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Ionpair-π interactions favor cell penetration of arginine/tryptophan-rich cell-penetrating peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Biophysical Insight on the Membrane Insertion of an Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptide. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184441. [PMID: 31505894 PMCID: PMC6769507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides that can translocate and transport cargoes into the intracellular milieu by crossing biological membranes. The mode of interaction and internalization of cell-penetrating peptides has long been controversial. While their interaction with anionic membranes is quite well understood, the insertion and behavior of CPPs in zwitterionic membranes, a major lipid component of eukaryotic cell membranes, is poorly studied. Herein, we investigated the membrane insertion of RW16 into zwitterionic membranes, a versatile CPP that also presents antibacterial and antitumor activities. Using complementary approaches, including NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and molecular dynamic simulations, we determined the high-resolution structure of RW16 and measured its membrane insertion and orientation properties into zwitterionic membranes. Altogether, these results contribute to explaining the versatile properties of this peptide toward zwitterionic lipids.
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Geletu M, Guy S, Firth K, Raptis L. A functional assay for gap junctional examination; electroporation of adherent cells on indium-tin oxide. J Vis Exp 2014:e51710. [PMID: 25350637 DOI: 10.3791/51710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this technique, cells are cultured on a glass slide that is partly coated with indium-tin oxide (ITO), a transparent, electrically conductive material. A variety of molecules, such as peptides or oligonucleotides can be introduced into essentially 100% of the cells in a non-traumatic manner. Here, we describe how it can be used to study intercellular, gap junctional communication. Lucifer yellow penetrates into the cells when an electric pulse, applied to the conductive surface on which they are growing, causes pores to form through the cell membrane. This is electroporation. Cells growing on the nonconductive glass surface immediately adjacent to the electroporated region do not take up Lucifer yellow by electroporation but do acquire the fluorescent dye as it is passed to them via gap junctions that link them to the electroporated cells. The results of the transfer of dye from cell to cell can be observed microscopically under fluorescence illumination. This technique allows for precise quantitation of gap junctional communication. In addition, it can be used for the introduction of peptides or other non-permeant molecules, and the transfer of small electroporated peptides via gap junctions to inhibit the signal in the adjacent, non-electroporated cells is a powerful demonstration of signal inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulu Geletu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pathology, Queen's University
| | - Stephanie Guy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pathology, Queen's University
| | | | - Leda Raptis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pathology, Queen's University;
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Davoli E, Sclip A, Cecchi M, Cimini S, Carrà A, Salmona M, Borsello T. Determination of tissue levels of a neuroprotectant drug: the cell permeable JNK inhibitor peptide. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 70:55-61. [PMID: 24814549 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell permeable peptides (CPPs) represent a novel tool for the delivery of bioactive molecules into scarcely accessible organs, such as the brain. CPPs have been successfully used in pre-clinical studies for a variety of diseases, ranging from cancer to neurological disorders. However, the mechanisms by which CPPs cross biological membranes, as well as their pharmacokinetic properties, have been poorly explored due to the lack of specific and sensitive analytical methods. METHODS In this paper we describe a protocol to quantitatively determine the amount of CPPs in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. To this end we selected the peptide D-JNKI1 that was shown to prevent neurodegeneration in both acute and chronic degenerative disorders. This method allows an accurate quantitative analysis of D-JNKI1 in both neuronal lysates and tissue homogenates using mass spectrometry and stable isotope dilution approach. RESULTS We found that D-JNKI1 crosses cellular membranes with fast kinetics, through an active and passive mechanism. After acute intraperitoneal (ip) administration of D-JNKI1 in mice, the peptide was found in the main organs with particular regard to the liver and kidney. Interestingly, D-JNKI1 crosses the blood brain barrier (BBB) and reaches the brain, where it remains for one week. DISCUSSION The challenge lies in developing the clinical application of therapeutic cell permeable peptides. Discerning pharmacokinetic properties is a high priority to produce a powerful therapeutic strategy. Overall, our data shed light on the pharmacokinetic properties of D-JNKI1 and supports its powerful neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Davoli
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sclip
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Cecchi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Cimini
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Carrà
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Borsello
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy.
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Shih HJ, Chen HH, Chen YA, Wu MH, Liou GG, Chang WW, Chen L, Wang LH, Hsu HL. Targeting MCT-1 oncogene inhibits Shc pathway and xenograft tumorigenicity. Oncotarget 2013; 3:1401-15. [PMID: 23211466 PMCID: PMC3717801 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Shc adaptor proteins is associated with mitogenesis, carcinogenesis and metastasis. Multiple copies in T-cell malignancy 1 (MCT-1) oncoprotein promotes cell proliferation, survival and tumorigenic effects. Our current data show that MCT-1 is a novel regulator of Shc-Ras-MEK-ERK signaling and MCT-1 is significantly co-activated with Shc gene in human carcinomas. The knockdown of MCT-1 enhances apoptotic cell death accompanied with the activation of caspases and cleavage of caspase substrates under environmental stress. The cancer cell proliferation, chemo-resistance and tumorigenic capacity are proved to be effectively suppressed by targeting MCT-1. Accordingly, an important linkage between MCT-1 oncogenicity and Shc pathway in tumor development has now been established. Promoting MCT-1 expression by gene hyperactivation may be recognized as a tumor marker and MCT-1 may serve as a molecular target of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ju Shih
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
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6
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Nasrolahi Shirazi A, Tiwari RK, Oh D, Banerjee A, Yadav A, Parang K. Efficient delivery of cell impermeable phosphopeptides by a cyclic peptide amphiphile containing tryptophan and arginine. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2008-20. [PMID: 23537165 DOI: 10.1021/mp400046u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphopeptides are valuable reagent probes for studying protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions. The cellular delivery of phosphopeptides is challenging because of the presence of the negatively charged phosphate group. The cellular uptake of a number of fluorescent-labeled phosphopeptides, including F'-GpYLPQTV, F'-NEpYTARQ, F'-AEEEIYGEFEAKKKK, F'-PEpYLGLD, F'-pYVNVQN-NH2, and F'-GpYEEI (F' = fluorescein), was evaluated in the presence or absence of a [WR]4, a cyclic peptide containing alternative arginine (R) and tryptophan (W) residues, in human leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) after 2 h incubation using flow cytometry. [WR]4 improved significantly the cellular uptake of all phosphopeptides. PEpYLGLD is a sequence that mimics the pTyr1246 of ErbB2 that is responsible for binding to the Chk SH2 domain. The cellular uptake of F'-PEpYLGLD was enhanced dramatically by 27-fold in the presence of [WR]4 and was found to be time-dependent. Confocal microscopy of a mixture of F'-PEpYLGLD and [WR]4 in live cells exhibited intracellular localization and significantly higher cellular uptake compared to that of F'-PEpYLGLD alone. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and isothermal calorimetry (ITC) were used to study the interaction of PEpYLGLD and [WR]4. TEM results showed that the mixture of PEpYLGLD and [WR]4 formed noncircular nanosized structures with width and height of 125 and 60 nm, respectively. ITC binding studies confirmed the interaction between [WR]4 and PEpYLGLD. The binding isotherm curves, derived from sequential binding models, showed an exothermic interaction driven by entropy. These studies suggest that amphiphilic peptide [WR]4 can be used as a cellular delivery tool of cell-impermeable negatively charged phosphopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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Genetic engineering of mammalian cells by direct delivery of FLP recombinase protein. Methods 2011; 53:386-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Clark AJ, Petty HR. A cell permeant peptide containing the cytoplasmic tail sequence of Fc receptor type IIA reduces calcium signaling and phagolysosome formation in neutrophils. Cell Immunol 2009; 261:153-8. [PMID: 20038460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Receptors for the Fc domain of IgG mediate target recognition, signal transduction, and effector functions including antibody-dependent cytolysis, phagocytosis, and phagolysosome formation. To better understand FcR-mediated functions and to identify potential therapeutic strategies, we employed cell-penetrating ("Trojan") peptides to deliver "wild-type" (LTL) or modified (AAA) FcgammaRIIA tail sequences to the neutrophil's cytoplasm. The Trojan-LTL peptide appeared to label the endoplasmic reticulum whereas the Trojan-AAA peptide distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The Trojan-LTL peptide, but not the Trojan-AAA peptide, decreased Ca(2+) signaling at the phagosome and reduced phagolysosome formation. These studies suggest that FcgammaRIIA's tail can act as a peptide decoy thereby blunting FcgammaRIIA-mediated processes, which, in turn, suggests a possible route in managing inflammatory tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48105, USA
