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Janicot R, Garcia-Marcos M. Get Ready to Sharpen Your Tools: A Short Guide to Heterotrimeric G Protein Activity Biosensors. Mol Pharmacol 2024; 106:129-144. [PMID: 38991745 PMCID: PMC11331509 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.124.000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of transmembrane receptors encoded in the human genome, and they initiate cellular responses triggered by a plethora of extracellular stimuli ranging from neurotransmitters and hormones to photons. Upon stimulation, GPCRs activate heterotrimeric G proteins (Gαβγ) in the cytoplasm, which then convey signals to their effectors to elicit cellular responses. Given the broad biological and biomedical relevance of GPCRs and G proteins in physiology and disease, there is great interest in developing and optimizing approaches to measure their signaling activity with high accuracy and across experimental systems pertinent to their functions in cellular communication. This review provides a historical perspective on approaches to measure GPCR-G protein signaling, from quantification of second messengers and other indirect readouts of activity to biosensors that directly detect the activity of G proteins. The latter is the focus of a more detailed overview of the evolution of design principles for various optical biosensors of G protein activity with different experimental capabilities. We will highlight advantages and limitations of biosensors that detect different G protein activation hallmarks, like dissociation of Gα and Gβγ or nucleotide exchange on Gα, as well as their suitability to detect signaling mediated by endogenous versus exogenous signaling components or in physiologically relevant systems like primary cells. Overall, this review intends to provide an assessment of the state-of-the-art for biosensors that directly measure G protein activity to allow readers to make informed decisions on the selection and implementation of currently available tools. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G protein activity biosensors have become essential and widespread tools to assess GPCR signaling and pharmacology. Yet, investigators face the challenge of choosing from a growing list of G protein activity biosensors. This review provides an overview of the features and capabilities of different optical biosensor designs for the direct detection of G protein activity in cells, with the aim of facilitating the rational selection of systems that align with the specific scientific questions and needs of investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Janicot
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine (R.J., M.G.-M.) and Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences (M.G.-M.), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine (R.J., M.G.-M.) and Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences (M.G.-M.), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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2
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Gurevich VV. Arrestins: A Small Family of Multi-Functional Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6284. [PMID: 38892473 PMCID: PMC11173308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The first member of the arrestin family, visual arrestin-1, was discovered in the late 1970s. Later, the other three mammalian subtypes were identified and cloned. The first described function was regulation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling: arrestins bind active phosphorylated GPCRs, blocking their coupling to G proteins. It was later discovered that receptor-bound and free arrestins interact with numerous proteins, regulating GPCR trafficking and various signaling pathways, including those that determine cell fate. Arrestins have no enzymatic activity; they function by organizing multi-protein complexes and localizing their interaction partners to particular cellular compartments. Today we understand the molecular mechanism of arrestin interactions with GPCRs better than the mechanisms underlying other functions. However, even limited knowledge enabled the construction of signaling-biased arrestin mutants and extraction of biologically active monofunctional peptides from these multifunctional proteins. Manipulation of cellular signaling with arrestin-based tools has research and likely therapeutic potential: re-engineered proteins and their parts can produce effects that conventional small-molecule drugs cannot.
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Zheng C, Weinstein LD, Nguyen KK, Grewal A, Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. GPCR Binding and JNK3 Activation by Arrestin-3 Have Different Structural Requirements. Cells 2023; 12:1563. [PMID: 37371033 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrestins bind active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Among the four mammalian subtypes, only arrestin-3 facilitates the activation of JNK3 in cells. In available structures, Lys-295 in the lariat loop of arrestin-3 and its homologue Lys-294 in arrestin-2 directly interact with the activator-attached phosphates. We compared the roles of arrestin-3 conformational equilibrium and Lys-295 in GPCR binding and JNK3 activation. Several mutants with enhanced ability to bind GPCRs showed much lower activity towards JNK3, whereas a mutant that does not bind GPCRs was more active. The subcellular distribution of mutants did not correlate with GPCR recruitment or JNK3 activation. Charge neutralization and reversal mutations of Lys-295 differentially affected receptor binding on different backgrounds but had virtually no effect on JNK3 activation. Thus, GPCR binding and arrestin-3-assisted JNK3 activation have distinct structural requirements, suggesting that facilitation of JNK3 activation is the function of arrestin-3 that is not bound to a GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Liana D Weinstein
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin K Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Abhijeet Grewal
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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4
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Grimes J, Koszegi Z, Lanoiselée Y, Miljus T, O'Brien SL, Stepniewski TM, Medel-Lacruz B, Baidya M, Makarova M, Mistry R, Goulding J, Drube J, Hoffmann C, Owen DM, Shukla AK, Selent J, Hill SJ, Calebiro D. Plasma membrane preassociation drives β-arrestin coupling to receptors and activation. Cell 2023; 186:2238-2255.e20. [PMID: 37146613 PMCID: PMC7614532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
β-arrestin plays a key role in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and desensitization. Despite recent structural advances, the mechanisms that govern receptor-β-arrestin interactions at the plasma membrane of living cells remain elusive. Here, we combine single-molecule microscopy with molecular dynamics simulations to dissect the complex sequence of events involved in β-arrestin interactions with both receptors and the lipid bilayer. Unexpectedly, our results reveal that β-arrestin spontaneously inserts into the lipid bilayer and transiently interacts with receptors via lateral diffusion on the plasma membrane. Moreover, they indicate that, following receptor interaction, the plasma membrane stabilizes β-arrestin in a longer-lived, membrane-bound state, allowing it to diffuse to clathrin-coated pits separately from the activating receptor. These results expand our current understanding of β-arrestin function at the plasma membrane, revealing a critical role for β-arrestin preassociation with the lipid bilayer in facilitating its interactions with receptors and subsequent activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jak Grimes
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zsombor Koszegi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yann Lanoiselée
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tamara Miljus
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Shannon L O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tomasz M Stepniewski
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Brian Medel-Lacruz
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Mithu Baidya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Maria Makarova
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ravi Mistry
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joëlle Goulding
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Julia Drube
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Jana Selent
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Zheng C, Weinstein LD, Nguyen KK, Grewal A, Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. GPCR binding and JNK3 activation by arrestin-3 have different structural requirements. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.01.538990. [PMID: 37205393 PMCID: PMC10187157 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.01.538990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arrestins bind active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Among the four mammalian subtypes, only arrestin-3 facilitates the activation of JNK3 in cells. In available structures, Lys-295 in the lariat loop of arrestin-3 and its homologue Lys-294 in arrestin-2 directly interact with the activator-attached phosphates. We compared the role of arrestin-3 conformational equilibrium and of Lys-295 in GPCR binding and JNK3 activation. Several mutants with enhanced ability to bind GPCRs showed much lower activity towards JNK3, whereas a mutant that does not bind GPCRs was more active. Subcellular distribution of mutants did not correlate with GPCR recruitment or JNK3 activation. Charge neutralization and reversal mutations of Lys-295 differentially affected receptor binding on different backgrounds, but had virtually no effect on JNK3 activation. Thus, GPCR binding and arrestin-3-assisted JNK3 activation have distinct structural requirements, suggesting that facilitation of JNK3 activation is the function of arrestin-3 that is not bound to a GPCR.
