1
|
Ha SJ, Choi YO, Kwag EB, Kim SD, Yoo HS, Kang IC, Park SJ. Qualitative Analysis of Proteins in Two Snake Venoms, Gloydius Blomhoffii and Agkistrodon Acutus. J Pharmacopuncture 2022; 25:52-62. [PMID: 35371588 PMCID: PMC8947974 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2022.25.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Snake venom is a complex mixture of various pharmacologically active substances, such as small proteins, peptides, and organic and mineral components. This paper aims to identify and analyse the proteins in common venomous snakes, such as Gloydius blomhoffii (G. blomhoffii) and Agkistrodon acutus (A. acutus), in Korea. Methods We used mass spectrometry, electrophoresis, N-terminal sequencing and in-gel digestion to analyse the proteins in these two snake venoms. Results We identified eight proteins in G. blomhoffii venom and four proteins in A. acutus venom. The proteins detected in G. blomhoffii and A. acutus venoms were phospholipase A2, snake venom metalloproteinase and cysteine-rich secretory protein. Snake C-type lectin (snaclec) was unique to A. acutus venom. Conclusion These data will contribute to the current knowledge of proteins present in the venoms of viper snakes and provide useful information for investigating their therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jeong Ha
- East West Cancer Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Ok Choi
- Bio Research Institute of Biotechnology, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Bin Kwag
- East West Cancer Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Dam Kim
- East West Cancer Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-seung Yoo
- East West Cancer Center, Seoul Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Cheol Kang
- Department of Biological Science and BioChip Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
- InnoPharmaScreen Inc., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- East West Cancer Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Functional variability of Bothrops atrox venoms from three distinct areas across the Brazilian Amazon and consequences for human envenomings. Toxicon 2019; 164:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
3
|
|
4
|
Estevão-Costa MI, Sanz-Soler R, Johanningmeier B, Eble JA. Snake venom components in medicine: From the symbolic rod of Asclepius to tangible medical research and application. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 104:94-113. [PMID: 30261311 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Both mythologically and logically, snakes have always fascinated man. Snakes have attracted both awe and fear not only because of the elegant movement of their limbless bodies, but also because of the potency of their deadly venoms. Practically, in 2017, the world health organization (WHO) listed snake envenomation as a high priority neglected disease, as snakes inflict up to 2.7 million poisonous bites, around 100.000 casualties, and about three times as many invalidities on man. The venoms of poisonous snakes are a cocktail of potent compounds which specifically and avidly target numerous essential molecules with high efficacy. The individual effects of all venom toxins integrate into lethal dysfunctions of almost any organ system. It is this efficacy and specificity of each venom component, which after analysis of its structure and activity may serve as a potential lead structure for chemical imitation. Such toxin mimetics may help in influencing a specific body function pharmaceutically for the sake of man's health. In this review article, we will give some examples of snake venom components which have spurred the development of novel pharmaceutical compounds. Moreover, we will provide examples where such snake toxin-derived mimetics are in clinical use, trials, or consideration for further pharmaceutical exploitation, especially in the fields of hemostasis, thrombosis, coagulation, and metastasis. Thus, it becomes clear why a snake captured its symbolic place at the Asclepius rod with good reason still nowadays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Inacia Estevão-Costa
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Raquel Sanz-Soler
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Johanningmeier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Molica F, Stierlin FB, Fontana P, Kwak BR. Pannexin- and Connexin-Mediated Intercellular Communication in Platelet Function. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E850. [PMID: 28420171 PMCID: PMC5412434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The three major blood cell types, i.e., platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes, are all produced in the bone marrow. While red blood cells are the most numerous and white cells are the largest, platelets are small fragments and account for a minor part of blood volume. However, platelets display a crucial function by preventing bleeding. Upon vessel wall injury, platelets adhere to exposed extracellular matrix, become activated, and form a platelet plug preventing hemorrhagic events. However, when platelet activation is exacerbated, as in rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, the same mechanism may lead to acute thrombosis causing major ischemic events such as myocardial infarction or stroke. In the past few years, major progress has been made in understanding of platelet function modulation. In this respect, membrane channels formed by connexins and/or pannexins are of particular interest. While it is still not completely understood whether connexins function as hemichannels or gap junction channels to inhibit platelet aggregation, there is clear-cut evidence for a specific implication of pannexin1 channels in collagen-induced aggregation. The focus of this review is to summarize current knowledge of the role of connexins and pannexins in platelet aggregation and to discuss possible pharmacological approaches along with their limitations and future perspectives for new potential therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Molica
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Medical Specializations, Cardiology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Florian B Stierlin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Medical Specializations, Cardiology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Geneva Platelet Group, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Fontana
- Geneva Platelet Group, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Medical Specializations, Cardiology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Metalloproteases Affecting Blood Coagulation, Fibrinolysis and Platelet Aggregation from Snake Venoms: Definition and Nomenclature of Interaction Sites. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100284. [PMID: 27690102 PMCID: PMC5086644 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteases, in addition to their contribution to the digestion of the prey, affect various physiological functions by cleaving specific proteins. They exhibit their activities through activation of zymogens of coagulation factors, and precursors of integrins or receptors. Based on their structure–function relationships and mechanism of action, we have defined classification and nomenclature of functional sites of proteases. These metalloproteases are useful as research tools and in diagnosis and treatment of various thrombotic and hemostatic conditions. They also contribute to our understanding of molecular details in the activation of specific factors involved in coagulation, platelet aggregation and matrix biology. This review provides a ready reference for metalloproteases that interfere in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Calderon LA, Sobrinho JC, Zaqueo KD, de Moura AA, Grabner AN, Mazzi MV, Marcussi S, Nomizo A, Fernandes CFC, Zuliani JP, Carvalho BMA, da Silva SL, Stábeli RG, Soares AM. Antitumoral activity of snake venom proteins: new trends in cancer therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:203639. [PMID: 24683541 PMCID: PMC3943284 DOI: 10.1155/2014/203639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For more than half a century, cytotoxic agents have been investigated as a possible treatment for cancer. Research on animal venoms has revealed their high toxicity on tissues and cell cultures, both normal and tumoral. Snake venoms show the highest cytotoxic potential, since ophidian accidents cause a large amount of tissue damage, suggesting a promising utilization of these venoms or their components as antitumoral agents. Over the last few years, we have studied the effects of snake venoms and their isolated enzymes on tumor cell cultures. Some in vivo assays showed antineoplastic activity against induced tumors in mice. In human beings, both the crude venom and isolated enzymes revealed antitumor activities in preliminary assays, with measurable clinical responses in the advanced treatment phase. These enzymes include metalloproteases (MP), disintegrins, L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs), C-type lectins, and phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). Their mechanisms of action include direct toxic action (PLA2s), free radical generation (LAAOs), apoptosis induction (PLA2s, MP, and LAAOs), and antiangiogenesis (disintegrins and lectins). Higher cytotoxic and cytostatic activities upon tumor cells than normal cells suggest the possibility for clinical applications. Further studies should be conducted to ensure the efficacy and safety of different snake venom compounds for cancer drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A. Calderon
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Sobrinho
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Kayena D. Zaqueo
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andrea A. de Moura
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Amy N. Grabner
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Maurício V. Mazzi
- Fundação Hermínio Ometto, UNIARARAS, Núcleo de Ciências da Saúde-NUCISA, 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, UFLA, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Auro Nomizo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla F. C. Fernandes
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Zuliani
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Bruna M. A. Carvalho
- Departamento de Química, Biotecnologia e Engenharia de Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, UFSJ, Campus Alto paraopeba, Ouro Branco, MG, Brazil
| | - Saulo L. da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Biotecnologia e Engenharia de Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, UFSJ, Campus Alto paraopeba, Ouro Branco, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G. Stábeli
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Madamanchi A, Santoro SA, Zutter MM. α2β1 Integrin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 819:41-60. [PMID: 25023166 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9153-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The α2β1 integrin, also known as VLA-2, GPIa-IIa, CD49b, was first identified as an extracellular matrix receptor for collagens and/or laminins [55, 56]. It is now recognized that the α2β1 integrin serves as a receptor for many matrix and nonmatrix molecules [35, 79, 128]. Extensive analyses have clearly elucidated the α2 I domain structural motifs required for ligand binding, and also defined distinct conformations that lead to inactive, partially active or highly active ligand binding [3, 37, 66, 123, 136, 137, 140]. The mechanisms by which the α2β1 integrin plays a critical role in platelet function and homeostasis have been carefully defined via in vitro and in vivo experiments [76, 104, 117, 125]. Genetic and epidemiologic studies have confirmed human physiology and disease states mediated by this receptor in immunity, cancer, and development [6, 20, 21, 32, 43, 90]. The role of the α2β1 integrin in these multiple complex biologic processes will be discussed in the chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aasakiran Madamanchi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Moura-da-Silva AM, Baldo C. Jararhagin, a hemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteinase from Bothrops jararaca. Toxicon 2012; 60:280-9. [PMID: 22534074 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Jararhagin is a metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops jararaca snake venom, which has been extensively studied. These studies showed its involvement on most of the systemic and local damaging effects of snakebite envenomings. In this review we comment on the major targets of jararhagin as the vascular endothelium, platelets and coagulation factors and also its action on other cell systems as inflammatory cells and their mediators, cancer and cell signaling. The mechanisms of jararhagin action are discussed together with structural features essential for the expression of its biological activities. The studies reviewed here denote jararhagin as a prototype for studies of snake venom metalloproteinases, bringing new insights into cellular-matrix interactions and adding for the improvement of snakebite treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Moura-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, CEP-05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Deckmyn H, De Meyer SF, Broos K, Vanhoorelbeke K. Inhibitors of the interactions between collagen and its receptors on platelets. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:311-337. [PMID: 22918737 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-29423-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
