains in light chain-negative pre-B cells is independent of vesicular transport, as is evident by its insensitivity to brefeldin A or cell permeabilization. Conversely, by the same criteria, degradation of the secretory mu heavy chain in light chain-expressing B cells depends on vesicular transport. To investigate whether the presence of conventional light chains or the developmental stage of the B-lymphocytes dictates the degradative route taken by mu, we express in 70Z/3 pre-B cells either lambda ectopically or kappa by lipopolysaccharides-stimulated differentiation into B cells and show their assembly with mu heavy chains. The resulting sensitivity of mu degradation to brefeldin A and cell permeabilization demonstrates that conventional light chains, a hallmark of B cell differentiation, are necessary and sufficient to divert mu from a vesicular transport-independent to a vesicular transport-dependent degradative route. Although both routes converge at the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway, only in light chain-expressing cells is vesicular transport a prerequisite for mu ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yechiel Elkabetz
- Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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18
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Burrows PD, Stephan RP, Wang YH, Lassoued K, Zhang Z, Cooper MD. The transient expression of pre-B cell receptors governs B cell development. Semin Immunol 2002; 14:343-9. [PMID: 12220935 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-5323(02)00067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Only a subpopulation of relatively large pre-B cells express pre-B cell receptors (preBCR) that can be seen with very sensitive immunofluorescence methods. Inefficient assembly of the multicomponent preBCR coupled with their ligand-induced endocytosis may account for the remarkably low in vivo levels of preBCR expression. Signaling initiated via the preBCR promotes cellular proliferation and RAG-1 and RAG-2 downregulation to interrupt the immunoglobulin V(D)J gene rearrangement process. Silencing of the surrogate light chain genes, VpreB and lambda5, then terminates preBCR expression to permit cell cycle exit, recombinase gene upregulation, and VJ(L) rearrangement by small pre-B cells destined to become B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Burrows
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 378, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
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19
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Carrasco YR, Navarro MN, de Yébenes VG, Ramiro AR, Toribio ML. Regulation of surface expression of the human pre-T cell receptor complex. Semin Immunol 2002; 14:325-34. [PMID: 12220933 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-5323(02)00065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has recently been made in defining the role that pre-antigen receptor complexes, namely the pre-T and pre-B cell receptors, play in lymphocyte development. It is now established that these receptors direct, in a similar way, the survival, expansion, clonality and further differentiation of pre-T and pre-B lymphocytes, respectively. However, less is known about the mechanisms which ensure that only minute amounts of pre-TCR and pre-BCR reach the plasma membrane of developing lymphocytes. In this review, we discuss the implications of recent experimental approaches which address the developmental regulation of human pre-TCR expression and the molecular mechanisms that control surface pre-TCR expression levels.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/immunology
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda R Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Abstract
Surrogate light chain expression during B lineage differentiation was examined by using indicator fluorochrome-filled liposomes in an enhanced immunofluorescence assay. Pro-B cells bearing surrogate light chain components were found in mice, but not in humans. A limited subpopulation of relatively large pre-B cells in both species expressed pre-B cell receptors. These cells had reduced expression of the recombinase activating genes, RAG-1 and RAG-2. Their receptor-negative pre-B cell progeny were relatively small, expressed RAG-1 and RAG-2, and exhibited selective down-regulation of VpreB and λ5expression. Comparative analysis of the 2 pre-B cell subpopulations indicated that loss of the pre-B cell receptors from surrogate light chain gene silencing was linked with exit from the cell cycle and light chain gene rearrangement to achieve B-cell differentiation.
