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Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been proposed as a promising cellular source for the treatment of diseases in nervous systems. NSCs can self-renew and generate major cell types of the mammalian central nervous system throughout adulthood. NSCs exist not only in the embryo, but also in the adult brain neurogenic region: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle. Embryonic stem (ES) cells acquire NSC identity with a default mechanism. Under the regulations of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and fibroblast growth factors, the NSCs then become neural progenitors. Neurotrophic and differentiation factors that regulate gene expression for controlling neural cell fate and function determine the differentiation of neural progenitors in the developing mammalian brain. For clinical application of NSCs in neurodegenerative disorders and damaged neurons, there are several critical problems that remain to be resolved: 1) how to obtain enough NSCs from reliable sources for autologous transplantation; 2) how to regulate neural plasticity of different adult stem cells; 3) how to control differentiation of NSCs in the adult nervous system. In order to understand the mechanisms that control NSC differentiation and behavior, we review the ontogeny of NSCs and other stem cell plasticity of neuronal differentiation. The role of NSCs and their regulation by neurotrophic factors in CNS development are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Hsu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
| | - Don-Ching Lee
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute of Medical Technology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Truong AD, Ban J, Park B, Hong YH, Lillehoj HS. Characterization and functional analyses of a novel chicken CD8α variant X1 (CD8α1)1,2. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2737-51. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ohtsuka S, Nakai-Futatsugi Y, Niwa H. LIF signal in mouse embryonic stem cells. JAKSTAT 2015; 4:e1086520. [PMID: 27127728 PMCID: PMC4802755 DOI: 10.1080/21623996.2015.1086520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the establishment of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) in the 1980s, a number of important notions on the self-renewal of pluripotent stem cells in vitro have been found. In serum containing conventional culture, an exogenous cytokine, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), is absolutely essential for the maintenance of pluripotency. In contrast, in serum-free culture with simultaneous inhibition of Map-kinase and Gsk3 (so called 2i-culture), LIF is no longer required. However, recent findings also suggest that LIF may have a role not covered by the 2i for the maintenance of naïve pluripotency. These suggest that LIF functions for the maintenance of naïve pluripotency in a context dependent manner. We summarize how LIF-signal pathway is converged to maintain the naïve state of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ohtsuka
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies; Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) RIKEN ; Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoko Nakai-Futatsugi
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies; Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) RIKEN ; Kobe, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies; Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) RIKEN; Kobe, Japan; Department of Pluripotent Stem Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG); Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
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Sun X, Bartos A, Whitsett JA, Dey SK. Uterine deletion of Gp130 or Stat3 shows implantation failure with increased estrogenic responses. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1492-501. [PMID: 23885093 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a downstream target of estrogen, is essential for implantation in mice. LIF function is thought to be mediated by its binding to LIF receptor (LIFR) and recruitment of coreceptor GP130 (glycoprotein 130), and this receptor complex then activates signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1/3. However, the importance of LIFR and GP130 acting via STAT3 in implantation remains uncertain, because constitutive inactivation of Lifr, Gp130, or Stat3 shows embryonic lethality in mice. To address this issue, we generated mice with conditional deletion of uterine Gp130 or Stat3 and show that both GP130 and STAT3 are critical for uterine receptivity and implantation. Implantation failure in these deleted mice is associated with higher uterine estrogenic responses prior to the time of implantation. These heightened estrogenic responses are not due to changes in ovarian hormone levels or expression of their nuclear receptors. In the deleted mice, estrogen-responsive gene, Lactoferrin (Ltf), and Mucin 1 protein, were up-regulated in the uterus. In addition, progesterone-responsive genes, Hoxa10 and Indian hedgehog (Ihh), were markedly down-regulated in STAT3-inactivated uteri. These changes in uteri of deleted mice were reflected by the failure of differentiation of the luminal epithelium, which is essential for blastocyst attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Division of Reproductive Sciences,Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Carino C, Olawaiye AB, Cherfils S, Serikawa T, Lynch MP, Rueda BR, Gonzalez RR. Leptin regulation of proangiogenic molecules in benign and cancerous endometrial cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2782-90. [PMID: 18798554 PMCID: PMC2892183 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several proangiogenic/proinflammatory factors involved in endometrial cancer are regulated by leptin, but the signaling mechanisms responsible for these leptin-induced actions are largely unknown. Here, we report that in benign (primary and HES) and cancerous-endometrial epithelial cells (EEC) (An3Ca, SK-UT2 and Ishikawa), leptin in a dose-dependent manner regulates vascular endothelial growth factor, (VEGF); interleukin-1 beta, (IL-1beta); leukemia inhibitory factor, (LIF) and their respective receptors, VEGFR2, IL-1R tI and LIFR. Remarkably, leptin induces a greater increase in VEGF/VEGFR2 and LIF levels in cancer than in benign cells. However, IL-1beta was only increased by leptin in benign primary-EEC. Cancer-EEC expressed higher levels of leptin receptor (full-length OB-Rb and short isoforms) in contrast to benign primary-EEC. Leptin-mediated activation of JAK2 (janus kinase 2) was upstream to the activation of PI-3K (phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase) and/or MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways. Leptin induction of cytokines/receptors generally involved JAK2 and MAPK activation, but PI-3K phosphorylation was required for leptin increase of LIF, IL-1/IL-1R tI. Leptin-mediated activation of mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin), mainly linked to MAPK, played a central role in leptin regulation of all cytokines and receptors. These results suggest that leptin's effects are cell-specific and could confer a proliferative or cell survival advantage or possibly promote endometrial thickness. Leptin's effects on proangiogenic molecules were more evident in malignant versus benign cells and may imply that there is an underlying shift in leptin-induced cell signaling pathways in endometrial cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Carino
- Boston Biomedical Research Institute (BBRI), 64 Grove St., Watertown, MA 02472
| | - Alexander B. Olawaiye
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Takehiro Serikawa
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Maureen P. Lynch
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bo R. Rueda
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ruben R. Gonzalez
- Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, Atlanta, GA 30310
- Boston Biomedical Research Institute (BBRI), 64 Grove St., Watertown, MA 02472
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
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Abstract
In contrast to differentiated cells, embryonic stem cells (ESC) maintain an undifferentiated state, have the ability to self-renew, and exhibit pluripotency, i.e., they can give rise to most if not all somatic cell types and to the germ cells, egg and sperm. These characteristics make ES cell lines important resources for the advancement of human regenerative medicine, and, if established for domesticated ungulates, would help make possible the improvement of farm animals through their contribution to genetic engineering technology. Combining other genetic engineering technologies, such as somatic cell nuclear transfer with ESC technology may result in synergistic gains in the ability to precisely make and study genetic alterations in mammals. Unfortunately, despite significant advances in our understanding of human and mouse ESC, the derivation of ES cell lines from ungulate species has been unsuccessful. This may result from a lack of understanding of species-specific mechanisms that promote or influence cell pluripotency. Thorough molecular characterizations, including the elucidation of stem cell "marker" signaling cascade hierarchy, species-appropriate pluripotency markers, and pluripotency-associated chromatin alterations in the genomes of ungulate species, should improve the chances of developing efficient, reproducible technologies for the establishment of ES cell lines of economically important species like the pig, cow, goat, sheep and horse.
