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He J, Gao L, Wang P, Chan WK, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Sun J, Li X, Wang J, Li XH, Chen H, Yang Z, Wang Y. Prdm1 positively regulates liver Group 1 ILCs cancer immune surveillance and preserves functional heterogeneity. eLife 2024; 13:RP92948. [PMID: 39133873 PMCID: PMC11318973 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) comprise conventional natural killer (cNK) cells and type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s). The main functions of liver cNK cells and ILC1s not only include directly killing target cells but also regulating local immune microenvironment of the liver through the secretion of cytokines. Uncovering the intricate mechanisms by which transcriptional factors regulate and influence the functions of liver cNK cells and ILC1s, particularly within the context of liver tumors, presents a significant opportunity to amplify the effectiveness of immunotherapies against liver malignancies. Using Ncr1-drived conditional knockout mouse model, our study reveals the regulatory role of Prdm1 in shaping the composition and maturation of cNK cells. Although Prdm1 did not affect the killing function of cNK cells in an in vivo cytotoxicity model, a significant increase in cancer metastasis was observed in Prdm1 knockout mice. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), granzyme B, and perforin secretion decreased significantly in Prdm1-deficient cNK cells and liver ILC1s. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data also provided evidences that Prdm1 maintains functional subsets of cNK cells and liver ILC1s and facilitates communications between cNK cells, liver ILC1s, and macrophages. The present study unveiled a novel regulatory mechanism of Prdm1 in cNK cells and liver ILC1s, showing promising potential for developing innovative immune therapy strategies against liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitian He
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Translational Medicine, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Le Gao
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Translational Medicine, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Peiying Wang
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Translational Medicine, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Wing Keung Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Yiran Zheng
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Translational Medicine, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yumo Zhang
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Translational Medicine, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Jiaman Sun
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Translational Medicine, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Jiming Wang
- Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA) HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Translational Medicine, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
- College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Zhouxin Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang HospitalHangzhouChina
| | - Youwei Wang
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Translational Medicine, Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
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2
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Tibbs E, Cao X. Emerging Canonical and Non-Canonical Roles of Granzyme B in Health and Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1436. [PMID: 35326588 PMCID: PMC8946077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Granzyme (Gzm) family has classically been recognized as a cytotoxic tool utilized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells to illicit cell death to infected and cancerous cells. Their importance is established based on evidence showing that deficiencies in these cell death executors result in defective immune responses. Recent findings have shown the importance of Granzyme B (GzmB) in regulatory immune cells, which may contribute to tumor growth and immune evasion during cancer development. Other studies have shown that members of the Gzm family are important for biological processes such as extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis and organized vascular degradation. With this growing body of evidence, it is becoming more important to understand the broader function of Gzm's rather than a specific executor of cell death, and we should be aware of the many alternative roles that Gzm's play in physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore, we review the classical as well as novel non-canonical functions of GzmB and discuss approaches to utilize these new findings to address current gaps in our understanding of the immune system and tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Tibbs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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3
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Delpoux A, Marcel N, Hess Michelini R, Katayama CD, Allison KA, Glass CK, Quiñones-Parra SM, Murre C, Loh L, Kedzierska K, Lappas M, Hedrick SM, Doedens AL. FOXO1 constrains activation and regulates senescence in CD8 T cells. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108674. [PMID: 33503413 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Naive and memory T cells are maintained in a quiescent state, yet capable of rapid response and differentiation to antigen challenge via molecular mechanisms that are not fully understood. In naive cells, the deletion of Foxo1 following thymic development results in the increased expression of multiple AP-1 family members, rendering T cells less able to respond to antigenic challenge. Similarly, in the absence of FOXO1, post-infection memory T cells exhibit the characteristics of extended activation and senescence. Age-based analysis of human peripheral T cells reveals that levels of FOXO1 and its downstream target, TCF7, are inversely related to host age, whereas the opposite is found for AP-1 factors. These characteristics of aging also correlate with the formation of T cells manifesting features of cellular senescence. Our work illustrates a role for FOXO1 in the active maintenance of stem-like properties in T cells at the timescales of acute infection and organismal life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Delpoux
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Nimi Marcel
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Rodrigo Hess Michelini
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Carol D Katayama
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Karmel A Allison
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Sergio M Quiñones-Parra
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Cornelis Murre
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Martha Lappas
- Obstetrics, Nutrition, and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen M Hedrick
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA.
| | - Andrew L Doedens
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA.