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Fischer PM. Cellular uptake mechanisms and potential therapeutic utility of peptidic cell delivery vectors: progress 2001-2006. Med Res Rev 2008; 27:755-95. [PMID: 17019680 DOI: 10.1002/med.20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell delivery vectors (CDVs) are short amphipathic and cationic peptides and peptide derivatives, usually containing multiple lysine and arginine residues. They possess inherent membrane activity and can be conjugated or complexed with large impermeable macromolecules and even microscopic particles to facilitate cell entry. Various mechanisms have been proposed but it is now becoming clear that the main port of entry into cells of such CDV constructs involves adsorptive-mediated endocytosis rather than direct penetration of the plasma membrane. It is still unclear, however, how and to what extent CDV constructs are capable of exiting endosomal compartments and reaching their intended cellular site of action, usually the cytosol or the nucleus. Furthermore, although many CDVs can mediate cellular uptake of their cargo and appear comparatively non-toxic to cells in tissue culture, the utility of CDVs for in vivo applications remains poorly understood. Whatever the mechanisms of cell entry and disposition, the overriding question as far as potential pharmacological application of CDV conjugates is concerned is whether or not a therapeutic margin can be achieved by their administration. Such a margin will only result if the intracellular concentration in the target tissues necessary to elicit the biological effect of the CDV cargo can be achieved at systemic CDV exposure levels that are non-toxic to both target and bystander cells. It is proposed that the focus of CDV research now be shifted from mechanistic in vitro studies with labeled but otherwise unconjugated CDVs to in vivo pharmacological and toxicological studies using CDV-derivatized and other cationized forms of inherently non-permeable macromolecules of true therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Fischer
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences and School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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10
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Ye G, Nam NH, Kumar A, Saleh A, Shenoy DB, Amiji MM, Lin X, Sun G, Parang K. Synthesis and evaluation of tripodal peptide analogues for cellular delivery of phosphopeptides. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3604-17. [PMID: 17580848 PMCID: PMC2539070 DOI: 10.1021/jm070416o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tripodal peptide analogues were designed on the basis of the phosphotyrosine binding pocket of the Src SH2 domain and assayed for their ability to bind to fluorescein-labeled phosphopeptides. Fluorescence polarization assays showed that a number of amphipathic linear peptide analogues (LPAs), such as LPA4, bind to fluorescein-labeled GpYEEI (F-GpYEEI). LPA4 was evaluated for potential application in cellular delivery of phosphopeptides. Fluorescence microimaging cellular uptake studies with fluorescein-attached LPA4 (F-LPA4) alone or with the mixture of LPA4 and F-GpYEEI in BT-20 cells showed dramatic increase of the fluorescence intensity in cytosol of cells, indicating that LPA4 can function as a delivery tool of F-GpYEEI across the cell membrane. Fluorescent flow cytometry studies showed the cellular uptake of F-LPA4 in an energy-independent pathway and confirmed the cellular uptake of F-GpYEEI in the presence of LPA4. These studies suggest that amphipathic tripodal peptide analogues, such as LPA4, can be used for cellular delivery of phosphopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Ye
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 USA
| | - Nguyen-Hai Nam
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 USA
| | - Ali Saleh
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 USA
| | - Dinesh B. Shenoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Mansoor M. Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 USA
| | - Gongqin Sun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 USA
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 USA
- Corresponding author: K. Parang: 41 Lower College Road, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA; Tel.: +1-401-874-4471; Fax: +1-401-874-5787; E-mail address:
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11
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Chua BY, Zeng W, Jackson DC. Simple Branched Arginine-Based Structures can Enhance the Cellular Uptake of Peptide Cargos. Int J Pept Res Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-006-9063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Patsch C, Edenhofer F. Conditional mutagenesis by cell-permeable proteins: potential, limitations and prospects. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2007:203-32. [PMID: 17203657 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-35109-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The combination of two powerful technologies, the Cre/loxP recombination system and the protein transduction technique, holds great promise for the advancement of biomedical and genome research by enabling precise and rapid control over mutation events. Protein transduction is a recently developed technology to deliver biologically active proteins directly into mammalian cells. It involves the generation of fusion proteins consisting of the cargo molecule to be delivered and a so-called protein transduction domain. Recently, the derivation of cell permeable variants of the DNA recombinase Cre has been reported. Cre is a site-specific recombinase that recognizes 34 base pair loxP sites and has been widely used to genetically engineer mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. Recombinant cell-permeable Cre recombinase was found to efficiently induce recombination of loxP-modified alleles in various mammalian cell lines. Here we review recent advances in conditional expression and mutagenesis employing cell-permeable Cre proteins. Moreover, this review summarizes recent findings of studies aimed at deciphering the molecular mechanism of the cellular uptake of cell-permeable fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Patsch
- Stem Cell Engineering Group, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Life and Brain Center and Hertie Foundation, Sigmund-Freud Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Hudecz F, Bánóczi Z, Csík G. Medium-sized peptides as built in carriers for biologically active compounds. Med Res Rev 2006; 25:679-736. [PMID: 15952174 DOI: 10.1002/med.20034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of oligopeptides of natural and/or synthetic origin have been described and considered as targeting structures for delivery bioactive compounds into various cell types. This review will outline the discovery of peptide sequences and the corresponding mid-sized oligopeptides with membrane translocating properties and also summarize de novo designed structures possessing similar features. Conjugates and chimera constructs derived from these sequences with covalently attached bioactive peptide, epitope, oligonucleotide, PNA, drug, reporter molecule will be reviewed. A brief note will refer to the present understanding on the uptake mechanism at the end of each section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Hudecz
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 112, POB 32, Hungary H-1518. hudecz@szerves,chem.elte.hu
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Dharmawardana PG, Peruzzi B, Giubellino A, Burke TR, Bottaro DP. Molecular targeting of growth factor receptor-bound 2 (Grb2) as an anti-cancer strategy. Anticancer Drugs 2006; 17:13-20. [PMID: 16317285 DOI: 10.1097/01.cad.0000185180.72604.ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor receptor-bound 2 (Grb2) is a ubiquitously expressed adapter protein that provides a critical link between cell surface growth factor receptors and the Ras signaling pathway. As such, it has been implicated in the oncogenesis of several important human malignancies. In addition to this function, research over the last decade has revealed other fundamental roles for Grb2 in cell motility and angiogenesis--processes that also contribute to tumor growth, invasiveness and metastasis. This functional profile makes Grb2 a high priority target for anti-cancer drug development. Knowledge of Grb2 protein structure, its component Src homology domains and their respective structure-function relationships has facilitated the rapid development of sophisticated drug candidates that can penetrate cells, bind Grb2 with high affinity and potently antagonize Grb2 signaling. These novel compounds offer considerable promise in our growing arsenal of rationally designed anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathirage G Dharmawardana