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RUBIN RAPHAEL, ARZUMANYAN ALLA, SOLIERA ANGELARACHELE, ROSS BRIAN, PERUZZI FRANCESCA, PRISCO MARCO. Insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 regulates murine embryonic stem (mES) cells self-renewal. J Cell Physiol 2008; 213:445-53. [PMID: 17620314 PMCID: PMC3760688 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells are pluripotent cells that can be propagated in vitro with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and serum. Intracellular signaling by LIF is principally mediated by activation of STAT-3, although additional pathways for self-renewal have been described. Here, we identified a novel role for Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) as a critical factor in mES cells self-renewal and differentiation. IRS-1 is expressed and tyrosyl phosphorylated during mES cells self-renewal. Differentiation of mES cells, by LIF withdrawal, is associated with a marked reduction in IRS-1 expression. Targeting of IRS-1 by si-IRS-1 results in a severe reduction of Oct-4 protein expression and alkaline phosphatase activity, markers of undifferentiated mES cells. IRS-1 targeting does not interfere with LIF-induced STAT-3 phosphorylation, but negatively affects protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3beta) phosphorylation, which are downstream effectors of the LIF-mediated PI3K signaling cascade. Targeting of IRS-1 also results in a marked down regulation of Id-1 and Id-2 proteins expression, which are important components for self-renewal of ES cells. Conversely, over expression of IRS-1 inhibits mES cell differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that expression and activity of IRS-1 are critical to the maintenance of the self-renewal program in mES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- RAPHAEL RUBIN
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - ALLA ARZUMANYAN
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - ANGELA RACHELE SOLIERA
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Laboratorio di Oncogenesi Molecolare, Istituto Regina Elena, Roma, Italy
| | - BRIAN ROSS
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - FRANCESCA PERUZZI
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, School of Medicine Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - MARCO PRISCO
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence to: Marco Prisco, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St, BLSB 630B, Philadelphia, PA 19107.
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The preleukemic state of mice reconstituted with Mixl1-transduced marrow cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:20013-8. [PMID: 18056627 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710339104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine granulocytic cells, in becoming leukemic, need to acquire enhanced self-generation and a capacity for autocrine growth stimulation. Mice transplanted with bone marrow cells transduced with the Mixl1 homeobox gene develop a very high frequency of myeloid leukemia derived from the transduced cells. Preleukemic mice contained a high frequency of transduced clonogenic granulocytic cells. They exhibited an abnormally high capacity for self-replication and could generate immortalized granulocytic cell lines that remained absolutely dependent on either GM-CSF or IL-3 and were not leukemic. Organs from mice repopulated by marrow cells transduced either with Mixl1 or the control murine stem cell virus vector exhibited a capacity to produce IL-3 in vitro, activity being highest with the lungs, marrow, bladder, and thymus. Supporting evidence for the in vivo production of IL-3 was the frequent development of mast cells in the marrow. Overexpression of Mixl1 appears capable of inducing an abnormal self-renewal capacity in granulocytic precursors. Aberrant production of IL-3 was not present in the continuous Mixl cell lines and was therefore not in itself likely to be a leukemogenic change but it could support the enhanced survival and proliferation of the Mixl1 granulocytic populations until a final leukemogenic mutation occurs in them.
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Stuhlmann-Laeisz C, Lang S, Chalaris A, Krzysztof P, Enge S, Eichler J, Klingmüller U, Samuel M, Ernst M, Rose-John S, Scheller J. Forced dimerization of gp130 leads to constitutive STAT3 activation, cytokine-independent growth, and blockade of differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17:2986-95. [PMID: 16624864 PMCID: PMC1483035 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-12-1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mode of activation of glycoprotein 130 kDa (gp130) and the transmission of the activation status through the plasma membrane are incompletely understood. In particular, the molecular function of the three juxtamembrane fibronectin III-like domains of gp130 in signal transmission remains unclear. To ask whether forced dimerization of gp130 is sufficient for receptor activation, we replaced the entire extracellular portion of gp130 with the c-jun leucine zipper region in the chimeric receptor protein L-gp130. On expression in cells, L-gp130 stimulates ligand-independent signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. gp130 activation could be abrogated by the addition of a competing peptide comprising the leucine zipper region of c-fos. When stably expressed in the interleukin-3-dependent Ba/F3 murine pre-B-cells, these cells showed constitutive STAT3 activation and cytokine-independent growth over several months. Because gp130 stimulation completely suppressed differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells in vitro, we also stably expressed L-gp130 in these cells, which completely blocked their differentiation in the absence of cytokine stimulation and was consistent with high constitutive expression levels of the stem cell factor OCT-4. Thus, L-gp130 can be used in vitro and in vivo to mimic constitutive and ligand-independent activation of gp130 and STAT3, the latter of which is frequently observed in neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigrid Lang
- *Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Athena Chalaris
- *Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Paliga Krzysztof
- *Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sudarman Enge
- Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung GmbH, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jutta Eichler
- Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung GmbH, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Michael Samuel
- Colon Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Colon Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- *Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- *Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
Cytokines play a central role in maintaining self-renewal in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells through a member of the interleukin-6 type cytokine family termed leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). LIF activates the JAK-STAT3 pathway through the class I cytokine receptor gp130, which forms a trimeric complex with LIF and the class I cytokine receptor LIF receptor beta. STAT3 has been shown to play a crucial role in self-renewal in mouse ES cells probably by induction of c-myc expression. Thus, ablation of STAT3 activation leads to differentiation. However, important connections between STAT3 and other signalling pathways have been documented. In addition, gp130 activation leads to both PI3K and Src activation. The canonical Wnt pathway is sufficient to maintain self-renewal of both human ES cells and mouse ES cells. It seems quite possible that the main pathway maintaining self-renewal in ES cells is the Wnt pathway, while the LIF-JAK-STAT3 pathway is present in mouse cells as an adaptation for sustaining self-renewal during embryonic diapause, a condition of delayed implantation in mammals. In keeping with this scenario, the Wnt pathway has been shown to elevate the level of c-myc. Thus, the two pathways seem to converge on c-myc as a common target to promote self-renewal. Whereas LIF does not seem to stimulate self-renewal in human embryonic stem cells it cannot be excluded that other cytokines are involved. The pleiotropic actions of the increasing number of cytokines and receptors signalling via JAKs, STATs and SOCS exhibit considerable redundancy, compensation and plasticity in stem cells in accordance with the view that stem cells are governed by quantitative variations in strength and duration of signalling events known from other cell types rather than qualitatively different stem cell-specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Møbjerg Kristensen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lauss M, Stary M, Tischler J, Egger G, Puz S, Bader-Allmer A, Seiser C, Weitzer G. Single inner cell masses yield embryonic stem cell lines differing in lifr expression and their developmental potential. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:1577-86. [PMID: 15883053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The unique differentiation potential of inner cell mass derived embryonic stem cells together with their outstanding self-renewal capacity makes them a desirable source for somatic cell therapy of human diseases. Somatic cells are gained by in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells, however, the differentiation potential of embryonic stem cells varied even between isogenic cell lines. Variable differentiation potentials may either be a consequence of an inherent inhomogeneity of gene expression in the inner cell mass or may have technical reasons. To understand variations in the differentiation potential, we generated pairs of isogenic, monozygotic twin, and single inner cell mass derived clonal embryonic stem cell lines, and demonstrate that they differentially express the leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor gene. Variations of leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor protein levels are already evident in the inner cell mass and predispose the cardiomyogenic potential of embryonic stem cell lines in a Janus activated kinase dependent manner. Thus, a single inner cell mass may give rise to embryonic stem cell lines with different developmental potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lauss