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6
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Zhuo Y, Robleto VL, Marchese A. Proximity Labeling to Identify β-Arrestin1 Binding Partners Downstream of Ligand-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3285. [PMID: 36834700 PMCID: PMC9967311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
β-arrestins are multifaceted adaptor proteins that regulate various aspects of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. β-arrestins are recruited to agonist-activated and phosphorylated GPCRs at the plasma membrane, thereby preventing G protein coupling, while also targeting GPCRs for internalization via clathrin-coated pits. In addition, β-arrestins can activate various effector molecules to prosecute their role in GPCR signaling; however, the full extent of their interacting partners remains unknown. To discover potentially novel β-arrestin interacting partners, we used APEX-based proximity labeling coupled with affinity purification and quantitative mass spectrometry. We appended APEX in-frame to the C-terminus of β-arrestin1 (βarr1-APEX), which we show does not impact its ability to support agonist-stimulated internalization of GPCRs. By using coimmunoprecipitation, we show that βarr1-APEX interacts with known interacting proteins. Furthermore, following agonist stimulation βarr1-APEX labeled known βarr1-interacting partners as assessed by streptavidin affinity purification and immunoblotting. Aliquots were prepared in a similar manner and analyzed by tandem mass tag labeling and high-content quantitative mass spectrometry. Several proteins were found to be increased in abundance following GPCR stimulation. Biochemical experiments confirmed two novel proteins that interact with β-arrestin1, which we predict are novel ligand-stimulated βarr1 interacting partners. Our study highlights that βarr1-APEX-based proximity labeling represents a valuable approach to identifying novel players involved in GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriano Marchese
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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7
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Kroning KE, Wang W. Genetically encoded tools for in vivo G-protein-coupled receptor agonist detection at cellular resolution. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1124. [PMID: 36446954 PMCID: PMC9708909 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most abundant receptor type in the human body and are responsible for regulating many physiological processes, such as sensation, cognition, muscle contraction and metabolism. Further, GPCRs are widely expressed in the brain where their agonists make up a large number of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Due to the importance of GPCRs in human physiology, genetically encoded sensors have been engineered to detect GPCR agonists at cellular resolution in vivo. These sensors can be placed into two main categories: those that offer real-time information on the signalling dynamics of GPCR agonists and those that integrate the GPCR agonist signal into a permanent, quantifiable mark that can be used to detect GPCR agonist localisation in a large brain area. In this review, we discuss the various designs of real-time and integration sensors, their advantages and limitations, and some in vivo applications. We also discuss the potential of using real-time and integrator sensors together to identify neuronal circuits affected by endogenous GPCR agonists and perform detailed characterisations of the spatiotemporal dynamics of GPCR agonist release in those circuits. By using these sensors together, the overall knowledge of GPCR-mediated signalling can be expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla E. Kroning
- Life Sciences Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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8
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Taghert PH. The incidence of candidate binding sites for β-arrestin in Drosophila neuropeptide GPCRs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275410. [PMID: 36318573 PMCID: PMC9624432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To support studies of neuropeptide neuromodulation, I have studied beta-arrestin binding sites (BBS's) by evaluating the incidence of BBS sequences among the C terminal tails (CTs) of each of the 49 Drosophila melanogaster neuropeptide GPCRs. BBS were identified by matches with a prediction derived from structural analysis of rhodopsin:arrestin and vasopressin receptor: arrestin complexes [1]. To increase the rigor of the identification, I determined the conservation of BBS sequences between two long-diverged species D. melanogaster and D. virilis. There is great diversity in the profile of BBS's in this group of GPCRs. I present evidence for conserved BBS's in a majority of the Drosophila neuropeptide GPCRs; notably some have no conserved BBS sequences. In addition, certain GPCRs display numerous conserved compound BBS's, and many GPCRs display BBS-like sequences in their intracellular loop (ICL) domains as well. Finally, 20 of the neuropeptide GPCRs are expressed as protein isoforms that vary in their CT domains. BBS profiles are typically different across related isoforms suggesting a need to diversify and regulate the extent and nature of GPCR:arrestin interactions. This work provides the initial basis to initiate future in vivo, genetic analyses in Drosophila to evaluate the roles of arrestins in neuropeptide GPCR desensitization, trafficking and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Taghert
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fonseca FV, Raffay TM, Xiao K, McLaughlin PJ, Qian Z, Grimmett ZW, Adachi N, Wang B, Hausladen A, Cobb BA, Zhang R, Hess DT, Gaston B, Lambert NA, Reynolds JD, Premont RT, Stamler JS. S-nitrosylation is required for β 2AR desensitization and experimental asthma. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3089-3102.e7. [PMID: 35931084 PMCID: PMC9391322 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR), a prototypic G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is a powerful driver of bronchorelaxation, but the effectiveness of β-agonist drugs in asthma is limited by desensitization and tachyphylaxis. We find that during activation, the β2AR is modified by S-nitrosylation, which is essential for both classic desensitization by PKA as well as desensitization of NO-based signaling that mediates bronchorelaxation. Strikingly, S-nitrosylation alone can drive β2AR internalization in the absence of traditional agonist. Mutant β2AR refractory to S-nitrosylation (Cys265Ser) exhibits reduced desensitization and internalization, thereby amplifying NO-based signaling, and mice with Cys265Ser mutation are resistant to bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and the development of asthma. S-nitrosylation is thus a central mechanism in β2AR signaling that may be operative widely among GPCRs and targeted for therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio V Fonseca
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Thomas M Raffay
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kunhong Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Precious J McLaughlin
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qian
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zachary W Grimmett
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Naoko Adachi
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Benlian Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alfred Hausladen
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rongli Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Douglas T Hess
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Benjamin Gaston
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - James D Reynolds
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Richard T Premont
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Guo S, Zhao T, Yun Y, Xie X. Recent Progress in Assays for GPCR Drug Discovery. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C583-C594. [PMID: 35816640 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00464.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as 7 transmembrane receptors, are the largest family of cell surface receptors in eukaryotes. There are ~800 GPCRs in human, regulating diverse physiological processes. GPCRs are the most intensively studied drug targets. Drugs that target GPCRs account for about a quarter of the global market share of therapeutic drugs. Therefore, to develop physiologically relevant and robust assays to search new GPCR ligands or modulators remain the major focus of drug discovery research worldwide. Early functional GPCR assays are mainly depend on the measurement of G protein-mediated second messenger generation. Recent development in GPCR biology indicate the signaling of these receptors is much more complex than the oversimplified classical view. GPCRs have been found to activate multiple G proteins simultaneously and induce b-arrestin-mediated signaling. GPCRs have also been found to interacte with other cytosolic scaffolding proteins and form dimer or heteromer with GPCRs or other transmembrane proteins. Here we mainly discuss technologies focused on detecting protein-protein interactions, such as FRET/BRET, NanoBiT, Tango, etc, and their applications in measuring GPCRs interacting with various signaling partners. In the final part, we also discuss the species differences in GPCRs when using animal models to study the in vivofunctions of GPCR ligands, and possible ways to solve this problem with modern genetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Guo
- grid.419093.6Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- grid.419093.6Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yun
- grid.419093.6Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xie
- grid.419093.6Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China
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Klussmeier A, Aurich S, Niederstadt L, Wiedenmann B, Grötzinger C. Secretin Receptor as a Target in Gastrointestinal Cancer: Expression Analysis and Ligand Development. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030536. [PMID: 35327338 PMCID: PMC8944975 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretin was originally discovered as a gastrointestinal peptide that stimulates fluid secretion from the pancreas and liver and delays gastric emptying. In disease, a secretin receptor (SCTR) was found to occur as a splice variant in gastrinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Overexpression of SCTR has been described for gastrinomas, carcinoid tumors of the lung and cholangiocarcinoma. SCTR therefore is considered a candidate target for molecular tumor imaging as well as for peptide receptor radioligand therapy (PRRT) in a number of oncological indications. The aim of this study was to characterize SCTR expression in esophageal and pancreatic cancer, demonstrating for the first time high SCTR overexpression in these tumor types. In total, 65 of 70 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissues stained strongly positive for SCTR in immunohistochemistry, as did most of the 151 esophageal cancer samples, with minor influence of grading in both entities. In addition, the aim of this study was to further delineate residues in human secretin that are critical for binding to and activation of human SCTR. For a potential development of short and metabolically stable analogs for clinical use, it was intended to probe the peptide for its capacity to incorporate deletions and substitutions without losing its affinity to SCTR. In a systematic approach, a library of 146 secretin variants containing single amino acid substitutions as well as truncations on either end was tested in β-arrestin2-GFP translocation and fluorescent ligand internalization assays employing high-content analysis, in cAMP assays which run in agonist and antagonist mode, and in radioligand binding. The main structural determinants of SCTR binding and activation were localized to the N-terminus, with His1, Asp3 being among the most sensitive positions, followed by Phe6, Thr7 and Leu10. Aminoterminal truncation caused a rapid decline in receptor activity and most of these variants proved to be partial agonists showing antagonistic properties. In this study, the most potent novel antagonist showed an IC50 of 309 ± 74 nM in the β-arrestin2-GFP translocation assay on human SCTR while remaining a weak partial agonist. Future studies will have to demonstrate the utility of further enhanced secretin analogues as tracers for in vivo imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Klussmeier
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (S.A.); (L.N.); (B.W.)
