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Viner-Breuer R, Golan-Lev T, Benvenisty N, Goldberg M. Genome-Wide Screening in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Highlights the Hippo Signaling Pathway as Granting Synthetic Viability in ATM Deficiency. Cells 2023; 12:1503. [PMID: 37296624 PMCID: PMC10253227 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ATM depletion is associated with the multisystemic neurodegenerative syndrome ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). The exact linkage between neurodegeneration and ATM deficiency has not been established yet, and no treatment is currently available. In this study, we aimed to identify synthetic viable genes in ATM deficiency to highlight potential targets for the treatment of neurodegeneration in A-T. We inhibited ATM kinase activity using the background of a genome-wide haploid pluripotent CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function library and examined which mutations confer a growth advantage on ATM-deficient cells specifically. Pathway enrichment analysis of the results revealed the Hippo signaling pathway as a major negative regulator of cellular growth upon ATM inhibition. Indeed, genetic perturbation of the Hippo pathway genes SAV1 and NF2, as well as chemical inhibition of this pathway, specifically promoted the growth of ATM-knockout cells. This effect was demonstrated in both human embryonic stem cells and neural progenitor cells. Therefore, we suggest the Hippo pathway as a candidate target for the treatment of the devastating cerebellar atrophy associated with A-T. In addition to the Hippo pathway, our work points out additional genes, such as the apoptotic regulator BAG6, as synthetic viable with ATM-deficiency. These genes may help to develop drugs for the treatment of A-T patients as well as to define biomarkers for resistance to ATM inhibition-based chemotherapies and to gain new insights into the ATM genetic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Viner-Breuer
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (R.V.-B.); (T.G.-L.)
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Tamar Golan-Lev
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (R.V.-B.); (T.G.-L.)
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Nissim Benvenisty
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (R.V.-B.); (T.G.-L.)
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Michal Goldberg
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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2
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Zhou W, Simic P, Zhou IY, Caravan P, Vela Parada X, Wen D, Washington OL, Shvedova M, Pierce KA, Clish CB, Mannstadt M, Kobayashi T, Wein MN, Jüppner H, Rhee EP. Kidney glycolysis serves as a mammalian phosphate sensor that maintains phosphate homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e164610. [PMID: 36821389 PMCID: PMC10104895 DOI: 10.1172/jci164610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
How phosphate levels are detected in mammals is unknown. The bone-derived hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) lowers blood phosphate levels by reducing kidney phosphate reabsorption and 1,25(OH)2D production, but phosphate does not directly stimulate bone FGF23 expression. Using PET scanning and LC-MS, we found that phosphate increases kidney-specific glycolysis and synthesis of glycerol-3-phosphate (G-3-P), which then circulates to bone to trigger FGF23 production. Further, we found that G-3-P dehydrogenase 1 (Gpd1), a cytosolic enzyme that synthesizes G-3-P and oxidizes NADH to NAD+, is required for phosphate-stimulated G-3-P and FGF23 production and prevention of hyperphosphatemia. In proximal tubule cells, we found that phosphate availability is substrate-limiting for glycolysis and G-3-P production and that increased glycolysis and Gpd1 activity are coupled through cytosolic NAD+ recycling. Finally, we show that the type II sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter Npt2a, which is primarily expressed in the proximal tubule, conferred kidney specificity to phosphate-stimulated G-3-P production. Importantly, exogenous G-3-P stimulated FGF23 production when Npt2a or Gpd1 were absent, confirming that it was the key circulating factor downstream of glycolytic phosphate sensing in the kidney. Together, these findings place glycolysis at the nexus of mineral and energy metabolism and identify a kidney-bone feedback loop that controls phosphate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Petra Simic
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Iris Y. Zhou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xavier Vela Parada
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Donghai Wen
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Onica L. Washington
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Shvedova
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kerry A. Pierce
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clary B. Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Mannstadt
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc N. Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eugene P. Rhee
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Godfrey WH, Hwang S, Cho K, Shanmukha S, Gharibani P, Abramson E, Kornberg MD. Therapeutic potential of blocking GAPDH nitrosylation with CGP3466b in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Front Neurol 2023; 13:979659. [PMID: 36761918 PMCID: PMC9902867 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.979659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although classically considered a demyelinating disease, neuroaxonal injury occurs in both the acute and chronic phases and represents a pathologic substrate of disability not targeted by current therapies. Nitric oxide (NO) generated by CNS macrophages and microglia contributes to neuroaxonal injury in all phases of MS, but candidate therapies that prevent NO-mediated injury have not been identified. Here, we demonstrate that the multifunctional protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is robustly nitrosylated in the CNS in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. GAPDH nitrosylation is blocked in vivo with daily administration of CGP3466b, a CNS-penetrant compound with an established safety profile in humans. Consistent with the known role of nitrosylated GAPDH (SNO-GAPDH) in neuronal cell death, blockade of SNO-GAPDH with CGP3466b attenuates neurologic disability and reduces axonal injury in EAE independent of effects on the immune system. Our findings suggest that SNO-GAPDH contributes to neuroaxonal injury during neuroinflammation and identify CGP3466b as a candidate neuroprotective therapy in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley H. Godfrey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Soonmyung Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kaho Cho
