1
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Hollingsworth K, Di Maio A, Richards SJ, Vendeville JB, Wheatley DE, Council CE, Keenan T, Ledru H, Chidwick H, Huang K, Parmeggiani F, Marchesi A, Chai W, McBerney R, Kamiński TP, Balmforth MR, Tamasanu A, Finnigan JD, Young C, Warriner SL, Webb ME, Fascione MA, Flitsch S, Galan MC, Feizi T, Gibson MI, Liu Y, Turnbull WB, Linclau B. Synthesis and screening of a library of Lewis x deoxyfluoro-analogues reveals differential recognition by glycan-binding partners. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7925. [PMID: 39271664 PMCID: PMC11399408 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycan-mediated interactions play a crucial role in biology and medicine, influencing signalling, immune responses, and disease pathogenesis. However, the use of glycans in biosensing and diagnostics is limited by cross-reactivity, as certain glycan motifs can be recognised by multiple biologically distinct protein receptors. To address this specificity challenge, we report the enzymatic synthesis of a 150-member library of site-specifically fluorinated Lewisx analogues ('glycofluoroforms') using naturally occurring enzymes and fluorinated monosaccharides. Subsequent incorporation of a subset of these glycans into nanoparticles or a microarray revealed a striking spectrum of distinct binding intensities across different proteins that recognise Lewisx. Notably, we show that for two proteins with unique binding sites for Lewisx, glycofluoroforms exhibited enhanced binding to one protein, whilst reduced binding to the other, with selectivity governed by fluorination patterns. We finally showcase the potential diagnostic utility of this approach in glycofluoroform-mediated bacterial toxin detection by lateral flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Hollingsworth
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Antonio Di Maio
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah-Jane Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - David E Wheatley
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - Claire E Council
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - Tessa Keenan
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Hélène Ledru
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Harriet Chidwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Kun Huang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrea Marchesi
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ryan McBerney
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tomasz P Kamiński
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew R Balmforth
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexandra Tamasanu
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James D Finnigan
- Prozomix Limited, Haltwhistle Industrial Estate, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, UK
| | - Carl Young
- Prozomix Limited, Haltwhistle Industrial Estate, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, UK
| | - Stuart L Warriner
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael E Webb
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Sabine Flitsch
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Yan Liu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - W Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK.
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Wang N, Zhu Y, Wang L, Huang Z, Li Z, Xu W, Mu W. Highly-efficient in vivo production of lacto-N-fucopentaose V by a regio-specific α1,3/4-fucosyltransferase from Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:130955. [PMID: 38499120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Lacto-N-fucopentaose V (LNFP V) is a typical human milk pentasaccharide. Multi-enzymatic in vitro synthesis of LNFP V from lactose was reported, however, microbial cell factory approach to LNFP V production has not been reported yet. In this study, the biosynthetic pathway of LNFP V was examined in Escherichia coli. The previously constructed E. coli efficiently producing lacto-N-tetraose was used as the starting strain. GDP-fucose pathway module and a regio-specific glycosyltransferase with α1,3-fucosylation activity were introduced to realize the efficient synthesis of LNFP V. The α1,3/4-fucosyltransferase from Bacteroides fragilis was selected as the best enzyme for in vivo biosynthesis of LNFP V from nine candidates, with the highest titer and the lowest by-product accumulation. A beneficial variant K128D was obtained to further enhance LNFP V titer using computer-assisted site-directed mutagenesis. The final strain EW10 could produce 25.68 g/L LNFP V by fed-batch cultivation, with the productivity of 0.56 g/L·h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Zhao M, Zhu Y, Wang H, Xu W, Zhang W, Mu W. An Overview of Sugar Nucleotide-Dependent Glycosyltransferases for Human Milk Oligosaccharide Synthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12390-12402. [PMID: 37552889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have received increasing attention because of their special effects on infant health and commercial value as the new generation of core components in infant formula. Currently, large-scale production of HMOs is generally based on microbial synthesis using metabolically engineered cell factories. Introduction of the specific glycosyltransferases is essential for the construction of HMO-producing engineered strains in which the HMO-producing glycosyltransferases are generally sugar nucleotide-dependent. Four types of glycosyltransferases have been used for typical glycosylation reactions to synthesize HMOs. Soluble expression, substrate specificity, and regioselectivity are common concerns of these glycosyltransferases in practical applications. Screening of specific glycosyltransferases is an important research topic to solve these problems. Molecular modification has also been performed to enhance the catalytic activity of various HMO-producing glycosyltransferases and to improve the substrate specificity and regioselectivity. In this article, various sugar nucleotide-dependent glycosyltransferases for HMO synthesis were overviewed, common concerns of these glycosyltransferases were described, and the future perspectives of glycosyltransferase-related studies were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Bloomage Biotechnology Corp., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250010, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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4
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Yang L, Zhu Y, Meng J, Zhang W, Mu W. Recent progress in fucosylated derivatives of lacto- N-tetraose and lacto- N-neotetraose. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:10384-10396. [PMID: 37341681 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2224431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their unique physiological functions. Two important tetrasaccharides, lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), are core structures of HMOs. Their safety has been evaluated and they can be added to infant formula as functional ingredients. The fucosylated derivatives of LNT and LNnT, mainly lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP) I, LNFP II, LNFP III, and lacto-N-difucohexaose I, exhibit prominent physiological characteristics, including modificating the intestinal microbiota, immunomodulation, anti-bacterial activities, and antiviral infection. However, they have received lesser attention than 2'-fucosyllactose. As precursors, LNT and LNnT are connected to one or two fucosyl units through α1,2/3/4 glycosidic bonds, forming a series of compounds with complex structures. These complex fucosylated oligosaccharides can be biologically synthesized using enzymatic and cell factory approaches. This review summarizes the occurrence, physiological effects, and biosynthesis of fucosylated LNT and LNnT derivatives and their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiawei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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5
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Li Z, Zhu Y, Ni D, Zhang W, Mu W. Occurrence, functional properties, and preparation of 3-fucosyllactose, one of the smallest human milk oligosaccharides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9364-9378. [PMID: 35438024 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2064813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are receiving wide interest and high attention due to their health benefits, especially for newborns. The HMOs-fortified products are expected to mimic human milk not only in the kinds of added oligosaccharides components but also the appropriate proportion between these components, and further provide the nutrition and physiological effects of human milk to newborns as closely as possible. In comparison to intensively studied 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL) has less attention in almost all respects. Nerveless, 3-FL naturally occurs in breast milk and increases roughly over the course of lactation with a nonnegligible content, and plays an irreplaceable role in human milk and delivers functional properties to newborns. According to the safety evaluation, 3-FL shows no acute oral toxicity, genetic toxicity, and subchronic toxicity. It has been approved as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Biological production of 3-FL can be realized by enzymatic and cell factory approaches. The α1,3- or α1,3/4-fucosyltransferase is the key enzyme for 3-FL biosynthesis. Various metabolic engineering strategies have been applied to enhance 3-FL yield using cell factory approach. In conclusion, this review gives an overview of the recent scientific literatures regarding occurrence, bioactive properties, safety evaluation, and biotechnological preparation of 3-FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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6