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University Institutes at the Vienna Biocenter, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, A1030 Vienna, Austria
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Boulanger MJ, Garcia KC. Shared cytokine signaling receptors: structural insights from the gp130 system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 68:107-46. [PMID: 15500860 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(04)68004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of cytokine signaling is mediated by "shared" receptors that form central signaling components of higher-order complexes incorporating ligand-specific receptors. These include the common gamma chain (gamma(c)), common beta chain (beta(c)), and gp130, as well as others. These receptors have the dual tasks of cross-reactive cytokine recognition, and formation of precisely oriented multimeric signaling assemblies. Currently, detailed structural information on a shared receptor complex exists only for gp130, which is a highly pleiotropic shared cytokine signaling receptor essential for mammalian cell growth and homeostasis. To date, more than 10 different four-helix bundle ligands have been identified that incorporate gp130, or one of its close relatives such as LIF receptor, into functional oligomeric signaling complexes. In this review we summarize our current knowledge of shared receptor recognition and activation, with a focus on gp130. We discuss recent structural and functional information to analyze overall architectural assemblies of gp130 cytokine complexes and probe the basis for the extreme cross-reactivity of gp130 for its multiple cytokine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Boulanger
- Department of Microbiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5124, USA
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Liu H, Liu S, Tang S, Ji K, Wang F, Hu S. Molecular analysis of signaling events mediated by the cytoplasmic domain of leukemia inhibitory factor receptor alpha subunit. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 258:15-23. [PMID: 15030166 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000012829.10405.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A chimeric receptor (130/190) containing the cytoplasmic region of leukemia inhibitory factor receptor alpha subunit (LIFRalpha, or gp190) and the extracellular transmembrane region of gp130 was generated. Expressed of the 130/190 chimera in HL-60 cells to induced the homodimerization of the cytoplasmic domains (190cyt-190cyt) with whole LIFRalpha subunit on HL-60 cells in response to LIF. Expression and activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription factor-3 (Stat3) and inhibition of leukemia cell proliferation were evaluated in cells transfected with this chimeric molecule. Increased tyrosyl phosphorylation of Stat3 at Tyr705 was detected after 10 min LIF treatment in cells transfected with either the 130/190 or the wild type receptor. Cell proliferation was decreased upon LIF treatment in both cell types. However, expression of the C-terminal region of the cytoplasmic region of LIFRalpha subunit (190CT) in HL-60 cells resulted in lower levels of Stat3 phosphorylation induction by LIF and cell proliferation was unaffected. Immunohistochemical staining indicated an inverse correlation between Cdc25B expression and the levels of phospho-Stat3 in 190CT and 130/190 cells. Expression of CD15, a cell differentiation marker, was lower in 190CT than in 130/190 cells. Together, these results suggest that homodimerization of the 190 cytoplasmic region promotes the Tyr 705 phosphorylation, which correlates with the inhibition of proliferation and stimulation of differentiation in HL-60 cells. Our results also suggest a signal link between Stat3 and Cdc25B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqi Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Conley BJ, Young JC, Trounson AO, Mollard R. Derivation, propagation and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:555-67. [PMID: 15010323 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2003] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are in vitro cultivated pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the embryonic blastocyst. Attesting to their pluripotency, ES cells can be differentiated into representative derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm) both in vitro and in vivo. Although mouse ES cells have been studied for many years, human ES cells have only more recently been derived and successfully propagated. Many biochemical differences and culture requirements between mouse and human ES cells have been described, yet despite these differences the study of murine ES cells has provided important insights into methodologies aimed at generating a greater and more in depth understanding of human ES cell biology. One common feature of both mouse and human ES cells is their capacity to undergo controlled differentiation into spheroid structures termed embryoid bodies (EBs). EBs recapitulate several aspects of early development, displaying regional-specific differentiation programs into derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers. For this reason, EB formation has been utilised as an initial step in a wide range of studies aimed at differentiating both mouse and human ES cells into a specific and desired cell type. Recent reports utilising specific growth factor combinations and cell-cell induction systems have provided alternative strategies for the directed differentiation of cells into a desired lineage. According to each one of these strategies, however, a relatively high cell lineage heterogeneity remains, necessitating subsequent purification steps including mechanical dissection, selective media or fluorescent or magnetic activated cell sorting (FACS and MACS, respectively). In the future, the ability to specifically direct differentiation of human ES cells at 100% efficiency into a desired lineage will allow us to fully explore the potential of these cells in the analysis of early human development, drug discovery, drug testing and repair of damaged or diseased tissues via transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock J Conley
- Centre for Early Human Development, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton 3168, Australia
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Dagoneau N, Scheffer D, Huber C, Al-Gazali LI, Di Rocco M, Godard A, Martinovic J, Raas-Rothschild A, Sigaudy S, Unger S, Nicole S, Fontaine B, Taupin JL, Moreau JF, Superti-Furga A, Le Merrer M, Bonaventure J, Munnich A, Legeai-Mallet L, Cormier-Daire V. Null leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) mutations in Stuve-Wiedemann/Schwartz-Jampel type 2 syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:298-305. [PMID: 14740318 PMCID: PMC1181927 DOI: 10.1086/381715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome (SWS) is a severe autosomal recessive condition characterized by bowing of the long bones, with cortical thickening, flared metaphyses with coarsened trabecular pattern, camptodactyly, respiratory distress, feeding difficulties, and hyperthermic episodes responsible for early lethality. Clinical overlap with Schwartz-Jampel type 2 syndrome (SJS2) has suggested that SWS and SJS2 could be allelic disorders. Through studying a series of 19 families with SWS/SJS2, we have mapped the disease gene to chromosome 5p13.1 at locus D5S418 (Zmax=10.66 at theta =0) and have identified null mutations in the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR or gp190 chain) gene. A total of 14 distinct mutations were identified in the 19 families. An identical frameshift insertion (653_654insT) was identified in families from the United Arab Emirates, suggesting a founder effect in that region. It is interesting that 12/14 mutations predicted premature termination of translation. Functional studies indicated that these mutations alter the stability of LIFR messenger RNA transcripts, resulting in the absence of the LIFR protein and in the impairment of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in patient cells. We conclude, therefore, that SWS and SJS2 represent a single clinically and genetically homogeneous condition due to null mutations in the LIFR gene on chromosome 5p13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dagoneau