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Aurich
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (S.A.); (L.N.); (B.W.)
| | - Lars Niederstadt
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (S.A.); (L.N.); (B.W.)
| | - Bertram Wiedenmann
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (S.A.); (L.N.); (B.W.)
| | - Carsten Grötzinger
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (S.A.); (L.N.); (B.W.)
- Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Meinhardt MW, Giannone F, Hirth N, Bartsch D, Spampinato SM, Kelsch W, Spanagel R, Sommer WH, Hansson AC. Disrupted circadian expression of beta-arrestin 2 affects reward-related µ-opioid receptor function in alcohol dependence. J Neurochem 2021; 160:454-468. [PMID: 34919270 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for a daily rhythm of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) efficacy and the development of alcohol dependence. Previous studies show that beta-Arrestin 2 (bArr2) has an impact on alcohol intake, at least partially mediated via modulation of MOR signaling, which in turn mediates the alcohol rewarding effects. Considering the interplay of circadian rhythms on MOR and alcohol dependence, we aimed to investigate bArr2 in alcohol dependence at different time-points of the day/light cycle on the level of bArr2 mRNA (in situ hybridization), MOR availability (receptor autoradiography) and MOR signaling (Damgo-stimulated G-protein coupling) in the nucleus accumbens of alcohol-dependent and non-dependent Wistar rats. Using a microarray data set we found that bArr2, but not bArr1, shows a diurnal transcription pattern in the accumbens of naïve rats with higher expression levels during the active cycle. In three-week abstinent rats, bArr2 is upregulated in the accumbens at the beginning of the active cycle (ZT15), whereas no differences were found at the beginning of the inactive cycle (ZT3), compared to controls. This effect was accompanied with a specific downregulation of MOR binding in the active cycle. Additionally, we detect a higher receptor coupling during the inactive cycle compared to the active cycle in alcohol-dependent animals. Together, we report a daily rhythmicity for bArr2 expression linked to an inverse pattern of MOR, suggesting an involvement for bArr2 on circadian regulation of G-protein coupled receptors in alcohol dependence. The presented data may have implications for the development of novel bArr2-related treatment targets for alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus W Meinhardt
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Francesco Giannone
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nathalie Hirth
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dusan Bartsch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Santi M Spampinato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Kelsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anita C Hansson
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
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13
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Karnam PC, Vishnivetskiy SA, Gurevich VV. Structural Basis of Arrestin Selectivity for Active Phosphorylated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212481. [PMID: 34830362 PMCID: PMC8621391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrestins are a small family of proteins that bind G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Arrestin binds to active phosphorylated GPCRs with higher affinity than to all other functional forms of the receptor, including inactive phosphorylated and active unphosphorylated. The selectivity of arrestins suggests that they must have two sensors, which detect receptor-attached phosphates and the active receptor conformation independently. Simultaneous engagement of both sensors enables arrestin transition into a high-affinity receptor-binding state. This transition involves a global conformational rearrangement that brings additional elements of the arrestin molecule, including the middle loop, in contact with a GPCR, thereby stabilizing the complex. Here, we review structural and mutagenesis data that identify these two sensors and additional receptor-binding elements within the arrestin molecule. While most data were obtained with the arrestin-1-rhodopsin pair, the evidence suggests that all arrestins use similar mechanisms to achieve preferential binding to active phosphorylated GPCRs.
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14
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Bae WY, Choi JS, Nam S, Jeong JW. β-arrestin 2 stimulates degradation of HIF-1α and modulates tumor progression of glioblastoma. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3092-3104. [PMID: 34007068 PMCID: PMC8563934 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The basic function of β-arrestin 2 (Arrb2) is to negatively regulate the G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway through facilitating receptor desensitization and internalization. Arrb2 has also been reported to play various roles in cancer pathology including the proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis of solid tumors. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the tumorigenic capacities of Arrb2 have not been elucidated. Here, we show a novel function of Arrb2: Arrb2 facilitates the degradation of HIF-1α, which is a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. We also demonstrate that Arrb2 interacts with HIF-1α and stimulates ubiquitin-mediated 26S proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α by recruiting PHD2 and pVHL. Overexpression of Arrb2 in human glioblastoma cells suppresses HIF-1α signaling, tumor growth, and angiogenesis. Consistent with this antitumorigenic effect of Arrb2, low Arrb2 expression levels correlate with high HIF-1α expression and poor glioblastoma patient survival. These results collectively reveal a novel function of Arrb2 in the oxygen-sensing mechanism that directly regulates HIF-1α stability in human cancers and suggest Arrb2 as a new potential therapeutic target for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woom-Yee Bae
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sun Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoon Nam
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Abstract
The four vertebrate arrestins play a key role in the desensitization and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and also mediate receptor-dependent signaling. Recent work has shown that bias for arrestin vs G protein signaling could offer certain therapeutic advantages (or disadvantages) in different systems, making assays that measure arrestin binding to receptors important for drug discovery efforts. Herein, we briefly review several commonly used techniques for measuring arrestin binding to receptors, as well as provide an in-depth and methodologically focused review of two methods that do not require receptor modification. The first approach measures direct binding between purified arrestin and rhodopsin, and the second measures the recruitment of arrestin to receptors in living cells.
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16
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Structure–activity relationship investigation of triazole-based kappa opioid receptor agonists. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Abrimian A, Kraft T, Pan YX. Endogenous Opioid Peptides and Alternatively Spliced Mu Opioid Receptor Seven Transmembrane Carboxyl-Terminal Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3779. [PMID: 33917474 PMCID: PMC8038826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There exist three main types of endogenous opioid peptides, enkephalins, dynorphins and β-endorphin, all of which are derived from their precursors. These endogenous opioid peptides act through opioid receptors, including mu opioid receptor (MOR), delta opioid receptor (DOR) and kappa opioid receptor (KOR), and play important roles not only in analgesia, but also many other biological processes such as reward, stress response, feeding and emotion. The MOR gene, OPRM1, undergoes extensive alternative pre-mRNA splicing, generating multiple splice variants or isoforms. One type of these splice variants, the full-length 7 transmembrane (TM) Carboxyl (C)-terminal variants, has the same receptor structures but contains different intracellular C-terminal tails. The pharmacological functions of several endogenous opioid peptides through the mouse, rat and human OPRM1 7TM C-terminal variants have been considerably investigated together with various mu opioid ligands. The current review focuses on the studies of these endogenous opioid peptides and summarizes the results from early pharmacological studies, including receptor binding affinity and G protein activation, and recent studies of β-arrestin2 recruitment and biased signaling, aiming to provide new insights into the mechanisms and functions of endogenous opioid peptides, which are mediated through the OPRM1 7TM C-terminal splice variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying-Xian Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (A.A.); (T.K.)