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Zhao L, Ma Z, Yin J, Shi G, Ding Z. Biological strategies for oligo/polysaccharide synthesis: biocatalyst and microbial cell factory. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117695. [PMID: 33593568 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides constitute the principal components of carbohydrates, which are important biomacromolecules that demonstrate considerable bioactivities. However, the variety and structural complexity of oligo/polysaccharides represent a major challenge for biological and structural explorations. To access structurally defined oligo/polysaccharides, biological strategies using glycoenzyme biocatalysts have shown remarkable synthetic potential attributed to their regioselectivity and stereoselectivity that allow mild, structurally controlled reaction without addition of protecting groups necessary in chemical strategies. This review summarizes recent biotechnological approaches of oligo/polysaccharide synthesis, which mainly includes in vitro enzymatic synthesis and cell factory synthesis. We have discussed the important factors involved in the production of nucleotide sugars. Furthermore, the strategies established in the cell factory and enzymatic syntheses are summarized, and we have highlighted concepts like metabolic flux rebuilding and regulation, enzyme engineering, and route design as important strategies. The research challenges and prospects are also outlined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Zhongbao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Jian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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7
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Moulton KD, Adewale AP, Carol HA, Mikami SA, Dube DH. Metabolic Glycan Labeling-Based Screen to Identify Bacterial Glycosylation Genes. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:3247-3259. [PMID: 33186014 PMCID: PMC7808405 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell surface glycans are quintessential drug targets due to their critical role in colonization of the host, pathogen survival, and immune evasion. The dense cell envelope glycocalyx contains distinctive monosaccharides that are stitched together into higher order glycans to yield exclusively bacterial structures that are critical for strain fitness and pathogenesis. However, the systematic study and inhibition of bacterial glycosylation enzymes remains challenging. Bacteria produce glycans containing rare sugars refractory to traditional glycan analysis, complicating the study of bacterial glycans and the identification of their biosynthesis machinery. To ease the study of bacterial glycans in the absence of detailed structural information, we used metabolic glycan labeling to detect changes in glycan biosynthesis. Here, we screened wild-type versus mutant strains of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, ultimately permitting the identification of genes involved in glycoprotein and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Our findings provide the first evidence that H. pylori protein glycosylation proceeds via a lipid carrier-mediated pathway that overlaps with lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Protein glycosylation mutants displayed fitness defects consistent with those induced by small molecule glycosylation inhibitors. Broadly, our results suggest a facile approach to screen for bacterial glycosylation genes and gain insight into their biosynthesis and functional importance, even in the absence of glycan structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Moulton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Adedunmola P. Adewale
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Hallie A. Carol
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Sage A. Mikami
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Danielle H. Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
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8
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Huang HH, Fang JL, Wang HK, Sun CY, Tsai TW, Huang YT, Kuo CY, Wang YJ, Liao CC, Yu CC. Substrate Characterization of Bacteroides fragilis α1,3/4-Fucosyltransferase Enabling Access to Programmable One-Pot Enzymatic Synthesis of KH-1 Antigen. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hui Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Wei Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Kuo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jyun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 291 Zhongzheng Road, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ching Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
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9
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Tan Y, Zhang Y, Han Y, Liu H, Chen H, Ma F, Withers SG, Feng Y, Yang G. Directed evolution of an α1,3-fucosyltransferase using a single-cell ultrahigh-throughput screening method. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw8451. [PMID: 31633018 PMCID: PMC6785251 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw8451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fucosylated glycoconjugates are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. However, economical production of fucosylated drugs and prebiotic supplements has been hampered by the poor catalytic efficiency of fucosyltransferases. Here, we developed a fluorescence-activated cell sorting system that enables the ultrahigh-throughput screening (>107 mutants/hour) of such enzymes and designed a companion strategy to assess the screening performance of the system. After three rounds of directed evolution, a mutant M32 of the α1,3-FucT from Helicobacter pylori was identified with 6- and 14-fold increases in catalytic efficiency (k cat/K m) for the synthesis of Lewis x and 3'-fucosyllactose, respectively. The structure of the M32 mutant revealed that the S45F mutation generates a clamp-like structure that appears to improve binding of the galactopyranose ring of the acceptor substrate. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulations reveal that helix α5, is more mobile in the M32 mutant, possibly explaining its high fucosylation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yunbin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fuqiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Corresponding author.
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10
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Wu HR, Anwar MT, Fan CY, Low PY, Angata T, Lin CC. Expedient assembly of Oligo-LacNAcs by a sugar nucleotide regeneration system: Finding the role of tandem LacNAc and sialic acid position towards siglec binding. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:627-636. [PMID: 31351394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sialosides containing (oligo-)N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc, Galβ(1,4)GlcNAc) as core structure are known to serve as ligands for Siglecs. However, the role of tandem inner epitope for Siglec interaction has never been reported. Herein, we report the effect of internal glycan (by length and type) on the binding affinity and describe a simple and efficient chemo-enzymatic sugar nucleotide regeneration protocol for the preparative-scale synthesis of oligo-LacNAcs by the sequential use of β1,4-galactosyltransferase (β4GalT) and β1,3-N-acetylglucosyl transferase (β3GlcNAcT). Further modification of these oligo-LacNAcs was performed in one-pot enzymatic synthesis to yield sialylated and/or fucosylated analogs. A glycan library of 23 different sialosides containing various LacNAc lengths or Lac core with natural/unnatural sialylation and/or fucosylation was synthesized. These glycans were used to fabricate a glycan microarray that was utilized to screen glycan binding preferences against five different Siglecs (2, 7, 9, 14 and 15).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ru Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Instrumentation Center of Ministry of Science and Technology at National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | | | - Chen-Yo Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Penk Yeir Low
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Takashi Angata
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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11
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Zayed A, Ulber R. Fucoidan production: Approval key challenges and opportunities. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 211:289-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Yu J, Shin J, Park M, Seydametova E, Jung SM, Seo JH, Kweon DH. Engineering of α-1,3-fucosyltransferases for production of 3-fucosyllactose in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2018; 48:269-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Chua EG, Wise MJ, Khosravi Y, Seow SW, Amoyo AA, Pettersson S, Peters F, Tay CY, Perkins TT, Loke MF, Marshall BJ, Vadivelu J. Quantum changes in Helicobacter pylori gene expression accompany host-adaptation. DNA Res 2017; 24:37-49. [PMID: 27803027 PMCID: PMC5381349 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsw046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a highly successful gastric pathogen. High genomic plasticity allows its adaptation to changing host environments. Complete genomes of H. pylori clinical isolate UM032 and its mice-adapted serial derivatives 298 and 299, generated using both PacBio RS and Illumina MiSeq sequencing technologies, were compared to identify novel elements responsible for host-adaptation. The acquisition of a jhp0562-like allele, which encodes for a galactosyltransferase, was identified in the mice-adapted strains. Our analysis implies a new β-1,4-galactosyltransferase role for this enzyme, essential for Ley antigen expression. Intragenomic recombination between babA and babB genes was also observed. Further, we expanded on the list of candidate genes whose expression patterns have been mediated by upstream homopolymer-length alterations to facilitate host adaption. Importantly, greater than four-fold reduction of mRNA levels was demonstrated in five genes. Among the down-regulated genes, three encode for outer membrane proteins, including BabA, BabB and HopD. As expected, a substantial reduction in BabA protein abundance was detected in mice-adapted strains 298 and 299 via Western analysis. Our results suggest that the expression of Ley antigen and reduced outer membrane protein expressions may facilitate H. pylori colonisation of mouse gastric epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-Guan Chua