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1107, USA
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Fischer R, Fotin-Mleczek M, Hufnagel H, Brock R. Break on through to the Other Side-Biophysics and Cell Biology Shed Light on Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Chembiochem 2005; 6:2126-42. [PMID: 16254940 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have become widely used vectors for the cellular import of molecules in basic and applied biomedical research. Despite the broad acceptance of these molecules as molecular carriers, the details of the mode of cellular internalization and membrane permeation remain elusive. Within the last two years endocytosis has been demonstrated to be a route of uptake shared by several CPPs. These findings had a significant impact on CPP research. State-of-the-art cell biology is now required to advance the understanding of the intracellular fate of the CPP and cargo molecules. Owing to their presumed ability to cross lipid bilayers, CPPs also represent highly interesting objects of biophysical research. Numerous studies have investigated structure-activity relationships of CPPs with respect to their ability to bind to a lipid bilayer or to cross this barrier. Endocytosis route only relocates the membrane permeation from the cell surface to endocytic compartments. Therefore, biophysical experiments are key to a mechanistic molecular understanding of the cellular uptake of CPPs. However, biophysical investigations have to consider the molecular environment encountered by a peptide inside and outside a cell. In this contribution we will review biophysical and cell-biology data obtained for several prominent CPPs. Furthermore, we will summarize recent findings on the cell-penetrating characteristics of antimicrobial peptides and the antimicrobial properties of CPPs. Peptides of both groups have overlapping characteristics. Therefore, both fields may greatly benefit from each other. The review will conclude with a perspective of how biophysics and cell biology may synergize even more efficiently in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Fischer
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen,, Germany
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Kim HK, Kong MY, Jeong MJ, Han DC, Choi JD, Kim HY, Yoon KS, Kim JM, Son KH, Kwon BM. Investigation of cell cycle arrest effects of actinomycin D at G1 phase using proteomic methods in B104-1-1 cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:1921-9. [PMID: 15964235 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Actinomycin D was previously reported as an inhibitor of Shc/Grb2 interaction in B104-1-1 cells. Actinomycin D arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase at 1nM, which is about 10 times lower than the inhibition of Shc/Grb2 interactions in B104-1-1 cells. To evaluate other mechanisms of actinomycin D affected suppression of tumors and cell growth, except inhibition of Shc/Grb2 interactions, we examined the proteomic expression profile by proteomic technology. We found up-regulation of MEKK3 and down-regulation of Hsp70 expression from proteomic analysis, which is a very interesting observation because MEKK3 is strongly related with G1 arrest of cell cycle and Hsp70 is also involved in cell cycle regulation. These results indicate that the anti-tumor effects of actinomycin D is due to synergic effects of various proteins regulated by the compound including inhibition of the Shc/Grb2 interaction and other signaling pathways in the cytoplasm. Here we provide a mechanism-based explanation for growth inhibition by actinomycin D using proteomic technology. Thus, this approach may be a potentially useful method to reveal new mechanisms of active compounds or drugs with unknown cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyae-Kyeong Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Taejon
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Kim HK, Jeong MJ, Kong MY, Han MY, Son KH, Kim HM, Hong SH, Kwon BM. Inhibition of Shc/Grb2 protein-protein interaction suppresses growth of B104-1-1 tumors xenografted in nude mice. Life Sci 2005; 78:321-8. [PMID: 16146636 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Actinomycin D was revealed as an inhibitor of Shc/Grb2 interaction in cell lines from our recent study. Shc and Grb2 proteins are important molecules in Ras signaling pathways leading to cellular differentiation and proliferation, which require dramatic morphological changes. It was detected by transmission electron microscopy that actinomycin D induced significant changes in cellular ultrastructures of B104-1-1 cells and confirmed that the changes were due to inhibition of Shc/Grb2 interaction by actinomycin D rather than its inhibitory effect on transcription. Because actinomycin D was dispersed mainly in cytoplasm and Shc peptide (synthetic 13 amino acid tyrosine phosphorylated polypeptide) successfully displaced actinomycin D binding to its cellular targets while the other polypeptide from PDGF receptor could not. We examined the effect of actinomycin D on growth of B104-1-1 tumor xenografted in nude mice. Tumor growth was inhibited in vivo after treatment with this inhibitor. Efficacy was correlated with a reduction in the levels of Shc/Grb2 binding in excised tumors. These results suggest that actinomycin D inhibited Shc/Grb2 interaction in B104-1-1 tumor xenografted in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyae-Kyeong Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Uendong Yusung Taejon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
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Newton SS, Collier EF, Bennett AH, Russell DS, Duman RS. Regulation of growth factor receptor bound 2 by electroconvulsive seizure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 129:185-8. [PMID: 15469895 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) is a well-established non-chemical antidepressant that is effective in the treatment of severe depression and also in subjects resistant to chemical antidepressant treatment. Although the molecular mechanism governing the antidepressant efficacy of ECS is unknown, recent work suggests that an amplification of growth/neurotrophic signaling might play a role in mediating the therapeutic effects. In this context, we examined the regulation of growth factor receptor bound 2 (Grb2), an important adaptor molecule in several growth factor signaling cascades. In situ hybridization analysis revealed a more than 2-fold induction of Grb2 mRNA in the hippocampal dentate gyrus as well as superficial and deep layers of the cortex with both acute and chronic ECS. Grb2 also exhibited a time-dependent induction 4 and 8 h after acute ECS, returning to basal levels at 24 h. These results provide further evidence of increased growth factor signaling in response to ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Newton
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06508, United States
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Dietz GPH, Bähr M. Delivery of bioactive molecules into the cell: the Trojan horse approach. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 27:85-131. [PMID: 15485768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, vast amounts of data on the mechanisms of neural de- and regeneration have accumulated. However, only in disproportionally few cases has this led to efficient therapies for human patients. Part of the problem is to deliver cell death-averting genes or gene products across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cellular membranes. The discovery of Antennapedia (Antp)-mediated transduction of heterologous proteins into cells in 1992 and other "Trojan horse peptides" raised hopes that often-frustrating attempts to deliver proteins would now be history. The demonstration that proteins fused to the Tat protein transduction domain (PTD) are capable of crossing the BBB may revolutionize molecular research and neurobiological therapy. However, it was only recently that PTD-mediated delivery of proteins with therapeutic potential has been achieved in models of neural degeneration in nerve trauma and ischemia. Several groups have published the first positive results using protein transduction domains for the delivery of therapeutic proteins in relevant animal models of human neurological disorders. Here, we give an extensive review of peptide-mediated protein transduction from its early beginnings to new advances, discuss their application, with particular focus on a critical evaluation of the limitations of the method, as well as alternative approaches. Besides applications in neurobiology, a large number of reports using PTD in other systems are included as well. Because each protein requires an individual purification scheme that yields sufficient quantities of soluble, transducible material, the neurobiologist will benefit from the experiences of other researchers in the growing field of protein transduction.
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Abstract
In the past decade, several peptides that can translocate cell membranes have been identified. Some of these peptides, which can be divided into different families, have short amino acid sequences (10-27 residues in length) and enter the cell by a receptor-independent mechanism. Furthermore, these peptides are capable of internalizing hydrophilic cargoes. Although the detailed mechanism by which these molecules enter cells is poorly understood, their ability to traverse the membrane into the cytoplasm has provided a new and powerful biological tool for transporting drugs across cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Temsamani
- Synt:em, Parc Scientifique Georges Besse, 30000 Nîmes, France.