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18
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Harris SS, Urs NM. Targeting β-Arrestins in the Treatment of Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders. CNS Drugs 2021; 35:253-264. [PMID: 33651366 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-021-00796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Therapies for psychiatric and neurological disorders have been in the development and refinement process for the past 5 decades. Yet, most of these therapies lack optimal therapeutic efficacy and have multiple debilitating side effects. Recent advances in understanding the pathophysiological processes of psychiatric and neurological disorders have revealed an important role for β-arrestins, which are important regulators of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) function, including desensitization and intracellular signaling. These findings have pushed β-arrestins to the forefront as potential therapeutic targets. Here, we highlight current knowledge on β-arrestin functions in certain psychiatric and neurological disorders (schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and substance abuse disorders), and how this has been leveraged to develop new therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, we discuss the obstacles impacting the field of β-arrestin-based therapeutic development and future approaches that might help advance strategies to develop optimal β-arrestin-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharonda S Harris
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, ARB-R5-140, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Nikhil M Urs
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, ARB-R5-140, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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19
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An In Silico Comparative Study of Anti-inflammatory Role of Biochanin A and Genistein with 9 Omega-3-fatty Acids Using Complex Docking Analysis with PPARγ and GPR120. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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GRK2-mediated receptor phosphorylation and Mdm2-mediated β-arrestin2 ubiquitination drive clathrin-mediated endocytosis of G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:383-390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Nielsen CDT, Dhasmana D, Floresta G, Wohland T, Cilibrizzi A. Illuminating the Path to Target GPCR Structures and Functions. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3783-3795. [PMID: 32956586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
G-Protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are ubiquitous within eukaryotes, responsible for a wide array of physiological and pathological processes. Indeed, the fact that they are the most drugged target in the human genome is indicative of their importance. Despite the clear interest in GPCRs, most information regarding their activity has been so far obtained by analyzing the response from a "bulk medium". As such, this Perspective summarizes some of the common methods for this indirect observation. Nonetheless, by inspecting approaches applying super-resolution imaging, we argue that imaging is perfectly situated to obtain more detailed structural and spatial information, assisting in the development of new GPCR-targeted drugs and clinical strategies. The benefits of direct optical visualization of GPCRs are analyzed in the context of potential future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian D-T Nielsen
- Imperial College London, White City Campus, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Divya Dhasmana
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Giuseppe Floresta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Agostino Cilibrizzi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
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22
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Narayan A, Hunkele A, Xu J, Bassoni DL, Pasternak GW, Pan YX. Mu Opioids Induce Biased Signaling at the Full-Length Seven Transmembrane C-Terminal Splice Variants of the mu Opioid Receptor Gene, Oprm1. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1059-1074. [PMID: 33033993 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The biased signaling has been extensively studied in the original mu opioid receptor (MOR-1), particularly through G protein and β-arrestin2 signaling pathways. The concept that the G protein pathway is often linked to the therapeutic effect of the drug, while the β-arrestin pathway is associated to the side effects has been proposed to develop biased analgesic compounds with limited side-effects associated with traditional opiates. The mu opioid receptor gene, OPRM1, undergoes extensive alternative pre-mRNA splicing, generating multiple splice variants or isoforms that are conserved from rodent to human. One type of the Oprm1 splice variants are the full-length 7 transmembrane (7TM) C-terminal splice variants, which have identical receptor structures including entire binding pocket, but contain a different intracellular C-terminal tail resulted from 3' alternative splicing. Increasing evidence suggest that these full-length 7TM C-terminal variants play important roles in mu opioid pharmacology, raising questions regarding biased signaling at these multiple C-terminal variants. In the present study, we investigated the effect of different C-terminal variants on mu agonist-induced G protein coupling, β-arrestin2 recruitment, and ultimately, signaling bias. We found that mu agonists produced marked differences in G protein activation and β-arrestin2 recruitment among various C-terminal variants, leading to biased signaling at various level. Particularly, MOR-1O, an exon 7-associated variant, showed greater β-arrestin2 bias for most mu agonists than MOR-1, an exon 4-associated variant. Biased signaling of G protein-coupled receptors has been defined by evidences that different agonists can produce divergent signaling transduction pathways through a single receptor. Our findings that a single mu agonist can induce differential signaling through multiple 7TM splice variants provide a new perspective on biased signaling at least for Oprm1, which perhaps is important for our understanding of the complex mu opioid actions in vivo where all the 7TM splice variants co-exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Narayan
- Department of Neurology and the Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Amanda Hunkele
- Department of Neurology and the Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Neurology and the Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Gavril W Pasternak
- Department of Neurology and the Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ying-Xian Pan
- Department of Neurology and the Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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23
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Dong M, Harikumar KG, Raval SR, Milburn JE, Clark C, Alcala-Torano R, Mobarec JC, Reynolds CA, Ghirlanda G, Christopoulos A, Wootten D, Sexton PM, Miller LJ. Rational development of a high-affinity secretin receptor antagonist. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113929. [PMID: 32217097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The secretin receptor is a prototypic class B GPCR with substantial and broad pharmacologic importance. The aim of this project was to develop a high affinity selective antagonist as a new and important pharmacologic tool and to aid stabilization of this receptor in an inactive conformation for ultimate structural characterization. Amino-terminal truncation of the natural 27-residue ligand reduced biological activity, but also markedly reduced binding affinity. This was rationally and experimentally overcome with lactam stabilization of helical structure and with replacement of residues with natural and unnatural amino acids. A key new step in this effort was the replacement of peptide residue Leu22 with L-cyclohexylalanine (Cha) to enhance potential hydrophobic interactions with receptor residues Leu31, Val34, and Phe92 that were predicted from molecular modeling. Alanine-replacement mutagenesis of these residues markedly affected ligand binding and biological activity. The optimal antagonist ligand, (Y10,c[E16,K20],I17,Cha22,R25)sec(6-27), exhibited high binding affinity (4 nM), similar to natural secretin, and exhibited no demonstrable biological activity to stimulate cAMP accumulation, intracellular calcium mobilization, or β-arrestin-2 translocation. It acts as an orthosteric competitive antagonist, predicted to bind within the peptide-binding groove in the receptor extracellular domain. The analogous peptide that was one residue longer, retaining Thr5, exhibited partial agonist activity, while further truncation of even a single residue (Phe6) reduced binding affinity. This sec(6-27)-based peptide will be an important new tool for pharmacological and structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqing Dong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States
| | - Kaleeckal G Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States
| | - Sweta R Raval
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States
| | - Juliana E Milburn
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States
| | - Carolyn Clark
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Rafael Alcala-Torano
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Juan C Mobarec
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Giovanna Ghirlanda
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 Victoria, Australia
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States.
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24
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Biased GPCR signaling: Possible mechanisms and inherent limitations. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107540. [PMID: 32201315 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are targeted by about a third of clinically used drugs. Many GPCRs couple to more than one type of heterotrimeric G proteins, become phosphorylated by any of several different GRKs, and then bind one or more types of arrestin. Thus, classical therapeutically active drugs simultaneously initiate several branches of signaling, some of which are beneficial, whereas others result in unwanted on-target side effects. The development of novel compounds to selectively channel the signaling into the desired direction has the potential to become a breakthrough in health care. However, there are natural and technological hurdles that must be overcome. The fact that most GPCRs are subject to homologous desensitization, where the active receptor couples to G proteins, is phosphorylated by GRKs, and then binds arrestins, suggest that in most cases the GPCR conformations that facilitate their interactions with these three classes of binding partners significantly overlap. Thus, while partner-specific conformations might exist, they are likely low-probability states. GPCRs are inherently flexible, which suggests that complete bias is highly unlikely to be feasible: in the conformational ensemble induced by any ligand, there would be some conformations facilitating receptor coupling to unwanted partners. Things are further complicated by the fact that virtually every cell expresses numerous G proteins, several GRK subtypes, and two non-visual arrestins with distinct signaling capabilities. Finally, novel screening methods for measuring ligand bias must be devised, as the existing methods are not specific for one particular branch of signaling.