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael J Wise
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yalda Khosravi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Sven Pettersson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,SCELSE Microbiome Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Fanny Peters
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chin-Yen Tay
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy T Perkins
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mun-Fai Loke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Barry J Marshall
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,UM Marshall Centre, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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Biotechnological production of fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides: Prokaryotic fucosyltransferases and their use in biocatalytic cascades or whole cell conversion systems. J Biotechnol 2016; 235:61-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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15
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Maldonado RF, Sá-Correia I, Valvano MA. Lipopolysaccharide modification in Gram-negative bacteria during chronic infection. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:480-93. [PMID: 27075488 PMCID: PMC4931227 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer membrane that plays a key role in host-pathogen interactions with the innate immune system. During infection, bacteria are exposed to a host environment that is typically dominated by inflammatory cells and soluble factors, including antibiotics, which provide cues about regulation of gene expression. Bacterial adaptive changes including modulation of LPS synthesis and structure are a conserved theme in infections, irrespective of the type or bacteria or the site of infection. In general, these changes result in immune system evasion, persisting inflammation and increased antimicrobial resistance. Here, we review the modifications of LPS structure and biosynthetic pathways that occur upon adaptation of model opportunistic pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria, Helicobacter pylori and Salmonella enterica) to chronic infection in respiratory and gastrointestinal sites. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms of these variations and their role in the host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita F. Maldonado
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Miguel A. Valvano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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16
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Mickum ML, Rojsajjakul T, Yu Y, Cummings RD. Schistosoma mansoni α1,3-fucosyltransferase-F generates the Lewis X antigen. Glycobiology 2015; 26:270-85. [PMID: 26582608 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic evidence suggests that the Schistosoma mansoni genome contains six genes that encode α1,3-fucosyltransferases (smFuTs). To date, the activities and specificities of these putative fucosyltransferases are unknown. As Schistosoma express a variety of fucosylated glycans, including the Lewis X antigen Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ-R, it is likely that this family of genes encode enzymes that are partly responsible for the generation of those structures. Here, we report the molecular cloning of fucosyltransferase-F (smFuT-F) from S. mansoni, as a soluble, green fluorescent protein fusion protein and its acceptor specificity. The gene smFuT-F was expressed in HEK freestyle cells, purified by affinity chromatography, and analyzed toward a broad panel of glycan acceptors. The enzyme product of smFuT-F effectively utilizes a type II chain acceptor Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R, but notably not the LDN sequence GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc-R, to generate Lewis X type-glycans, and smFuT-F transcripts are present in all intramammalian life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Mickum
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Teerapat Rojsajjakul
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Lee JH, Pandey RP, Kim D, Sohng JK. Cloning and functional characterization of an α-1,3-fucosyltransferase from Bacteroides fragilis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-013-0041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Yu H, Lau K, Li Y, Sugiarto G, Chen X. One-pot multienzyme synthesis of Lewis x and sialyl Lewis x antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 4:233-247. [PMID: 25000293 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
L-Fucose has been found abundantly in human milk oligosaccharides, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, glycolipids, and many N- and O-linked glycans produced by mammalian cells. Fucose-containing carbohydrates have important biological functions. Alterations in the expression of fucosylated oligosaccharides have been observed in several pathological processes such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Chemical formation of fucosidic bonds is challenging due to its acid lability. Enzymatic construction of fucosidic bonds by fucosyltransferases is highly efficient and selective but requires the expensive sugar nucleotide donor guanosine 5'- diphosphate-L-fucose (GDP-Fuc). Here, we describe a protocol for applying a one-pot three-enzyme system in synthesizing structurally defined fucose-containing oligosaccharides from free L-fucose. In this system, GDP-Fuc is generated from L-fucose, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), and guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) by a bifunctional L-fucokinase/GDP-fucose pyrophosphorylase (FKP). An inorganic pyrophosphatase (PpA) is used to degrade the by-product pyrophosphate (PPi) to drive the reaction towards the formation of GDP-Fuc. In situ generated GDP-Fuc is then used by a suitable fucosyltransferase for the formation of fucosides. The three-enzyme reactions are carried out in one pot without the need for high cost sugar nucleotide or isolation of intermediates. The time for the synthesis is 4-24 hours. Purification and characterization of products can be completed in 2-3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kam Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Go Sugiarto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Novel functions for glycosyltransferases Jhp0562 and GalT in Lewis antigen synthesis and variation in Helicobacter pylori. Infect Immun 2012; 80:1593-605. [PMID: 22290141 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00032-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewis (Le) antigens are fucosylated oligosaccharides present in the Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide. Expression of these antigens is believed to be important for H. pylori colonization, since Le antigens also are expressed on the gastric epithelia in humans. A galactosyltransferase encoded by β-(1,3)galT is essential for production of type 1 (Le(a) and Le(b)) antigens. The upstream gene jhp0562, which is present in many but not all H. pylori strains, is homologous to β-(1,3)galT but is of unknown function. Because H. pylori demonstrates extensive intragenomic recombination, we hypothesized that these two genes could undergo DNA rearrangement. A PCR screen and subsequent sequence analyses revealed that the two genes can recombine at both the 5' and 3' ends. Chimeric β-(1,3)galT-like alleles can restore function in a β-(1,3)galT null mutant, but neither native nor recombinant jhp0562 can. Mutagenesis of jhp0562 revealed that it is essential for synthesis of both type 1 and type 2 Le antigens. Transcriptional analyses of both loci showed β-(1,3)galT expression in all wild-type (WT) and mutant strains tested, whereas jhp0562 was not expressed in jhp0562 null mutants, as expected. Since jhp0562 unexpectedly displayed functions in both type 1 and type 2 Le synthesis, we asked whether galT, part of the type 2 synthesis pathway, had analogous functions in type 1 synthesis. Mutagenesis and complementation analysis confirmed that galT is essential for Le(b) production. In total, these results demonstrate that galT and jhp0562 have functions that cross the expected Le synthesis pathways and that jhp0562 provides a substrate for intragenomic recombination to generate diverse Le synthesis enzymes.
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20
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Pohl MA, Zhang W, Shah SN, Sanabria-Valentín EL, Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ. Genotypic and phenotypic variation of Lewis antigen expression in geographically diverse Helicobacter pylori isolates. Helicobacter 2011; 16:475-81. [PMID: 22059399 PMCID: PMC3228314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori are a persistent colonizer of the human gastric mucosa, which can lead to the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric adenocarcinomas. However, H. pylori can asymptomatically colonize a host for years. One factor that has been hypothesized to contribute to such persistence is the production of Lewis (Le) antigens in the lipopolysaccharide layer of the bacterial outer membrane as a form of molecular mimicry, because humans also express these antigens on their gastric mucosa. Humans and H. pylori both are polymorphic for Le expression, which is driven in H. pylori by variation at the Le synthesis loci. In this report, we sought to characterize Le genotypic and phenotypic variation in geographically diverse H. pylori isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS From patients undergoing endoscopy in 29 countries, we determined Le phenotypes of 78 H. pylori strains and performed genotyping of the galT and β-(1,3)galT loci in 113 H. pylori strains. RESULTS Le antigen phenotyping revealed a significant (p < .0001) association between type 1 (Le(a) and Le(b) ) expression and strains of East Asian origin. Genotyping revealed a significant correlation between strain origin and the size of the promoter region upstream of the Le synthesis gene, galT (p < .0001). CONCLUSION These results indicate that the heterogeneity of human Le phenotypes is reflected in their H. pylori colonizing strains and suggest new loci that can be studied to assess the variation of Le expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Pohl