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21
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Nagel-Wolfrum K, Buerger C, Wittig I, Butz K, Hoppe-Seyler F, Groner B. The Interaction of Specific Peptide Aptamers With the DNA Binding Domain and the Dimerization Domain of the Transcription Factor Stat3 Inhibits Transactivation and Induces Apoptosis in Tumor Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.170.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3 is activated through the interleukin-6 family of cytokines and by binding of growth factors to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. It plays an essential role in embryonic development and assumes specialized tasks in many differentiated tissues. Constitutively activated Stat3 has been found in tumor cell lines and primary tumors and plays a crucial role in tumor cell survival and proliferation. To inhibit the oncogenic action of Stat3 in tumor cells, we have selected short peptides, so-called peptide aptamers, which specifically interact with defined functional domains of this transcription factor. The peptide aptamers were selected from a peptide library of high complexity by an adaptation of the yeast two-hybrid procedure. Peptide aptamers specifically interacting with the Stat3 dimerization domain caused inhibition of DNA binding activity and suppression of transactivation by Stat3 in EGF-responsive cells. Similarly, a peptide aptamer selected for its ability to recognize the Stat3 DNA binding domain inhibited DNA binding and transactivation by Stat3 following EGF stimulation of cells. Peptide aptamers were expressed in bacteria as fusion proteins with a protein transduction domain and introduced into human myeloma cells. This resulted in dose-dependent growth inhibition, down-regulation of Bcl-xL expression, and induction of apoptosis. The inhibition of Stat3 functions through the interaction with peptide aptamers counteracts the transformed phenotype and could become useful in targeted tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- 1Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany and
| | - Claudia Buerger
- 1Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany and
| | - Ilka Wittig
- 1Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany and
| | - Karin Butz
- 2Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Hoppe-Seyler
- 2Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Groner
- 1Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany and
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22
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Takada Y, Singh S, Aggarwal BB. Identification of a p65 peptide that selectively inhibits NF-kappa B activation induced by various inflammatory stimuli and its role in down-regulation of NF-kappaB-mediated gene expression and up-regulation of apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:15096-104. [PMID: 14711835 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311192200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the critical role of the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB in inflammation, viral replication, carcinogenesis, antiapoptosis, invasion, and metastasis, specific inhibitors of this nuclear factor are being sought and tested as treatments. NF-kappaB activation is known to require p65 phosphorylation at serine residues 276, 529, and 536 before it undergoes nuclear translocation. Small protein domains, termed protein transduction domains (PTDs), which are able to penetrate cell membranes can be used to transport other proteins across the cell membrane. We have identified two peptides from the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB (P1 and P6 were from amino acid residues 271-282 and 525-537, respectively) that, when linked with a PTD derived from the third helix sequence of antennapedia, inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced NF-kappaB activation in vivo. Linkage to the PTD was not, however, required to suppress the binding of the p50-p65-heterodimer to the DNA in vitro. PTD-p65-P1 had no effect on TNF-induced AP-1 activation. PTD-p65-P1 suppressed NF-kappaB activation induced by lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-1, okadaic acid, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, H(2)O(2), and cigarette smoke condensate as well as that induced by TNF. PTD-p65-P1 had no effect on TNF-induced inhibitory subunit of NF-kappaB(IkappaBalpha) phosphorylation, IkappaBalpha degradation, or IkappaBalpha kinase activation, but it blocked TNF-induced p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. NF-kappaB-regulated reporter gene expression induced by TNF, TNF receptor 1, TNF receptor-associated death domain, TNF receptor-associated factor-2, NF-kappaB-inducing kinase, IkappaBalpha kinase, and p65 was also suppressed by these peptides. Suppression of NF-kappaB by PTD-p65-P1 enhanced the apoptosis induced by TNF and chemotherapeutic agents. Overall, our results demonstrate the identification of a p65 peptide that can selectively inhibit NF-kappaB activation induced by various inflammatory stimuli, down-regulate NF-kappaB-mediated gene expression, and up-regulate apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Takada
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, and Imgenex, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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23
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Kendrick TS, Lipscombe RJ, Rausch O, Nicholson SE, Layton JE, Goldie-Cregan LC, Bogoyevitch MA. Contribution of the Membrane-distal Tyrosine in Intracellular Signaling by the Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor Receptor. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:326-40. [PMID: 14557262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310144200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated the contribution of intracellular tyrosine residues of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (GCSF-R) to its signaling and cellular outcomes. We began with stable BaF3 cell lines overexpressing wild-type or mutant GCSF-Rs. When all four intracellular tyrosines of the GCSF-R were replaced with phenylalanine (FFFF GCSF-R), cell proliferation and survival were compromised. Replacement of only the membrane-distal tyrosine (YYYF GCSF-R) also showed reduced survival following a GCSF withdrawal/replacement protocol, suggesting a role for this tyrosine. Proliferation by FFFY GCSF-R cells was attenuated by approximately 70%. In evaluating the biochemical steps involved in signaling, we then showed that the membrane-distal tyrosine was necessary and sufficient for c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. With the use of a cell-permeable JNK-inhibitory peptide, JNK was implicated in the proliferation of the FFFY GCSF-R mutant. To further define the events linking the membrane-distal tyrosine and JNK activation, the Src homology 2 domains of Shc, Grb2, and 3BP2 were shown to bind the full-length GCSF-R and a phosphopeptide encompassing the membrane-distal tyrosine. When binding to variant phosphopeptides based on this membrane-distal tyrosine was tested, altering the amino acids immediately following the phosphotyrosine could selectively abolish the interaction with Shc or Grb2, or the binding to both Grb2 and 3BP2. When these changes were introduced into the full-length GCSF-R and new cell lines created, only the mutant that did not interact with Grb2 and 3BP2 did not activate JNK. Our results suggest that direct binding of Shc by the GCSF-R is not essential for JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulene S Kendrick
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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24
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Shi ZD, Lee K, Liu H, Zhang M, Roberts LR, Worthy KM, Fivash MJ, Fisher RJ, Yang D, Burke TR. A novel macrocyclic tetrapeptide mimetic that exhibits low-picomolar Grb2 SH2 domain-binding affinity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:378-83. [PMID: 14521921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) is an SH2 domain-containing docking module that participates in the signaling of numerous oncogenic growth factor receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Presented herein is a 5-methylindolyl-containing macrocyclic tetrapeptide mimetic (5) that binds to Grb2 SH2 domain protein with K(d)=75 pM. This represents the highest affinity yet reported for a synthetic inhibitor against any SH2 domain. In whole cell assays this novel analogue is able to effectively block the association of Grb2 to cognate cytoplasmic erbB-2 at IC(50)<10nM without prodrug derivatization or the addition of carrier peptide motifs. Anti-mitogenic effects against erbB-2-dependent breast cancers are achieved at non-cytotoxic concentrations (IC(50)=0.6 microM). Macrocycle 5 may be representative of a new class of therapeutically relevant Grb2 SH2 domain-directed agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dan Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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25
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Jo D, Lin Q, Nashabi A, Mays DJ, Unutmaz D, Pietenpol JA, Ruley HE. Cell cycle-dependent transduction of cell-permeant Cre recombinase proteins. J Cell Biochem 2003; 89:674-87. [PMID: 12858334 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein transduction has been widely used to analyze biochemical processes in living cells quantitatively and under non-steady-state conditions. The present study analyzed the effects of cell cycle on the uptake and activity of cell-permeant Cre recombinase proteins. Previous studies had suggested that the efficiency of recombination and/or protein transduction varied among individual cells, even within a clonal population. We report here that cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle undergo recombination at a lower rate than cells at other phases of the cell cycle, and that this variation results largely from differences in protein uptake, associated with differences in cell size. These results have implications regarding the mechanism of protein transduction and identify a source of heterogeneity that can influence the response of individual cells to cell-permeant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daewoong Jo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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26
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Maraver A, Clemente R, Rodríguez JF, Lombardo E. Identification and molecular characterization of the RNA polymerase-binding motif of infectious bursal disease virus inner capsid protein VP3. J Virol 2003; 77:2459-68. [PMID: 12551984 PMCID: PMC141113 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.4.2459-2468.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a member of the Birnaviridae family, is the causative agent of one of the most important infectious poultry diseases. Major aspects of the molecular biology of IBDV, such as assembly and replication, are as yet poorly understood. We have previously shown that encapsidation of the putative virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase VP1 is mediated by its interaction with the inner capsid protein VP3. Here, we report the characterization of the VP1-VP3 interaction. RNase A treatment of VP1- and VP3-containing extracts does not affect the formation of VP1-VP3 complexes, indicating that formation of the complex requires the establishment of protein-protein interactions. The use of a set of VP3 deletion mutants allowed the mapping of the VP1 binding motif of VP3 within a highly charged 16-amino-acid stretch on the C terminus of VP3. This region of VP3 is sufficient to confer VP1 binding activity when fused to an unrelated protein. Furthermore, a peptide corresponding to the VP1 binding region of VP3 specifically inhibits the formation of VP1-VP3 complexes. The presence of Trojan peptides containing the VP1 binding motif in IBDV-infected cells specifically reduces infective virus production, thus showing that formation of VP1-VP3 complexes plays a critical role in IBDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Maraver
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Bogoyevitch MA, Kendrick TS, Ng DCH, Barr RK. Taking the cell by stealth or storm? Protein transduction domains (PTDs) as versatile vectors for delivery. DNA Cell Biol 2002; 21:879-94. [PMID: 12573048 DOI: 10.1089/104454902762053846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A cell delivery system is increasing in use in many areas of cell and molecular biology and bio-medicine. This system is based on a number of naturally occurring protein motifs and/or sequences which show the remarkable ability to rapidly cross the mammalian cell membrane without compromising its structure or function. These so-called Protein Transduction Domains (PTDs) offer unprecedented advantages for intracellular delivery. These advantages include, but are not limited to, their applicability to all cell types (no cell type has yet been described which is not transduced by these PTDs), and the range of cargoes that can be transduced (including peptides, small proteins, full-length enzymes, DNA oligomers, peptide-nucleic acid oligomers, liposomes, and magnetic nanoparticles). Furthermore, the PTDs have been demonstrated to be suitable for in vivo delivery including delivery across the blood brain barrier, and have been shown to cross the plasma membrane rapidly and enter the cytoplasm and nuclear regions of the cell. In this review, the general properties of the most commonly used PTDs are described. The strategies currently being undertaken also highlight that improvements in membrane transduction are possible despite our lack of understanding of the exact biochemical and/or physical mechanisms of transduction. Recent examples of the range of potential applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia.