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25
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Jiang X, Chen S, Zhang Q, Yi C, He J, Ye X, Liu M, Lu W. Celastrol is a novel selective agonist of cannabinoid receptor 2 with anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activity in a mouse model of systemic sclerosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 67:153160. [PMID: 31901889 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence indicated that the cannabinoid receptors were involved in the pathogenesis of organ fibrogenesis. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to discover novel cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonist and assess the potential of CB2 activation in treating systemic sclerosis. METHODS A gaussia princeps luciferase-based split luciferase complementation assay (SLCA) was developed for detection of the interaction between CB2 and β-arrestin2. A library of 366 natural products was then screened as potential CB2 agonist using SLCA approach. Several GPCR functional assays, including HTRF-based cAMP assay and calcium mobilization were also utilized to evaluated CB2 activation. Bleomycin-induced experimental systemic sclerosis was used to assess the in vivo anti-fibrotic effects. Dermal thickness and collagen content were evaluated via H&E and sirius red staining. RESULTS Celastrol was identified as a new agonist of CB2 by using SLCA. Furthermore, celastrol triggers several CB2-mediated downstream signaling pathways, including calcium mobilization, inhibition of cAMP accumulation, and receptor desensitization in a dose-dependent manner, and it has a moderate selectivity on CB1. In addition, celastrol exhibited the anti-inflammatory properties on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated murine Raw 264.7 macrophages and primary macrophages. Finally, we found that celastrol exerts anti-fibrotic effects in the bleomycin-induced systemic sclerosis mouse model accompanied by reduced inflammatory conditions. CONCLUSION Taken together, celastrol is identified a novel selective CB2 agonist using a new developed arrestin-based SLCA, and CB2 activation by celastrol reduces the inflammatory response, and prevents the development of dermal fibrosis in bleomycin-induced systemic sclerosis mouse model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Arrestin/metabolism
- Bleomycin/toxicity
- Calcium/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Fibrosis
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pentacyclic Triterpenes
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Scleroderma, Systemic/chemically induced
- Scleroderma, Systemic/drug therapy
- Scleroderma, Systemic/metabolism
- Scleroderma, Systemic/pathology
- Triterpenes/chemistry
- Triterpenes/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwu Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Si Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qiansen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chunyang Yi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiacheng He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiyun Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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26
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Zhang W, Zhu S. Gut metabolites: make orphans adopted. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:87-89. [PMID: 35692448 PMCID: PMC8985774 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A commentary on “A forward chemical genetic screen reveals gut microbiota metabolites that modulate host physiology”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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27
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A Novel Mu-Delta Opioid Agonist Demonstrates Enhanced Efficacy With Reduced Tolerance and Dependence in Mouse Neuropathic Pain Models. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 21:146-160. [PMID: 31201990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated a physiological interaction between the mu opioid receptor (MOR) and delta opioid receptor (DOR) systems. A few studies have shown that dual MOR-DOR agonists could be beneficial, with reduced tolerance and addiction liability, but are nearly untested in chronic pain models, particularly neuropathic pain. In this study, we tested the MOR-DOR agonist SRI-22141 in mice in the clinically relevant models of HIV Neuropathy and Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN). SRI-22141 was more potent than morphine in the tail flick pain test and had equal or enhanced efficacy versus morphine in both neuropathic pain models, with significantly reduced tolerance. SRI-22141 also produced no jumping behavior during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in CIPN or naïve mice, suggesting that SRI-22141 produces little to no dependence. SRI-22141 also reduced tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2 in CIPN in the spinal cord, suggesting an anti-inflammatory mechanism of action. The DOR-selective antagonist naltrindole strongly reduced CIPN efficacy and anti-inflammatory activity in the spinal cord, without affecting tail flick antinociception, suggesting the importance of DOR activity in these models. Overall, these results provide compelling evidence that MOR-DOR agonists could have strong efficacy with reduced side effects and an anti-inflammatory mechanism in the treatment of neuropathic pain. PERSPECTIVE: This study demonstrates that a MOR-DOR dual agonist given chronically in chronic neuropathic pain models has enhanced efficacy with strongly reduced tolerance and dependence, with a further anti-inflammatory effect in the spinal cord. This suggests that MOR-DOR dual agonists could be effective treatments for neuropathic pain with reduced side effects.
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28
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Bull DS, Kienle DF, Chaparro Sosa AF, Nelson N, Roy S, Cha JN, Schwartz DK, Kaar JL, Goodwin AP. Surface-Templated Nanobubbles Protect Proteins from Surface-Mediated Denaturation. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2641-2647. [PMID: 31067058 PMCID: PMC8051143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report that surface-bound nanobubbles reduce protein denaturation on methylated glass by irreversible protein shell formation. Single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence (SM-TIRF) microscopy was combined with intramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to study the conformational dynamics of nitroreductase (NfsB) on nanobubble-laden methylated glass surfaces, using reflection brightfield microscopy to register nanobubble locations with NfsB adsorption. First, NfsB adsorbed irreversibly to nanobubbles with no apparent desorption after 5 h. Moreover, virtually all (96%) of the NfsB molecules that interacted with nanobubbles remained folded, whereas less than 50% of NfsB molecules remained folded in the absence of nanobubbles on unmodified silica or methylated glass surfaces. This trend was confirmed by ensemble-average fluorometer TIRF experiments. We hypothesize that nanobubbles reduce protein damage by passivating strongly denaturing topographical surface defects. Thus, nanobubble stabilization on surfaces may have important implications for antifouling surfaces and improving therapeutic protein storage.
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29
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Toth K, Nagi K, Slosky LM, Rochelle L, Ray C, Kaur S, Shenoy SK, Caron MG, Barak LS. Encoding the β-Arrestin Trafficking Fate of Ghrelin Receptor GHSR1a: C-Tail-Independent Molecular Determinants in GPCRs. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:230-246. [PMID: 32259059 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can bias signaling through distinct biochemical pathways that originate from G-protein/receptor and β-arrestin/receptor complexes. Receptor conformations supporting β-arrestin engagement depend on multiple receptor determinants. Using ghrelin receptor GHR1a, we demonstrate by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and fluorescence microscopy a critical role for its second intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) domain in stabilizing β-arrestin/GHSR1a core interactions and determining receptor trafficking fate. We validate our findings in ICL2 gain- and loss-of-function experiments assessing β-arrestin and ubiquitin-dependent internalization of the CC chemokine receptor, CCR1. Like all CC and CXC subfamily chemokine receptors, CCR1 lacks a critical proline residue found in the ICL2 consensus domain of rhodopsin-family GPCRs. Our study indicates that ICL2, C-tail determinants, and the orthosteric binding pocket that regulates β-arrestin/receptor complex stability are sufficient to encode a broad repertoire of the trafficking fates observed for rhodopsin-family GPCRs, suggesting they provide the essential elements for regulating a large fraction of β-arrestin signaling bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztian Toth
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.,Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina 27506, United States
| | - Karim Nagi
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.,College of Medicine, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lauren M Slosky
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Lauren Rochelle
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Caroline Ray
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Suneet Kaur
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Sudha K Shenoy
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.,Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Marc G Caron
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.,Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.,Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Larry S Barak
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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30
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Albert PR, Vahid-Ansari F. The 5-HT1A receptor: Signaling to behavior. Biochimie 2019; 161:34-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of integral membrane proteins, which are coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins to influence cell signaling. Subsequent to G protein activation, agonist-stimulated G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) phosphorylation results in the recruitment of β-arrestin proteins, which form both stable and unstable complexes with GPCRs. β-Arrestins when bound to GPCRs not only contribute to the uncoupling of G protein signaling but also to the redistribution of GPCRs to clathrin-coated pits via their association with both clathrin and β2-adaptin facilitating GPCR endocytosis. This allows β-arrestins to couple GPCRs to additional cell signaling proteins allowing a second wave of receptor signaling. Importantly, the β-arrestin-regulated subcellular localization of these complexes also plays a critical role in regulating how these signals are transduced and which proteins are recruited. Here, we describe a methodology for assessing the GPCR subcellular localization by super-resolution microscopy and suggest that this methodology can be extended to the study of GPCR/protein complexes.