At sites of vascular injury, collagen-mediated platelet adhesion and activation have long been known as one of the first events in platelet-dependent thrombus formation. Studying patients with bleeding disorders that are caused by defective platelet adhesion to collagen resulted in the identification of several platelet collagen receptors, with glycoprotein VI and integrin α2β1 being the most important ones. Subsequent development of specific collagen receptor knockout mice and various inhibitors of platelet binding to collagen have further proven the role of these receptors in haemostasis and thrombosis. The search for clinically applicable inhibitors for use as antithrombotic drug has led to the identification of inhibitory antibodies, soluble receptor fragments, peptides, collagen-mimetics and proteins from snake venoms or haematophagous animals. In experimental settings, these inhibitors have a good antithrombotic effect, with little prolongation of bleeding times, suggesting a larger therapeutic window than currently available antiplatelet drugs. However, at present, none of the collagen receptor blockers are in clinical development yet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Deckmyn
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven campus Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
McLane MA, Zhang X, Tian J, Paquette-Straub C. MONOMERIC AND DIMERIC DISINTEGRINS: PLATELET ACTIVE AGENTS FROM VIPER VENOM. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540600567420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
13
|
Mazzi MV, Magro AJ, Amui SF, Oliveira CZ, Ticli FK, Stábeli RG, Fuly AL, Rosa JC, Braz ASK, Fontes MRM, Sampaio SV, Soares AM. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of BjussuMP-I: A RGD-P-III class hemorrhagic metalloprotease from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 26:69-85. [PMID: 17081786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) embody zinc-dependent multidomain enzymes responsible for a relevant pathophysiology in envenomation, including local and systemic hemorrhage. The molecular features responsible for hemorrhagic potency of SVMPs have been associated with their multidomains structures which can target these proteins them to several receptors of different tissues and cellular types. BjussuMP-I, a SVMP isolated from the Bothrops jararacussu venom, has been characterized as a P-III hemorrhagic metalloprotease. The complete cDNA sequence of BjussuMP-I with 1641bp encodes open reading frames of 547 amino acid residues, which conserve the common domains of P-III high molecular weight hemorrhagic metalloproteases: (i) pre-pro-peptide, (ii) metalloprotease, (iii) disintegrin-like and (iv) rich cysteine domain. BjussuMP-I induced lyses in fibrin clots and inhibited collagen- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation. We are reporting, for the first time, the primary structure of an RGD-P-III class snake venom metalloprotease. A phylogenetic analysis of the BjussuMP-I metalloprotease/catalytic domain was performed to get new insights into the molecular evolution of the metalloproteases. A theoretical molecular model of this domain was built through folding recognition (threading) techniques and refined by molecular dynamics simulation. Then, the final BjussuMP-I catalytic domain model was compared to other SVMPs and Reprolysin family proteins in order to identify eventual structural differences, which could help to understand the biochemical activities of these enzymes. The presence of large hydrophobic areas and some conserved surface charge-positive residues were identified as important features of the SVMPs and other metalloproteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurício V Mazzi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, FCFRP, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Ramos OHP, Selistre-de-Araujo HS. Snake venom metalloproteases--structure and function of catalytic and disintegrin domains. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 142:328-346. [PMID: 16434235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are relevant sources of toxins that have evolved towards the engineering of highly active compounds. In the last years, research efforts have produced great advance in their understanding and uses. Metalloproteases with disintegrin domains are among the most abundant toxins in many Viperidae snake venoms. This review will focus on the structure, function and possible applications of the metalloprotease and disintegrin domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O H P Ramos
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - H S Selistre-de-Araujo
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gallagher P, Bao Y, Serrano SMT, Laing GD, Theakston RDG, Gutiérrez JM, Escalante T, Zigrino P, Moura-da-Silva AM, Nischt R, Mauch C, Moskaluk C, Fox JW. Role of the snake venom toxin jararhagin in proinflammatory pathogenesis: in vitro and in vivo gene expression analysis of the effects of the toxin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 441:1-15. [PMID: 16083850 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To assess the indirect effects of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP) on host tissue local necrosis, we investigated the effect of the SVMP jararhagin on the gene expression profiles of human fibroblasts in vitro and mouse tissue in vivo. Two functional classes of up-regulated proteins, cell death and inflammatory disease were identified as being significantly populated. The changes in gene expression observed by qRT-PCR on laser microdissected mouse muscle tissue treated with jararhagin were similar with significant up-regulation of proinflammatory transcripts such as IL-1 beta, IL-6, CXCL1, CXCL2, IL-8, and apoptosis, inflammation responsive transcripts such as TNF-alpha induced protein 6. Proteolytically inactive jararhagin had no effect on the gene expression profile of fibroblasts, indicating proteolysis as the primary mechanism affecting gene expression of cells and tissues resulting in a proinflammatory, pro-apoptotic host response which likely exacerbates the local necrosis frequently observed at the site of envenoming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gallagher
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0734, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Jararhagin is a 52 kDa hemorrhagic P-III metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of the medically important Brazilian pit-viper Bothrops jararaca. It is a member of the reprolysin family of zinc metalloproteinases containing a catalytic metalloproteinase domain followed by a disintegrin-like and a cysteine-rich domain. The impact of jararhagin on hemostasis has been extensively studied using in vitro and in vivo model systems as well as in clinical studies. Jararhagin-induced hemorrhage is the result of the degradation of sub-endothelial matrix proteins leading to the disruption of the blood vessel endothelium, with accompanying disturbances in platelet function. The versatility of jararhagin is further demonstrated by its direct action on von Willebrand factor, the degradation of fibrinogen, by its inhibition of platelet adhesion to collagen and by its inability to be affected by the plasma inhibitor alpha(2)-macroglobulin. Collagen-induced platelet aggregation is inhibited by jararhagin though the binding of the molecule to the alpha(2) subunit I domain of the platelet surface alpha(2)beta(1) integrin (collagen receptor). Jararhagin also cleaves the beta(1) subunit of the same integrin, inhibiting platelet interaction and ultimately causing impairment of signal transduction. The effect of jararhagin on cell systems other than platelets is evaluated; in fibroblasts, jararhagin functions as a collagen-mimetic substrate and, in endothelial cells, it causes apoptosis and indirectly inhibits cell proliferation by release of angiostatin-like compounds. Jararhagin induces a strong pro-inflammatory response characterized by intense leukocyte accumulation at the site of the injection. Although hemorrhage and edema are a response to the direct effect of jararhagin, jararhagin-induced inflammation and necrosis are dependent on macrophages and key pro-inflammatory cytokines or their receptors. Some data also indicate that the toxin possesses anti-tumorgenic properties. Methods for inhibiting jararhagin are reviewed; this encompasses the use of synthetic peptides to the isolation of naturally occurring mammalian peptides and the development of toxin-specific antibodies through DNA immunisation and monoclonal antibody technologies. The availability of jararhagin makes it an important tool for research into the mechanisms of action of similar toxins, for insights into cellular interactions and for clinical investigations into the treatment of envenomings from B. jararaca.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Laing
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
For centuries snake venoms have been known to interfere with haemostasis and this is now known basically due either to toxins activating/inhibiting clotting factors, having effects on blood vessels or interfering with platelet function. In this short review, the interaction of one major group of toxins, the snake venom metalloproteinases, with platelets is considered. This is relevant for understanding the mechanism of haemorrhage induced by these toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aura S Kamiguti
- Department of Haematology, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Snake venom toxins affecting haemostasis have facilitated extensively the routine assays of haemostatic parameters in the coagulation laboratory. Snake venom thrombin-like enzymes (SVTLE) are used for fibrinogen/fibrinogen breakdown product assay and for the detection of fibrinogen dysfunction. SVTLE are not inhibited by heparin and can thus can be used for assaying antithrombin III and other haemostatic variables in heparin-containing samples. Snake venoms are a rich source of prothrombin activators and these are utilised in prothrombin assays, for studying dysprothrombinaemias and for preparing meizothrombin and non-enzymic forms of prothrombin. Russell's viper (Daboia russelli) venom (RVV) contains toxins which have been used to assay blood clotting factors V, VII, X, platelet factor 3 and, importantly, lupus anticoagulants (LA). Other prothrombin activators (from the taipan, Australian brown snake and saw-scaled viper) have now been used to assay LA. Protein C and activated protein C resistance can be measured by means of RVV and Protac, a fast acting inhibitor from Southern copperhead snake venom and von Willebrand factor can be studied with botrocetin from Bothrops jararaca venom. The disintegrins, a large family of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing snake venom proteins, show potential for studying platelet glycoprotein receptors, notably, GPIIb/IIIa and Ib. Snake venom toxins affecting haemostasis are also used in the therapeutic setting: Ancrod (from the Malayan pit viper, Calloselasma rhodostoma), in particular, has been used as an anticoagulant to achieve 'therapeutic defibrination'. Other snake venom proteins show promise in the treatment of a range of haemostatic disorders.