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28
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Huang Z. The chemical biology of apoptosis. Exploring protein-protein interactions and the life and death of cells with small molecules. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:1059-72. [PMID: 12401491 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, a fundamental process for both human health and disease, is initiated and regulated by protein-protein interactions, notable examples of which are the interactions involving Bcl-2 and IAP protein families. This article discusses recent advances in the use of chemical approaches in discovering and studying small molecules targeted to proteins of the Bcl-2 and IAP families. These small molecules and their complexes with receptors provide the tools and model systems to probe the basic mechanism of molecule recognition underling the life and death of cells and develop novel strategies for therapeutic intervention of the dysregulated apoptotic process. The review of these studies highlights the opportunity and challenge in this emerging area of chemical and chemical biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Huang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
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29
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Drin G, Rousselle C, Scherrmann JM, Rees AR, Temsamani J. Peptide delivery to the brain via adsorptive-mediated endocytosis: advances with SynB vectors. AAPS PHARMSCI 2002; 4:E26. [PMID: 12645998 PMCID: PMC2751315 DOI: 10.1208/ps040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological membranes normally restrict the passage of hydrophilic molecules. This impairs the use of a wide variety of drugs for biomedical applications. To overcome this problem, researchers have developed strategies that involve conjugating the molecule of interest to one of a number of peptide entities that are efficiently transported across the cell membranes. In the past decade, a number of different peptide families with the ability to cross the cell membranes have been identified. Certain of these families enter the cells by a receptor-independent mechanism, are short (10-27 amino acid residues), and can deliver successfully various cargoes across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm or nucleus. Surprisingly, some of these vectors, the SynB vectors, have also shown the ability to deliver hydrophilic molecules across the blood-brain barrier, one of the major obstacles to the development of drugs to combat diseases affecting the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Drin
- Syntiem, Parc Scientifique Georges Besse, 30000 Nîmes, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Hôpital Fernand Widal, Université René Descartes Paris 5 and INSERM U26, 200 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
| | - Anthony R Rees
- Syntiem, Parc Scientifique Georges Besse, 30000 Nîmes, France
| | - Jamal Temsamani
- Syntiem, Parc Scientifique Georges Besse, 30000 Nîmes, France
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30
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Banerjee M, Worth D, Prowse DM, Nikolic M. Pak1 phosphorylation on t212 affects microtubules in cells undergoing mitosis. Curr Biol 2002; 12:1233-9. [PMID: 12176334 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Pak kinases are targets of the Rho GTPases Rac and Cdc42, which regulate cell shape and motility. It is increasingly apparent that part of this function is due to the effect Pak kinases have on microtubule organization and dynamics. Recently, overexpression of Xenopus Pak5 was shown to enhance microtubule stabilization, and it was shown that mammalian Pak1 may inhibit a microtubule-destabilizing protein, Op18/Stathmin. We have identified a specific phosphorylation site on mammalian Pak1, T212, which is targeted by the neuronal p35/Cdk5 kinase. Pak1 phosphorylated on T212, Pak1T212(PO(4)), is enriched in axonal growth cones and colocalizes with small peripheral bundles of microtubules. Cortical neurons overexpressing a Pak1A212 mutant display a tangled neurite morphology, which suggests that the microtubule cytoskeleton is affected. Here, we show that cyclin B1/Cdc2 phosphorylates Pak1 in cells undergoing mitosis. In the developing cortex and in cultured fibroblasts, Pak1T212(PO(4)) is enriched in microtubule-organizing centers and along parts of the spindles. In living cells, a peptide mimicking phosphorylated T212 accumulates at the centrosomes and spindles and causes an increased length of astral microtubules during metaphase or following nocodazole washout. Together these results suggest that similar signaling pathways regulate microtubule dynamics in a remodeling axonal growth cone and during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisha Banerjee
- Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology MRC Centre, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, United Kingdom
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31
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Silhol M, Tyagi M, Giacca M, Lebleu B, Vivès E. Different mechanisms for cellular internalization of the HIV-1 Tat-derived cell penetrating peptide and recombinant proteins fused to Tat. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:494-501. [PMID: 11856307 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Translocation through the plasma membrane is a major limiting step for the cellular delivery of macromolecules. A promising strategy to overcome this problem consists in the chemical conjugation (or fusion) to cell penetrating peptides (CPP) derived from proteins able to cross the plasma membrane. A large number of different cargo molecules such as oligonucleotides, peptides, peptide nucleic acids, proteins or even nanoparticles have been internalized in cells by this strategy. One of these translocating peptides was derived from the HIV-1 Tat protein. The mechanisms by which CPP enter cells remain unknown. Recently, convincing biochemical and genetic findings has established that the full-length Tat protein was internalized in cells via the ubiquitous heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans. We demonstrate here that the short Tat CPP is taken up by a route that does not involve the HS proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Silhol
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5124, BP5051, Montpellier, France
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32
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Kardinal C, Konkol B, Lin H, Eulitz M, Schmidt EK, Estrov Z, Talpaz M, Arlinghaus RB, Feller SM. Chronic myelogenous leukemia blast cell proliferation is inhibited by peptides that disrupt Grb2-SoS complexes. Blood 2001; 98:1773-81. [PMID: 11535511 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.6.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is commonly characterized by the presence of the p210(Bcr-Abl) oncoprotein. Many downstream effectors of Bcr-Abl have been described, including activation of the Grb2-SoS-Ras-MAP kinase (Erk) pathway. The precise contributions of these signal-transduction proteins in CML blast cells in human patients are not yet well defined. To gain further insight into the importance of Grb2 for CML, peptides that disrupt Grb2-SoS complexes were tested. These high-affinity Grb2-binding peptides (HAGBPs) can autonomously shuttle into cells and function by binding to the N-terminal SH3 domain of Grb2. The HAGBPs were analyzed for their effects on Bcr-Abl-expressing cell lines and freshly isolated CML blast cells from patients. They induced a dramatic decrease in the proliferation of CML cell lines. This was not observed with point-mutated control peptides with abolished Grb2SH3(N) binding. As expected, Grb2-SoS complexes were greatly diminished in the HAGBP-treated cells, and MAP kinase activity was significantly reduced as determined by an activation-specific phospho-MAPK antibody. Furthermore, cell fractions that are enriched for blast cells from CML patients with active disease were also incubated with the Grb2 blocker peptides. The HAGBPs led to a significant proliferation reduction of these cells in the majority of the isolates, but not in all patients' cells. These results show that, in addition to the direct targeting of Bcr-Abl, selective inhibition of Grb2 protein complexes may be a therapeutic option for a significant number of CML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kardinal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut für Medizinishe Strahleukunde und Zellforschung, Universität Würzburg, Germany
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33
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Bedford FK, Kittler JT, Muller E, Thomas P, Uren JM, Merlo D, Wisden W, Triller A, Smart TG, Moss SJ. GABA(A) receptor cell surface number and subunit stability are regulated by the ubiquitin-like protein Plic-1. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4:908-16. [PMID: 11528422 DOI: 10.1038/nn0901-908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the number of functional gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptors in neuronal membranes is a crucial factor for the efficacy of inhibitory neurotransmission. Here we describe the direct interaction of GABA(A) receptors with the ubiquitin-like protein Plic-1. Furthermore, Plic-1 is enriched at inhibitory synapses and is associated with subsynaptic membranes. Functionally, Plic-1 facilitates GABA(A) receptor cell surface expression without affecting the rate of receptor internalization. Plic-1 also enhances the stability of intracellular GABA(A) receptor subunits, increasing the number of receptors available for insertion into the plasma membrane. Our study identifies a previously unknown role for Plic-1, a modulation of GABA(A) receptor cell surface number, which suggests that Plic-1 facilitates accumulation of these receptors in dendritic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Bedford
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Department of Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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34
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Stolzenberger S, Haake M, Duschl A. Specific inhibition of interleukin-4-dependent Stat6 activation by an intracellularly delivered peptide. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:4809-14. [PMID: 11532018 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Stat6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) is activated following stimulation with interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-13. Stat6 binds via a single SH2 domain first to tyrosine-phosphorylated motifs in the IL-4Ralpha chain, and then to another Stat6 molecule, which results in the formation of active dimers. We show here that a peptide derived from the Stat6-binding region of IL-4Ralpha (Stat6BP) is an effective inhibitor when it is delivered into cells by coupling with a membrane-permeable peptide. Stat6BP completely inhibited IL-4 dependent phosphorylation of Stat6, as well as basal and IL-4 stimulated transcription from a reporter gene construct with a Stat6-dependent promoter, while IL-3 and IL-4 dependent phosphorylation of Stat5 was not affected. The inhibitory effect of Stat6BP was transient, but could be prolonged by treating the cells with the phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate.