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32
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Optical approaches for single-cell and subcellular analysis of GPCR-G protein signaling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4481-4508. [PMID: 30927013 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), G proteins, and their signaling associates are major signal transducers that control the majority of cellular signaling and regulate key biological functions including immune, neurological, cardiovascular, and metabolic processes. These pathways are targeted by over one-third of drugs on the market; however, the current understanding of their function is limited and primarily derived from cell-destructive approaches providing an ensemble of static, multi-cell information about the status and composition of molecules. Spatiotemporal behavior of molecules involved is crucial to understanding in vivo cell behaviors both in health and disease, and the advent of genetically encoded fluorescence proteins and small fluorophore-based biosensors has facilitated the mapping of dynamic signaling in cells with subcellular acuity. Since we and others have developed optogenetic methods to regulate GPCR-G protein signaling in single cells and subcellular regions using dedicated wavelengths, the desire to develop and adopt optogenetically amenable assays to measure signaling has motivated us to take a broader look at the available optical tools and approaches compatible with measuring single-cell and subcellular GPCR-G protein signaling. Here we review such key optical approaches enabling the examination of GPCR, G protein, secondary messenger, and downstream molecules such as kinase and lipid signaling in living cells. The methods reviewed employ both fluorescence and bioluminescence detection. We not only further elaborate the underlying principles of these sensors but also discuss the experimental criteria and limitations to be considered during their use in single-cell and subcellular signal mapping.
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33
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34
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Critical role of the finger loop in arrestin binding to the receptors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213792. [PMID: 30875392 PMCID: PMC6420155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the interactions with four different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of arrestin-3 mutants with substitutions in the four loops, three of which contact the receptor in the structure of the arrestin-1-rhodopsin complex. Point mutations in the loop at the distal tip of the N-domain (Glu157Ala), in the C-loop (Phe255Ala), back loop (Lys313Ala), and one of the mutations in the finger loop (Gly65Pro) had mild variable effects on receptor binding. In contrast, the deletion of Gly65 at the beginning of the finger loop reduced the binding to all GPCRs tested, with the binding to dopamine D2 receptor being affected most dramatically. Thus, the presence of a glycine at the beginning of the finger loop appears to be critical for the arrestin-receptor interaction.
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35
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Abstract
Arrestins have now been implicated in the actions of virtually every G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) for which they have been examined. Originally discovered for their role in the turnoff of visual perception, their newly discovered pleotropic functions in the cellular and physiological actions of GPCRs not only illuminate new mechanisms of signal transduction but also offer new avenues for therapeutic utility. Below, in this introductory chapter, we provide a short historical description and synopsis of how arrestins conceptually became associated with the function of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G. Caron
- Department of Cell Biology Duke University Medical Center Durham NC USA,Department of Neurobiology Duke University Medical Center Durham NC USA,Department of Medicine Duke University Medical Center Durham NC USA
| | - Lawrence S. Barak
- Department of Cell Biology Duke University Medical Center Durham NC USA
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36
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Arrestin-3 scaffolding of the JNK3 cascade suggests a mechanism for signal amplification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 116:810-815. [PMID: 30591558 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819230116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffold proteins tether and orient components of a signaling cascade to facilitate signaling. Although much is known about how scaffolds colocalize signaling proteins, it is unclear whether scaffolds promote signal amplification. Here, we used arrestin-3, a scaffold of the ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK3 cascade, as a model to understand signal amplification by a scaffold protein. We found that arrestin-3 exhibited >15-fold higher affinity for inactive JNK3 than for active JNK3, and this change involved a shift in the binding site following JNK3 activation. We used systems biochemistry modeling and Bayesian inference to evaluate how the activation of upstream kinases contributed to JNK3 phosphorylation. Our combined experimental and computational approach suggested that the catalytic phosphorylation rate of JNK3 at Thr-221 by MKK7 is two orders of magnitude faster than the corresponding phosphorylation of Tyr-223 by MKK4 with or without arrestin-3. Finally, we showed that the release of activated JNK3 was critical for signal amplification. Collectively, our data suggest a "conveyor belt" mechanism for signal amplification by scaffold proteins. This mechanism informs on a long-standing mystery for how few upstream kinase molecules activate numerous downstream kinases to amplify signaling.
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37
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Arrestin mutations: Some cause diseases, others promise cure. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 161:29-45. [PMID: 30711028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arrestins play a key role in homologous desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and regulate several other vital signaling pathways in cells. Considering the critical roles of these proteins in cellular signaling, surprisingly few disease-causing mutations in human arrestins were described. Most of these are loss-of-function mutations of visual arrestin-1 that cause excessive rhodopsin signaling and hence night blindness. Only one dominant arrestin-1 mutation was discovered so far. It reduces the thermal stability of the protein, which likely results in photoreceptor death via unfolded protein response. In case of the two nonvisual arrestins, only polymorphisms were described, some of which appear to be associated with neurological disorders and altered response to certain treatments. Structure-function studies revealed several ways of enhancing arrestins' ability to quench GPCR signaling. These enhanced arrestins have potential as tools for gene therapy of disorders associated with excessive signaling of mutant GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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38
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Luttrell LM, Wang J, Plouffe B, Smith JS, Yamani L, Kaur S, Jean-Charles PY, Gauthier C, Lee MH, Pani B, Kim J, Ahn S, Rajagopal S, Reiter E, Bouvier M, Shenoy SK, Laporte SA, Rockman HA, Lefkowitz RJ. Manifold roles of β-arrestins in GPCR signaling elucidated with siRNA and CRISPR/Cas9. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/549/eaat7650. [PMID: 30254056 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat7650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) use diverse mechanisms to regulate the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2. β-Arrestins (βArr1/2) are ubiquitous inhibitors of G protein signaling, promoting GPCR desensitization and internalization and serving as scaffolds for ERK1/2 activation. Studies using CRISPR/Cas9 to delete βArr1/2 and G proteins have cast doubt on the role of β-arrestins in activating specific pools of ERK1/2. We compared the effects of siRNA-mediated knockdown of βArr1/2 and reconstitution with βArr1/2 in three different parental and CRISPR-derived βArr1/2 knockout HEK293 cell pairs to assess the effect of βArr1/2 deletion on ERK1/2 activation by four Gs-coupled GPCRs. In all parental lines with all receptors, ERK1/2 stimulation was reduced by siRNAs specific for βArr2 or βArr1/2. In contrast, variable effects were observed with CRISPR-derived cell lines both between different lines and with activation of different receptors. For β2 adrenergic receptors (β2ARs) and β1ARs, βArr1/2 deletion increased, decreased, or had no effect on isoproterenol-stimulated ERK1/2 activation in different CRISPR clones. ERK1/2 activation by the vasopressin V2 and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors was reduced in these cells but was enhanced by reconstitution with βArr1/2. Loss of desensitization and receptor internalization in CRISPR βArr1/2 knockout cells caused β2AR-mediated stimulation of ERK1/2 to become more dependent on G proteins, which was reversed by reintroducing βArr1/2. These data suggest that βArr1/2 function as a regulatory hub, determining the balance between mechanistically different pathways that result in activation of ERK1/2, and caution against extrapolating results obtained from βArr1/2- or G protein-deleted cells to GPCR behavior in native systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis M Luttrell
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Research Service of the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Jialu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bianca Plouffe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C IJ4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lama Yamani
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Suneet Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Christophe Gauthier
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Mi-Hye Lee
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Biswaranjan Pani
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jihee Kim
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Seungkirl Ahn
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eric Reiter
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C IJ4, Canada
| | - Sudha K Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stéphane A Laporte
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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39