Collapse
|
20
|
Silva CA, Zuliani JP, Assakura MT, Mentele R, Camargo ACM, Teixeira CFP, Serrano SMT. Activation of αMβ2-mediated phagocytosis by HF3, a P-III class metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of Bothrops jararaca. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 322:950-6. [PMID: 15336556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The integrin alpha(M)beta(2) regulates important cell functions in inflammation being the primary phagocytic receptor on macrophages. HF3, a metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops jararaca venom, is a potent hemorrhagic toxin. A cDNA encoding HF3 indicated that it is a multidomain molecule composed of a pro-domain, a catalytic domain with a zinc binding sequence, followed by disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains. It is known that metalloproteinases play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of venom-induced local tissue damage including inflammation. In this study we evaluated the effects of native HF3 and its recombinant disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich domains (DC-HF3) on alpha(M)beta(2)-mediated phagocytosis of opsonized-zymosan particles by macrophages. HF3 and DC-HF3 significantly increased phagocytosis and this activity was inhibited by anti-alpha(M) and anti-beta(2) antibodies. The data show the ability of P-III metalloproteinases to activate macrophages for phagocytosis through integrin alpha(M)beta(2) and suggest that the disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich domains are important for this effect. This is the first report on the activation of phagocytosis via alpha(M)beta(2) integrin by a metalloproteinase containing disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Silva
- Laboratorio Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada-CAT/CEPID, Instituto Butantan, CEP 05503-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Stevens JM, Jordan PA, Sage T, Gibbins JM. The regulation of integrin-linked kinase in human platelets: evidence for involvement in the regulation of integrin alpha 2 beta 1. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2:1443-52. [PMID: 15304053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the platelet integrin alpha 2 beta 1 is closely regulated due to the high thrombogenicity of its ligand. As a beta 1 interacting kinase, ILK represents a candidate intracellular regulator of alpha 2 beta 1 in human platelets. OBJECTIVES We investigated the regulation of ILK in human platelets and the role of ILK in regulating alpha 2 beta 1 activation in HEL cells, a megakaryocytic cell line. METHODS An in-vitro kinase assay was used to determine the effect of platelet agonists on ILK kinase activity together with the contribution of PI3K and PKC on ILK activation. Interaction of ILK with beta 1-integrin subunits was investigated by coimmunoprecipitation and the role of ILK in regulating alpha 2 beta 1 function assessed by overexpression studies in HEL cells. RESULTS We report that collagen and thrombin modulate ILK kinase activity in human platelets in an aggregation-independent manner. Furthermore, ILK activity is dually regulated by PI3K and PKC in thrombin-stimulated platelets and regulated by PI3K in collagen-stimulated cells. ILK associates with the beta 1-integrin subunits immunoprecipitated from platelet cell lysates, an association which increased upon collagen stimulation. Overexpression of ILK in HEL cells enhanced alpha 2 beta 1-mediated adhesion whereas overexpression of kinase-dead ILK reduced adhesion, indicating a role for this kinase in the positive regulation of alpha 2 beta 1. CONCLUSIONS Our findings that ILK regulates alpha 2 beta 1 in HEL cells, is activated in platelets and associates with beta 1-integrins, raise the possibility that it may play a key role in adhesion events upon agonist stimulation of platelets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Stevens
- School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kamiguti AS, Gallagher P, Marcinkiewicz C, Theakston RDG, Zuzel M, Fox JW. Identification of sites in the cysteine-rich domain of the class P-III snake venom metalloproteinases responsible for inhibition of platelet function. FEBS Lett 2003; 549:129-34. [PMID: 12914938 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atrolysin A and jararhagin are class P-III snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) with three distinct domains: a metalloproteinase, a disintegrin-like and a cysteine-rich. The metalloproteinase and the disintegrin-like domains of atrolysin A and jararhagin contain peptide sequences that interact with alpha2beta1 integrin and inhibit the platelet responses to collagen. Recently, the recombinant cysteine-rich domain of atrolysin A was shown to have similar effects, but the sequence(s) responsible for this is unknown. In this report, we demonstrate two complete peptide sequences from the homologous cysteine-rich domains of atrolysin A and jararhagin that inhibit both platelet aggregation by collagen and adhesion of alpha2-expressing K562 cells to this protein. In addition, the peptide effects on platelets do not seem to involve an inhibition of GPVI. These results identify, for the first time, sites in the cysteine-rich domain of SVMPs that inhibit cell responses to collagen and reveal the complexity of the potential biological effects of these enzymes with multifunctional domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aura S Kamiguti
- Department of Haematology, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
At sites of vascular injury, platelets come into contact with subendothelial collagen, which triggers their activation and the formation of a hemostatic plug. Besides glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) and alphaIIbbeta3 integrin, which indirectly interact with collagen via von Willebrand factor (VWF), several collagen receptors have been identified on platelets, most notably alpha2beta1 integrin and the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily member GPVI. Within the last few years, major advances have been made in understanding platelet-collagen interactions including the molecular cloning of GPVI, the generation of mouse strains lacking individual collagen receptors, and the development of collagen receptor-specific antibodies and synthetic peptides. It is now recognized that platelet adhesion to collagen requires prior activation of integrins through "inside-out" signals generated by GPVI and reinforced by released second-wave mediators adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thromboxane A2. These developments have led to revision of the original "2-site, 2-step" model, which now places GPVI in a central position in the complex processes of platelet tethering, activation, adhesion, aggregation, degranulation, and procoagulant activity on collagen. This review discusses these recent developments and proposes possible mechanisms for how GPVI acts in concert with other receptors and signaling pathways to initiate hemostasis and arterial thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Nieswandt
- Department of Vascular Biology, Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine Versbacher, Würzburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Atkinson BT, Jarvis GE, Watson SP. Activation of GPVI by collagen is regulated by alpha2beta1 and secondary mediators. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:1278-87. [PMID: 12871331 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have compared the roles of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thromboxanes and the integrin alpha(2)beta(1) in the activation of washed platelets by collagen in the presence of the alpha(IIb)beta(3) antagonist lotrafiban. The stimulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation by a collagen suspension is markedly delayed in the presence of the above inhibitors but shows substantial recovery with time. In comparison, activation of phospholipase C (PLC), Ca(2+) elevation and dense granule secretion are more severely suppressed by the above inhibitors. alpha(2)beta(1) blockade has a slightly greater inhibitory effect on all of the above responses than a combination of ADP receptor antagonists and cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Platelets exposed to a collagen monolayer show robust elevation of Ca(2+) that is delayed in the presence of the above inhibitors and which is accompanied by alpha-granule secretion. These results demonstrate that secondary mediators and alpha(2)beta(1) modulate collagen-induced intracellular signaling but have negligible effect on GPVI signaling induced by the specific agonist convulxin. This work supports the postulate that the major role of alpha(2)beta(1) is to increase the avidity of collagen for the platelet surface and by doing so enhance activation of GPVI. Therefore we propose an important role of secondary mediators in collagen-induced signaling is the indirect regulation of GPVI signaling via activation of alpha(2)beta(1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B T Atkinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zigrino P, Kamiguti AS, Eble J, Drescher C, Nischt R, Fox JW, Mauch C. The reprolysin jararhagin, a snake venom metalloproteinase, functions as a fibrillar collagen agonist involved in fibroblast cell adhesion and signaling. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:40528-35. [PMID: 12186858 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202049200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrins alpha(2)beta(1) and alpha(1)beta(1) have been shown to modulate cellular activities of fibroblasts on contact with fibrillar collagen. Previously it has been shown that collagen binding to alpha(2)beta(1) regulates matrix metalloproteinase MMP-1 and membrane-type MT1-MMP expression. Jararhagin is a snake venom metalloproteinase of the Reprolysin family of zinc metalloproteinases, containing a metalloproteinase domain followed by disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains. Jararhagin blocks type I collagen-induced platelet aggregation by binding to the alpha(2)beta(1) integrin and inhibiting collagen-mediated intracellular signaling events. Here we present evidence that, in contrast to the observations in platelets, jararhagin binding to the integrin receptor alpha(2)beta(1) in fibroblasts produces collagen-like cell signaling events such as up-regulation of MMP-1 and MT1-MMP. Inactivation of the metalloproteinase domain had no effect on these properties of jararhagin. Thus, in fibroblasts the snake venom metalloproteinase jararhagin functions as a collagen-mimetic substrate that binds to and activates integrins. Given the homology between the metalloproteinase, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains of jararhagin and those of the members of the ADAMs (a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase) family of proteins, this work demonstrates the potential of the disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich domains in the ADAMs as cellular signaling agents to elicit responses relevant to the biological function of these proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zigrino
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50924, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Corrêa MC, Maria DA, Moura-da-Silva AM, Pizzocaro KF, Ruiz IRG. Inhibition of melanoma cells tumorigenicity by the snake venom toxin jararhagin. Toxicon 2002; 40:739-48. [PMID: 12175610 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Skmel-28 human melanoma cells were treated with jararhagin (Jara), a metalloproteinase disintegrin isolated from Bothrops jararaca snake venom, and Jari (Jara with the catalytic domain inactivated). Following treatments, monolayer cells lost cytoplasmic expansions acquiring round shapes, detached and formed cell clusters in suspension. Cytotoxicity effect of Jari was dramatically increased at concentrations higher than 0.4 microM, whereas cell adhesion responses did not differ significantly between similar concentrations of Jara and Jari. Treated cells were significantly inhibited to adhere to non-coated wells, as to ECM proteins-coated plates. Migration and invasion were also significantly inhibited in vitro. A decreased proliferation rate was observed in toxin-treated cells. Immunofluorescence staining showed a wide distribution of Jari across the cells. Jara treated cells (67.5%) steady bound anti-jara antibodies after 90 min, while Jari treated cells steady bound only after 6h (57.3%), as determined by FACS. Skmel-28 melanoma cells tumorigenicity was evaluated 180 days after s.c. injections in AIRmin mice. A statistically significant decrease in the ability of Jara and Jari treated cells to promote lung metastasis was observed. These results point to the potential use of this toxin as a tool for applied researches in the clinical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mário César Corrêa
- Genetics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, CEP 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sundell IB, Theakston RD, Kamiguti AS, Harris RJ, Treweeke AT, Laing GD, Fox JW, Warrell DA, Zuzel M. The inhibition of platelet aggregation and blood coagulation by Micropechis ikaheka venom. Br J Haematol 2001; 114:852-60. [PMID: 11564074 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Uncoagulable blood and life-threatening bleeding can result from the action of some snake venom toxins on haemostatic components of blood and vessel walls. Although envenoming by Micropechis ikaheka primarily affects neurones and muscle cells causing post-synaptic neuromuscular blockade and rhabdomyolysis, disturbances of haemostasis also occur. Therefore, the present study explored the effects of M. ikaheka venom on platelets and endothelium, which are important components of the haemostatic mechanism. The venom inhibited platelet aggregation in response to ADP and collagen, and also delayed clotting dependent on platelet activation or endothelial cell tissue factor expression. Some of these effects were reduced by the incubation of venom with a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor and could be reproduced by a 17 kDa venom fraction containing a PLA2. In addition, an 11 kDa fraction containing a long-chain neurotoxin reduced ADP-induced aggregation. The venom was also found to reduce endothelial cell adherence to vitronectin-, fibronectin- and collagen-coated surfaces. These results suggest that, by inhibiting procoagulant activities of platelets and endothelial cells, a 17 kDa PLA2 plays an important role in the anticoagulant action of M. ikaheka venom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I B Sundell
- Department of Haematology, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bouvard D, Brakebusch C, Gustafsson E, Aszódi A, Bengtsson T, Berna A, Fässler R. Functional consequences of integrin gene mutations in mice. Circ Res 2001; 89:211-23. [PMID: 11485971 DOI: 10.1161/hh1501.094874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are cell-surface receptors responsible for cell attachment to extracellular matrices and to other cells. The application of mouse genetics has significantly increased our understanding of integrin function in vivo. In this review, we summarize the phenotypes of mice carrying mutant integrin genes and compare them with phenotypes of mice lacking the integrin ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Bouvard
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Souza DH, Iemma MR, Ferreira LL, Faria JP, Oliva ML, Zingali RB, Niewiarowski S, Selistre-de-Araujo HS. The disintegrin-like domain of the snake venom metalloprotease alternagin inhibits alpha2beta1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 384:341-50. [PMID: 11368322 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The alpha2beta1 integrin is a major collagen receptor that plays an essential role in the adhesion of normal and tumor cells to the extracellular matrix. Here we describe the isolation of a novel metalloproteinase/disintegrin, which is a potent inhibitor of the collagen binding to alpha2beta1 integrin. This 55-kDa protein (alternagin) and its disintegrin domain (alternagin-C) were isolated from Bothrops alternatus snake venom. Amino acid sequencing of alternagin-C revealed the disintegrin structure. Alternagin and alternagin-C inhibit collagen I-mediated adhesion of K562-alpha2beta1-transfected cells. The IC50 was 134 and 100 nM for alternagin and alternagin-C, respectively. Neither protein interfered with the adhesion of cells expressing alphaIIbeta3, alpha1beta1, alpha5beta1, alpha4beta1 alphavbeta3, and alpha9beta1 integrins to other ligands such as fibrinogen, fibronectin, and collagen IV. Alternagin and alternagin-C also mediated the adhesion of the K562-alpha2beta1-transfected cells. Our results show that the disintegrin-like domain of alternagin is responsible for its ability to inhibit collagen binding to alpha2beta1 integrin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Souza