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shruthi Shanmukha
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Payam Gharibani
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Efrat Abramson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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4
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Emanuel KM, Runner K, Brodnik ZD, Morsey BM, Lamberty BG, Johnson HS, Acharya A, Byrareddy SN, España RA, Fox HS, Gaskill PJ. Deprenyl reduces inflammation during acute SIV infection. iScience 2022; 25:104207. [PMID: 35494221 PMCID: PMC9046124 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of antiretroviral therapy, inflammation is a central factor in numerous HIV-associated comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, and neuropsychiatric disorders. This highlights the value of developing therapeutics that both reduce HIV-associated inflammation and treat associated comorbidities. Previous research on monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) suggests this class of drugs has anti-inflammatory properties in addition to neuropsychiatric effects. Therefore, we examined the impact of deprenyl, an MAOI, on SIV-associated inflammation during acute SIV infection using the rhesus macaque model of HIV infection. Our results show deprenyl decreased both peripheral and CNS inflammation but had no effect on viral load in either the periphery or CNS. These data show that the MAOI deprenyl may have broad anti-inflammatory effects when given during the acute stage of SIV infection, suggesting more research into the anti-inflammatory effects of this drug could result in a beneficial adjuvant for antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Emanuel
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - K Runner
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Z D Brodnik
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, NIH Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, Neuronal Networks Section, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - B M Morsey
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - B G Lamberty
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - H S Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - A Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - S N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - R A España
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - H S Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - P J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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5
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Dependence of glucose transport on autophagy and GAPDH activity. Brain Res 2022; 1776:147747. [PMID: 34864044 PMCID: PMC8819679 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucose uptake in the brain is critically important to brain health. Using two widely used cell line model systems, we have found that siramesine, a lysosomotropic agent and ligand for the sigma-2 receptor, inhibits glucose uptake and decreases pools of the GLUT1 glucose transporter at the plasma membrane. Siramesine induces autophagy but also disrupts degradation of autophagy substrates, providing a potential mechanism for its action on glucose uptake. In other cell systems, many of the effects of siramesine can be suppressed by α -tocopherol, a type of vitamin E and potent antioxidant, and α-tocopherol also suppressed the effect of siramesine on glucose uptake, suggesting a role for reactive oxygen species and membrane maintenance. We have also identified a novel mechanism for siramesine in which it inhibited plasma membrane levels of GAPDH, a key protein in glycolysis which localizes to the plasma membrane in some cell types. Indeed, GAPDH inhibitors decreased glucose uptake, like siramesine, likely through an overlapping pathway with siramesine. GAPDH inhibitors induced autophagy but inhibited degradation of autophagy targets. Thus, we have identified novel mechanisms required for glucose uptake which may have important implications in disease.
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6
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Natural product 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose is a reversible inhibitor of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:470-482. [PMID: 33850276 PMCID: PMC8792024 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis, also known as the Warburg effect, is a hallmark of cancer cell glucose metabolism and plays a crucial role in the activation of various types of immune cells. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) catalyzes the conversion of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to D-glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate in the 6th critical step in glycolysis. GAPDH exerts metabolic flux control during aerobic glycolysis and therefore is an attractive therapeutic target for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Recently, GAPDH inhibitors were reported to function through common suicide inactivation by covalent binding to the cysteine catalytic residue of GAPDH. Herein, by developing a high-throughput enzymatic screening assay, we discovered that the natural product 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (PGG) is an inhibitor of GAPDH with Ki = 0.5 μM. PGG blocks GAPDH activity by a reversible and NAD+ and Pi competitive mechanism, suggesting that it represents a novel class of GAPDH inhibitors. In-depth hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) analysis revealed that PGG binds to a region that disrupts NAD+ and inorganic phosphate binding, resulting in a distal conformational change at the GAPDH tetramer interface. In addition, structural modeling analysis indicated that PGG probably reversibly binds to the center pocket of GAPDH. Moreover, PGG inhibits LPS-stimulated macrophage activation by specific downregulation of GAPDH-dependent glucose consumption and lactate production. In summary, PGG represents a novel class of GAPDH inhibitors that probably reversibly binds to the center pocket of GAPDH. Our study sheds new light on factors for designing a more potent and specific inhibitor of GAPDH for future therapeutic applications.