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Rabbani S, Corona F, Ernst B. Biochemical characterization of Helicobacter pylori α-1,4 fucosyltransferase: metal ion requirement, donor substrate specificity and organic solvent stability. Biometals 2011; 22:1011-7. [PMID: 19565338 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of metal ions on the activity, the donor substrate specificity, and the stability in organic solvents of Helicobacter pylori α-1,4 fucosyltransferase were studied. The recombinant enzyme was expressed as soluble form in E. coli strain AD494 and purified in a one step affinity chromatography. Its activity was highest in cacodylate buffer at pH 6.5 in the presence of 20 mM Mn2+ ions at 37°C. Mn2+ ions could be substituted by other metal ions. In all cases, Mn2+ ions proofed to be the most effective (Mn2+ > Co2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+ > EDTA). The enzyme shows substrate specificity for Type I disaccharide (1) with a KM of 114 μM. In addition, the H. pylori α-1,4 fucosyltransferase efficiently transfers GDP-activated L-fucose derivatives to Galβ1-3GlcNAc-OR (1). Interestingly, the presence of organic solvents such as DMSO and methanol up to 20% in the reaction medium does not affect significantly the enzyme activity. However, at the same concentration of dioxane, activity is totally abolished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Rabbani
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Hoshino H, Tsuchida A, Kametani K, Mori M, Nishizawa T, Suzuki T, Nakamura H, Lee H, Ito Y, Kobayashi M, Masumoto J, Fujita M, Fukuda M, Nakayama J. Membrane-associated activation of cholesterol α-glucosyltransferase, an enzyme responsible for biosynthesis of cholesteryl-α-D-glucopyranoside in Helicobacter pylori critical for its survival. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:98-105. [PMID: 20876522 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2010.957092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the causative pathogen underlying gastric diseases such as chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. Previously, the authors revealed that α1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine-capped O-glycan (αGlcNAc) found in gland mucin suppresses H. pylori growth and motility by inhibiting catalytic activity of cholesterol α-glucosyltransferase (CHLαGcT), the enzyme responsible for biosynthesis of the major cell wall component cholesteryl-α-D-glucopyranoside (CGL). Here, the authors developed a polyclonal antibody specific for CHLαGcT and then undertook quantitative ultrastructural analysis of the enzyme's localization in H. pylori. They show that 66.3% of CHLαGcT is detected in the cytoplasm beneath the H. pylori inner membrane, whereas 24.7% is present on the inner membrane. In addition, 2.6%, 5.0%, and 1.4% of the protein were detected in the periplasm, on the outer membrane, and outside microbes, respectively. By using an in vitro CHLαGcT assay with fractionated H. pylori proteins, which were used as an enzyme source for CHLαGcT, the authors demonstrated that the membrane fraction formed CGL, whereas other fractions did not. These data combined together indicate that CHLαGcT is originally synthesized in the cytoplasm of H. pylori as an inactive form and then activated when it is associated with the cell membrane. This article contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Hoshino
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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23
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Stead CM, Zhao J, Raetz CRH, Trent MS. Removal of the outer Kdo from Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide and its impact on the bacterial surface. Mol Microbiol 2011; 78:837-52. [PMID: 20659292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori produces a unique surface lipopolysaccharide (LPS) characterized by strikingly low endotoxicity that is thought to aid the organism in evading the host immune response. This reduction in endotoxicity is predicted to arise from the modification of the Kdo-lipid A domain of Helicobacter LPS by a series of membrane bound enzymes including a Kdo (3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid) hydrolase responsible for the modification of the core oligosaccharide. Here, we report that Kdo hydrolase activity is dependent upon a putative two-protein complex composed of proteins Hp0579 and Hp0580. Inactivation of Kdo hydrolase activity produced two phenotypes associated with cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance and O-antigen expression. Kdo hydrolase mutants were highly sensitive to polymyxin B, which could be attributed to a defect in downstream modifications to the lipid A 4'-phosphate group. Production of a fully extended O-antigen was also diminished in a Kdo hydrolase mutant, with a consequent increase in core-lipid A. Finally, expression of O-antigen Lewis X and Y epitopes, known to mimic glycoconjugates found on human tissues, was also affected. Taken together, we have demonstrated that loss of Kdo hydrolase activity affects all three domains of H. pylori LPS, thus highlighting its role in the maintenance of the bacterial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Stead
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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24
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Naruchi K, Nishimura SI. Membrane-Bound Stable Glycosyltransferases: Highly Oriented Protein Immobilization by a C-Terminal Cationic Amphipathic Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Naruchi K, Nishimura SI. Membrane-Bound Stable Glycosyltransferases: Highly Oriented Protein Immobilization by a C-Terminal Cationic Amphipathic Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1328-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Zhang L, Lau K, Cheng J, Yu H, Li Y, Sugiarto G, Huang S, Ding L, Thon V, Wang PG, Chen X. Helicobacter hepaticus Hh0072 gene encodes a novel alpha1-3-fucosyltransferase belonging to CAZy GT11 family. Glycobiology 2010; 20:1077-88. [PMID: 20466652 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewis x (Le(x)) and sialyl Lewis x (SLe(x))-containing glycans play important roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes. The key enzyme for the final step formation of these Lewis antigens is alpha1-3-fucosyltransferase. Here we report molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel Helicobacter hepaticus alpha1-3-fucosyltransferase (HhFT1) which shows activity towards both non-sialylated and sialylated Type II oligosaccharide acceptor substrates. It is a promising catalyst for enzymatic and chemoenzymatic synthesis of Le(x), sialyl Le(x) and their derivatives. Unlike all other alpha1-3/4-fucosyltransferases characterized so far which belong to Carbohydrate Active Enzyme (CAZy, http://www.cazy.org/) glycosyltransferase family GT10, the HhFT1 shares protein sequence homology with alpha1-2-fucosyltransferases and belongs to CAZy glycosyltransferase family GT11. The HhFT1 is thus the first alpha1-3-fucosyltransferase identified in the GT11 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Pohl MA, Romero-Gallo J, Guruge JL, Tse DB, Gordon JI, Blaser MJ. Host-dependent Lewis (Le) antigen expression in Helicobacter pylori cells recovered from Leb-transgenic mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:3061-72. [PMID: 20008521 PMCID: PMC2806470 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Variation of surface antigen expression is a mechanism used by microbes to adapt to and persist within their host habitats. Helicobacter pylori, a persistent bacterial colonizer of the human stomach, can alter its surface Lewis (Le) antigen expression. We examined H. pylori colonization in mice to test the hypothesis that host phenotype selects for H. pylori (Le) phenotypes. When wild-type and Leb-expressing transgenic FVB/N mice were challenged with H. pylori strain HP1, expressing Lex and Ley, we found that bacterial populations recovered after 8 mo from Leb-transgenic, but not wild-type, mice expressed Leb. Changes in Le phenotype were linked to variation of a putative galactosyltransferase gene (β-(1,3)galT); mutagenesis and complementation revealed its essential role in type I antigen expression. These studies indicate that H. pylori evolves to resemble the host's gastric Le phenotype, and reveal a bacterial genetic locus that is subject to host-driven selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Pohl
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine and Veteran's Administration Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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28
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Chemoenzymatic synthesis of GDP-L-fucose and the Lewis X glycan derivatives. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:16096-101. [PMID: 19805264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908248106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lewis X (Le(x))-containing glycans play important roles in numerous cellular processes. However, the absence of robust, facile, and cost-effective methods for the synthesis of Le(x) and its structurally related analogs has severely hampered the elucidation of the specific functions of these glycan epitopes. Here we demonstrate that chemically defined guanidine 5'-diphosphate-beta-l-fucose (GDP-fucose), the universal fucosyl donor, the Le(x) trisaccharide, and their C-5 substituted derivatives can be synthesized on preparative scales, using a chemoenzymatic approach. This method exploits l-fucokinase/GDP-fucose pyrophosphorylase (FKP), a bifunctional enzyme isolated from Bacteroides fragilis 9343, which converts l-fucose into GDP-fucose via a fucose-1-phosphate (Fuc-1-P) intermediate. Combining the activities of FKP and a Helicobacter pylori alpha1,3 fucosyltransferase, we prepared a library of Le(x) trisaccharide glycans bearing a wide variety of functional groups at the fucose C-5 position. These neoglycoconjugates will be invaluable tools for studying Le(x)-mediated biological processes.