- Department of Ciências Fisiológicas Universidade Federal de São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Andrews RK, Kamiguti AS, Berlanga O, Leduc M, Theakston RD, Watson SP. The use of snake venom toxins as tools to study platelet receptors for collagen and von Willebrand factor. HAEMOSTASIS 2001; 31:155-72. [PMID: 11910181 DOI: 10.1159/000048059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A large proportion of the biologically active proteins and peptides present within snake venoms interact with components of the haemostatic system to promote or inhibit the normal sequence of events that lead to clot formation. The venom proteins achieve their effects through interaction with various components of the coagulation cascade, endothelial matrix and platelets. Within the latter group, a number of venom proteins target the interaction of platelets with the major adhesive proteins, von Willebrand factor and collagen. The venom proteins bind either the adhesive protein itself or their receptors on the platelet surface, notably GP-Ib-IX-V and GPVI. This review discusses the substantial contribution that venom proteins have made to our understanding of the role of these two adhesive proteins and their receptors (excluding GPIIb-IIIa) in platelet regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nieswandt B, Brakebusch C, Bergmeier W, Schulte V, Bouvard D, Mokhtari-Nejad R, Lindhout T, Heemskerk JW, Zirngibl H, Fässler R. Glycoprotein VI but not alpha2beta1 integrin is essential for platelet interaction with collagen. EMBO J 2001; 20:2120-30. [PMID: 11331578 PMCID: PMC125246 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.9.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet adhesion on and activation by components of the extracellular matrix are crucial to arrest post-traumatic bleeding, but can also harm tissue by occluding diseased vessels. Integrin alpha2beta1 is thought to be essential for platelet adhesion to subendothelial collagens, facilitating subsequent interactions with the activating platelet collagen receptor, glycoprotein VI (GPVI). Here we show that Cre/loxP-mediated loss of beta1 integrin on platelets has no significant effect on the bleeding time in mice. Aggregation of beta1-null platelets to native fibrillar collagen is delayed, but not reduced, whereas aggregation to enzymatically digested soluble collagen is abolished. Furthermore, beta1-null platelets adhere to fibrillar, but not soluble collagen under static as well as low (150 s(-1)) and high (1000 s(-1)) shear flow conditions, probably through binding of alphaIIbbeta3 to von Willebrand factor. On the other hand, we show that platelets lacking GPVI can not activate integrins and consequently fail to adhere to and aggregate on fibrillar as well as soluble collagen. These data show that GPVI plays the central role in platelet-collagen interactions by activating different adhesive receptors, including alpha2beta1 integrin, which strengthens adhesion without being essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Nieswandt
- Department of Molecular Oncology, General Surgery, Witten/Herdecke University, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany,
Department of Experimental Pathology, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Corresponding authors e-mail: or
C.Brakebusch and W.Bergmeier contributed equally to this work
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Department of Molecular Oncology, General Surgery, Witten/Herdecke University, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany,
Department of Experimental Pathology, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Corresponding authors e-mail: or
C.Brakebusch and W.Bergmeier contributed equally to this work
| | | | | | - Daniel Bouvard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, General Surgery, Witten/Herdecke University, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany,
Department of Experimental Pathology, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Corresponding authors e-mail: or
C.Brakebusch and W.Bergmeier contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Theo Lindhout
- Department of Molecular Oncology, General Surgery, Witten/Herdecke University, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany,
Department of Experimental Pathology, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Corresponding authors e-mail: or
C.Brakebusch and W.Bergmeier contributed equally to this work
| | - Johan W.M. Heemskerk
- Department of Molecular Oncology, General Surgery, Witten/Herdecke University, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany,
Department of Experimental Pathology, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Corresponding authors e-mail: or
C.Brakebusch and W.Bergmeier contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Oncology, General Surgery, Witten/Herdecke University, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany,
Department of Experimental Pathology, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Corresponding authors e-mail: or
C.Brakebusch and W.Bergmeier contributed equally to this work
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Moura-da-Silva AM, Marcinkiewicz C, Marcinkiewicz M, Niewiarowski S. Selective recognition of alpha2beta1 integrin by jararhagin, a Metalloproteinase/disintegrin from bBothrops jararaca venom. Thromb Res 2001; 102:153-9. [PMID: 11323026 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(01)00216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
33
|
Achison M, Elton CM, Hargreaves PG, Knight CG, Barnes MJ, Farndale RW. Integrin-independent tyrosine phosphorylation of p125(fak) in human platelets stimulated by collagen. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:3167-74. [PMID: 11110790 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007186200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen fibers or a glycoprotein VI-specific collagen-related peptide (CRP-XL) stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase, p125(fak) (FAK), in human platelets. An integrin alpha(2)beta(1)-specific triple-helical peptide ligand, containing the sequence GFOGER (single-letter nomenclature, O = Hyp) was without effect. Antibodies to the alpha(2) and beta(1) integrin subunits did not inhibit platelet FAK tyrosine phosphorylation caused by either collagen fibers or CRP-XL. Tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK caused by CRP-XL or thrombin, but not that caused by collagen fibers, was partially inhibited by GR144053F, an antagonist of integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3). The intracellular Ca(2+) chelator, BAPTA, and the protein kinase C inhibitor, Ro31-8220, were each highly effective inhibitors of the FAK tyrosine phosphorylation caused by collagen or CRP-XL. These data suggest that, in human platelets, 1) occupation or clustering of the integrin alpha(2)beta(1) is neither sufficient nor necessary for activation of FAK, 2) the fibrinogen receptor alpha(IIb)beta(3) is not required for activation of FAK by collagen fibers, and 3) both intracellular Ca(2+) and protein kinase C activity are essential intermediaries of FAK activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Achison
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Suzuki-Inoue K, Ozaki Y, Kainoh M, Shin Y, Wu Y, Yatomi Y, Ohmori T, Tanaka T, Satoh K, Morita T. Rhodocytin induces platelet aggregation by interacting with glycoprotein Ia/IIa (GPIa/IIa, Integrin alpha 2beta 1). Involvement of GPIa/IIa-associated src and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:1643-52. [PMID: 11038351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006191200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although glycoprotein Ia/IIa (GPIa/IIa, integrin alpha(2)beta(1)) has established its role as a collagen receptor, it remains unclear whether GPIa/IIa mediates activation signals. In this study, we show that rhodocytin, purified from the Calloselasma rhodostoma venom, induces platelet aggregation, which can be blocked by anti-GPIa monoclonal antibodies. Studies with rhodocytin-coupled beads and liposomes loaded with recombinant GPIa/IIa demonstrated that rhodocytin directly binds to GPIa/IIa independently of divalent cations. In vitro kinase assays and Western blotting of GPIa immunoprecipitates revealed that Src and Lyn constitutively associate with GPIa/IIa and that Src activity increases transiently after rhodocytin stimulation. Src specifically associates with p130 Crk-associated substrate (Cas) in a manner dependent upon Cas phosphorylation, suggesting that Src is responsible for Cas tyrosine phosphorylation. While all these phenomena occur early after rhodocytin stimulation in a cAMP-resistant manner, tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk and phospholipase Cgamma2, intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and platelet aggregation occur later in a cAMP-sensitive manner. Cytochalasin D, which interferes with actin polymerization and blocks receptor clustering, inhibits all the rhodocytin-mediated signals we examined in this study. We suggest that rhodocytin, by clustering GPIa/IIa, activates GPIa/IIa-associated Src, which then mediates downstream activation signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Suzuki-Inoue