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7
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Glycation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibits the binding with α-synuclein and RNA. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 698:108744. [PMID: 33385367 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) shows great diversity of functions, interaction partners and post-translational modifications. GAPDH undergoes glycation of positively charged residues in diabetic patient's tissues and therefore may change interaction with partners. The influence of GAPDH glycation on interaction with two important partners, α-synuclein and RNA, has been investigated in silico using molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro using surface plasmon resonance measurements. Since positively charged groove including substrate- and NAD+-binding sites is proposed as potential binding site for α-synuclein and RNA, GAPDH was glycated on residues in grooves and randomly distributed over the whole surface. Lysine residues were replaced with negatively charged carboxymethyl lysine as a widespread advanced glycation end product. As results, GAPDH glycation suppressed the interaction with α-synuclein and RNA. Although the modified GAPDH residues participated in binding with α-synuclein, no stable binding site with both glycated forms was observed. Glycation along the whole GAPDH surface completely suppressed interaction with RNA, whereas the alternative possible RNA binding site was identified in case of groove glycation. The findings were supported by direct measurement of the binding affinity. The obtained results clarify effect of glycation on GAPDH interaction with α-synuclein and RNA and elucidate a possible mechanism of interplay between glycation occurred in diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, which GAPDH and α-synuclein are involved in.
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8
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Finelli MJ. Redox Post-translational Modifications of Protein Thiols in Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Conditions-Focus on S-Nitrosation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:254. [PMID: 33088270 PMCID: PMC7497228 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (RONS) are by-products of aerobic metabolism. RONS trigger a signaling cascade that can be transduced through oxidation-reduction (redox)-based post-translational modifications (redox PTMs) of protein thiols. This redox signaling is essential for normal cellular physiology and coordinately regulates the function of redox-sensitive proteins. It plays a particularly important role in the brain, which is a major producer of RONS. Aberrant redox PTMs of protein thiols can impair protein function and are associated with several diseases. This mini review article aims to evaluate the role of redox PTMs of protein thiols, in particular S-nitrosation, in brain aging, and in neurodegenerative diseases. It also discusses the potential of using redox-based therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattéa J Finelli
- School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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9
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Targeting immunometabolism as an anti-inflammatory strategy. Cell Res 2020; 30:300-314. [PMID: 32132672 PMCID: PMC7118080 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing field of immunometabolism has taught us how metabolic cellular reactions and processes not only provide a means to generate ATP and biosynthetic precursors, but are also a way of controlling immunity and inflammation. Metabolic reprogramming of immune cells is essential for both inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory responses. Four anti-inflammatory therapies, DMF, Metformin, Methotrexate and Rapamycin all work by affecting metabolism and/or regulating or mimicking endogenous metabolites with anti-inflammatory effects. Evidence is emerging for the targeting of specific metabolic events as a strategy to limit inflammation in different contexts. Here we discuss these recent developments and speculate on the prospect of targeting immunometabolism in the effort to develop novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics. As accumulating evidence for roles of an intricate and elaborate network of metabolic processes, including lipid, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism provides key focal points for developing new therapies, we here turn our attention to glycolysis and the TCA cycle to provide examples of how metabolic intermediates and enzymes can provide potential novel therapeutic targets.
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10
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Spatial and temporal immunoreactivity in the rat brain using an affinity purified polyclonal antibody to DNSP-11. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 100:101664. [PMID: 31394198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
DNSP-11 antibody signal was investigated in perfusion fixated Fischer 344 rat brains by immunohistochemistry with a custom, affinity purified polyclonal antibody. The DNSP-11-antibody signal was differentially localized from the mature GDNF protein both spatially and temporally. In the mesencephalon of post-natal day 10 animals, when GDNF is maximally expressed, DNSP-11 and GDNF antibody immunoreactivities co-localize extensively but not exclusively. In adult 3-month-old animals, GDNF expression is markedly reduced while the DNSP-11 signal remains intense. DNSP-11-antibody signal was present in the 3-month-old rat brain with signal in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, with the strongest signal observed in the locus ceruleus where GDNF is not expressed. While amino acid sequence homologues such as NPY and Tfg do exist, binding patterns reported in the literature of do not recapitulate the immunoreactive patterns observed for the DNSP-11-antibody signal.