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29
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Moran AP. Relevance of fucosylation and Lewis antigen expression in the bacterial gastroduodenal pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Carbohydr Res 2007; 343:1952-65. [PMID: 18279843 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a prevalent bacterial, gastroduodenal pathogen of humans that can express Lewis (Le) and related antigens in the O-chains of its surface lipopolysaccharide. The O-chains of H. pylori are commonly composed of internal Le(x) units with terminal Le(x) or Le(y) units or, in some strains, with additional units of Le(a), Le(b), Le(c), sialyl-Le(x) and H-1 antigens, as well as blood groups A and B, thereby producing a mosaicism of antigenic units expressed. The genetic determination of the Le antigen biosynthetic pathways in H. pylori has been studied, and despite striking functional similarity, low sequence homology occurs between the bacterial and mammalian alpha(1,3/4)- and alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferases. Factors affecting Le antigen expression in H. pylori, that can influence the biological impact of this molecular mimicry, include regulation of fucosyltransferase genes through slipped-strand mispairing, the activity and expression levels of the functional enzymes, the preferences of the expressed enzyme for distinctive acceptor molecules and the availability of activated sugar intermediates. Le mimicry was initially implicated in immune evasion and gastric adaptation by the bacterium, but more recent studies show a role in gastric colonization and bacterial adhesion with galectin-3 identified as the gastric receptor for polymeric Le(x) on the bacterium. From the host defence aspect, innate immune recognition of H. pylori by surfactant protein D is influenced by the extent of LPS fucosylation. Furthermore, Le antigen expression affects both the inflammatory response and T-cell polarization that develops after infection. Although controversial, evidence suggests that long-term H. pylori infection can induce autoreactive anti-Le antibodies cross-reacting with the gastric mucosa, in part leading to the development of gastric atrophy. Thus, Le antigen expression and fucosylation in H. pylori have multiple biological effects on pathogenesis and disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Moran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Shetterly S, Jost F, Watson SR, Knegtel R, Macher BA, Holmes EH. Site-specific fucosylation of sialylated polylactosamines by alpha1,3/4-fucosyltransferases-V and -VI Is defined by amino acids near the N terminus of the catalytic domain. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:24882-92. [PMID: 17604274 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702395200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucose transfer from GDP-fucose to GlcNAc residues of the sialylated polylactosamine acceptor NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4Glc-NAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glcbeta1-ceramide leads to two isomeric monofucosyl antigens, VIM2 and sialyl-Le(x). Human alpha1,3/4-fucosyltransferase (FucT)-V catalyzes primarily the synthesis of VIM2, whereas human FucT-VI catalyzes primarily the synthesis of sialyl-Le(x). Thus, these two enzymes have distinct "site-specific fucosylation" properties. Amino acid sequence alignment of these enzymes showed that there are 24 amino acid differences in their catalytic domains. Studies were conducted to determine which of the amino acid differences are responsible for the site-specific fucosylation properties of each enzyme. Domain swapping (replacing a portion of the catalytic domain from one enzyme with an analogous portion from the other enzyme) demonstrated that site-specific fucosylation was defined within a 40-amino acid segment containing 8 amino acid differences between the two enzymes. Site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that the site-specific fucosylation properties of these enzymes could be reversed by substituting 4 amino acids from one sequence with the other. These results were observed in both in vitro enzyme assays and flow cytometric analyses of Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with plasmids containing the various enzyme constructs. Modeling studies of human FucT using a structure of a bacterial fucosyltransferase as a template demonstrated that the amino acids responsible for site-specific fucosylation map near the GDP-fucose-binding site. Additional enzyme studies demonstrated that FucT-VI has approximately 12-fold higher activity compared with FucT-V and that the Trp(124)/Arg(110) site in these enzymes is responsible primarily for this activity difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Shetterly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
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31
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Sun HY, Lin SW, Ko TP, Pan JF, Liu CL, Lin CN, Wang AHJ, Lin CH. Structure and mechanism of Helicobacter pylori fucosyltransferase. A basis for lipopolysaccharide variation and inhibitor design. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:9973-9982. [PMID: 17251184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610285200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase (FucT) is involved in catalysis to produce the Lewis x trisaccharide, the major component of the bacteria's lipopolysaccharides, which has been suggested to mimic the surface sugars in gastric epithelium to escape host immune surveillance. We report here three x-ray crystal structures of FucT, including the FucT.GDP-fucose and FucT.GDP complexes. The protein structure is typical of the glycosyltransferase-B family despite little sequence homology. We identified a number of catalytically important residues, including Glu-95, which serves as the general base, and Glu-249, which stabilizes the developing oxonium ion during catalysis. The residues Arg-195, Tyr-246, Glu-249, and Lys-250 serve to interact with the donor substrate, GDP-fucose. Variations in the protein and ligand conformations, as well as a possible FucT dimer, were also observed. We propose a catalytic mechanism and a model of polysaccharide binding not only to explain the observed variations in H. pylori lipopolysaccharides, but also to facilitate the development of potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Sun
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10642; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10642; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Fu Pan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Liu
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10642; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nan Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H-J Wang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10642; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; National Core Facility of High-Throughput Protein Crystallography, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10642; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Fucosylated carbohydrate structures are involved in a variety of biological and pathological processes in eukaryotic organisms including tissue development, angiogenesis, fertilization, cell adhesion, inflammation, and tumor metastasis. In contrast, fucosylation appears less common in prokaryotic organisms and has been suggested to be involved in molecular mimicry, adhesion, colonization, and modulating the host immune response. Fucosyltransferases (FucTs), present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, are the enzymes responsible for the catalysis of fucose transfer from donor guanosine-diphosphate fucose to various acceptor molecules including oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. To date, several subfamilies of mammalian FucTs have been well characterized; these enzymes are therefore delineated and used as models. Non-mammalian FucTs that possess different domain construction or display distinctive acceptor substrate specificity are highlighted. It is noteworthy that the glycoconjugates from plants and schistosomes contain some unusual fucose linkages, suggesting the presence of novel FucT subfamilies as yet to be characterized. Despite the very low sequence homology, striking functional similarity is exhibited between mammalian and Helicobacter pylori alpha1,3/4 FucTs, implying that these enzymes likely share a conserved mechanistic and structural basis for fucose transfer; such conserved functional features might also exist when comparing other FucT subfamilies from different origins. Fucosyltranferases are promising tools used in synthesis of fucosylated oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which show great potential in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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Wirth HP, Yang M, Sanabria-Valentín E, Berg DE, Dubois A, Blaser MJ. Host Lewis phenotype-dependent Helicobacter pylori Lewis antigen expression in rhesus monkeys. FASEB J 2006; 20:1534-6. [PMID: 16720729 PMCID: PMC2579782 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5529fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Both human and H. pylori populations are polymorphic for the expression of Lewis antigens. Using an experimental H. pylori challenge of rhesus monkeys of differing Lewis phenotypes, we aimed to determine whether H. pylori populations adapt their Lewis phenotypes to those of their hosts. After inoculation of four monkeys with a mixture of seven strains identified by RAPD-polymerase chain reaction, H. pylori Lewis expression was followed in 86 isolates obtained over 40 wk. Host Lewis(a/b) secretion status was characterized by immunological assays. Fingerprints of the predominating strain (J166) were identical in all four animals after 40 wk, but its Lewis phenotype had substantial variability in individual hosts. At 40 wk, J166 populations from two Lewis(a-b+) animals predominantly expressed Lewis(y). In contrast, J166 populations had switched to a Lewis(x) dominant phenotype in the two Lewis(a+b-) animals; a frame shift in futC, regulating conversion of Lewis(x) to Lewis(y), accounted for the phenotypic switch. The results indicate that individual cells in H. pylori populations can change Lewis phenotypes during long-term colonization of natural hosts to resemble those of their hosts, providing evidence for host selection for bacterial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Wirth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Zurich University School of Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manqiao Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Zurich University School of Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edgardo Sanabria-Valentín
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, and VA Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Douglas E. Berg
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - André Dubois
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal and Liver Studies, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin J. Blaser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, and VA Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Correspondence: Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA. E-mail:
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34
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Ma B, Audette GF, Lin S, Palcic MM, Hazes B, Taylor DE. Purification, Kinetic Characterization, and Mapping of the Minimal Catalytic Domain and the Key Polar Groups of Helicobacter pylori α-(1,3/1,4)-Fucosyltransferases. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:6385-94. [PMID: 16407247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511320200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The minimal catalytic domain of alpha-(1,3/1,4)-fucosyltransferases (FucTs) from Helicobacter pylori strains NCTC11639 and UA948 was mapped by N- and C-terminal truncations. Only the C terminus could be truncated without significant loss of activity. 11639FucT and UA948FucT contain 10 and 8 heptad repeats, respectively, which connect the catalytic domain with the C-terminal putative amphipathic alpha-helices. Deletion of all heptad repeats almost completely abolished enzyme activity. Nevertheless, with only one heptad repeat 11639FucT is fully active, whereas UA948FucT is partially active. Removal of the two putative amphipathic alpha-helices dramatically increased protein expression and solubility, enabling purification with yields of milligrams/liter. Steady-state kinetic analysis of the purified FucTs showed that 11639FucTs possessed slightly tighter binding affinity for both Type II acceptor and GDP-fucose donor than UA948FucT, and its kcat of 2.3 s(-1) was double that of UA948FucT, which had a kcat value of 1.1 s(-1) for both Type II and Type I acceptors. UA948FucT strongly favors Type II over the Type I acceptor with a 20-fold difference in acceptor Km. Sixteen modified Type I and Type II series acceptors were employed to map the molecular determinants of acceptors required for recognition by H. pylori alpha-(1,3/1,4)-FucTs. Deoxygenation at 6-C of the galactose in Type II acceptor caused a 5000-fold decrease in alpha1,3 activity, whereas in Type I acceptor this completely abolished alpha1,4 activity, indicating that this hydroxyl group is a key polar group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7
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35
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Ma B, Lau LH, Palcic MM, Hazes B, Taylor DE. A single aromatic amino acid at the carboxyl terminus of Helicobacter pylori {alpha}1,3/4 fucosyltransferase determines substrate specificity. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:36848-56. [PMID: 16150700 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504415200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucosyltransferases (FucT) from different Helicobacter pylori strains display distinct Type I (Galbeta1,3GlcNAc) or Type II (Galbeta1,4GlcNAc) substrate specificity. FucT from strain UA948 can transfer fucose to the OH-3 of Type II acceptors as well as to the OH-4 of Type I acceptors on the GlcNAc moiety, so it has both alpha1,3 and alpha1,4 activities. In contrast, FucT from strain NCTC11639 has exclusive alpha1,3 activity. Our domain swapping study (Ma, B., Wang, G., Palcic, M. M., Hazes, B., and Taylor, D. E. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 21893-21900) demonstrated that exchange of the hypervariable loops, (347)DNPFIFC(353) in 11639FucT and (345)CNDAHYSALH(354) in UA948FucT, were sufficient to either confer or abolish alpha1,4 activity. Here we performed alanine scanning site-directed mutagenesis to identify which amino acids within (345)CNDAHYSALH(354) of UA948FucT confer Type I substrate specificity. The Tyr(350) --> Ala mutation dramatically reduced alpha1,4 activity without lowering alpha1,3 activity. None of the other alanine substitutions selectively eliminated alpha1,4 activity. To elucidate how Tyr(350) determines alpha1,4 specificity, mutants Tyr(350) --> Phe, Tyr(350) --> Trp, and Tyr(350) --> Gly were constructed in UA948FucT. These mutations did not decrease alpha1,3 activity but reduced the alpha1,4 activity to 66.9, 55.6, and 3.1% [corrected] of wild type level, respectively. Apparently the aromatic nature, but not the hydroxyl group of Tyr(350), is essential for alpha1,4 activity. Our data demonstrate that a single amino acid (Tyr(350)) in the C-terminal hypervariable region of UA948FucT determines Type I acceptor specificity. Notably, a single aromatic residue (Trp) has also been implicated in controlling Type I acceptor preference for human FucT III, but it is located in an N-terminal hypervariable stem domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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36
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Langdon R, Craig JE, Goldrick M, Houldsworth R, High NJ. Analysis of the role of HP0208, a phase-variable open reading frame, and its homologues HP1416 and HP0159 in the biosynthesis of Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:697-706. [PMID: 16014421 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.45842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of the three ORFs HP0208, HP0159 and HP1416 in the biosynthesis of Helicobacter pylori 26695 LPS were investigated in this study. These ORFs represent a paralogous family of genes with homology to the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (hereafter referred to as S. typhimurium) waaJ gene, which encodes an alpha-1,2-glycosyltransferase required for core LPS biosynthesis. HP0208 contains multiple tandem repeats of the dimer 5'GA at its 5' end and its expression is predicted to be subject to phase variation. The number of 5'GA repeats present in this ORF was found to be non-permissive for the expression of HP0208 in the majority of H. pylori strains examined. To determine a role for this ORF in LPS biosynthesis a non-phase-variable, constitutively expressed variant of HP0208 was constructed and introduced into the genome of H. pylori 26695. Analysis of the LPS profile of this strain by Tricine-SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with anti-Lewis Y antigen (Le(y)) mAbs confirmed a role for HP0208 in the biosynthesis of core LPS. A role for HP0159 and HP1416 in the biosynthesis of core LPS was also established. Although homologous to waaJ, H. pylori HP0208, HP0159 and HP1416 failed to complement an S. typhimurium waaJ mutant, suggesting that these ORFs encode functionally different enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Langdon
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, 1.800 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jane E Craig
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, 1.800 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Marie Goldrick
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, 1.800 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Rebecca Houldsworth
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, 1.800 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nicola J High
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, 1.800 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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37
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Rabbani S, Miksa V, Wipf B, Ernst B. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel Helicobacter pylori α-1,4 fucosyltransferase. Glycobiology 2005; 15:1076-83. [PMID: 16000696 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen which causes both gastric and duodenal ulcers and is associated with gastric cancer and lymphoma. This microorganism synthesizes fucosylated oligosaccharides, predominantly the Galb-1,4GlcNAc (Type II) blood group antigens Lewis X and Y, whereas a small population also expresses the Galb-1,3GlcNAc (Type I) blood group antigens Lewis A and B. These carbohydrate structures are known to mimic host cell antigens and permit the bacteria to escape from the host immune response. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of a novel H. pylori alpha-1,4 fucosyltransferase (FucT). In contrast to the family members characterized to date, this enzyme shows exclusively Type I acceptor substrate specificity. The enzyme consisting of 432 amino acids (MW 50,502 Da) was cloned using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach. It exhibits a high degree of identity (75-87%) and similar structural features, for example, in the heptamer repeat pattern, with other H. pylori FucTs. The kinetic characterization revealed a very efficient transferase (k(cat)/Km = 229 mM(-1) s(-1)) for the Type I acceptor substrate (Gal)-1,3 GlcNAc-Lem (1). Additionally, the enzyme possesses a broad tolerance toward nonnatural Type I acceptor substrate analogs and therefore represents a valuable tool for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of Lewis A, sialyl Lewis A as well as mimetics thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Rabbani
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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38
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Logan SM, Altman E, Mykytczuk O, Brisson JR, Chandan V, Schur MJ, St Michael F, Masson A, Leclerc S, Hiratsuka K, Smirnova N, Li J, Wu Y, Wakarchuk WW. Novel biosynthetic functions of lipopolysaccharide rfaJ homologs from Helicobacter pylori. Glycobiology 2005; 15:721-33. [PMID: 15814825 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwi057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity screening and insertional inactivation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic genes in Helicobacter pylori have led to the successful characterization of two key enzymes encoded by HP0159 (JHP0147) and HP1105 (JHP1032) open reading frames (ORFs) which are members of the large and diverse carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZY) GT-8 (rfaJ) family of glycosyltransferases. Activity screening of a genomic library led to the identification of the enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the type 2 N-acetyl-lactosamine O-chain backbone, the beta-1,3-N-acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase. In addition, the activity screening approach led to the identification and characterization of a key core biosynthetic enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of the alpha-1,6-glucan polymer. This alpha-1,6-glucosyltransferase protein is encoded by the HP0159 ORF. Both enzymes play an integral part in the biosynthesis of LPS, and insertional inactivation leads to the production of a truncated LPS molecule on the bacterial cell surface. The LPS structures were determined by mass spectrometry and chemical analyses. The linkage specificity of each glycosyltransferase was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of model compounds synthesized in vitro. A cryogenic probe was used to structurally characterize nanomole amounts of the product of the HP1105 (JHP1032) enzyme. In contrast to the HP0159 enzyme, which displays the GT-8-predicted retaining stereochemistry for the reaction product, HP1105 (JHP1032) is the first member of this GT-8 family to have been shown to have an inverting stereochemistry in its reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Logan
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OR6.