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Yamanashi Medical University, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Marcinkiewicz C, Taooka Y, Yokosaki Y, Calvete JJ, Marcinkiewicz MM, Lobb RR, Niewiarowski S, Sheppard D. Inhibitory effects of MLDG-containing heterodimeric disintegrins reveal distinct structural requirements for interaction of the integrin alpha 9beta 1 with VCAM-1, tenascin-C, and osteopontin. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:31930-7. [PMID: 10926928 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003209200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrin alpha9beta1 is expressed on epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle, and neutrophils and recognizes at least three distinct ligands: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), tenascin-C, and osteopontin. The alpha9 subunit is structurally similar to the integrin alpha4 subunit, and alpha9beta1 and alpha4beta1 both recognize VCAM-1 as a ligand. We therefore examined whether the disintegrin EC3, which we have recently shown specifically inhibits the binding of alpha4 integrins to ligands, would also be a functional inhibitor of alpha9beta1. EC3 and a novel heterodimeric disintegrin that we identified, EC6, both were potent inhibitors of alpha9beta1-mediated adhesion to VCAM-1 and of neutrophil migration across tumor necrosis factor-activated endothelial cells. A peptide containing a novel MLDG motif shared by both of these disintegrins also inhibited alpha9beta1- and alpha4beta1-mediated adhesion to VCAM-1. Surprisingly though, concentrations of EC3 that completely inhibited adhesion of alpha9-transfected cells to VCAM-1 had little or no effect on adhesion to either of the other alpha9beta1 ligands, osteopontin and tenascin-C. Furthermore, peptides AEIDGIEL and SVVYGLR, which we have previously shown inhibit binding of alpha9beta1-expressing cells to tenascin-C and osteopontin, respectively, had no effect on adhesion to VCAM-1. These data suggest that there are structurally distinct requirements for interactions of the alpha9beta1 integrin with VCAM-1 and the extracellular matrix ligands osteopontin and tenascin-C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Marcinkiewicz
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Marcinkiewicz C, Lobb RR, Marcinkiewicz MM, Daniel JL, Smith JB, Dangelmaier C, Weinreb PH, Beacham DA, Niewiarowski S. Isolation and characterization of EMS16, a C-lectin type protein from Echis multisquamatus venom, a potent and selective inhibitor of the alpha2beta1 integrin. Biochemistry 2000; 39:9859-67. [PMID: 10933804 DOI: 10.1021/bi000428a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized EMS16, a potent and selective inhibitor of the alpha2beta1 integrin, from Echis multisquamatus venom. It belongs to the family of C-lectin type of proteins (CLPs), and its amino acid sequence is homologous with other members of this protein family occurring in snake venoms. EMS16 (M(r) approximately 33K) is a heterodimer composed of two distinct subunits linked by S-S bonds. K562 cells transfected with alpha2 integrin selectively adhere to immobilized EMS16, but not to two other snake venom-derived CLPs, echicetin and alboaggregin B. EMS16 inhibits adhesion of alpha2beta1-expressing cells to immobilized collagen I at picomolar concentrations, and the platelet/collagen I interaction in solution at nanomolar concentrations. EMS16 inhibits binding of isolated, recombinant I domain of alpha2 integrin to collagen in an ELISA assay, but not the interaction of isolated I domain of alpha1 integrin with collagen IV. Studies with monoclonal antibodies suggested that EMS16 binds to the alpha2 subunit of the integrin. EMS16 inhibits collagen-induced platelet aggregation, but has no effect on aggregation induced by other agonists such as ADP, thromboxane analogue (U46619), TRAP, or convulxin. EMS16 also inhibits collagen-induced, but not convulxin-induced, platelet cytosolic Ca(2+) mobilization. In addition, EMS16 inhibits HUVEC migration in collagen I gel. In conclusion, we report a new, potent viper venom-derived inhibitor of alpha2beta1 integrin, which does not belong to the disintegrin family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Marcinkiewicz
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Physiology, Temple University, School of Medicine, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Estêvão-Costa MI, Diniz CR, Magalhães A, Markland FS, Sanchez EF. Action of metalloproteinases mutalysin I and II on several components of the hemostatic and fibrinolytic systems. Thromb Res 2000; 99:363-76. [PMID: 10963787 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(00)00259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The zinc endopeptidases mutalysin I (100 kDa) and mutalysin II (22.5 kDa) have been previously isolated from bushmaster (Lachesis muta muta) snake venom. Hemorrhagic activity was observed with as little as 0.5 microg (2000 units/mg) and 17.8 microg (56.2 units/mg) for mutalysin I and II, respectively. Additionally, the proteases hydrolyse the Aalpha>Bbeta chain of fibrinogen without clot formation. The specific fibrinogenolytic activity was estimated as 5. 25 and 16.3 micromol fibrinogen/min/micromol protein for mutalysin I and II, respectively. In vitro, the enzymes act directly on fibrin and are not inhibited by serine proteinase inhibitors (SERPINS). Analysis by SDS-PAGE of fibrin hydrolysis by both enzymes showed that mutalysin II (0.22 microM) completely digested the alpha- and gamma-gamma chains and partially the beta-chain (in 120 min incubation). In contrast, mutalysin I (three fold higher concentration than mutalysin II) hydrolyzed selectively the alpha-chain of fibrin leaving the beta and gamma-gamma chains unaffected. Unlike with the plasminogen activator-based thrombolytic agents (e.g., streptokinase), mutalysins do not activate plasminogen. Neither enzyme had an effect on protein C activation. Mutalysin II does not inhibit platelet aggregation in human PRP induced by collagen or ADP. However, mutalysin I showed a selective inhibitory effect on collagen-induced aggregation of human PRP; it did not affect platelet aggregation with ADP as the agonist. The present investigation demonstrates that both native and EDTA-inactivated mutalysin I dose dependently blocked aggregation of human PRP elicited by 10 microg/mL of collagen with an IC(50) of 180 and 580 nM, respectively. These studies suggest that, in addition to the metalloprotease region of mutalysin I, the disintegrin-like domain also participates in the inhibitory effect. The proteolytic activity of mutalysin II against dimethylcasein and fibrin was completely abolished by alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M). The stoichiometry of inhibition was 1.0 mol of enzyme per mol of alpha2-M. In contrast, the proteolytic effect of mutalysin I against the same substrates was not significantly inhibited by alpha2-M. Therefore, the data explain why mutalysin I contributes significantly not only to local but also to systemic bleeding associated with the observed pathological effects of the venom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M I Estêvão-Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundaçao Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cloning and characterization of ADAM28: evidence for autocatalytic pro-domain removal and for cell surface localization of mature ADAM28. Biochem J 2000. [PMID: 10794709 DOI: 10.1042/bj3480021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The metalloprotease disintegrins are a family of membrane-anchored glycoproteins with diverse functions in fertilization, myoblast fusion, neurogenesis and protein ectodomain shedding. Here we report a cDNA sequence, encoding a metalloprotease disintegrin, termed ADAM28 ('a disintegrin and metalloprotease 28'), which was cloned from mouse lung. From protein sequence comparisons, ADAM28 is more closely related to snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) than to other ADAMs, and hence may cleave similar substrates to SVMPs, perhaps including components of the extracellular matrix. Northern blot analysis of selected mouse tissues revealed that ADAM28 is expressed highly and in alternatively spliced forms in the epididymis, suggesting a possible role in sperm maturation, and at lower levels in lung. The intracellular maturation of ADAM28 expressed in COS-7 cells resembles that of other ADAMs, in that ADAM28 is made as a precursor and processed to a mature form in a late Golgi compartment of the secretory pathway. Most or all of the mature, and thus presumably catalytically active, form of ADAM28 in COS-7 cells is accessible to cell surface trypsinization, suggesting that ADAM28 functions mainly on the cell surface. A mutation converting the catalytic-site glutamate residue into alanine abolishes pro-domain removal, even though this mutant form of ADAM28 can be transported to the cell surface in a manner similar to the wild-type protein. This suggests that pro-domain removal and maturation of ADAM28 may be, at least in part, autocatalytic. This is in contrast with several other ADAMs, for which furin-like proprotein convertases are involved in pro-domain removal, and in which a glutamate-to-alanine mutation in the catalytic site does not alter pro-domain removal.