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4
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Wang Y, Chu J, Yi P, Dong W, Saultz J, Wang Y, Wang H, Scoville S, Zhang J, Wu LC, Deng Y, He X, Mundy-Bosse B, Freud AG, Wang LS, Caligiuri MA, Yu J. SMAD4 promotes TGF-β-independent NK cell homeostasis and maturation and antitumor immunity. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5123-5136. [PMID: 30183689 DOI: 10.1172/jci121227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SMAD4 is the only common SMAD in TGF-β signaling that usually impedes immune cell activation in the tumor microenvironment. However, we demonstrated here that selective deletion of Smad4 in NK cells actually led to dramatically reduced tumor cell rejection and augmented tumor cell metastases, reduced murine CMV clearance, as well as impeded NK cell homeostasis and maturation. This was associated with a downregulation of granzyme B (Gzmb), Kit, and Prdm1 in Smad4-deficient NK cells. We further unveiled the mechanism by which SMAD4 promotes Gzmb expression. Gzmb was identified as a direct target of a transcriptional complex formed by SMAD4 and JUNB. A JUNB binding site distinct from that for SMAD4 in the proximal Gzmb promoter was required for transcriptional activation by the SMAD4-JUNB complex. In a Tgfbr2 and Smad4 NK cell-specific double-conditional KO model, SMAD4-mediated events were found to be independent of canonical TGF-β signaling. Our study identifies and mechanistically characterizes unusual functions and pathways for SMAD4 in governing innate immune responses to cancer and viral infection, as well as NK cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Wang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jianhong Chu
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ping Yi
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Third Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjuan Dong
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer Saultz
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yufeng Wang
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hongwei Wang
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven Scoville
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Lai-Chu Wu
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Youcai Deng
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Aharon G Freud
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology at the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
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5
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Saito T, Abe D, Nogata Y. Coffee Diterpenes Potentiate the Cytolytic Activity of KHYG-1 NK Leukemia Cells. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.21.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daigo Abe
- NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center
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6
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Polymethoxylated flavones potentiate the cytolytic activity of NK leukemia cell line KHYG-1 via enhanced expression of granzyme B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 456:799-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Hu L, Wang T, Gocke AR, Nath A, Zhang H, Margolick JB, Whartenby KA, Calabresi PA. Blockade of Kv1.3 potassium channels inhibits differentiation and granzyme B secretion of human CD8+ T effector memory lymphocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54267. [PMID: 23382885 PMCID: PMC3559683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kν1.3 on activated effector memory T cells (T(EM)) is associated with pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS). To date, most studies of Kν1.3 channels in MS have focused on CD4+ T(EM) cells. Much less is known about the functional relevance of Kv1.3 on CD8+ T(EM) cells. Herein, we examined the effects of Kν1.3 blockade on CD8+ T cell proliferation, differentiation into cytotoxic effector cells, and release of granzyme B (GrB), a key effector of CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. We confirmed the expression of Kv1.3 channels on activated human CD8+ T lymphocytes by immunofluorescent staining. To test the functional relevance of the Kv1.3 channel in CD8+ T cells, we inhibited this channel via pharmacological blockers or a lentiviral-dominant negative (Kv1.xDN) approach and determined the effects of the blockade on critical pathogenic parameters of CD8+ T cells. We found that blockade of Kv1.3 with both lentivirus and pharmacologic agents effectively inhibited cytotoxic effector memory cells' proliferation, secretion of GrB, and their ability to kill neural progenitor cells. Intriguingly, the KvDN transduced T cells exhibited arrested differentiation from central memory (T(CM)) to effector memory (T(EM)) states. Transduction of cells that had already differentiated into T(EM) with KvDN led to their conversion into T(CM). CD8+ T(EM) have a critical role in MS and other autoimmune diseases. Our present results indicate a critical role for Kv1.3 in the conversion of CD8+ T cells into potential pathogenic effector cells with cytotoxic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tongguang Wang
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne R. Gocke
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph B. Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katharine A. Whartenby
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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8