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Deborah Scheffer
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Céline Huber
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Lihadh I. Al-Gazali
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Maja Di Rocco
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Anne Godard
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Jelena Martinovic
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Annick Raas-Rothschild
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Sheila Unger
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Sophie Nicole
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Bertrand Fontaine
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Jean-Luc Taupin
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Jean-François Moreau
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Martine Le Merrer
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Jacky Bonaventure
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and INSERM U546, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; Second Unit of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa; INSERM U463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France; Department of Genetics, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Hôpital d’Enfants de La Timone, Marseille; Division of Clinical and Genetic Metabolics, University of Toronto, Toronto; CNRS UMR 5540, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
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17
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Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a polyfunctional glycoprotein cytokine whose inducible production can occur in many, perhaps all, tissues. LIF acts on responding cells by binding to a heterodimeric membrane receptor composed of a low-affinity LIF-specific receptor and the gp130 receptor chain also used as the receptor for interleukin-6, oncostatin M, cardiotrophin-1, and ciliary neurotrophic factor. LIF is essential for blastocyst implantation and the normal development of hippocampal and olfactory receptor neurons. LIF is used extensively in experimental biology because of its key ability to induce embryonic stem cells to retain their totipotentiality. LIF has a wide array of actions, including acting as a stimulus for platelet formation, proliferation of some hematopoietic cells, bone formation, adipocyte lipid transport, adrenocorticotropic hormone production, neuronal survival and formation, muscle satellite cell proliferation, and acute phase production by hepatocytes. Unwanted actions of LIF can be minimized by circulating soluble LIF receptors and by intracellular suppression by suppressors of cytokine-signaling family members. However, the outstanding problems remain of how the induction of LIF is mediated in response to demands from such a heterogeneity of target tissues and why it makes design sense to use LIF in the regulation of such a diverse and unrelated series of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Metcalf
- Division of Cancer and Haematology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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18
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Bartoe JL, Nathanson NM. Independent roles of SOCS-3 and SHP-2 in the regulation of neuronal gene expression by leukemia inhibitory factor. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 107:108-19. [PMID: 12425940 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) initiates signaling through heterodimerization of the low affinity LIF receptor (LIFR) and gp130. Tyrosine 759 of gp130 is required for the negative regulation of LIF-mediated signaling by both the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 and the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3). We find that SOCS-3 is expressed in the neuronal cell lines SN56 and IMR32 and negatively regulates LIF-stimulated neuronal gene expression. Studies using antisense oligonucleotides targeted to SHP-2 or SOCS-3 indicate that either protein can negatively regulate LIF-stimulated neuronal gene expression independently of the other. Mutagenesis of the cytoplasmic domain of gp130 demonstrates that the four signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT) binding sites within gp130 are necessary for the induction of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) reporter genes, with the sites surrounding tyrosines 905 and 915 (Y905 and Y915) being most important in gp130-mediated reporter gene expression. While there are four STAT binding sites within gp130, only those surrounding Y905 and Y915 can mediate STAT1 activation; these results indicate that STAT1 may be essential for normal gp130-stimulated VIP and ChAT expression. Additionally, the negative regulation of signaling mediated by Y759 of gp130 is dependent upon intact STAT sites within the receptor. This indicates that STAT signaling is necessary for LIF- and CNTF-stimulated VIP and ChAT expression and Y759 of gp130 mediates the activities of SHP-2 and SOCS-3, which act to negatively regulate STAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Bartoe
- University of Washington, Department of Pharmacology, Box 357750, Seattle, WA 98195-7750, USA
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19
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Viswanathan S, Benatar T, Rose-John S, Lauffenburger DA, Zandstra PW. Ligand/receptor signaling threshold (LIST) model accounts for gp130-mediated embryonic stem cell self-renewal responses to LIF and HIL-6. Stem Cells 2002; 20:119-38. [PMID: 11897869 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.20-2-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that embryonic stem (ES) cell self-renewal required sustained signaling by leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in a concentration-dependent manner, allowing us to hypothesize that thresholds in ligand-receptor signaling modulate stem cell differentiation control. To test this hypothesis, we have experimentally and computationally compared the abilities of two gp130-signaling cytokines (LIF and Hyper-interleukin-6 [HIL-6]) to sustain ES cell self-renewal. Quantitative measurements of ES cell phenotypic markers (stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 and E-cadherin), functional assays (alkaline phosphatase activity and embryoid body formation efficiency), and transcription factor (Oct-4) expression over a range of LIF and HIL-6 concentrations demonstrated a superior ability of LIF to maintain ES cell pluripotentiality at higher concentrations (> or =500 pM). Additionally, we observed distinct qualitative differences in the ES cell self-renewal dose response profiles between the two cytokines. A computational model permitted calculation of the number of signaling complexes as a function of receptor expression, ligand concentration, and ligand/receptor-binding properties, generating predictions for the degree of self-renewal as a function of cytokine concentration by comparison of these calculated complex numbers to experimentally determined threshold cytokine concentrations. Model predictions, consistent with experimental data, indicated that differences in the potencies of these two cytokines were based primarily on differences in receptor-binding stoichiometries and properties. These results support a ligand/receptor signaling threshold model of ES cell fate modulation through appropriate types and levels of cytokine stimulation. Insights from these results may be more generally applicable to tissue-specific stem cells and could aid in the development of stem cell-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Viswanathan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Roseburgh Building, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
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20