Collapse
|
39
|
Ding B, Price RL, Goldsmith EC, Borg TK, Yan X, Douglas PS, Weinberg EO, Bartunek J, Thielen T, Didenko VV, Lorell BH. Left ventricular hypertrophy in ascending aortic stenosis mice: anoikis and the progression to early failure. Circulation 2000; 101:2854-62. [PMID: 10859293 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.101.24.2854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine potential mechanisms of the transition from hypertrophy to very early failure, we examined apoptosis in a model of ascending aortic stenosis (AS) in male FVB/n mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Compared with age-matched controls, 4-week and 7-week AS animals (n=12 to 16 per group) had increased ratios of left ventricular weight to body weight (4.7+/-0.7 versus 3.1+/-0.2 and 5. 7+/-0.4 versus 2.7+/-0.1 mg/g, respectively, P<0.05) with similar body weights. Myocyte width was also increased in 4-week and 7-week AS mice compared with controls (19.0+/-0.8 and 25.2+/-1.8 versus 14. 1+/-0.5 microm, respectively, P<0.01). By 7 weeks, AS myocytes displayed branching with distinct differences in intercalated disk size and staining for beta(1)-integrin on both cell surface and adjacent extracellular matrix. In vivo left ventricular systolic developed pressure per gram as well as endocardial fractional shortening were similar in 4-week AS and controls but depressed in 7-week AS mice. Myocyte apoptosis estimated by in situ nick end-labeling (TUNEL) was extremely rare in 4-week AS and control mice; however, a low prevalence of TUNEL-positive myocytes and DNA laddering were detected in 7-week AS mice. The specificity of TUNEL labeling was confirmed by in situ ligation of hairpin oligonucleotides. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that myocyte apoptosis develops during the transition from hypertrophy to early failure in mice with chronic biomechanical stress and support the hypothesis that the disruption of normal myocyte anchorage to adjacent extracellular matrix and cells, a process called anoikis, may signal apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ding
- Harvard-Thorndike Laboratory and the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
In thrombosis, platelet aggregation is initiated by a specific membrane glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex binding to its adhesive ligand, von Willebrand factor, in the matrix of ruptured atherosclerotic plaques or in plasma exposed to high hydrodynamic shear stress. This process closely resembles normal haemostasis at high shear, where GP Ib-IX-V-dependent platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor in the injured blood vessel wall initiates platelet activation and integrin alphaIIb beta3 (GP IIb-IIIa)-dependent platelet aggregation. At low shear, other receptors such as those that bind collagen, the integrin alpha2beta1 (GP Ia-IIa) or GP VI, mediate platelet adhesion. Recently, snake venom proteins have been identified that selectively modulate platelet function, either promoting or inhibiting platelet aggregation by targeting GP Ib-IX-V, alpha2beta1, GP VI, alphaIIb beta3, or their respective ligands. Interestingly, these venom proteins typically belong to one of two major protein families, the C-type lectin family or the metalloproteinase-disintegrins. This review focuses on recent insights into structure-activity relationships of snake venom proteins that regulate platelet function, and the ways in which these novel probes have contributed in unexpected ways to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Andrews
- Hazel and Pip Appel Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hers I, Berlanga O, Tiekstra MJ, Kamiguti AS, Theakston RD, Watson SP. Evidence against a direct role of the integrin alpha2beta1 in collagen-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in human platelets. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:2088-97. [PMID: 10727949 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we have investigated whether the collagen receptor alpha2beta1 (GPIa-IIa; GP, glycoprotein) regulates protein tyrosine phosphorylation in platelets directly through activation of tyrosine kinases or indirectly through modification of the response to GPVI. The interaction of collagen with alpha2beta1 was inhibited in two distinct ways, using the metalloprotease jararhagin, which cleaves the beta1 subunit, or the antibody P1E6 which competes with binding of collagen to the integrin. The two inhibitors caused a shift to the right in the collagen concentration response curves for protein tyrosine phosphorylation and platelet activation consistent with a causal relationship between the two events. There was no change in the overall pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation in response to high concentrations of collagen in the presence of alpha2beta1 blockade demonstrating that the integrin is not required for this event. In contrast, jararhagin and P1E6 had a small, almost negligible inhibitory effect against responses to the GPVI-selective agonist collagen-related peptide (CRP) and the G protein-coupled receptor agonist thrombin. Crosslinking of alpha2beta1 in solution or by adhesion to a monolayer using a variety of antibodies to either subunit of the integrin did not induce detectable protein tyrosine phosphorylation in whole cell lysates. The snake venom toxin trimucytin-stimulated a similar pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation to that induced by crosslinking of GPVI which was maintained in the presence of jararhagin. Trimucytin may therefore induce activation via GPVI rather than alpha2beta1 as previously thought. These observations show that the integrin alpha2beta1 is not required for regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by collagen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Hers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kamiguti AS, Theakston RD, Watson SP, Bon C, Laing GD, Zuzel M. Distinct contributions of glycoprotein VI and alpha(2)beta(1) integrin to the induction of platelet protein tyrosine phosphorylation and aggregation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 374:356-62. [PMID: 10666318 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activation by collagen depends principally on two receptors, alpha(2)beta(1) integrin (GPIa-IIa) and GPVI. During this activation, the nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase pp72(syk) is rapidly phosphorylated, but the precise contribution of alpha(2)beta(1) integrin and GPVI to signaling for this phosphorylation is not clear. We have recently found that proteolysis of platelet alpha(2)beta(1) integrin by the snake venom metalloproteinase, jararhagin, results in inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation and pp72(syk) phosphorylation. In order to verify whether the treatment of platelets with jararhagin had any effect on GPVI signaling, in this study we stimulated platelets treated with either jararhagin or anti-alpha(2)beta(1) antibody with two GPVI agonists, an antibody to GPVI and convulxin. Platelet shape change and phosphorylation of pp72(syk) by both GPVI agonists was preserved, as was the structure and function of GPVI shown by (125)I-labeled convulxin binding to immunoprecipitated GPVI from jararhagin-treated platelets. In contrast, defective platelet aggregation in response to GPVI agonists occurred in both jararhagin-treated and alpha(2)beta(1)-blocked platelets. This apparent cosignaling role of alpha(2)beta(1) integrin for platelet aggregation suggests the possibility of a topographical association of this integrin with GPVI. We found that both platelet alpha(2)beta(1) integrin and GPVI coimmunoprecipitated with alpha(IIb)beta(3) integrin. Since platelet aggregation requires activation of alpha(IIb)beta(3) integrin, defective aggregation in the absence of alpha(2)beta(1) suggests that this receptor may provide a signaling link between GPVI and alpha(IIb)beta(3). Our study therefore demonstrates that platelet signaling leading to pp72(syk) phosphorylation initiated with GPVI engagement by either convulxin or GPVI antibody does not depend on alpha(2)beta(1) integrin. However, alpha(IIb)beta(3) integrin may, in this model, require functional alpha(2)beta(1) integrin for its activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Kamiguti
- Department of Haematology, Royal Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Siljander P, Lassila R. Studies of adhesion-dependent platelet activation: distinct roles for different participating receptors can be dissociated by proteolysis of collagen. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:3033-43. [PMID: 10591685 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.19.12.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The molecular differences between native-type collagen type I fibrils (NC) and their pepsinated monomers (PC) were used to uncover receptors involved in platelet-collagen interaction along the adhesion-activation axis. The platelet-depositing capacity of NC and PC under blood flow and their adhesive properties and respective morphologies, aggregation, procoagulant capacity, and tyrosine phosphorylation were compared under different cationic milieus, including or excluding the glycoprotein (GP) Ia/IIa. NC was consistently a more preferable and activating substrate than PC during flow (5 minutes) and in platelet aggregation. In PPACK-treated blood, both NC (3.3-fold) and PC (2.7-fold) increased platelet attachment on elevation of the shear rate from 500 to 1640 s(-1), whereas in citrated blood, adhesion and thrombus growth on PC were negligible under the high shear rate, unlike on NC (1.9-fold increase). The complete lack of platelet deposition on PC in citrated blood could be overcome by restoring physiological Mg(2+) concentration, and in contrast to NC, platelets interacting with PC were highly dependent on Mg(2+) during adhesion, aggregation, and procoagulant response. Monoclonal antibody (mAb 131.7) against GP IV inhibited platelet deposition to NC in citrated blood (2 minutes) by 49%, which was not further increased by coincubation with mAb against GP Ia (6F1). These results stress the importance of GP Ia/IIa in shear-resistant platelet deposition on collagen monomers. In native fibers, however, the preserved quaternary structure with telopeptides activates additional platelet receptors capable of substituting GP Ia/IIa and GP IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Siljander
- Wihuri Research Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Alberio L, Dale GL. Review article: platelet-collagen interactions: membrane receptors and intracellular signalling pathways. Eur J Clin Invest 1999; 29:1066-76. [PMID: 10583456 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1999.00570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Platelet adhesion to and activation by exposed subendothelial collagen plays a critical role in normal haemostasis and pathological thrombosis. Recent advances in elucidating the mechanisms underlying platelet-collagen interaction support a 'two-site, two-step' model. Direct platelet binding to integrin alpha2beta1 mainly sustains adhesion and allows recognition of glycoprotein VI. The latter interaction is responsible for characteristic intracellular signalling events leading to p72Syk and PLCgamma2 activation. The present review describes the known collagen receptors on platelets and discusses the current understanding of signal transduction promoted by collagen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Alberio