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Kim JE, Cho HS, Yang HS, Jung DJ, Hong SW, Hung CF, Lee WJ, Kim D. Depletion of ascorbic acid impairs NK cell activity against ovarian cancer in a mouse model. Immunobiology 2012; 217:873-81. [PMID: 22306178 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) administration has been used to prevent infectious diseases in public or as a therapeutic agent by the physicians in treatment of several diseases. Ascorbic acid is also involved in immune cell functions and immune responses, although the mechanisms by which it exerts effects on immune cells against cancer cells are not fully understood at the normal plasma level. In this study, we used the mice lacking l-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (Gulo), the enzyme required for the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid, to characterize the effects of ascorbic acid on NK cell cytotoxicity against ovarian cancer cells, MOSECs (murine ovarian surface epithelial cells). Gulo(-/-) mice depleted of ascorbic acid survived for a shorter time than the normal control or Gulo(-/-) mice supplemented with ascorbic acid after tumor challenge regardless of treatment with IL-2. CD69 and NKG2D expression was clearly reduced in NK cells isolated from mice depleted of ascorbic acid as compared to that in the normal control and the mice supplemented with ascorbic acid. We also observed that IFN-γ secretion by NK cells isolated from Gulo(-/-) mice depleted of ascorbic acid was decreased after NK cells were co-cultured with MOSECs. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of perforin and granzyme B genes was also significantly decreased in NK cells isolated from mice depleted of ascorbic acid. Taken together, our results suggest that ascorbic acid at the normal plasma concentration has an essential role in maintaining the NK cytotoxicity against cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Patel MR, Chang YF, Chen IY, Bachmann MH, Yan X, Contag CH, Gambhir SS. Longitudinal, noninvasive imaging of T-cell effector function and proliferation in living subjects. Cancer Res 2011; 70:10141-9. [PMID: 21159636 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy is evolving to assume an increasing role in treating cancer. Most imaging studies in adoptive immunotherapy to date have focused primarily on locating tumor-specific T cells rather than understanding their effector functions. In this study, we report the development of a noninvasive imaging strategy to monitor T-cell activation in living subjects by linking a reporter gene to the Granzyme B promoter (pGB), whose transcriptional activity is known to increase during T-cell activation. Because pGB is relatively weak and does not lead to sufficient reporter gene expression for noninvasive imaging, we specifically employed 2 signal amplification strategies, namely the Two Step Transcription Amplification (TSTA) strategy and the cytomegalovirus enhancer (CMVe) strategy, to maximize firefly luciferase reporter gene expression. Although both amplification strategies were capable of increasing pGB activity in activated primary murine splenocytes, only the level of bioluminescence activity achieved with the CMVe strategy was adequate for noninvasive imaging in mice. Using T cells transduced with a reporter vector containing the hybrid pGB-CMVe promoter, we were able to optically image T-cell effector function longitudinally in response to tumor antigens in living mice. This methodology has the potential to accelerate the study of adoptive immunotherapy in preclinical cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manishkumar R Patel
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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10
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Abstract
The cytotoxic granzyme B (GrB)/perforin pathway has been traditionally viewed as a primary mechanism that is used by cytotoxic lymphocytes to eliminate allogeneic, virally infected and/or transformed cells. Although originally proposed to have intracellular and extracellular functions, upon the discovery that perforin, in combination with GrB, could induce apoptosis, other potential functions for this protease were, for the most part, disregarded. As there are 5 granzymes in humans and 11 granzymes in mice, many studies used perforin knockout mice as an initial screen to evaluate the role of granzymes in disease. However, in recent years, emerging clinical and biochemical evidence has shown that the latter approach may have overlooked a critical perforin-independent, pathogenic role for these proteases in disease. This review focuses on GrB, the most characterized of the granzyme family, in disease. Long known to be a pro-apoptotic protease expressed by cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells, it is now accepted that GrB can be expressed in other cell types of immune and nonimmune origin. To the latter, an emerging immune-independent role for GrB has been forwarded due to recent discoveries that GrB may be expressed in nonimmune cells such as smooth muscle cells, keratinocytes, and chondrocytes in certain disease states. Given that GrB retains its activity in the blood, can cleave extracellular matrix, and its levels are often elevated in chronic inflammatory diseases, this protease may be an important contributor to certain pathologies. The implications of sustained elevations of intracellular and extracellular GrB in chronic vascular, dermatological, and neurological diseases, among others, are developing. This review examines, for the first time, the multiple roles of GrB in disease pathogenesis.