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Lee E, Min K, Chang YT, Kwon Y. Efficient and wash-free labeling of membrane proteins using engineered Npu DnaE split-inteins. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1568-1574. [PMID: 30151847 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and wash-free method to conjugate a fluorescent tag to a target membrane protein is developed, using engineered Npu DnaE split-inteins. This approach allowed fast labeling while avoiding the strenuous synthesis of a long polypeptide. Two different modes of labeling, namely specific binding and covalent conjugation, are observed. The covalent labeling was monitored within 5 min, without background staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euiyeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, South Korea
| | - Kyoungmi Min
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, South Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, South Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Youngeun Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, South Korea
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40
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Eichel K, Jullié D, Barsi-Rhyne B, Latorraca NR, Masureel M, Sibarita JB, Dror RO, von Zastrow M. Catalytic activation of β-arrestin by GPCRs. Nature 2018; 557:381-386. [PMID: 29720660 PMCID: PMC6058965 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
β-arrestins are critical regulator and transducer proteins for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). β-arrestin is widely believed to be activated by forming a stable and stoichiometric GPCR-β-arrestin scaffold complex, which requires and is driven by the phosphorylated tail of the GPCR. Here we demonstrate a distinct and additional mechanism of β-arrestin activation that does not require stable GPCR-β-arrestin scaffolding or the GPCR tail. Instead, it occurs through transient engagement of the GPCR core, which destabilizes a conserved inter-domain charge network in β-arrestin. This promotes capture of β-arrestin at the plasma membrane and its accumulation in clathrin-coated endocytic structures (CCSs) after dissociation from the GPCR, requiring a series of interactions with membrane phosphoinositides and CCS-lattice proteins. β-arrestin clustering in CCSs in the absence of the upstream activating GPCR is associated with a β-arrestin-dependent component of the cellular ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) response. These results delineate a discrete mechanism of cellular β-arrestin function that is activated catalytically by GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie Eichel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Damien Jullié
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Barsi-Rhyne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Naomi R Latorraca
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthieu Masureel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sibarita
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ron O Dror
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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41
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Wan Q, Okashah N, Inoue A, Nehmé R, Carpenter B, Tate CG, Lambert NA. Mini G protein probes for active G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in live cells. J Biol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29523687 PMCID: PMC5949987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key signaling proteins that regulate nearly every aspect of cell function. Studies of GPCRs have benefited greatly from the development of molecular tools to monitor receptor activation and downstream signaling. Here, we show that mini G proteins are robust probes that can be used in a variety of assay formats to report GPCR activity in living cells. Mini G (mG) proteins are engineered GTPase domains of Gα subunits that were developed for structural studies of active-state GPCRs. Confocal imaging revealed that mG proteins fused to fluorescent proteins were located diffusely in the cytoplasm and translocated to sites of receptor activation at the cell surface and at intracellular organelles. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assays with mG proteins fused to either a fluorescent protein or luciferase reported agonist, superagonist, and inverse agonist activities. Variants of mG proteins (mGs, mGsi, mGsq, and mG12) corresponding to the four families of Gα subunits displayed appropriate coupling to their cognate GPCRs, allowing quantitative profiling of subtype-specific coupling to individual receptors. BRET between luciferase–mG fusion proteins and fluorescent markers indicated the presence of active GPCRs at the plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, and endosomes. Complementation assays with fragments of NanoLuc luciferase fused to GPCRs and mG proteins reported constitutive receptor activity and agonist-induced activation with up to 20-fold increases in luminescence. We conclude that mG proteins are versatile tools for studying GPCR activation and coupling specificity in cells and should be useful for discovering and characterizing G protein subtype–biased ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Wan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Najeah Okashah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Rony Nehmé
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB20QH, United Kingdom
| | - Byron Carpenter
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB20QH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912.
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42
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Zhang Q, Zheng YW, Coughlin SR, Shu X. A rapid fluorogenic GPCR-β-arrestin interaction assay. Protein Sci 2018; 27:874-879. [PMID: 29411438 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Detection of protein-protein interactions involved in signal transduction in live cells and organisms has a variety of important applications. We report a fluorogenic assay for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-β-arrestin interaction that is genetically encoded, generalizes to multiple GPCRs, and features high signal-to-noise because fluorescence is absent until its components interact upon GPCR activation. Fluorescence after protease-activated receptor-1 activation developed in minutes and required specific serine-threonine residues in the receptor carboxyl tail, consistent with a classical G protein-coupled receptor kinase dependent β-arrestin recruitment mechanism. This assay provides a useful complement to other in vivo assays of GPCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yao-Wu Zheng
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Shaun R Coughlin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Xiaokun Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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43
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV, Uversky VN. Arrestins: structural disorder creates rich functionality. Protein Cell 2018; 9:986-1003. [PMID: 29453740 PMCID: PMC6251804 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrestins are soluble relatively small 44–46 kDa proteins that specifically bind hundreds of active phosphorylated GPCRs and dozens of non-receptor partners. There are binding partners that demonstrate preference for each of the known arrestin conformations: free, receptor-bound, and microtubule-bound. Recent evidence suggests that conformational flexibility in every functional state is the defining characteristic of arrestins. Flexibility, or plasticity, of proteins is often described as structural disorder, in contrast to the fixed conformational order observed in high-resolution crystal structures. However, protein-protein interactions often involve highly flexible elements that can assume many distinct conformations upon binding to different partners. Existing evidence suggests that arrestins are no exception to this rule: their flexibility is necessary for functional versatility. The data on arrestins and many other multi-functional proteins indicate that in many cases, “order” might be artificially imposed by highly non-physiological crystallization conditions and/or crystal packing forces. In contrast, conformational flexibility (and its extreme case, intrinsic disorder) is a more natural state of proteins, representing true biological order that underlies their physiologically relevant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
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44
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Gray DL, Allen JA, Mente S, O'Connor RE, DeMarco GJ, Efremov I, Tierney P, Volfson D, Davoren J, Guilmette E, Salafia M, Kozak R, Ehlers MD. Impaired β-arrestin recruitment and reduced desensitization by non-catechol agonists of the D1 dopamine receptor. Nat Commun 2018; 9:674. [PMID: 29445200 PMCID: PMC5813016 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective activation of dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) has been pursued for 40 years as a therapeutic strategy for neurologic and psychiatric diseases due to the fundamental role of D1Rs in motor function, reward processing, and cognition. All known D1R-selective agonists are catechols, which are rapidly metabolized and desensitize the D1R after prolonged exposure, reducing agonist response. As such, drug-like selective D1R agonists have remained elusive. Here we report a novel series of selective, potent non-catechol D1R agonists with promising in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. These ligands stimulate adenylyl cyclase signaling and are efficacious in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease after oral administration. They exhibit distinct binding to the D1R orthosteric site and a novel functional profile including minimal receptor desensitization, reduced recruitment of β-arrestin, and sustained in vivo efficacy. These results reveal a novel class of D1 agonists with favorable drug-like properties, and define the molecular basis for catechol-specific recruitment of β-arrestin to D1Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Gray
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - John A Allen
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Scot Mente
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rebecca E O'Connor
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - George J DeMarco
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ivan Efremov
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Patrick Tierney
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Dmitri Volfson
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer Davoren
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Edward Guilmette
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michelle Salafia
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Rouba Kozak
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael D Ehlers
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA.