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39
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Moran AP, Shiberu B, Ferris JA, Knirel YA, Senchenkova SN, Perepelov AV, Jansson PE, Goldberg JB. Role ofHelicobacter pylori rfaJgenes (HP0159 and HP1416) in lipopolysaccharide synthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 241:57-65. [PMID: 15556710 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Revised: 08/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of Helicobacter pylori 26695 has been sequenced and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O sidechain of this strain has been shown to express both Lewis x and Lewis y units. To determine the role of HP0159 and HP1416, genes recognized as rfaJ homologs and implicated in LPS synthesis, isogenic mutants of H. pylori 26695 were generated. The LPS of mutant 26695::HP0159Kan did not express either Lewis epitope as detected by immunoblotting, whereas the control strain and 26695::HP1416Kan produced both epitopes. Structural analysis of the LPS of the mutants showed that HP0159 encodes an alpha(1,2/3)-glucosyltransferase whereas HP1416 encodes an alpha(1,2/4)-glucosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Moran
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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40
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Ma B, Wang G, Palcic MM, Hazes B, Taylor DE. C-terminal amino acids of Helicobacter pylori alpha1,3/4 fucosyltransferases determine type I and type II transfer. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:21893-900. [PMID: 12676935 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301704200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha1,3/4 fucosyltransferase (FucT) enzyme from Helicobacter pylori catalyzes fucose transfer from donor GDP-beta-l-fucose to the GlcNAc group of two series of acceptor substrates in H. pylori lipopolysaccharide: betaGal1,3betaGlcNAc (Type I) or betaGal1,4betaGlcNAc (Type II). Fucose is added either in alpha1,3 linkage of Type II acceptor to produce Lewis X or in alpha1,4 linkage of Type I acceptor to produce Lewis A, respectively. H. pylori FucTs from different strains have distinct Type I or Type II substrate specificities. FucT in H. pylori strain NCTC11639 has an exclusive alpha1,3 activity because it recognizes only Type II substrates, whereas FucT in H. pylori strain UA948 can utilize both Type II and Type I acceptors; thus it has both alpha1,3 and alpha1,4 activity, respectively. To identify elements conferring substrate specificity, 12 chimeric FucTs were constructed by domain swapping between 11639FucT and UA948FucT and characterized for their ability to transfer fucose to Type I and Type II acceptors. Our results indicate that the C-terminal region of H. pylori FucTs controls Type I and Type II acceptor specificity. In particular, the highly divergent C-terminal portion, seven amino acids DNPFIFC at positions 347-353 in 11639FucT, and the corresponding 10 amino acids CNDAHYSALH at positions 345-354 in UA948FucT, controls the Type I and Type II acceptor recognition. This is the opposite of mammalian FucTs where acceptor preference is determined primarily by the N-terminal residues in the hypervariable stem domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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41
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Bastida A, Latorre M, García-Junceda E. In vivo chaperone-assisted folding of alpha-1,6-fucosyltransferase from Rhizobium sp. Chembiochem 2003; 4:531-3. [PMID: 12794864 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200200514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Bastida
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Biológica Instituto de Química Orgánica General CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid 28006, Spain
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42
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Monteiro MA. Helicobacter pylori: a wolf in sheep's clothing: the glycotype families of Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharides expressing histo-blood groups: structure, biosynthesis, and role in pathogenesis. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2002; 57:99-158. [PMID: 11836945 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(01)57016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Monteiro
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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43
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Takata T, El-Omar E, Camorlinga M, Thompson SA, Minohara Y, Ernst PB, Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori does not require Lewis X or Lewis Y expression to colonize C3H/HeJ mice. Infect Immun 2002; 70:3073-9. [PMID: 12011000 PMCID: PMC127983 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.6.3073-3079.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori strains frequently express Lewis X (Le(x)) and/or Le(y) on their cell surfaces as constituents of the O antigens of their lipopolysaccharide molecules. To assess the effect of Le(x) and Le(y) expression on the ability of H. pylori to colonize the mouse stomach and to adhere to epithelial cells, isogenic mutants were created in which fucT1 alone or fucT1 and fucT2, which encode the fucosyl transferases necessary for Le(x) and Le(y) expression, were deleted. C3H/HeJ mice were experimentally challenged with either wild-type 26695 H. pylori or its isogenic mutants. All strains, whether passaged in the laboratory or recovered after mouse passage, colonized the mice well and without consistent differences. During colonization by the mutants, there was no reversion to wild type. Similarly, adherence to AGS and KatoIII cells was unaffected by the mutations. Together, these findings indicate that Le expression is not necessary for mouse gastric colonization or for H. pylori adherence to epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Takata
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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44
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Bastida A, Fernández-Mayoralas A, García-Junceda E. C-terminal truncation of alpha 1,6-fucosyltransferase from Rhizobium sp. does not annul the transferase activity of the enzyme. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:737-42. [PMID: 11814863 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently we have over-expressed the enzyme alpha 1,6-fucosyltransferase from Rhizobium sp. in Escherichia coli. In this heterologous system the enzyme was mainly expressed as inclusion bodies and the one that was expressed soluble showed a short-lasting activity in solution due to precipitation of the protein. A structural analysis of the sequence using the TMpred program predicted a highly hydrophobic region of 19 aa close to the C-terminal of the protein. In order to investigate the influence of this region on the formation of inclusion bodies and the precipitation from solution, we cloned a truncated version of the protein where a C-terminal fragment of 65 aa, including the predicted transmembrane-like region, was removed. The resulting protein was expressed in a soluble form without formation of inclusion bodies. The truncated protein catalyzed the transfer of a fucopyranosyl moiety from GDP-beta-L-Fucose to chitobiose. Comparison of the acceptor specificity between the truncated alpha 1,6-fucosyltransferase and the wild-type enzyme, showed a similar behavior for both enzymes. Our results indicate that the active center is not located in the C-terminal extreme of the protein in contrast to the case of the mammalian glycosyltransferases. Also, these results indicate that the alpha-6-motif III is not directly involved in the catalytic activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Bastida
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Biológica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
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45
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López-Ferrer A, de Bolós C. The expression of human FUT1 in HT-29/M3 colon cancer cells instructs the glycosylation of MUC1 and MUC5AC apomucins. Glycoconj J 2002; 19:13-21. [PMID: 12652076 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022576712961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that in normal gastric epithelium, the expression of gastric apomucins MUC5AC and MUC6 is associated with the specific expression of type 1 and type 2 Lewis antigens, and FUT2 and FUT1 fucosyltransferases, respectively. Until now, there are no data demonstrating the direct implication of specific glycosyltransferases in the specific patterns of apomucin glycosylation. HT29/M3 colon cancer cell line express MUC1, MUC5AC, type 1 Lewis antigens and FUT2 but not type 2 structures and FUT1, as it occurs in the epithelial cells of the gastric superficial epithelium. These cells were transfected with the cDNA of human FUT1, the alpha-1,2-fucosyltransferase responsible for the synthesis of type 2 Lewis antigens, to assess the implication of FUT1 in the glycosylation of MUC1 and MUC5AC. The M3-FUT1 clones obtained express high levels of type 2 Lewis antigens: H type 2 and Ley antigens. Immunoprecipitation of MUC1 and MUC5AC apomucins gives the direct evidence that FUT1 catalyses the addition of alpha-1,2-fucose to these apomucins, supporting the hypothesis that the pattern of apomucin glycosylation is not only instructed by the mucin primary sequence but also by the set of glycosyltransferases expressed in each specific cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna López-Ferrer