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21
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Gibbons D, Douglas NC, Barber DF, Liu Q, Sullo R, Geng L, Fehling HJ, von Boehmer H, Hayday AC. The biological activity of natural and mutant pTalpha alleles. J Exp Med 2001; 194:695-703. [PMID: 11535637 PMCID: PMC2195948 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.5.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
beta selection is a major checkpoint in early thymocyte differentiation, mediated by successful expression of the pre-T cell receptor (TCR) comprising the TCRbeta chain, CD3 proteins, and a surrogate TCRalpha chain, pTalpha. The mechanism of action of the pre-TCR is unresolved. In humans and mice, the pTalpha gene encodes two RNAs, pTalpha(a), and a substantially truncated form, pTalpha(b). This study shows that both are biologically active in their capacity to rescue multiple thymocyte defects in pTalpha(-/-) mice. Further active alleles of pTalpha include one that lacks both the major ectodomain and much of the long cytoplasmic tail (which is unique among antigen receptor chains), and another in which the cytoplasmic tail is substituted with the short tail of TCR Calpha. Thus, very little of the pTalpha chain is required for function. These data support a hypothesis that the primary role of pTalpha is to stabilize the pre-TCR, and that much of the conserved structure of pTalpha probably plays a critical regulatory role.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- DNA Primers
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis
- Phenotype
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Sequence Deletion
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Gibbons
- Guy's King's St. Thomas' Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Nataki C. Douglas
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Domingo F. Barber
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Qiang Liu
- Guy's King's St. Thomas' Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Renee Sullo
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Liping Geng
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Hans-Joerg Fehling
- Department of Immunology, Medical Faculty/University Clinics Ulm, D-89070 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Guy's King's St. Thomas' Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT 06520
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22
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Carrasco YR, Ramiro AR, Trigueros C, de Yébenes VG, García-Peydró M, Toribio ML. An endoplasmic reticulum retention function for the cytoplasmic tail of the human pre-T cell receptor (TCR) alpha chain: potential role in the regulation of cell surface pre-TCR expression levels. J Exp Med 2001; 193:1045-58. [PMID: 11342589 PMCID: PMC2193431 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.9.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre-T cell receptor (TCR), which consists of a TCR-beta chain paired with pre-TCR-alpha (pTalpha) and associated with CD3/zeta components, is a critical regulator of T cell development. For unknown reasons, extremely low pre-TCR levels reach the plasma membrane of pre-T cells. By transfecting chimeric TCR-alpha-pTalpha proteins into pre-T and mature T cell lines, we show here that the low surface expression of the human pre-TCR is pTalpha chain dependent. Particularly, the cytoplasmic domain of pTalpha is sufficient to reduce surface expression of a conventional TCR-alpha/beta to pre-TCR expression levels. Such reduced expression cannot be attributed to qualitative differences in the biochemical composition of the CD3/zeta modules associated with pre-TCR and TCR surface complexes. Rather, evidence is provided that the pTalpha cytoplasmic tail also causes a reduced surface expression of individual membrane molecules such as CD25 and CD4, which are shown to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Native pTalpha is also observed to be predominantly ER localized. Finally, sequential truncations along the pTalpha cytoplasmic domain revealed that removal of the COOH-terminal 48 residues is sufficient to release a CD4-pTalpha chimera from ER retention, and to restore native CD4 surface expression levels. As such a truncation in pTalpha also correlates with enhanced pre-TCR expression, the observed pTalpha ER retention function may contribute to the regulation of surface pre-TCR expression on pre-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda R. Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena R. Ramiro
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - César Trigueros
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia G. de Yébenes
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina García-Peydró
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L. Toribio
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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23
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24
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Guo B, Kato RM, Garcia-Lloret M, Wahl MI, Rawlings DJ. Engagement of the human pre-B cell receptor generates a lipid raft-dependent calcium signaling complex. Immunity 2000; 13:243-53. [PMID: 10981967 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) expression is critical for B lineage development. The signaling events initiated by the pre-BCR, however, remain poorly defined. We demonstrate that lipid rafts are the major functional compartment for human pre-B cell activation. A fraction of pre-BCR was constitutively raft associated, and receptor engagement enhanced this association. These events promoted Lyn activation and Igbeta phosphorylation and led to the generation of a raft-associated signaling module composed of tyrosine phosphorylated Lyn, Syk, BLNK, PI3K, Btk, VAV, and PLCgamma2. Formation of this module was essential for pre-BCR calcium signaling. Together, these observations directly link the previously identified genetic requirement for the components of this module in B lineage development with theirfunctional role(s) in human preBCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Guo
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
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25