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11
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Piceatannol effectively counteracts glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase aggregation and nuclear translocation in hippocampal cells. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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12
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Semenyuk P, Barinova K, Muronetz V. Glycation of α-synuclein amplifies the binding with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:278-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Gerszon J, Rodacka A. Oxidatively modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in neurodegenerative processes and the role of low molecular weight compounds in counteracting its aggregation and nuclear translocation. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 48:21-31. [PMID: 30254002 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of independent studies have shown the contribution of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, GAPDH aggregates have been found in many post-mortem samples of brains of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's and Parkinson disease. Currently, it is accepted that GAPDH-mediated cell death pathways in the neurodegenerative processes are associated with apoptosis caused by GAPDH nuclear translocation and excessive aggregation under oxidative stress conditions. Also the role of GAPDH in neurodegenerative diseases is linked to it directly binding to specific amyloidogenic proteins and petides such as β-amyloid precursor protein, β-amyloid peptide and tau protein in Alzheimer's disease, huntingtin in Huntington's disease and α-synuclein in Parkinson disease. One of the latest studies indicated that GAPDH aggregates significantly accelerate amyloidogenesis of the β-amyloid peptide, which implies that aggregates of GAPDH may act as a specific aggregation "seed" in vitro. Previous detailed studies revealed that the active-site cysteine (Cys152) of GAPDH plays an essential role in the oxidative stress-induced aggregation of GAPDH associated with cell death. Furthermore, oxidative modification of this cysteine residue initiates the translocation of the enzyme to the nucleus, subsequently leading to apoptosis. The crystallographic structure of GAPDH shows that the Cys152 residue is located close to the surface of the molecule in a hydrophilic environment, which means that it can react with low molecular weight compounds such as hydroxynonenal or piceatannol. Therefore, it is highly possible that GAPDH may serve as a target for small molecule compounds with the potential to slow down or prevent the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Recently appearing new evidence has highlighted the significance of low molecular weight compounds in counteracting the oxidation of GAPDH and consequently its aggregation and other unfavourable pathological processes. Hence, this review aims to present all recent findings concerning molecules that are able to interact with GAPDH and counteract its aggregation and translocation to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gerszon
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Rodacka
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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14
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Abstract
Deprenyl, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, along with its primary metabolite desmethyldeprenyl (DES) have been shown to reduce neuronal apoptosis by a mechanism that requires gene transcription and involves the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential. This review article explores the mechanisms by which DES maintains mitochondrial membrane potential. Mediated by GAPDH binding, DES increases mitochondrial BCL-2 and BCL-xL levels and decreases BAX levels thereby preventing the permeability transition pore (PTP) form opening and preventing apoptotic degradation. The favorable effects of deprenyl on neuronal apoptosis suggests the therapeutic potential of designing compounds with the capacity to alter the configurations of pro-apoptosis or anti-apoptotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Tatton
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Chen W, Gong P, Guo J, Li H, Li R, Xing W, Yang Z, Guan Y. Glycolysis regulates pollen tube polarity via Rho GTPase signaling. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007373. [PMID: 29702701 PMCID: PMC5942846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a universal energy generation pathway utilizing carbon metabolism, glycolysis plays an important housekeeping role in all organisms. Pollen tubes expand rapidly via a mechanism of polarized growth, known as tip growth, to deliver sperm for fertilization. Here, we report a novel and surprising role of glycolysis in the regulation of growth polarity in Arabidopsis pollen tubes via impingement of Rho GTPase-dependent signaling. We identified a cytosolic phosphoglycerate kinase (pgkc-1) mutant with accelerated pollen germination and compromised pollen tube growth polarity. pgkc-1 mutation greatly diminished apical exocytic vesicular distribution of REN1 RopGAP (Rop GTPase activating protein), leading to ROP1 hyper-activation at the apical plasma membrane. Consequently, pgkc-1 pollen tubes contained higher amounts of exocytic vesicles and actin microfilaments in the apical region, and showed reduced sensitivity to Brefeldin A and Latrunculin B, respectively. While inhibition of mitochondrial respiration could not explain the pgkc-1 phenotype, the glycolytic activity is indeed required for PGKc function in pollen tubes. Moreover, the pgkc-1 pollen tube phenotype was mimicked by the inhibition of another glycolytic enzyme. These findings highlight an unconventional regulatory function for a housekeeping metabolic pathway in the spatial control of a fundamental cellular process. Glycolysis, which breaks down glucose to produce energy, has long been considered a “housekeeping” pathway in living cells, i.e., it helps maintain basic cellular functions. Here, we found that the glycolysis pathway plays an unconventional regulatory role in cell polarity, i.e., the intrinsic asymmetry in the shape, structure, and organization of cellular components. Mutation in the gene encoding the glycolytic enzyme cytosolic phosphoglycerate kinase (PGKc) leads to swollen and shorter pollen tubes in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is associated with the over-activation of Rho GTPase—a master regulator of cell polarity. Our results suggest that this phenomenon is caused by a specific regulatory role of cytosolic glycolysis rather than the global energy supply or moonlighting functions of glycolytic enzymes that modulate pollen tube growth polarity. Our findings shed light on the diverse biological roles of glycolysis in plants beyond simple “housekeeping” functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingping Gong