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Voisin MB, Bitard J, Daburon S, Moreau JF, Taupin JL. Separate functions for the two modules of the membrane-proximal cytokine binding domain of glycoprotein 190, the leukemia inhibitory factor low affinity receptor, in ligand binding and receptor activation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:13682-92. [PMID: 11834739 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111624200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) associates the low affinity binding component gp190 and the high affinity converter gp130. Both are members of the hematopoietic receptors family characterized by the cytokine receptor homology (CRH) domain, which consists of two barrel-like modules of around 100 amino acids each. The gp190 is among the very few members of this large family to contain two CRH domains. The membrane-distal one (herein called D1) is followed by an immunoglobulin-like domain, a membrane-proximal CRH domain called D2, and three type III fibronectin-like repeats. A minimal D1IgD2 fragment is required for binding LIF. By using transmembrane forms of deletion mutants in gp190 ectodomain, we demonstrated that removal of D1 led to spontaneous activation of the receptor and that this property was devoted to a peptidic sequence localized within the last 42 amino acids of the carboxyl-terminal module of D2. By using soluble forms of deletion mutants made by progressive truncations from the end of the D1IgD2 fragment, we demonstrated that the carboxyl-terminal module of D2 was dispensable for LIF binding and that the correct conformation of the D1Ig fragment required a full amino-terminal module of D2. Therefore, the two constitutive modules of the membrane-proximal CRH domain D2 of gp190 fulfill two distinct roles in gp190 function, i.e. in stabilizing the conformation of gp190 allowing LIF binding and in activating the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu-Benoit Voisin
- CNRS UMR 5540, Université de Bordeaux II, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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21
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Taupin JL, Legembre P, Bitard J, Daburon S, Pitard V, Blanchard F, Duplomb L, Godard A, Jacques Y, Moreau JF. Identification of agonistic and antagonistic antibodies against gp190, the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor, reveals distinct roles for its two cytokine-binding domains. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:47975-81. [PMID: 11606572 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105476200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) associates the low affinity binding component gp190 and the high affinity converter gp130, both of which are members of the family of hematopoietic receptors characterized by the cytokine receptor homology (CRH) domain. The gp190 is among the very few members of this large family to contain two CRH domains. The membrane-distal one (herein called D1) is followed by an Ig-like domain, a membrane-proximal CRH domain called D2, and three type III fibronectin repeats. We raised a series of monoclonal antibodies specific for the human gp190. Among them was the blocking antibody 1C7, which was directed against the D1Ig region and which impaired the binding of LIF to gp190. Another blocking antibody, called 12D3, was directed against domain D2 and interfered with the reconstitution of the high affinity receptor complex, independently of the interaction between LIF and gp190. The blocking effect of these two antibodies concerned four cytokines known to use gp190, i.e. LIF, oncostatin M, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and cardiotrophin-1. Among 23 antibodies tested alone or in combination (two anti-D2 and 21 anti-D1Ig), only the mixture of the two anti-D2 antibodies displayed agonistic activity in the absence of the cytokine. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the two CRH domains of gp190 play different functions in ligand binding and receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Taupin
- CNRS UMR 5540, Université de Bordeaux II, Bâtiment 1b, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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22
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Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells directly derived from early stage embryos that retain the ability to differentiate into all cell types. This unique feature is the basis of various applications of ES cell technology such as in vitro models of mammalian development, germline transgenesis to make knockout mice, and a generic source for cell therapy in regenerative medicine. To achieve success in these applications, the pluripotency of ES cells has to be kept stable during long-term culture in vitro, leading to the necessity of determining the molecular basis for maintaining ES self-renewal. This paper summarizes the recent progress in this area, focusing mainly on the LIF signaling pathway and the transcription factor Oct-3/4. Although it is still unclear how these components works together, a model is presented here that provides a plan to solve this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Niwa
- Stem Cell Regulation Research, Area of Molecular Therapeutics, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
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23
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Liu H, Dan J, Tang S, Wu S. Involving of the cytoplasmic region of leukemia inhibitory factor receptor alpha subunit, IL-6 related signal transducer-gp130 or fas death domain for MAPK p42/44 activation in HL-60 cell with LIF or anti-Fas IgG. Mol Cell Biochem 2001; 217:113-20. [PMID: 11269654 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007220627845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The chimeric receptors were prepared by exchanging the cytoplasmic region between leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) receptor alpha subunit (gp190) and the other subunit-gp130 (190/130,130/190) and separately transduced into leukemia line HL-60 (to have the wild type subunit). The purpose is to investigate which subunit for activating MAPK p42/44 in leukemia cell while the cytoplasmic region homodimerization (190cyt-190cyt, 130cyt-130cyt) was induced by LIF. The results showed that MAPK p42/44 expression level after LIF stimulation 5 h was lower in the transformants with pED 130/190 (190cyt- 190cyt) (p < 0.01) and higher in the transformants with pED 190/130 (130cyt- 130cyt) (p < 0.05) than those in the parent cells. Meanwhile, MAPK p42/44 phosphorylation (Thr202/Tyr204) was ascended and the highest at 10 min in the 190/130 and descended in the 130/190. It suggests that gp130 activate MAPK p42/44 and gp190 indirectly regulate its expression and function. In order to analyses the relation of the subunit oligomerization and MAPK p42/44 we also prepared the recombination of the extracellular and transmembrane region of Fas and the cytoplasmic region of each LIFR subunit (Fas/190, Fas/130). After transduction into HL-60 with lipofection and induction by anti-Fas IgG, we found that MAPK p42/44 expression levels were lower in the Fas/190 than in the Fas/130 and parent cells (p < 0.01) and no difference between the Fas/130 and the wild type receptor. However, phospho-MAPK p42/44 were increased in the Fas/130 than the parent cells. It suggests that the oligomerization of the cytoplasmic regions of gp130 be potential to normally initiate MAPK p42/44 for the signal of HL-60 proliferation. We also determine that the separated oligomerization FasDD (no dimerization) can initiate the corresponding signal molecules, then regulate MAPK p42/44 expression and phosphorylation in leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Wang Y, Robledo O, Kinzie E, Blanchard F, Richards C, Miyajima A, Baumann H. Receptor subunit-specific action of oncostatin M in hepatic cells and its modulation by leukemia inhibitory factor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:25273-85. [PMID: 10854424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002296200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The related cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), oncostatin M (OSM), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) direct the formation of specific heteromeric receptor complexes to achieve signaling. Each complex includes the common signal-transducing subunit gp130. OSM and LIF also recruit the signaling competent, but structurally distinct OSMRbeta and LIFRalpha subunits, respectively. To test the hypothesis that the particularly prominent cell regulation by OSM is due to signals contributed by OSMRbeta, we introduced stable expression of human or mouse OSMRbeta in rat hepatoma cells which have endogenous receptors for IL-6 and LIF, but not OSM. Both mouse and human OSM engaged gp130 with their respective OSMRbeta subunits, but only human OSM also acted through LIFR. Signaling by OSMRbeta-containing receptors was characterized by highest activation of STAT5 and ERK, recruitment of the insulin receptor substrate and Jun-N-terminal kinase pathways, and induction of a characteristic pattern of acute phase proteins. Since LIF together with LIFRalpha appear to form a more stable complex with gp130 than OSM with gp130 and OSMRbeta, co-activation of LIFR and OSMR resulted in a predominant LIF-like response. These results suggest that signaling by IL-6 cytokines is not identical, and that a hierarchical order of cytokine receptor action exists in which LIFR ranks as dominant member.