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Ho SC, Chaudhuri S, Bachhawat A, McDonald K, Pillai S. Accelerated proteasomal degradation of membrane Ig heavy chains. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:4713-9. [PMID: 10779777 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.9.4713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Membrane IgG H chains turn over considerably more rapidly than secretory Ig H chains in the 18-81 A2 pre-B cell line. This rapid degradation occurs in proteasomes. N-Glycosylated membrane Ig H chains accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum in the presence of proteasomal inhibitors, suggesting that retrotranslocation and proteasomal degradation of membrane Ig H chains may be closely coupled processes. Accelerated proteasomal degradation of membrane Ig H chains was also observed in transfected nonlymphoid cells. At steady state, the membrane form of the H chain associates more readily with Bip and calnexin than its secretory counterpart. The preferential recognition of membrane, as opposed to secretory, Ig H chains by some endoplasmic reticulum chaperones, may provide an explanation for the accelerated proteasomal degradation of the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Ho
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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26
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Benlagha K, Guglielmi P, Cooper MD, Lassoued K. Modifications of Igalpha and Igbeta expression as a function of B lineage differentiation. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:19389-96. [PMID: 10383452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.27.19389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of the mb1 and B29 genes is initiated when lymphoid progenitors enter the B cell differentiation pathway, and their transmembrane Igalpha and Igbeta products constitute essential signaling components of pre-B and B cell antigen receptors. We analyzed Igalpha/Igbeta biosynthesis, heterogeneity, and molecular interactions as a function of human B lineage differentiation in cell lines representative of the pro-B, pre-B, and B cell stages. All B lineage representatives produced a 36-kDa Igbeta form and three principal Igalpha forms, transient 33/40-kDa species and a mature 44-kDa glycoprotein. Deglycosylation revealed a major Igalpha core protein of 25 kDa and a minor 21-kDa Igalpha protein, apparently the product of an alternatively spliced mRNA. In pro-B cells, the Igalpha and Igbeta molecules existed primarily in separate unassembled pools, exhibited an immature glycosylation pattern, did not associate with surrogate light chain proteins, and were retained intracellularly. Their unanticipated association with the Lyn protein-tyrosine kinase nevertheless suggests functional potential for the Igalpha/Igbeta molecules in pro-B cells. Greater heterogeneity of the Igalpha and Igbeta molecules in pre-B and B cell lines was attributable to increased glycosylation complexity. Finally, the Igalpha/Igbeta heterodimers associated with fully assembled IgM molecules as a terminal event in B cell receptor assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Benlagha
- Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie, Institut d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75475 Paris Cédex 10, France
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27
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Massaad MJ, Franzusoff A, Herscovics A. The processing alpha1,2-mannosidase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on Rer1p for its localization in the endoplasmic reticulum. Eur J Cell Biol 1999; 78:435-40. [PMID: 10472796 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-9335(99)80070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast alpha1,2-mannosidase Mns1p is involved in N-linked oligosaccharide processing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by converting Man9GlcNAc2 to a single isomer of Man8GlcNAc2. alpha1,2-Mannosidase is a 63 kDa type II resident membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum that has none of the known endoplasmic reticulum localization signals (HDEL/KDEL, KKXX, or RRXX). Using antibodies against recombinant alpha1,2-mannosidase, indirect immunofluorescence showed that alpha1,2-mannosidase localization is abnormal in rer1 cells and that the alpha1,2-mannosidase localizes in the vacuoles of rer1/deltapep4 cells whereas in wild-type and deltapep4 cells it is found in the endoplasmic reticulum. 35S-labeled cell extracts were subjected to double immunoprecipitation, first with antibodies to alpha1,2-mannosidase, then with either alpha1,2-mannosidase antibodies or antibodies to alpha1,6-mannose residues added in the Golgi. The labeled proteins were examined by autoradiography after sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A significant proportion of the labeled alpha1,2-mannosidase was immunoprecipitated by alpha1,6-mannose antibodies in wild-type, deltapep4 and rer1/deltapep4 cells with endogenous levels of alpha1,2-mannosidase, and in wild-type, deltapep4, rer1 and rer1/deltapep4 cells overexpressing alpha1,2-mannosidase. The alpha1,2-mannosidase of rer1/deltapep4 cells had a slower mobility on the gels than alpha1,2-mannosidase precipitated from wild-type or deltapep4 cells, indicating increased glycosylation due to transport through the Golgi to the vacuoles. It is concluded that the endoplasmic reticulum localization of alpha1,2-mannosidase in wild-type cells depends on Rer1p for retrieval from an early Golgi compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Massaad
- McGill Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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28
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Wang YH, Nomura J, Faye-Petersen OM, Cooper MD. Surrogate Light Chain Production During B Cell Differentiation: Differential Intracellular Versus Cell Surface Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.3.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Expression of the surrogate light (ψL) chain genes encoding the VpreB and λ5/14.1 proteins is restricted to B-lineage cells. Pro-B and pre-B cells produce ψL chains, but whether both employ these as cell surface receptor components remains enigmatic. Recombinant human VpreB protein was used to generate a large panel of monoclonal anti-VpreB Abs to examine this issue. Native ψL chain proteins within pro-B cells as well as those serving as receptor components on pre-B cells were precipitated by 16 of the 26 anti-VpreB Abs. Surrogate light chains were easily detected on pre-B cell lines, whereas these anti-VpreB Abs reacted with pro-B cell lines only after plasma membrane permeabilization. The subpopulation of normal bone marrow cells bearing pre-B receptors included large and small pre-B cells exclusively, although pro-B cells also contained intracellular VpreB. VpreB proteins were not detected on or within B cells in bone marrow or the circulation, but a subpopulation of B cells in germinal centers was found to express the VpreB proteins intracellularly. Surrogate L chains are thus intermittently produced during human B-lineage differentiation, while their role as receptor components appears limited to the pre-B cell stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui-Hsi Wang