- Unitat de Biologia Cel-lular i Molecular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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46
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Järvinen N, Mäki M, Räbinä J, Roos C, Mattila P, Renkonen R. Cloning and expression of Helicobacter pylori GDP-l-fucose synthesizing enzymes (GMD and GMER) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:6458-64. [PMID: 11737200 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative gastric pathogen causing diseases from mild gastric infections to gastric cancer. The difference in clinical outcome has been suggested to be due to strain differences. H. pylori undergoes phase variation by changing its lipopolysaccharide structure according to the environmental conditions. The O-antigen of H. pylori contains fucosylated glycans, similar to Lewis structures found in human gastric epithelium. These Lewis glycans of H. pylori have been suggested to play a role in pathogenesis in the adhesion of the bacterium to gastric epithelium. In the synthesis of fucosylated structures, GDP-l-fucose is needed as a fucose donor. Here, we cloned the two key enzymes of GDP-l-fucose synthesis, H. pylori gmd coding for GDP-d-mannose dehydratase (GMD), and gmer coding for GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-mannose-3,5-epimerase/4-reductase (GMER) and expressed them in an enzymatically active form in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The end product of these enzymes, GDP-l-fucose was used as a fucose donor in a fucosyltransferase assay converting sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine to sialyl Lewis X.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Järvinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute and Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Finland
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47
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Chazalet V, Uehara K, Geremia RA, Breton C. Identification of essential amino acids in the Azorhizobium caulinodans fucosyltransferase NodZ. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:7067-75. [PMID: 11717264 PMCID: PMC95554 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.24.7067-7075.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nodZ gene, which is present in various rhizobial species, is involved in the addition of a fucose residue in an alpha 1-6 linkage to the reducing N-acetylglucosamine residue of lipo-chitin oligosaccharide signal molecules, the so-called Nod factors. Fucosylation of Nod factors is known to affect nodulation efficiency and host specificity. Despite a lack of overall sequence identity, NodZ proteins share conserved peptide motifs with mammalian and plant fucosyltransferases that participate in the biosynthesis of complex glycans and polysaccharides. These peptide motifs are thought to play important roles in catalysis. NodZ was expressed as an active and soluble form in Escherichia coli and was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the role of the most conserved residues. Enzyme assays demonstrate that the replacement of the invariant Arg-182 by either alanine, lysine, or aspartate results in products with no detectable activity. A similar result is obtained with the replacement of the conserved acidic position (Asp-275) into its corresponding amide form. The residues His-183 and Asn-185 appear to fulfill functions that are more specific to the NodZ subfamily. Secondary structure predictions and threading analyses suggest the presence of a "Rossmann-type" nucleotide binding domain in the half C-terminal part of the catalytic domain of fucosyltransferases. Site-directed mutagenesis combined with theoretical approaches have shed light on the possible nucleotide donor recognition mode for NodZ and related fucosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chazalet
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales and Joseph Fourier University, CNRS, Grenoble, France
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48
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Bastida A, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Gómez Arrayás R, Iradier F, Carretero JC, García-Junceda E. Heterologous over-expression of alpha-1,6-fucosyltransferase from Rhizobium sp.: application to the synthesis of the trisaccharide beta-D-GlcNAc(1-->4)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1-->6)]-D-GLcNAc, study of the acceptor specificity and evaluation of polyhydroxylated indolizidines as inhibitors. Chemistry 2001; 7:2390-7. [PMID: 11446641 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010601)7:11<2390::aid-chem23900>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An efficient heterologous expression system for overproduction of the enzyme alpha-1,6-Fucosyltransferase (alpha-1,6-FucT) from Rhizobium sp. has been developed. The gene codifying for the alpha-1,6-FucT was amplified by PCR using specific primers. After purification, the gene was cloned in the plasmid pKK223-3. The resulting plasmid, pKK1,6FucT, was transformed into the E. coli strain XL1-Blue MRF'. The protein was expressed both as inclusion bodies and in soluble form. Changing the induction time a five-fold increase of enzyme expressed in soluble form was obtained. In this way five units of enzyme alpha-1,6-FucT can be obtained per liter of culture. A crude preparation of the recombinant enzyme was used for the synthesis of the branched trisaccharide alpha-D-GlcNAc-(1-->4)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1-->6)]-D-GlcNAc (3), from chitobiose (2) and GDP-Fucose (1). After purification, the trisaccharide 3 was obtained in a 84% overall yield. In order to elucidate the structural requirements for the acceptors, the specificity of the enzyme was studied towards mono-, di- and trisaccharides, which are structurally related to chitobiose. The enzyme uses, among others, the disaccharide N-acetyl lactosamine as a good substrate; the monosaccharide GlcNAc is a weak acceptor. Finally, several racemic polyhydroxylated indolizidines have been tested as potential inhibitors of the enzyme. Indolizidine 21 was the best inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.5 x 10(-5) M. Interestingly, this compound turned out to be the best mimic for the structural features of the fucose moiety in the presumed transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bastida
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Biológica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Hooper LV, Gordon JI. Glycans as legislators of host-microbial interactions: spanning the spectrum from symbiosis to pathogenicity. Glycobiology 2001; 11:1R-10R. [PMID: 11287395 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.2.1r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of microbes associated with our gut likely exceeds our total number of somatic and germ cells. Despite their numbers, almost nothing is known about the molecular mechanisms that determine whether the interaction between a microbial species and its host will be beneficial. Recent results obtained from in vivo models have revealed critical roles for glycoconjugates in helping define the outcome of two such host-microbial relationships. In one case, attachment of Helicobacter pylori to fucosylated or sialylated glycans produced by various gastric epithelial lineages and their progenitors skews the destiny of colonization toward pathogenicity. In the second case, a molecular dissection of how Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a normal inhabitant of the distal small intestine, is able to communicate with intestinal epithelial cells has revealed a novel role for host fucosylated glycans in forging a mutually beneficial relationship. These observations lend support to the hypothesis that the capacity to synthesize diverse carbohydrate structures may have arisen in part from our need to both evade pathogenic relationships and to coevolve symbiotic relationships with our nonpathogenic resident microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Hooper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Rasko DA, Wang G, Monteiro MA, Palcic MM, Taylor DE. Synthesis of mono- and di-fucosylated type I Lewis blood group antigens by Helicobacter pylori. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:6059-66. [PMID: 10998067 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification of Helicobacter pylori isolates that expresses exclusively type I Lewis antigens is necessary to determine the biosynthetic pathway of these antigens. Fast-atom bombardment MS provides evidence that the H. pylori isolate UA1111 expresses predominantly Leb, with H type I and Lea in lesser amounts. Cloning and expression of the H. pylori fucosyltransferases (FucTs) allow comparisons with previously identified H. pylori enzymes and determination of the enzyme specificities. Although all FucTs, one alpha(1,2) FucT and two alpha(1,3/4) FucTs, appear to be functional in this isolate, their activities are lower and enzyme specificities are different to other H. pylori FucTs previously characterized. Studies of the cloned enzyme activities and mutational analysis indicate that Lea acts as the substrate for the synthesis of Leb. This is different from the human Leb biosynthetic pathway, but analogous to the biosynthetic pathway utilized by H. pylori for the production of Ley.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Rasko
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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