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MESH Headings
- Acute-Phase Proteins/metabolism
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cytokine Receptor gp130
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Growth Inhibitors/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit
- Lymphokines
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Milk Proteins
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Binding
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, OSM-LIF
- Receptors, Oncostatin M
- STAT5 Transcription Factor
- Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins
- Signal Transduction
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1
- Thymidine/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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25
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Bartoe JL, Nathanson NM. Differential regulation of leukemia inhibitory factor-stimulated neuronal gene expression by protein phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 through mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent and -independent pathways. J Neurochem 2000; 74:2021-32. [PMID: 10800945 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0742021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The neurally active cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signals through a bipartite receptor complex composed of LIF receptor alpha (LIFR) and gp130. gp130 and LIFR contain consensus binding motifs for the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 surrounding tyrosines 118 and 115 (Y118 and Y115) of their cytoplasmic domains, respectively. These sites are necessary for maximal activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Coexpression of catalytically inactive, but not wild-type, SHP-2 reduced LIFR- and gp130-mediated activation of MAPK up to 75%. Conversely, coexpression of the wild-type, but not catalytically inactive, SHP-1, a related phosphatase, reduced activity up to 80%, demonstrating that SHP-2 and SHP-1 have opposing effects on the MAPK pathway. Mutation of Y115 of the cytoplasmic domain of LIFR eliminates receptor-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP-2. In contrast, SHP-1 association with gp130 and LIFR is constitutive and independent of Y118 and Y115, respectively. SHP-1 has a positive regulatory role on LIF-stimulated vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) reporter gene expression in neuronal cells, whereas the effect of SHP-2 is negative. Furthermore, LIF-stimulated MAPK activation negatively regulates this VIP reporter gene induction. SHP-2 also negatively regulates LIF-dependent expression of choline acetyltransferase, but this regulation could be dissociated from its effects on MAPK activation. These data indicate that SHP-1 and SHP-2 are important regulators of LIF-dependent neuronal gene expression via both MAPK-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bartoe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7750, USA
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26
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Tomida M. Structural and functional studies on the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIF-R): gene and soluble form of LIF-R, and cytoplasmic domain of LIF-R required for differentiation and growth arrest of myeloid leukemic cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 37:517-25. [PMID: 11042511 DOI: 10.3109/10428190009058503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIF-R) subunit is a component of cell-surface receptor complexes for the multifunctional cytokines, LIF, cardiotrophin-1, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and human oncostatin M. The structure of the human LIF-R gene is similar to that of the mouse gene. The transmembrane receptor is encoded by 19 exons. Two distinct 5' non-coding exons are present, indicating the existence of alternative promoters. An extra-exon specific to the mouse soluble receptor contains a stop codon and polyadenylation signals in a B2 repetitive element. On the other hand, LIF-R mRNAs containing unspliced introns are abundantly present in human tissues. These intronic sequences introduce a termination codon before the transmembrane domain. Human choriocarcinoma cells expressing these mRNAs release soluble LIF-R. The cytoplasmic domain of LIF-R can generate the signals for growth arrest and differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemic cells when they are induced to form a homodimer of the cytoplasmic domain independently of gp130. Two membrane-distal tyrosines on the YXXQ motif of LIF-R are critical not only for STAT3 activation but also for growth arrest and macrophage differentiation of WEHI-3B D+ cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Dimerization
- Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes
- Growth Inhibitors/physiology
- Humans
- Interleukin-6
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Lymphokines/physiology
- Mice
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Pregnancy
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytokine/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/physiology
- Receptors, OSM-LIF
- STAT3 Transcription Factor
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Solubility
- Species Specificity
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tomida
- Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama 362-0806, Japan.
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27
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Zandstra PW, Le HV, Daley GQ, Griffith LG, Lauffenburger DA. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) concentration modulates embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation independently of proliferation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20000920)69:6<607::aid-bit4>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Hermanns HM, Radtke S, Haan C, Schmitz-Van de Leur H, Tavernier J, Heinrich PC, Behrmann I. Contributions of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor and Oncostatin M Receptor to Signal Transduction in Heterodimeric Complexes with Glycoprotein 130. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.12.6651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), cardiotrophin-1, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and oncostatin M (OSM) lead to heterodimerization of LIF receptor (LIFR) or the OSM-specific receptor (OSMR) with glycoprotein (gp) 130, the common receptor subunit for IL-6-type cytokines. Thereby intracellular signaling via Janus kinases (Jaks) and STAT transcription factors is initiated. We investigated the contributions of LIFR and OSMR to signal transduction in the context of heterodimers with gp130. Chimeric receptors based on the extracellular parts of the IL-5R α- and β-chains were generated, allowing the induced heterodimerization of two different cytoplasmic tails. Our studies demonstrate that upon heterodimerization with the gp130 cytoplasmic region, the cytoplasmic parts of both LIFR and OSMR were critical for activation of an acute phase protein promoter in HepG2 hepatoma cells. The membrane-proximal region of LIFR or OSMR was crucial for the ability of such receptor complexes to induce DNA binding of STAT1 and STAT3 in COS-7 cells. Membrane-distal regions of LIFR and OSMR contributed to STAT activation even in the absence of gp130 STAT recruitment sites. We further show that the Janus kinases Jak1 and Jak2 constitutively associated with receptor constructs containing the cytoplasmic part of LIFR, OSMR, or gp130, respectively. Homodimers of the LIFR or OSMR cytoplasmic regions did not elicit responses in COS-7 cells but did in HepG2 cells and in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. Thus, in spite of extensive functional similarities, differential signaling abilities of gp130, LIFR, and OSMR may become evident in a cell-type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike M. Hermanns
- *Department of Biochemistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Simone Radtke
- *Department of Biochemistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Claude Haan
- *Department of Biochemistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany; and
| | | | - Jan Tavernier
- †Department of Medical Protein Chemistry, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter C. Heinrich
- *Department of Biochemistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Iris Behrmann
- *Department of Biochemistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany; and
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29
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Burdon T, Chambers I, Stracey C, Niwa H, Smith A. Signaling mechanisms regulating self-renewal and differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Cells Tissues Organs 1999; 165:131-43. [PMID: 10592385 DOI: 10.1159/000016693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An ability to propagate pluripotent embryonic cells in culture is the foundation both for defined germline modification in experimental rodents and for future possibilities for broad-based cellular transplantation therapies in humans. Yet, the molecular basis of the self-renewing pluripotent phenotype remains ill-defined. The relationship between factors that influence embryonic stem cell propagation in vitro and mechanisms of stem cell regulation operative in the embryo is also uncertain. In this article we discuss the role of intracellular signalling pathways in the maintenance of pluripotency and induction of differentiation in embryonic stem cell cultures and the mammalian embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Burdon
- Centre for Genome Research, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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30