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11
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Chowdhury D, Lieberman J. Death by a thousand cuts: granzyme pathways of programmed cell death. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:389-420. [PMID: 18304003 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The granzymes are cell death-inducing enzymes, stored in the cytotoxic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, that are released during granule exocytosis when a specific virus-infected or transformed target cell is marked for elimination. Recent work suggests that this homologous family of serine esterases can activate at least three distinct pathways of cell death. This redundancy likely evolved to provide protection against pathogens and tumors with diverse strategies for evading cell death. This review discusses what is known about granzyme-mediated pathways of cell death as well as recent studies that implicate granzymes in immune regulation and extracellular proteolytic functions in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Chowdhury
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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12
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Fehniger TA, Cai SF, Cao X, Bredemeyer AJ, Presti RM, French AR, Ley TJ. Acquisition of murine NK cell cytotoxicity requires the translation of a pre-existing pool of granzyme B and perforin mRNAs. Immunity 2007; 26:798-811. [PMID: 17540585 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although activated murine NK cells can use the granule exocytosis pathway to kill target cells immediately upon recognition, resting murine NK cells are minimally cytotoxic for unknown reasons. Here, we showed that resting NK cells contained abundant granzyme A, but little granzyme B or perforin; in contrast, the mRNAs for all three genes were abundant. Cytokine-induced in vitro activation of NK cells resulted in potent cytotoxicity associated with a dramatic increase in granzyme B and perforin, but only minimal changes in mRNA abundance for these genes. The same pattern of regulation was found in vivo with murine cytomegalovirus infection as a physiologic model of NK cell activation. These data suggest that resting murine NK cells are minimally cytotoxic because of a block in perforin and granzyme B mRNA translation that is released by NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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13
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Starkova J, Madzo J, Cario G, Kalina T, Ford A, Zaliova M, Hrusak O, Trka J. The identification of (ETV6)/RUNX1-regulated genes in lymphopoiesis using histone deacetylase inhibitors in ETV6/RUNX1-positive lymphoid leukemic cells. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1726-35. [PMID: 17325341 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chimeric transcription factor ETV6/RUNX1 (TEL/AML1) is believed to cause pathologic block in lymphoid cell development via interaction with corepressor complex and histone deacetylase. We wanted to show the regulatory effect of ETV6/RUNX1 and its reversibility by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), as well as to identify potential ETV6/RUNX1-regulated genes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used luciferase assay to show the interaction of ETV6/RUNX1 protein, ETV6/RUNX1-regulated gene, and HDACi. To identify ETV6/RUNX1-regulated genes, we used expression profiling and HDACi in lymphoid cells. Next, using the flow cytometry and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, we measured differentiation changes in gene and protein expression after HDACi treatment. RESULTS Luciferase assay showed repression of granzyme B expression by ETV6/RUNX1 protein and the reversibility of this effect by HDACi. Proving this regulatory role of ETV6/RUNX1, we identified, using complex statistical analysis, 25 genes that are potentially regulated by ETV6/RUNX1 protein. In four selected genes with known role in the cell cycle regulation (JunD, ACK1, PDGFRB, and TCF4), we confirmed expression changes after HDACi by quantitative analysis. After HDACi treatment, ETV6/RUNX1-positive cells showed immunophenotype changes resembling differentiation process compared with other leukemic cells (BCR/ABL, ETV6/PDGFRB positive). Moreover, ETV6/RUNX1-positive leukemic cells accumulated in G(1)-G(0) phase after HDACi whereas other B-lineage leukemic cell lines showed rather unspecific changes including induction of apoptosis and decreased proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Presented data support the hypothesis that HDACi affect ETV6/RUNX1-positive cells via direct interaction with ETV6/RUNX1 protein and that treatment with HDACi may release aberrant transcription activity caused by ETV6/RUNX1 chimeric transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Starkova
- Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, 2nd Medical School, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Huang C, Bi E, Hu Y, Deng W, Tian Z, Dong C, Hu Y, Sun B. A novel NF-kappaB binding site controls human granzyme B gene transcription. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4173-81. [PMID: 16547254 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.4173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme B expression is essential for eliciting NK cell cytotoxicity and T cell function. However, its transcriptional regulatory mechanism is not well understood. In this report, we demonstrate in human NK cells and T cells that the NF-kappaB-signaling pathway is involved in such control. Furthermore, a novel downstream human granzyme B gene sequence (GGAGATTCCC) was identified for NF-kappaB binding. EMSA, luciferase, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in vitro and in vivo indicated that this NF-kappaB binding site is functional in an NK cell line and its primary counterpart. Our data also demonstrate that this binding site is functional in Jurkat T cells. Taken together, we identified a novel NF-kappaB binding site, which plays a pivotal role in controlling human granzyme B gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjian Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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15
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Sharma V, Delgado M, Ganea D. Granzyme B, a new player in activation-induced cell death, is down-regulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide in Th2 but not Th1 effectors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:97-110. [PMID: 16365400 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Following antigenic stimulation and differentiation, Th1 and Th2 effector cells contribute differently to cellular and humoral immunity. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) induces Th2 responses by promoting Th2 differentiation and survival. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms for the protective effect of VIP against activation-induced cell death (AICD) of Th2 effectors. Surprisingly, microarray and protein data indicate that VIP prevents the up-regulation of granzyme B (GrB) in Th2 but not Th1 effectors. This is the first report of GrB expression in Th cells and of its involvement in activation-induced apoptosis. The enhanced responsiveness of Th2 cells to VIP is probably due to the higher expression of VIP receptors. The effect of VIP on Th2 survival and GrB expression is mediated through the VIP receptors 1 and 2 and cAMP signaling through exchange protein activated by cAMP and, to a lesser degree, protein kinase A. In addition to effects on GrB, VIP also down-regulates Fas ligand (FasL) and perforin (Pfr) expression. The extrinsic Fas/FasL pathway and the intrinsic GrB-dependent pathway act independently in inducing AICD. The mechanisms by which GrB induces cell death in Th1/Th2 effectors include both fratricide and suicide. Fratricide killing, prevalent in wild-type cells, is calcium and Pfr dependent, whereas the cell death of Pfr-deficient Th cells involves Fas and GrB but is calcium independent. This study identifies GrB as a new significant player in Th1/Th2 AICD and characterizes two mechanisms for the protective effect of VIP on Th2 survival, i.e., the down-regulation of GrB and FasL expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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16
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Glimcher LH, Townsend MJ, Sullivan BM, Lord GM. Recent developments in the transcriptional regulation of cytolytic effector cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:900-11. [PMID: 15516969 DOI: 10.1038/nri1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors have a profound influence on both the differentiation and effector function of cells of the immune system. T-bet controls the cytotoxicity of CD8(+) T cells and the production of interferon-gamma, and it also affects the development and function of natural killer cells and natural killer T cells. Other factors such as eomesodermin, MEF, ETS1 and members of the interferon-regulatory factor family also contribute to the effector function of immune cells. In this review, we focus on recent studies that have shed light on the transcriptional mechanisms that regulate cellular effector function in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie H Glimcher
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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17