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35
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Pietersz GA, Li W, Apostolopoulos V. A 16-mer peptide (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK) from antennapedia preferentially targets the Class I pathway. Vaccine 2001; 19:1397-405. [PMID: 11163662 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Translocation of antigenic peptides into the cytosol of antigen presenting cells facilitates proteosomal processing and loading into Class I molecules for MHC presentation on the cell surface. The DNA binding domain of the Drosophila transcription factor (Antennapedia), a 60 amino acid protein, is rapidly taken up by cells and has been fused to selected antigens to enhance their immunogenicity. We now demonstrate that a 16 amino acid peptide from antennapedia can facilitate the cytoplasmic uptake of CTL epitope 9-mer peptides. Synthetic peptides were made containing the 16-mer antennapedia peptide linked in tandem to the ovalbumin SIINFEKL CTL peptide. The peptide complex was shown to rapidly internalise into APCs by confocal microscopy. This peptide induced CTL in C57BL/6 mice and protected them against growth of an ovalbumin expressing tumour cell line (E.G7-OVA). The ability of the hybrid peptide to be processed and presented by APCs was similar, whether the SIINFEKL sequence was appended at the C-terminus or N-terminus of the Antennapedia peptide. The production of synthetic peptides containing other CTL peptide epitopes may be useful for priming CTLs in vitro and in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Pietersz
- The Austin Research Institute, Studley Road, Heidelberg, 3084, Victoria, Australia.
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36
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Abstract
A central theme in intracellular signaling is the regulatable interaction of proteins via the binding of specialized domains on one protein to short linear sequences on other molecules. The capability of these short sequences to mediate the required specificity and affinity for signal transduction allows for the rational design of peptide-based modulators of specific protein-protein interactions. Such inhibitors are valuable tools for elucidating the role of these interactions in cellular physiology and in targeting such interactions for potential therapeutic intervention. This approach is exemplified by the study of the role of phosphorylation of specific sites on signaling proteins. However, the difficulty of introducing large hydrophilic molecules such as phosphopeptides into cells has been a major drawback in this area. This review describes the application of recently developed cell-permeant peptide vectors in the introduction of biologically active peptides into cells, with particular emphasis on the antennapedia/penetratin, TAT, and signal-peptide based sequences. In addition, the modification of such peptides to increase uptake efficiency and affinity for their targets is discussed. Finally, the use of cell-permeant phosphopeptides to both inhibit and stimulate intracellular signaling mechanisms is described, by reference to the PLCgamma, Grb2, and PI-3 kinase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Dunican
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, New Hunts House, 4th Floor South Wing, Guy's Campus, Kings College London, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
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37
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Nishikawa K, Sawasdikosol S, Fruman DA, Lai J, Songyang Z, Burakoff SJ, Yaffe MB, Cantley LC. A peptide library approach identifies a specific inhibitor for the ZAP-70 protein tyrosine kinase. Mol Cell 2000; 6:969-74. [PMID: 11090635 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(05)00085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We utilized a novel peptide library approach to identify specific inhibitors of ZAP-70, a protein Tyr kinase involved in T cell activation. By screening more than 6 billion peptides oriented by a common Tyr residue for their ability to bind to ZAP-70, we determined a consensus optimal peptide. A Phe-for-Tyr substituted version of the peptide inhibited ZAP-70 protein Tyr kinase activity by competing with protein substrates (K(I) of 2 microM). The related protein Tyr kinases, Lck and Syk, were not significantly inhibited by the peptide. When introduced into intact T cells, the peptide blocked signaling downstream of ZAP-70, including ZAP-70-dependent gene induction, without affecting upstream Tyr phosphorylation. Thus, screening Tyr-oriented peptide libraries can identify selective peptide inhibitors of protein Tyr kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishikawa
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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38
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Bolton SJ, Jones DN, Darker JG, Eggleston DS, Hunter AJ, Walsh FS. Cellular uptake and spread of the cell-permeable peptide penetratin in adult rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12:2847-55. [PMID: 10971627 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of normal and pathological diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) has been hampered by the inability to effectively manipulate protein function in vivo. In order to address this important topic, we have evaluated the ability of penetratin, a novel cell-permeable peptide consisting of a 16-amino acid sequence derived from a Drosophila homeodomain protein, to act as a carrier system to introduce a cargo into brain cells. Fluorescently tagged penetratin was injected directly into rat brain, either into the striatum or the lateral ventricles, and rats were perfusion-fixed 24 h later in order to assess the brain response to the peptide. Immunohistochemistry following intrastriatal injection showed that injection of 10 microg penetratin caused neurotoxic cell death and triggered recruitment of inflammatory cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Doses of 1 microg or less resulted in reduced toxicity and recruitment of inflammatory cells, but interestingly, there was some spread of the penetratin. Injections of an inactive peptide sequence, derived from the same homeodomain, caused little toxicity but could still, however, trigger an inflammatory response. Intraventricular injections showed extensive inflammatory cell recruitment but minimal spread of either peptide. These results suggest that a dose of 1 microg of penetratin peptide is suitable for directing agents to small, discrete areas of the brain and as such is an interesting new system for analysing CNS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Bolton
- Department of Neuroscience Research, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals plc, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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39
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Kardinal C, Konkol B, Schulz A, Posern G, Lin H, Adermann K, Eulitz M, Estrov Z, Talpaz M, Arlinghaus RB, Feller SM. Cell‐penetrating SH3 domain blocker peptides inhibit proliferation of primary blast cells from CML patients. FASEB J 2000. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.99-0850com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Birgit Konkol
- Laboratory of Molecular OncologyMSZ, Universität WürzburgGermany
- Klinische Molekularbiologie und TumorgenetikGSFMunichGermany
| | | | - Guido Posern
- Laboratory of Molecular OncologyMSZ, Universität WürzburgGermany
| | - Hui Lin
- M. D. Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas77030USA
| | | | - Manfred Eulitz
- Klinische Molekularbiologie und TumorgenetikGSFMunichGermany
| | - Zeev Estrov
- M. D. Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas77030USA
| | - Moshe Talpaz
- M. D. Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas77030USA
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40
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Oess S, Hildt E. Novel cell permeable motif derived from the PreS2-domain of hepatitis-B virus surface antigens. Gene Ther 2000; 7:750-8. [PMID: 10822301 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficient transfer of proteins or nucleic acids across cellular membranes is a major problem in cell biology. Recently the existence of a fusogenic sequence was predicted in the junction area of the PreS2- and S-domain of the hepatitis-B virus surface antigens. We have identified cell permeability as a novel property of the PreS2-domain. Cell permeability of PreS2 is not restricted to hepatocytes. PreS2 translocates in an energy-independent manner into cells and is evenly distributed over the cytosol. Detailed analysis revealed that cell-permeability is mediated by an amphipatic alpha-helix between amino acids 41 and 52 of PreS2. Destruction of this translocation motif (PreS2-TLM) abolishes cell permeability. PreS2-TLM per se can act as a shuttle for peptides and functional proteins (such as EGFP). This permits the highly specific modulation of intracellular signal transduction by transfer of peptides competing protein-protein interactions as demonstrated by specific inhibition of TNFalpha-dependent activation of c-Raf-1 kinase. Moreover in vivo functionality was demonstrated by PreS2-TLM-dependent protein transfer into primary bone marrow cells and into the liver. The amphipatic motif is conserved between the different hepatitis-B virus subtypes, and the surface proteins of avian and rodent hepadnaviruses exhibit similar amphipatic peptide sequences. In respect to hepatitis-B virus-infection, the PreS2-TLM could represent the postulated fusion peptide and play a crucial role in the internalization of the viral particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oess
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, AG Virusforschung, Martinsried, Germany
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41
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Hanessian S, Saavedra OM, Xie F, Amboldi N, Battistini C. Design and synthesis of functionalized glycomers as non-peptidic ligands for SH2 binding and as inhibitors of A-431 human epidermoid and HT-29 colon carcinoma cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:439-42. [PMID: 10743943 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A set of O-substituted aryl beta-D-glucopyranosides were prepared and found to have inhibitory activity on the growth of two carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, PQ, Canada.