- *Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology; Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Microbiology, and
| | - Jun Nomura
- *Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology; Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Microbiology, and
- ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35924
| | | | - Max D. Cooper
- *Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology; Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Microbiology, and
- †Pathology; and
- ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35924
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29
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Barber DF, Passoni L, Wen L, Geng L, Hayday AC. Cutting Edge: The Expression In Vivo of a Second Isoform of pTα: Implications for the Mechanism of pTα Action. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A second isoform of pTα, “pTαb,” is derived from the pTα locus by tissue-specific, alternative splicing. pTαb is coexpressed in the thymus with the previously characterized form of pTα (which we term pTαa) and is also expressed in peripheral cells without pTαa. While pTαa acts to retain most TCR β-chains intracellularly, pTαb permits higher levels of cell surface TCRβ expression and facilitates signaling from a CD3-TCRβ complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Passoni
- *Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology and
| | - Li Wen
- *Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology and
| | - Liping Geng
- *Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology and
| | - Adrian C. Hayday
- *Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology and
- †Section of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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30
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O'Shea CC, Thornell AP, Rosewell IR, Hayes B, Owen MJ. Exit of the pre-TCR from the ER/cis-Golgi is necessary for signaling differentiation, proliferation, and allelic exclusion in immature thymocytes. Immunity 1997; 7:591-9. [PMID: 9390683 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A major issue is whether surface expression of the pre-TCR is necessary for signaling the development of immature thymocytes. To address this question, we generated transgenic mice expressing a TCRbeta chain that had a strong endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retrieval signal (TCRbetaER) and that was expressed intracellularly but failed to reach the cell surface. In TCRbetaER transgenic mice, there was a failure of allelic exclusion. Also, the transgene failed to rescue the developmental defects observed in TCRbeta-null mice. In contrast, TCRbeta transgenes with a mutant ER retrieval sequence or lacking this sequence signaled efficient allelic exclusion and suppressed the TCRbeta-/- defect. These data show that exit of the pre-TCR from the ER/cis-Golgi is required for progression through the double-negative thymocyte checkpoint.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Golgi Apparatus/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- C C O'Shea
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Abstract
The initial phases of B cell development depend on interactions between the cell surface molecules and secreted products of stromal cells with their receptor-ligand partners on lymphoid progenitors. Recent research in this area has greatly advanced our understanding of B cell development and differentiation. Antigen receptors on pre-B and B cells play key roles in the progression of this differentiation process, as revealed by targeted and inherited gene mutations that disrupt B cell development and by the transgenic repair of these mutations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Burrows
- Department of Medicine, Pediatrics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294, USA.
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32
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Karasuyama H, Nakamura T, Nagata K, Kuramochi T, Kitamura F, Kuida K. The roles of preB cell receptor in early B cell development and its signal transduction. Immunol Cell Biol 1997; 75:209-16. [PMID: 9107579 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1997.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The preB cell receptor is expressed for a short period after mu heavy chain is produced, that is, at the large preB cell stage in B cell development. The severe impairment of B cell differentiation observed in mice deficient for the preB cell receptor clearly demonstrated the importance of the preB cell receptor in B cell development. Analyses of bone marrow precursor B cells in normal and B cell-deficient mutant mice indicated the preB cell receptor transduced signals to drive cell cycle and to induce allelic exclusion. The proliferation of the preB cell receptor-expressing cells leads to the selective expansion of cells which have succeeded in the productive rearrangement of mu heavy chain gene. This process builds up a preB cell pool large enough to generate sufficient numbers of mature B cells. The preB cell receptor appears to induce allelic exclusion by shutting off the expression of recombinase activation gene (RAG). In order to analyse the signal transduction pathway downstream of the preB cell receptor, we have developed a new system in which cross-linking of Ig beta expressed on bone marrow proB cells mimics the signalling through the preB cell receptor to induce differentiation from proB to small preB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Karasuyama
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan.
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