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Dokur M, Boyadjieva N, Sarkar DK. Catecholaminergic control of NK cell cytolytic activity regulatory factors in the spleen. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 151:148-57. [PMID: 15145613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2003] [Revised: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of norepinephrine (NE), isoproterenol (ISO) and metaproterenol (MP) on natural killer (NK) cell cytolytic activity and on the protein and mRNA levels of the regulatory factors perforin and granzyme B and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in splenocytes. NE, the beta-adrenergic agonist ISO, and the beta 2-selective-agonist MP all inhibited the protein and mRNA levels of perforin, granzyme B and mRNA levels of IFN-gamma. NE inhibited NK cell cytolytic activity as well. Furthermore, MP inhibition of granzyme B mRNA was blocked by the beta-antagonist nadolol. These data suggest that NE and beta-adrenergic agonists may inhibit NK cell cytolytic activity by regulating the production of perforin, granzyme B, and IFN-gamma in splenocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Dokur
- Endocrinology Program, Biomedical Division at the Center of Alcohol Studies and Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
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18
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Abstract
Granzyme B (GrB) is a serine protease that is released by cytotoxic lymphocytes to kill virus-infected and tumor cells. Recent advances in the understanding of GrB have stressed the importance of reassessing the mechanisms by which GrB accomplishes its death functions. These include the uptake and trafficking of GrB within target cells, pathways used to trigger cell death, and the mechanism(s) controlling its killing activity. In addition, the role that GrB plays in human pathologies is still to be defined. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent insights into the biology of GrB and to evaluate its functional significance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Andrade
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición 'Salvador Zubirán', Mexico City, Mexico
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19
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Scandura JM, Boccuni P, Cammenga J, Nimer SD. Transcription factor fusions in acute leukemia: variations on a theme. Oncogene 2002; 21:3422-44. [PMID: 12032780 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The leukemia-associated fusion proteins share several structural or functional similarities, suggesting that they may impart a leukemic phenotype through common modes of transcriptional dysregulation. The fusion proteins generated by these translocations usually contain a DNA-binding domain, domains responsible for homo- or hetero-dimerization, and domains that interact with proteins involved in chromatin remodeling (e.g., co-repressor molecules or co-activator molecules). It is these shared features that constitute the 'variations on the theme' that underling the aberrant growth and differentiation that is the hallmark of acute leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Scandura
- Laboratory of Molecular Aspects of Hematopoiesis, Sloan-Kettering Institute Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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20
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Analysis of genes under the downstream control of the t(8;21) fusion protein AML1-MTG8: overexpression of the TIS11b(ERF-1, cMG1) gene induces myeloid cell proliferation in response to G-CSF. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.2.655.014k10_655_663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The AML1-MTG8 fusion transcription factor generated by t(8;21) translocation is thought to dysregulate genes that are crucial for normal differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors to cause acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Although AML1-MTG8 has been shown to repress the transcription of AML1 targets, none of the known targets of AML1 are probably responsible for AML1-MTG8-mediated leukemogenesis. In this study, 24 genes under the downstream control of AML1-MTG8 were isolated by using a differential display technique. Analysis with deletion mutants of AML1-MTG8 demonstrated that the regulation of the majority of these genes requires the region of 51 residues (488-538) containing the Nervy homology region 2 (NHR2), through which AML1-MTG8 interacts with MTGR1. Among the 24 genes identified, 10 were considered to be genes under the control of AML1, because their expression was altered by AML1b or AML1a or both. However, the other 14 genes were not affected by either AML1b or AML1a, suggesting the possibility that AML1-MTG8 regulates a number of specific target genes that are not normally regulated by AML1. Furthermore, an up-regulated gene, TIS11b (ERF-1,cMG1), was highly expressed in t(8;21) leukemic cells, and the overexpression of TIS11b induced myeloid cell proliferation in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. These results suggest that the high-level expression of TIS11b contributes to AML1-MTG8-mediated leukemogenesis.