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42
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Abstract
The internalization of homeodomains and of homeopeptides derived from the third helix of the homeodomain of Antennapedia, a Drosophila transcription factor, is used by some investigators to target exogenous hydrophilic compounds into live cells. In addition to this very practical aspect of drug delivery, translocation across biologic membranes of peptides subsequently addressed to the cell cytoplasm and nucleus raises several questions. A first series of questions pertains to the mechanism of translocation. Thanks to the synthesis of several peptides derived from the third helix of the Antennapedia homeodomain, we began to investigate the mechanism of translocation and we have shown that it is not dependent upon the presence of a chiral receptor and probably involves the formation of inverted micelles. A second series of questions is related to the physiologic significance of the phenomenon. In a first approach, we demonstrated that some full-length homeoproteins are internalized and secreted in vitro. The mechanism of internalization is probably similar to that of the homeodomain or of its third helix, but secretion involves a different mechanism which requires an association with specialized intracellular membranous structures. The existence of specific mechanisms for homeoprotein internalization and secretion suggests that this class of transcription factors may have important signaling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prochiantz
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8542, Paris, France.
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Nur-e-Kamal MS, Qureshi MM, Kamal JM, Montague W, Maruta H. Construction of a cell-permeable CDC42 binding fragment of ACK that inhibits v-Ha-Ras transformation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 886:285-8. [PMID: 10667241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M S Nur-e-Kamal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, United Arab Emirates.
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Riedel H, Yousaf N, Zhao Y, Dai H, Deng Y, Wang J. PSM, a mediator of PDGF-BB-, IGF-I-, and insulin-stimulated mitogenesis. Oncogene 2000; 19:39-50. [PMID: 10644978 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PSM/SH2-B has been described as a cellular partner of the FcepsilonRI receptor, insulin receptor (IR), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor (IGF-IR), and nerve growth factor receptor (TrkA). A function has been proposed in neuronal differentiation and development but its role in other signaling pathways is still unclear. To further elucidate the physiologic role of PSM we have identified additional mitogenic receptor tyrosine kinases as putative PSM partners including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor (PDGFR) beta, hepatocyte growth factor receptor (Met), and fibroblast growth factor receptor. We have mapped Y740 as a site of PDGFR beta that is involved in the association with PSM. We have further investigated the putative role of PSM in mitogenesis with three independent experimental strategies and found that all consistently suggested a role as a positive, stimulatory signaling adapter in normal NIH3T3 and baby hamster kidney fibroblasts. (1) PSM expression from cDNA using an ecdysone-regulated transient expression system stimulated PDGF-BB-, IGF-I-, and insulin- but not EGF-induced DNA synthesis in an ecdysone dose-responsive fashion; (2) Microinjection of the (dominant negative) PSM SH2 domain interfered with PDGF-BB- and insulin-induced DNA synthesis; and (3) A peptide mimetic of the PSM Pro-rich putative SH3 domain-binding region interfered with PDGF-BB-, IGF-I-, and insulin- but not with EGF-induced DNA synthesis in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. This experiment was based on cell-permeable fusion peptides with the Drosophila antennapedia homeodomain which effectively traverse the plasma membrane of cultured cells. These experimental strategies independently suggest that PSM functions as a positive, stimulatory, mitogenic signaling mediator in PDGF-BB, IGF-I, and insulin but not in EGF action. This function appears to involve the PSM SH2 domain as well as the Pro-rich putative SH3 domain binding region. Our findings support the model that PSM participates as an adapter in various mitogenic signaling mechanisms by linking an activated (receptor) phospho-tyrosine to the SH3 domain of an unknown cellular partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Riedel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, MI 48202, USA
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45
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Nur-E-Kamal MS, Kamal JM, Qureshi MM, Maruta H. The CDC42-specific inhibitor derived from ACK-1 blocks v-Ha-Ras-induced transformation. Oncogene 1999; 18:7787-93. [PMID: 10618719 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Based on the previous experiments with the N17 mutant of CDC42, it has been speculated, but not proved as yet, that CDC42 is required for Ras-induced malignant transformation of fibroblasts. However, since this inhibitor could sequester many GDP-dissociation stimulators (GDSs), such as DBL, OST and Tiam-1 which activate not only CDC42, but also Rho or Rac, in fact it is not a specific inhibitor that inactivates only CDC42. Thus, we have taken the minimum CDC42-binding domain (residues 504 - 545, called ACK42) of the Tyr-kinase ACK-1 that binds only CDC42 in the GTP-bound form, and thereby blocking the interactions of CDC42-GTP with its downstream effectors such as ACKs, PAKs and N-WASP. First of all, using the ACK42-GST fusion protein as a specific ligand for the GTP-CDC42 complex, we have revealed that CDC42 is activated by oncogenic Ras mutants such as v-Ha-Ras in NIH3T3 fibroblasts, and similarly in PC12 cells by both NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) and EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) which activate the endogenous normal Ras, providing the first direct evidence that CDC42 acts downstream of Ras and NGF/EGF. Furthermore, over-expression of ACK42 completely reversed Ras-induced malignant phenotypes such as focus formation and anchorage/serum-independent growth of the fibroblasts, and a cell-permeable derivative of ACK42 called WR-ACK42 strongly inhibited the growth of Ras transformants, with little effect on the parental normal cell growth, and also abolished Ras-induced filopodium/microspike formation of the fibroblasts which is CDC42-dependent. These observations unambiguously proved for the first time that the RAS-induced activation of CDC42 is indeed essential for Ras to transform the fibroblasts, and furthermore suggest that ACK42 or its peptidomimetics are potentially useful for genotherapy or chemotherapy of Ras-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Nur-E-Kamal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
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46
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Lilien J, Arregui C, Li H, Balsamo J. The juxtamembrane domain of cadherin regulates integrin-mediated adhesion and neurite outgrowth. J Neurosci Res 1999; 58:727-34. [PMID: 10583905 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19991215)58:6<727::aid-jnr1>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Axons are guided along their trajectories during development by many different systems of adhesion, attraction, and repulsion. Thus, many distinct, and potentially competing, receptor systems respond to environmental cues, and the information must be coordinated inside the growth cone to ensure that extension follows the appropriate path. In this brief review we bring together two studies, each of which has defined different aspects of a pathway through which N-cadherin regulates beta1-integrin function allowing for coordinated responses to environmental cues during neurite extension. First we review progress in defining the binding to cells and the subsequent effects on adhesion and neurite outgrowth of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, neurocan. Neurocan binds to a cell surface glycosyltransferase associated with N-cadherin (but not integrin), initiating a signal which results in loss of cadherin and integrin-function-suggesting that these two adhesion receptor systems engage in cross-talk, allowing coordinate regulation. Second, we review the use of "Trojan" peptides, peptides which mimic specific sequences in the cytoplasmic domain of N-cadherin attached to a cell permeation sequence, to reveal protein-protein interactions critical to cadherin-integrin cross-talk. One peptide mimicking a 20 amino acid sequence in the juxtamembrane region of N-cadherin has the same effect as neurocan, blocking both cadherin- and integrin-mediated adhesion and neurite outgrowth. Both neurocan and the peptide cause the release of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Fer from the cadherin complex and its binding to the integrin complex. These data define an epigenetic pathway through which environmental cues are capable of coordinately regulating the activity of two developmentally important adhesion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lilien
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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47