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pentikäinen O, Hoffrén AM, Ivaska J, Käpylä J, Nyrönen T, Heino J, Johnson MS. "RKKH" peptides from the snake venom metalloproteinase of Bothrops jararaca bind near the metal ion-dependent adhesion site of the human integrin alpha(2) I-domain. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:31493-505. [PMID: 10531352 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.44.31493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin alpha(1)beta(1) and alpha(2)beta(1) are the major cellular receptors for collagen, and collagens bind to these integrins at the inserted I-domain in their alpha subunit. We have previously shown that a cyclic peptide derived from the metalloproteinase domain of the snake venom protein jararhagin blocks the collagen-binding function of the alpha(2) I-domain. Here, we have optimized the structure of the peptide and identified the site where the peptide binds to the alpha(2) I-domain. The peptide sequence Arg-Lys-Lys-His is critical for recognition by the I-domain, and five negatively charged residues surrounding the "metal ion-dependent adhesion site" (MIDAS) of the I-domain, when mutated, show significantly impaired binding of the peptide. Removal of helix alphaC, located along one side of the MIDAS and suggested to be involved in collagen-binding in these I-domains, does not affect peptide binding. This study supports the notion that the metalloproteinase initially binds to the alpha(2) I-domain at a location distant from the active site of the protease, thus blocking collagen binding to the adhesion molecule in the vicinity of the MIDAS, while at the same time leaving the active site free to degrade nearby proteins, the closest being the beta(1) subunit of the alpha(2)beta(1) cell-surface integrin itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Pentikäinen
- Department of Biochemistry, Abo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Collagen is a major component of extracellular matrix and a wide variety of types exist. Cells recognise collagen in different ways depending on sequence and structure. They can recognise predominantly primary sequence, they may require triple-helical structure or they can require fibrillar structures. Since collagens are major constituents of the subendothelium that determine the thrombogenicity of the injured or pathological vessel wall, a major role is induction of platelet activation and aggregation as the start of repair processes. Platelets have at least two direct and one indirect (via von Willebrand factor) receptors for collagen, and collagen has specific recognition motifs for these receptors. These receptors and recognition motifs are under intensive investigation in the search for possible methods to control platelet activation in vivo. A wide range of proteins has been identified and, in part, characterised from both haematophageous insects and invertebrates but also from snake venoms that inhibit platelet activation by collagen or induce platelet activation via collagen receptors on platelets. These will provide model systems to test the effect of inhibition of specific collagen-platelet receptor interactions for both effectiveness as well as for side effects and should provide assay systems for the development of small molecule inhibitors. Since platelet inhibitors for long-term prophylaxis of cardiovascular diseases are still in clinical trials there are many unanswered questions about long-term effects both positive and negative. The major problem which still has to be definitively solved about these alternative approaches to inhibition of platelet activation is whether they will show advantages in terms of dose-response curves while offering decreased risks of bleeding problems. Preliminary studies would seem to suggest that this is indeed the case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Clemetson
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Berne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Collagen Mediates Changes in Intracellular Calcium in Primary Mouse Megakaryocytes Through syk-Dependent and -Independent Pathways. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.11.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWe have characterized changes in [Ca2+]iin primary mouse megakaryocytes in response to fibrillar collagen and in response to cross-linking of the collagen receptor, the integrin 2β1. The response to collagen was markedly different from that seen to a triple helical collagen-related peptide (CRP), which signals via the tyrosine kinases p59fyn and p72syk. This peptide binds to the collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI), but not to the integrin 2β1. Collagen elicited a sustained increase in [Ca2+]i composed primarily of influx of extracellular Ca2+ with some Ca2+release from internal stores. In contrast to CRP, this response was only partially (∼30%) inhibited by the src-family kinase inhibitor PP1 (10 μmol/L) or by microinjection of the tandem SH2 domains of p72syk. Collagen also caused an increase in [Ca2+]i in megakaryocytes deficient in either p59fyn or p72syk, although the response was reduced by approximately 40% in both cases: Cross-linking of the 2 integrin increased [Ca2+]iin these cells exclusively via Ca2+ influx. This response was reduced by approximately 50% after PP1 pretreatment, but was significantly increased in fyn-deficient megakaryocytes. Collagen therefore increases [Ca2+]i in mouse megakaryocytes via multiple receptors, including GPVI, which causes Ca2+ mobilization, and 2β1, which stimulates a substantial influx of extracellular Ca2+.
Collapse
|
48
|
Collagen Mediates Changes in Intracellular Calcium in Primary Mouse Megakaryocytes Through syk-Dependent and -Independent Pathways. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.11.3847.411k17_3847_3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have characterized changes in [Ca2+]iin primary mouse megakaryocytes in response to fibrillar collagen and in response to cross-linking of the collagen receptor, the integrin 2β1. The response to collagen was markedly different from that seen to a triple helical collagen-related peptide (CRP), which signals via the tyrosine kinases p59fyn and p72syk. This peptide binds to the collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI), but not to the integrin 2β1. Collagen elicited a sustained increase in [Ca2+]i composed primarily of influx of extracellular Ca2+ with some Ca2+release from internal stores. In contrast to CRP, this response was only partially (∼30%) inhibited by the src-family kinase inhibitor PP1 (10 μmol/L) or by microinjection of the tandem SH2 domains of p72syk. Collagen also caused an increase in [Ca2+]i in megakaryocytes deficient in either p59fyn or p72syk, although the response was reduced by approximately 40% in both cases: Cross-linking of the 2 integrin increased [Ca2+]iin these cells exclusively via Ca2+ influx. This response was reduced by approximately 50% after PP1 pretreatment, but was significantly increased in fyn-deficient megakaryocytes. Collagen therefore increases [Ca2+]i in mouse megakaryocytes via multiple receptors, including GPVI, which causes Ca2+ mobilization, and 2β1, which stimulates a substantial influx of extracellular Ca2+.
Collapse
|
49
|
Ivaska J, Käpylä J, Pentikäinen O, Hoffrén AM, Hermonen J, Huttunen P, Johnson MS, Heino J. A peptide inhibiting the collagen binding function of integrin alpha2I domain. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:3513-21. [PMID: 9920897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.6.3513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin alpha2 subunit forms in the complex with the beta1 subunit a cell surface receptor binding extracellular matrix molecules, such as collagens and laminin-1. It is a receptor for echovirus-1, as well. Ligands are recognized by the special "inserted" domain (I domain) in the integrin alpha2 subunit. Venom from a pit viper, Bothrops jararaca, has been shown to inhibit the interaction of platelet alpha2beta1 integrin with collagen because of the action of a disintegrin/metalloproteinase named jararhagin. The finding that crude B. jararaca venom could prevent the binding of human recombinant ralpha2I domain to type I collagen led us to study jararhagin further. Synthetic peptides representing hydrophilic and charged sequences of jararhagin, including the RSECD sequence replacing the well known RGD motif in the disintegrin-like domain, were synthesized. Although the disintegrin-like domain derived peptides failed to inhibit ralpha2I domain binding to collagen, a basic peptide from the metalloproteinase domain proved to be functional. In an in vitro assay, the cyclic peptide, CTRKKHDNAQC, was shown to bind strongly to human recombinant alpha2I domain and to prevent its binding to type I and IV collagens and to laminin-1. Mutational analysis indicated that a sequence of three amino acids, arginine-lysine-lysine (RKK), is essential for ralpha2I domain binding, whereas the mutation of the other amino acids in the peptide had little if any effect on its binding function. Importantly, the peptide was functional only in the cyclic conformation and its affinity was strictly dependent on the size of the cysteine-constrained loop. Furthermore, the peptide could not bind to alpha2I domain in the absence of Mg2+, suggesting that the conformation of the I domain was critical, as well. Cells could attach to the peptide only if they expressed alpha2beta1 integrin, and the attachment was inhibited by anti-integrin antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ivaska
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ezumi Y, Shindoh K, Tsuji M, Takayama H. Physical and functional association of the Src family kinases Fyn and Lyn with the collagen receptor glycoprotein VI-Fc receptor gamma chain complex on human platelets. J Exp Med 1998; 188:267-76. [PMID: 9670039 PMCID: PMC2212454 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/1998] [Revised: 04/30/1998] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that uncharacterized glycoprotein VI (GPVI), which is constitutively associated and coexpressed with Fc receptor gamma chain (FcRgamma) in human platelets, is essential for collagen-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of FcRgamma, Syk, and phospholipase Cgamma2 (PLCgamma2), leading to platelet activation. Here we investigated involvement of the Src family in the proximal signals through the GPVI-FcRgamma complex, using the snake venom convulxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus, which specifically recognizes GPVI and activates platelets through cross-linking GPVI. Convulxin-coupled beads precipitated the GPVI-FcRgamma complex from platelet lysates. Collagen and convulxin induced tyrosine phosphorylation of FcRgamma, Syk, and PLCgamma2 and recruited tyrosine-phosphorylated Syk to the GPVI-FcRgamma complex. Using coprecipitation methods with convulxin-coupled beads and antibodies against FcRgamma and the Src family, we showed that Fyn and Lyn, but not Yes, Src, Fgr, Hck, and Lck, were physically associated with the GPVI-FcRgamma complex irrespective of stimulation. Furthermore, Fyn was rapidly activated by collagen or cross-linking GPVI. The Src family-specific inhibitor PP1 dose-dependently inhibited collagen- or convulxin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins including FcRgamma, Syk, and PLCgamma2, accompanied by a loss of aggregation and ATP release reaction. These results indicate that the Src family plays a critical role in platelet activation via the collagen receptor GPVI-FcRgamma complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ezumi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Clinical Sciences for Pathological Organs, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|