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O'Brien CA, Gubrij I, Lin SC, Saylors RL, Manolagas SC. STAT3 activation in stromal/osteoblastic cells is required for induction of the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand and stimulation of osteoclastogenesis by gp130-utilizing cytokines or interleukin-1 but not 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or parathyroid hormone. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:19301-8. [PMID: 10383440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.27.19301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokines stimulate osteoclastogenesis by activating gp130 in stromal/osteoblastic cells and may mediate some of the osteoclastogenic effects of other cytokines and hormones. To determine whether STAT3 is a downstream effector of gp130 in the osteoclast support function of stromal/osteoblastic cells and whether the gp130/STAT3 pathway is utilized by other osteoclastogenic agents, we conditionally expressed dominant negative (dn)-STAT3 or dn-gp130 in a stromal/osteoblastic cell line (UAMS-32) that supports osteoclast formation. Expression of either dominant negative protein abolished osteoclast formation stimulated by IL-6 + soluble IL-6 receptor, oncostatin M, or IL-1 but not by parathyroid hormone or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Because previous studies suggested that IL-6-type cytokines may stimulate osteoclastogenesis by inducing expression of the tumor necrosis factor-related protein, receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), we conditionally expressed RANKL in UAMS-32 cells and found that this was sufficient to stimulate osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, dn-STAT3 blocked the ability of either IL-6 + soluble IL-6 receptor or oncostatin M to induce RANKL. These results establish that STAT3 is essential for gp130-mediated osteoclast formation and that the target of STAT3 during this process is induction of RANKL. In addition, this study demonstrates that activation of the gp130-STAT3 pathway in stromal/osteoblastic cells mediates the osteoclastogenic effects of IL-1, but not parathyroid hormone or 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A O'Brien
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
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31
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Taupin JL, Miossec V, Pitard V, Blanchard F, Daburon S, Raher S, Jacques Y, Godard A, Moreau JF. Binding of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) to mutants of its low affinity receptor, gp190, reveals a LIF binding site outside and interactions between the two cytokine binding domains. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:14482-9. [PMID: 10318874 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.20.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The gp190 transmembrane protein, the low affinity receptor for the leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), belongs to the hematopoietin family of receptors characterized by the cytokine binding domain (CBD). gp190 is one of the very few members of this family to contain two such domains. The membrane-proximal CBD (herein called D2) is separated from the membrane-distal one (called D1) by an immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domain and is followed by three fibronectin type III repeats. We used truncated gp190 mutants and a blocking anti-gp190 monoclonal antibody to study the role of these repeats in low affinity receptor function. Our results showed that the D1Ig region was involved in LIF binding, while D2 appeared to be crucial for the proper folding of D1, suggesting functionally important interactions between the two CBDs in the wild-type protein. In addition, a point mutation in the carboxyl terminus of the Ig region strongly impaired ligand binding. These findings suggest that at least two distinct sites, both located within the D1Ig region, are involved in LIF binding to gp190, and more generally, that ligand binding sites on these receptors may well be located outside the canonical CBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Taupin
- CNRS UMR 5540, Université de Bordeaux II, Bâtiment 1b, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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32
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Ernst M, Novak U, Nicholson SE, Layton JE, Dunn AR. The carboxyl-terminal domains of gp130-related cytokine receptors are necessary for suppressing embryonic stem cell differentiation. Involvement of STAT3. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:9729-37. [PMID: 10092661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.14.9729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell type-specific responses to the leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)/interleukin 6 cytokine family are mediated by dimerization of the LIF receptor alpha-chain (LIFRalpha) with the signal transducer gp130 or of two gp130 molecules followed by activation of the JAK/STAT and Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. In order to dissect the contribution of gp130 and LIFRalpha individually, chimeric molecules consisting of the extracellular domain of the granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor (GCSF-R) and various mutant forms of the cytoplasmic domains of gp130 or LIFRalpha were expressed in embryonic stem (ES) cells to test for suppression of differentiation, or in a factor-dependent plasma cytoma cell line to assess for induction of proliferation. Carboxyl-terminal domains downstream of the phosphatase (SHP2)-binding sites were dispensable for mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and the transduction of proliferative signals. Moreover, carboxyl-terminal truncation mutants which lacked intact Box 3 homology domains showed decreased STAT3 activation, failed to induce Hck kinase activity and suppress ES cell differentiation. Moreover, STAT3 antisense oligonucleotides impaired LIF-dependent inhibition of differentiation. Substitution of the tyrosine residue within the Box 3 region of the GSCF-R abolished receptor-mediated suppression of differentiation without affecting the transduction of proliferative signals. Thus, distinct cytoplasmic domains within the LIFRalpha, gp130, and GCSF-R transduce proliferative and differentiation suppressing signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ernst
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, P. O. Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, 3050, Australia.
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33
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Knight DA, Lydell CP, Zhou D, Weir TD, Robert Schellenberg R, Bai TR. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and LIF receptor in human lung. Distribution and regulation of LIF release. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:834-41. [PMID: 10101017 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.4.3429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution and regulation of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and its receptor (LIFR) in human lung tissue is unknown. We recently found that LIF was immunolocalized to several cell types in human airways, and that exogenous LIF modulated neural and contractile responses of explanted airways. The present study aimed to determine the cellular distribution and regulation of gene transcripts for LIF and LIFR in human lung, and measured the release of LIF in response to anti-immunoglobulin (Ig)E, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6. Exposure of human lung to IL-1beta (100 pg/ml) resulted in the rapid induction of LIF messenger RNA (mRNA) (1 h) and subsequent protein release (6 h). Similar results were observed when lung tissue was exposed to anti-IgE (6 U/ml). Gene transcripts for LIF were observed in nine pulmonary cell types, with the greatest expression occurring in fibroblasts. LIFR transcripts were also widely expressed in these cell types. In cultures of nontransformed epithelial cells, lung fibroblasts, and airway smooth-muscle cells, IL-1beta (100 pg/ml) induced the rapid accumulation of LIF mRNA and protein release, with fibroblasts liberating the greatest amount. IL-6 also induced the expression of LIF mRNA and release of LIF in airway smooth-muscle cells, whereas exogenous LIF itself had no effect. Expression of LIFR mRNA was not influenced by exposure to IL-1beta or LIF in any of the cell lines used. These results highlight the widespread distribution and rapid release of LIF in human lung tissue and, in conjunction with our previous report, suggest that this cytokine may play an important role in lung inflammatory processes and neuroimmune interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Knight
- University of British Columbia Pulmonary Research Laboratory, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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34
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Cytoplasmic Domains of the Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor Required for STAT3 Activation, Differentiation, and Growth Arrest of Myeloid Leukemic Cells. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.6.1934.406k05_1934_1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) induces growth arrest and macrophage differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemic cells through the functional LIF receptor (LIFR), which comprises a heterodimeric complex of the LIFR subunit and gp130. To identify the regions within the cytoplasmic domain of LIFR that generate the signals for growth arrest, macrophage differentiation, and STAT3 activation independently of gp130, we constructed chimeric receptors by linking the transmembrane and intracellular regions of mouse LIFR to the extracellular domains of the human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (hGM-CSFR) and βc chains. Using the full-length cytoplasmic domain and mutants with progressive C-terminal truncations or point mutations, we show that the two membrane-distal tyrosines with the YXXQ motif of LIFR are critical not only for STAT3 activation, but also for growth arrest and differentiation of WEHI-3B D+ cells. A truncated STAT3, which acts in a dominant negative manner was introduced into WEHI-3B D+ cells expressing GM-CSFR-LIFR and GM-CSFRβc-LIFR. These cells were not induced to differentiate by hGM-CSF. The results indicate that STAT3 plays essential roles in the signals for growth arrest and differentiation mediated through LIFR.