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21
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Analysis of genes under the downstream control of the t(8;21) fusion protein AML1-MTG8: overexpression of the TIS11b(ERF-1, cMG1) gene induces myeloid cell proliferation in response to G-CSF. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.2.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe AML1-MTG8 fusion transcription factor generated by t(8;21) translocation is thought to dysregulate genes that are crucial for normal differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors to cause acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Although AML1-MTG8 has been shown to repress the transcription of AML1 targets, none of the known targets of AML1 are probably responsible for AML1-MTG8-mediated leukemogenesis. In this study, 24 genes under the downstream control of AML1-MTG8 were isolated by using a differential display technique. Analysis with deletion mutants of AML1-MTG8 demonstrated that the regulation of the majority of these genes requires the region of 51 residues (488-538) containing the Nervy homology region 2 (NHR2), through which AML1-MTG8 interacts with MTGR1. Among the 24 genes identified, 10 were considered to be genes under the control of AML1, because their expression was altered by AML1b or AML1a or both. However, the other 14 genes were not affected by either AML1b or AML1a, suggesting the possibility that AML1-MTG8 regulates a number of specific target genes that are not normally regulated by AML1. Furthermore, an up-regulated gene, TIS11b (ERF-1,cMG1), was highly expressed in t(8;21) leukemic cells, and the overexpression of TIS11b induced myeloid cell proliferation in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. These results suggest that the high-level expression of TIS11b contributes to AML1-MTG8-mediated leukemogenesis.
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22
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Inhibitory Effect of the Transcription Factor Encoded by themi Mutant Allele in Cultured Mast Cells of Mice. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.4.1189.404k32_1189_1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mi locus of mice encodes a transcription factor of the basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein family (MITF). The MITF encoded by the mutant mi allele (mi-MITF) deletes 1 of 4 consecutive arginines in the basic domain. The mice of mi/migenotype express mi-MITF, whereas the mice of tg/tggenotype have a transgene at the 5′ flanking region of themi gene and do not express any MITF. To investigate the function of mi-MITF in cultured mast cells (CMCs), we took two approaches. First, mRNA obtained from mi/mi CMCs ortg/tg CMCs was subtracted from complementary (c) DNA library of normal (+/+) CMCs, and the (+/+-mi/mi) and (+/+-tg/tg) subtraction libraries were obtained. When the number of clones that hybridized more efficiently with +/+ CMC cDNA probe than with mi/mi or tg/tg CMC cDNA probe was compared using Southern analysis, the number was larger in the (+/+-mi/mi) library than in the (+/+-tg/tg) library. Second, we compared mRNA expression of six genes betweenmi/mi and tg/tg CMCs by Northern analysis. The transcription of three genes encoding mouse mast cell proteases was impaired in both mi/mi and tg/tg CMCs. On the other hand, the transcription of three genes encoding c-kit receptor, tryptophan hydroxylase, and granzyme B was markedly reduced inmi/mi CMCs, but the reduction was significantly smaller intg/tg CMCs. These results indicated the inhibitory effect ofmi-MITF on the transactivation of particular genes in CMCs.
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23
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Inhibitory Effect of the Transcription Factor Encoded by themi Mutant Allele in Cultured Mast Cells of Mice. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.4.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe mi locus of mice encodes a transcription factor of the basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein family (MITF). The MITF encoded by the mutant mi allele (mi-MITF) deletes 1 of 4 consecutive arginines in the basic domain. The mice of mi/migenotype express mi-MITF, whereas the mice of tg/tggenotype have a transgene at the 5′ flanking region of themi gene and do not express any MITF. To investigate the function of mi-MITF in cultured mast cells (CMCs), we took two approaches. First, mRNA obtained from mi/mi CMCs ortg/tg CMCs was subtracted from complementary (c) DNA library of normal (+/+) CMCs, and the (+/+-mi/mi) and (+/+-tg/tg) subtraction libraries were obtained. When the number of clones that hybridized more efficiently with +/+ CMC cDNA probe than with mi/mi or tg/tg CMC cDNA probe was compared using Southern analysis, the number was larger in the (+/+-mi/mi) library than in the (+/+-tg/tg) library. Second, we compared mRNA expression of six genes betweenmi/mi and tg/tg CMCs by Northern analysis. The transcription of three genes encoding mouse mast cell proteases was impaired in both mi/mi and tg/tg CMCs. On the other hand, the transcription of three genes encoding c-kit receptor, tryptophan hydroxylase, and granzyme B was markedly reduced inmi/mi CMCs, but the reduction was significantly smaller intg/tg CMCs. These results indicated the inhibitory effect ofmi-MITF on the transactivation of particular genes in CMCs.