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45
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Mansouri M, Berger P. Multigene delivery in mammalian cells: Recent advances and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:871-879. [PMID: 29374595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Systems for multigene delivery in mammalian cells, particularly in the context of genome engineering, have gained a lot of attention in biomolecular research and medicine. Initially these methods were based on RNA polymerase II promoters and were used for the production of protein complexes and for applications in cell biology such as reprogramming of somatic cells to stem cells. Emerging technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9-based genome engineering, which enable any alteration at the genomic level of an organism, require additional elements including U6-driven expression cassettes for RNA expression and homology constructs for designed genome modifications. For these applications, systems with high DNA capacity, flexibility and transfer rates are needed. In this article, we briefly give an update on some of recent strategies that facilitate multigene assembly and delivery into mammalian cells. Also, we review applications in various fields of biology that rely on multigene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysam Mansouri
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Biomolecular Research, Applied Molecular Biology, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Berger
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Biomolecular Research, Applied Molecular Biology, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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46
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of receptors in the human genome and some of the most common drug targets. It is now well established that GPCRs can signal through multiple transducers, including heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCR kinases and β-arrestins. While these signalling pathways can be activated or blocked by 'balanced' agonists or antagonists, they can also be selectively activated in a 'biased' response. Biased responses can be induced by biased ligands, biased receptors or system bias, any of which can result in preferential signalling through G proteins or β-arrestins. At many GPCRs, signalling events mediated by G proteins and β-arrestins have been shown to have distinct biochemical and physiological actions from one another, and an accurate evaluation of biased signalling from pharmacology through physiology is crucial for preclinical drug development. Recent structural studies have provided snapshots of GPCR-transducer complexes, which should aid in the structure-based design of novel biased therapies. Our understanding of GPCRs has evolved from that of two-state, on-and-off switches to that of multistate allosteric microprocessors, in which biased ligands transmit distinct structural information that is processed into distinct biological outputs. The development of biased ligands as therapeutics heralds an era of increased drug efficacy with reduced drug side effects.
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47
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Kono M, Conlon EG, Lux SY, Yanagida K, Hla T, Proia RL. Bioluminescence imaging of G protein-coupled receptor activation in living mice. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1163. [PMID: 29079828 PMCID: PMC5660082 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), a superfamily of cell-surface receptors involved in virtually all physiological processes, are the major target class for approved drugs. Imaging GPCR activation in real time in living animals would provide a powerful way to study their role in biology and disease. Here, we describe a mouse model that enables the bioluminescent detection of GPCR activation in real time by utilizing the clinically important GPCR, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1). A synthetic S1P1 signaling pathway, designed to report the interaction between S1P1 and β-arrestin2 via the firefly split luciferase fragment complementation system, is genetically encoded in these mice. Upon receptor activation and subsequent β-arrestin2 recruitment, an active luciferase enzyme complex is produced, which can be detected by in vivo bioluminescence imaging. This imaging strategy reveals the dynamics and spatial specificity of S1P1 activation in normal and pathophysiologic contexts in vivo and can be applied to other GPCRs. G protein-coupled receptors are involved in numerous physiological functions, thus, they represent potential pharmaceutical targets. Here Kono et al. describe a new mouse model to image GPCR activation in real-time by exploiting firefly split luciferase fragment complementation that can be detected by bioluminescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kono
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Conlon
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Samantha Y Lux
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Keisuke Yanagida
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard L Proia
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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48
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Ali H. Emerging Roles for MAS-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor-X2 in Host Defense Peptide, Opioid, and Neuropeptide-Mediated Inflammatory Reactions. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:123-162. [PMID: 28950944 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-resident immune cells that contribute to host defense but are best known for their roles in allergic and inflammatory diseases. In humans, MCs are divided into two subtypes based on the protease content of their secretory granules. Thus, human lung MCs contain only tryptase and are known as MCT, whereas skin MCs contain both tryptase and chymase and are known as MCTC. Patients with severe asthma display elevated MCs in the lung, which undergo phenotypic change from MCT to MCTC. Although the human genome contains four Mas related G protein coupled receptor X (MRGPRX) genes, an important feature of MCTC is that they selectively express MRGPRX2. It is activated by antimicrobial host defense peptides such as human β-defensins and the cathelicidin LL-37 and likely contributes to host defense. MRGPRX2 is also a receptor for the neuropeptide substance P, major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, opioids, and many FDA-approved cationic drugs. Increased expression of MRGPRX2 or enhanced downstream signaling likely contributes to chronic inflammatory diseases such as rosacea, atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, and severe asthma. In this chapter, I will discuss the expression profile and function of MRGPRX1-4 and review the emerging roles of MRGPRX2 on host defense, chronic inflammatory diseases, and drug-induced pseudoallergic reactions. I will also examine the novel aspects of MRGPRX2 signaling in MCs as it related to degranulation and review the mechanisms of its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hydar Ali
- University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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49
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Zhang F, Gannon M, Chen Y, Zhou L, Jiao K, Wang Q. The amyloid precursor protein modulates α 2A-adrenergic receptor endocytosis and signaling through disrupting arrestin 3 recruitment. FASEB J 2017. [PMID: 28646018 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700346r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has long been appreciated for its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, less is known about the physiologic function of APP outside of AD. Particularly, whether and how APP may regulate functions of cell surface receptors, including GPCRs, remains largely unclear. In this study, we identified a novel direct interaction between APP and the α2A-adrenergic receptor (α2AAR) that occurs at the intracellular domains of both proteins. The APP interaction with α2AAR is promoted by agonist stimulation and competes with arrestin 3 binding to the receptor. Consequently, the presence of APP attenuates α2AAR internalization and desensitization, which are arrestin-dependent processes. Furthermore, in neuroblastoma neuro-2A cells and primary superior cervical ganglion neurons, where APP is highly expressed, the lack of APP leads to a dramatic increase in plasma membrane recruitment of endogenous arrestin 3 following α2AAR activation. Concomitantly, agonist-induced internalization of α2AAR is significantly enhanced in these neuronal cells. Our study provided the first evidence that APP fine tunes GPCR signaling and trafficking. Given the important role of α2AAR in controlling norepinephrine release and response, this novel regulation of α2AAR by APP may have an impact on modulation of noradrenergic activity and sympathetic tone.-Zhang, F., Gannon, M., Chen, Y., Zhou, L., Jiao, K., Wang, Q. The amyloid precursor protein modulates α2A-adrenergic receptor endocytosis and signaling through disrupting arrestin 3 recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mary Gannon
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yunjia Chen
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA;
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50
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Differential manipulation of arrestin-3 binding to basal and agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors. Cell Signal 2017; 36:98-107. [PMID: 28461104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-visual arrestins interact with hundreds of different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here we show that by introducing mutations into elements that directly bind receptors, the specificity of arrestin-3 can be altered. Several mutations in the two parts of the central "crest" of the arrestin molecule, middle-loop and C-loop, enhanced or reduced arrestin-3 interactions with several GPCRs in receptor subtype and functional state-specific manner. For example, the Lys139Ile substitution in the middle-loop dramatically enhanced the binding to inactive M2 muscarinic receptor, so that agonist activation of the M2 did not further increase arrestin-3 binding. Thus, the Lys139Ile mutation made arrestin-3 essentially an activation-independent binding partner of M2, whereas its interactions with other receptors, including the β2-adrenergic receptor and the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, retained normal activation dependence. In contrast, the Ala248Val mutation enhanced agonist-induced arrestin-3 binding to the β2-adrenergic and D2 dopamine receptors, while reducing its interaction with the D1 dopamine receptor. These mutations represent the first example of altering arrestin specificity via enhancement of the arrestin-receptor interactions rather than selective reduction of the binding to certain subtypes.
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