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35
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Zhang Y, Willson T, Metcalf D, Cary D, Hilton DJ, Clark R, Nicola NA. The box-1 region of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor alpha-chain cytoplasmic domain is sufficient for hemopoietic cell proliferation and differentiation. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:34370-83. [PMID: 9852103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.51.34370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that acts on a variety of cell types and regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. The functional receptor for LIF is composed of LIFR alpha-chain (LIFRalpha) and gp130 both of which are shared in the functional receptors for oncostatin M, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and cardiotrophin-1. By using stable transfection of wild-type or cytoplasmic deletion mutants of LIFRalpha together with full-length gp130 into Ba/F3 cells, we found that cells expressing gp130 and an extensively deleted mutant LIFRalpha containing only the box-1 region were capable of proliferating in response to LIF, although LIF-dependent long term growth of these cells was seriously impaired. Using a similar strategy to generate WEHI-3BD+ cells expressing gp130 and wild-type or truncation mutants of LIFRalpha, studies revealed that the box-1 region of the LIFRalpha was also sufficient for LIF-dependent induction of different aspects of differentiation, including up-regulation of macrophage surface marker expression, morphological change, and cell migration in agar culture. However, the C-terminal region of the LIFRalpha, although not essential for intracellular signaling, was important for efficient receptor-mediated ligand internalization. In summary, the membrane-proximal box-1 region plays a dominant role in LIF-induced signal transduction of both proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research and the Cooperative Research Centre for Cellular Growth Factors, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
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36
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Nakamura T, Arai T, Takagi M, Sawada T, Matsuda T, Yokota T, Heike T. A selective switch-on system for self-renewal of embryonic stem cells using chimeric cytokine receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 248:22-7. [PMID: 9675079 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Propagation of embryonic stem (ES) cells with an undifferentiated pluripotential phenotype depends on leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). The LIF receptor complex is composed of a heterodimer of LIF receptor alpha (LIFR alpha) and gp130. To activate LIFR signaling pathways independently from endogenous ones, we constructed chimeric receptors by linking the extracellular domain of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor alpha or beta (hGMR alpha or beta) to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of either mouse LIFR alpha or gp130. hGMR alpha-mLIFR/hGMR beta-mgp130 or hGMR alpha-mgp130/hGMR beta-mgp130, but not hGMR alpha-mLIFR/hGMR beta-mLIFR, preserved the self-renewal activity in A3 ES cells. All of these chimeric receptors were phosphorylated after hGM-CSF stimulation without phosphorylation of endogenous gp130. Phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 through chimeric receptors correlated with the undifferentiated phenotype. Therefore, these chimeric receptors prove useful to analyze mechanisms of the self-renewal of ES cells.
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37
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Niwa H, Burdon T, Chambers I, Smith A. Self-renewal of pluripotent embryonic stem cells is mediated via activation of STAT3. Genes Dev 1998; 12:2048-60. [PMID: 9649508 PMCID: PMC316954 DOI: 10.1101/gad.12.13.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1142] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The propagation of embryonic stem (ES) cells in an undifferentiated pluripotent state is dependent on leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) or related cytokines. These factors act through receptor complexes containing the signal transducer gp130. The downstream mechanisms that lead to ES cell self-renewal have not been delineated, however. In this study, chimeric receptors were introduced into ES cells. Biochemical and functional studies of transfected cells demonstrated a requirement for engagement and activation of the latent trancription factor STAT3. Detailed mutational analyses unexpectedly revealed that the four STAT3 docking sites in gp130 are not functionally equivalent. The role of STAT3 was then investigated using the dominant interfering mutant, STAT3F. ES cells that expressed this molecule constitutively could not be isolated. An episomal supertransfection strategy was therefore used to enable the consequences of STAT3F expression to be examined. In addition, an inducible STAT3F transgene was generated. In both cases, expression of STAT3F in ES cells growing in the presence of LIF specifically abrogated self-renewal and promoted differentiation. These complementary approaches establish that STAT3 plays a central role in the maintenance of the pluripotential stem cell phenotype. This contrasts with the involvement of STAT3 in the induction of differentiation in somatic cell types. Cell type-specific interpretation of STAT3 activation thus appears to be pivotal to the diverse developmental effects of the LIF family of cytokines. Identification of STAT3 as a key transcriptional determinant of ES cell self-renewal represents a first step in the molecular characterization of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Niwa
- Centre for Genome Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK
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38
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Piekorz RP, Rinke R, Gouilleux F, Neumann B, Groner B, Hocke GM. Modulation of the activation status of Stat5a during LIF-induced differentiation of M1 myeloid leukemia cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1402:313-23. [PMID: 9606990 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(98)00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of M1 myeloid leukemia cells with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) causes activation of transcription factors Stat1, Stat3 and Stat5a (signal transducers and activators of transcription). DNA-binding of Stat proteins was detectable for extended periods of time in LIF-treated M1 cells, which simultaneously underwent terminal differentiation. The relative composition of Stat factors in the protein-DNA complexes changed during time. Whereas Stat3 was activated up to 36 h during treatment with LIF, Stat5a was activated only short-termed. Similarly, high expression of the immediate early gene CIS (cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein), a known target gene of Stat5 in hematopoietic cells, occurred only during the onset of differentiation. This suggests a role of Stat5a in the early phase of LIF-induced differentiation and growth arrest of M1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Piekorz
- Institut fúr Mikrobiologie, Biochemie und Genetik, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany
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