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24
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Wargnier A, Lafaurie C, Legros-Maïda S, Bourge JF, Sigaux F, Sasportes M, Paul P. Down-regulation of human granzyme B expression by glucocorticoids. Dexamethasone inhibits binding to the Ikaros and AP-1 regulatory elements of the granzyme B promoter. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:35326-31. [PMID: 9857074 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.52.35326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease granzyme B is an essential component of the granule exocytosis pathway, a major apoptotic mechanism used by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells to induce target cell apoptosis. Granzyme B gene transcription is induced in activated lymphocytes upon antigenic stimulation, and several regulatory regions including CBF, AP-1, and Ikaros binding sites have been shown to be essential in the control of granzyme B promoter activation. Dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid that is widely used as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits granzyme B mRNA transcript in phytohemagglutinin-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Transfection of a reporter construct containing the -148 to +60 region of the human granzyme B promoter demonstrated that this region was the target for dexamethasone repression. Mutation of Ikaros or AP-1 binding sites in the context of the granzyme B promoter demonstrated that both sites participate in dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of the granzyme B promoter activity. Electromobility shift assay revealed that dexamethasone abolished the binding of nuclear transcription factors to the Ikaros binding site and reduced AP-1 binding activity. These results indicate that dexamethasone is able to abrogate the transcriptional activity of the human granzyme B gene promoter by inhibiting the binding of nuclear factors at the AP-1 and Ikaros sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wargnier
- INSERM U462, Institut d'Hématologie, 75010 Paris, France
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25
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Systematic Method to Obtain Novel Genes That Are Regulated bymi Transcription Factor: Impaired Expression of Granzyme B and Tryptophan Hydroxylase in mi/mi Cultured Mast Cells. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.9.3210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe mi locus encodes a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein family of transcription factors (hereafter called MITF). We have reported that the expression of several genes was impaired in cultured mast cells (CMCs) ofmi/mi genotype, and demonstrated the involvement of MITF in the transcription of these genes. To obtain new genes whose transcription may be regulated by MITF, we prepared a subtracted cDNA library using +/+ and mi/mi CMCs. We found two clones carrying the granzyme (Gr) B and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) cDNAs in the subtracted library. The expression of the Gr B and TPH genes decreased in mi/mi CMCs, and recovered to nearly normal level by the overexpression of normal (+) MITF but not of mutant (mi) MITF. The +-MITF bound three and one CANNTG motifs in the Gr B and TPH promoters, respectively, and transactivated these two genes, indicating the involvement of +-MITF in their expression. Because TPH is the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin synthesis, we examined the serotonin content of +/+ and mi/mi CMCs. The serotonin content was significantly smaller in mi/mi CMCs than in +/+ CMCs. The introduction of +-MITF but not of mi-MITF normalized the serotonin content in mi/mi CMCs.
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26
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Systematic Method to Obtain Novel Genes That Are Regulated bymi Transcription Factor: Impaired Expression of Granzyme B and Tryptophan Hydroxylase in mi/mi Cultured Mast Cells. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.9.3210.3210_3210_3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mi locus encodes a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein family of transcription factors (hereafter called MITF). We have reported that the expression of several genes was impaired in cultured mast cells (CMCs) ofmi/mi genotype, and demonstrated the involvement of MITF in the transcription of these genes. To obtain new genes whose transcription may be regulated by MITF, we prepared a subtracted cDNA library using +/+ and mi/mi CMCs. We found two clones carrying the granzyme (Gr) B and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) cDNAs in the subtracted library. The expression of the Gr B and TPH genes decreased in mi/mi CMCs, and recovered to nearly normal level by the overexpression of normal (+) MITF but not of mutant (mi) MITF. The +-MITF bound three and one CANNTG motifs in the Gr B and TPH promoters, respectively, and transactivated these two genes, indicating the involvement of +-MITF in their expression. Because TPH is the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin synthesis, we examined the serotonin content of +/+ and mi/mi CMCs. The serotonin content was significantly smaller in mi/mi CMCs than in +/+ CMCs. The introduction of +-MITF but not of mi-MITF normalized the serotonin content in mi/mi CMCs.
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