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Reiss K, Yumet G, Shan S, Huang Z, Alnemri E, Srinivasula SM, Wang JY, Morrione A, Baserga R. Synthetic peptide sequence from the C-terminus of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor that induces apoptosis and inhibition of tumor growth. J Cell Physiol 1999; 181:124-35. [PMID: 10457360 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199910)181:1<124::aid-jcp13>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis, its C-terminus sequence sends contradictory signals, including a clearly proapoptotic signal. We have synthesized a peptide, peptide 2, having the sequence of the IGF-IR from residue 1282 to residue 1298 (C-terminus of the beta subunit). To favor its uptake into cells, we linked it to a stearic acid moiety at its NH-terminus. Peptide 2 is taken up by the cells, where it inhibits DNA synthesis and causes apoptosis, while a scrambled peptide (with stearic acid) and peptide 2 without stearic acid are completely ineffective. Peptide 2 is more effective when cells are in anchorage-independent conditions than when they grow in monolayer cultures. Accordingly, we find that peptide 2 can inhibit the growth of a human prostatic cell line in nude mice. The proapoptotic effect of peptide 2 is inhibited by the expression of Bcl-2 or by a dominant negative mutant of caspase 9. These and other data indicate that peptide 2 does not seem to be competing directly with the IGF-IR for common substrates, but that its proapoptotic effect is related to its ability to activate the caspase cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Reiss
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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48
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Västrik I, Eickholt BJ, Walsh FS, Ridley A, Doherty P. Sema3A-induced growth-cone collapse is mediated by Rac1 amino acids 17-32. Curr Biol 1999; 9:991-8. [PMID: 10508610 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(99)80447-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurons project their axons along specific pathways in order to establish appropriate connections with their target cells. The rate and direction of axonal growth is determined by interactions between the highly motile growth cone and environmental cues that can act in either an attractive or a repulsive manner. Locomotion is ultimately dependent upon the reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton and an established role for the Rho family of small GTPases in regulating this process in non-neuronal cells identifies them as candidate signalling molecules in growth cones. An inactive form of Rac1 has recently been shown to inhibit the 'growth-cone collapse' response induced by chick Sema3A, a protein that has recently been established as an important guidance cue. The molecular basis for this inhibition remains unclear. RESULTS We have made a series of overlapping peptides from the amino-terminal region of Rac1 and rendered them cell permeable by synthesis in tandem with an established internalisation vector. We report here that a peptide encompassing Rac1 amino acids 17-32 binds directly to the established Rac1-interacting molecules PAK, WASP, 3BP-1 and p85beta(P13K), but not to p67(Phox). Furthermore, the peptide can compete with activated Rac1 for target binding, and inhibits Sema3A-induced growth-cone collapse. We also synthesised cell-permeable peptides that correspond to the Cdc42/Rac1-binding (CRIB) motifs present in PAK and N-WASP. Our results show that a CRIB-containing peptide from PAK, but not that from N-WASP, inhibits growth-cone collapse and that the inhibitory activity correlates with binding to Rac1 and not to Cdc42. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Sema3A-induced growth-cone collapse is mediated by Rac1 amino acids 17-32, and demonstrate the feasibility of designing new cell-permeable inhibitors of small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Västrik
- Molecular Neurobiology Group GKT School of Medicine King's College London London, SE1 9RT, Computational Genome Analysis Laboratory ICRF 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PX, UK
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49
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Wang J, Dai H, Yousaf N, Moussaif M, Deng Y, Boufelliga A, Swamy OR, Leone ME, Riedel H. Grb10, a positive, stimulatory signaling adapter in platelet-derived growth factor BB-, insulin-like growth factor I-, and insulin-mediated mitogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:6217-28. [PMID: 10454568 PMCID: PMC84567 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.9.6217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Grb10 has been described as a cellular partner of several receptor tyrosine kinases, including the insulin receptor (IR) and the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor (IGF-IR). Its cellular role is still unclear and a positive as well as an inhibitory role in mitogenesis depending on the cell context has been implicated. We have tested other mitogenic receptor tyrosine kinases as putative Grb10 partners and have identified the activated forms of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor beta (PDGFRbeta), hepatocyte growth factor receptor (Met), and fibroblast growth factor receptor as candidates. We have mapped Y771 as a PDFGRbeta site that is involved in the association with Grb10 via its SH2 domain. We have further investigated the putative role of Grb10 in mitogenesis with four independent experimental strategies and found that all consistently suggested a role as a positive, stimulatory signaling adaptor in normal fibroblasts. (i) Complete Grb10 expression from cDNA with an ecdysone-regulated transient expression system stimulated PDGF-BB-, IGF-I, and insulin- but not epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced DNA synthesis in an ecdysone dose-responsive fashion. (ii) Microinjection of the (dominant-negative) Grb10 SH2 domain interfered with PDGF-BB- and insulin-induced DNA synthesis. (iii) Alternative experiments were based on cell-permeable fusion peptides with the Drosophila antennapedia homeodomain which effectively traverse the plasma membrane of cultured cells. A cell-permeable Grb10 SH2 domain similarly interfered with PDGF-BB-, IGF-I-, and insulin-induced DNA synthesis. In contrast, a cell-permeable Grb10 Pro-rich putative SH3 domain binding region interfered with IGF-I- and insulin- but not with PDGF-BB- or EGF-induced DNA synthesis. (iv) Transient overexpression of complete Grb10 increased whereas cell-permeable Grb10 SH2 domain fusion peptides substantially decreased the cell proliferation rate (as measured by cell numbers) in normal fibroblasts. These experimental strategies independently suggest that Grb10 functions as a positive, stimulatory, mitogenic signaling adapter in PDGF-BB, IGF-I, and insulin action. This function appears to involve the Grb10 SH2 domain, a novel sequence termed BPS, and the Pro-rich putative SH3 domain binding region in IGF-I- and insulin-mediated mitogenesis. In contrast, PDGF-BB-mediated mitogenesis appears to depend on the SH2 but not on the Pro-rich region and may involve other, unidentified Grb10 domains. Distinct protein domains may help to define specific Grb10 functions in different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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50
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Klingenberg O, Wiedlocha A, Olsnes S. Effects of mutations of a phosphorylation site in an exposed loop in acidic fibroblast growth factor. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:18081-6. [PMID: 10364261 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.25.18081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) contains a phosphorylation site recognized by protein kinase C. A non-mitogenic mutant growth factor is devoid of this phosphorylation site. We have changed amino acids in and close to the phosphorylation site and studied the consequences of this for binding of the growth factor to high affinity receptors as well as to heparin. We have also studied the ability of the mutants to stimulate DNA synthesis and cell proliferation as well as phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and the ability of the growth factor mutants to be transported to the nucleus. The results indicate that while the mutations strongly affect the ability of the growth factor to bind to heparin, they do not affect much the binding to the specific FGF receptors, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase or transport of the growth factor to the nucleus. The mutations affect to various extents the ability of the growth factor to stimulate DNA synthesis and to induce cell multiplication. We find that phosphorylation of aFGF is not required for mitogenic activity. The data suggest that altered interaction of the growth factor with a cellular component different from the receptor, possibly a component in the nucleus, is the reason for the different mitogenicity of the different growth factor mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Klingenberg
- Department of Biochemistry at The Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
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