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jingzhe Guo
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Ruizi Li
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Weiman Xing
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Yuefeng Guan
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Tipton KF. 90 years of monoamine oxidase: some progress and some confusion. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1519-1551. [PMID: 29637260 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It would not be practical to attempt to deal with all the advances that have informed our understanding of the behavior and functions of this enzyme over the past 90 years. This account concentrates key advances that explain why the monoamine oxidases remain of pharmacological and biochemical interest and on some areas of continuing uncertainty. Some issues that remain to be understood or are in need of further clarification are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith F Tipton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Barinova K, Khomyakova E, Semenyuk P, Schmalhausen E, Muronetz V. Binding of alpha-synuclein to partially oxidized glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase induces subsequent inactivation of the enzyme. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 642:10-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Buneeva O, Kopylov A, Zgoda V, Medvedev A. The effect of deprenyl and isatin administration to mice on the proteomic profile of liver isatin-binding proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 64:354-359. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20186404354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Isatin (indol-2,3-dione) is an endogenous indole found in the brain, peripheral tissues and biological body fluids of humans and animals. Its wide spectrum of biological activity is realized via interaction with numerous isatin-binding proteins; these include proteins playing an important role in the development of neurodegenerative pathology. In the context of the neuroprotective effect, the effect of isatin is comparable to the effects of deprenyl, a pharmacological agent used for treatment of Parkinson's disease. In this study, the effects of the course of deprenyl (1 mg/kg) and isatin (20 mg/kg) administration for 21 days on the profile of the isatin-binding proteins of the liver of mice have been investigated. Proteomic profiling of liver isatin-binding proteins of control mice by means of 5-aminocaproylisatin as an affinity ligand resulted in identification of 105 proteins. Treatment of animals with a low dose of isatin slightly decreased (up to 91), while injections of deprenyl slightly increased (up to 120) the total number of isatin-binding proteins. 75 proteins were common for all three groups; they represented from 62.5% (in deprenyl treated mice) and 71% (in control mice), to 82% (isatin treated mice) of the total number of identified liver isatin-binding proteins. Proteomic analysis of the isatin-binding proteins of mice treated with isatin (20 mg/kg) or deprenyl (1 mg/kg) for 21 days revealed a representative group of proteins (n=30) that were sensitive to the administration of these substances. Taking into account the previously obtained results, it is reasonable to suggest that the change in the profile of isatin-binding proteins may be attributed to accumulation of isatin and deprenyl in the liver and interaction with target proteins prevents their subsequent binding to the affinity sorbent. In this context, the identified isatin-binding liver proteins of control animals that do not bind to the affinity sorbent (immobilized isatin analogue) after treatment of animals with either deprenyl or isatin appear to be specific targets directly interacting with isatin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- O.A. Buneeva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A.T. Kopylov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - V.G. Zgoda
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Hertz L, Chen Y. Additional mechanisms for brain activation failure due to reduced glucose metabolism-a commentary on Zilberter and Zilberter: The vicious circle of hypometabolism in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:757-761. [PMID: 29095528 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Chen
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland
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20
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Harraz MM, Snyder SH. Antidepressant Actions of Ketamine Mediated by the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin, Nitric Oxide, and Rheb. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:728-733. [PMID: 28612328 PMCID: PMC5509634 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The weeks/months it takes for traditional antidepressants to act pose an obstacle in the management of depression. Ketamine's prompt and sustained antidepressant effects constitute a major advance. Multiple studies implicate glutamatergic signaling to protein synthesis machinery and synapse formation in ketamine's antidepressant effects. Here we review evidence linking ketamine to glutamate receptor subtypes and protein homeostasis. We describe a signaling cascade wherein nitric oxide drives the formation of a ternary protein complex comprised of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, seven in absentia homolog 1, and Ras homolog enriched in brain downstream of the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Seven in absentia homolog 1 ubiquitylates and degrades Ras homolog enriched in brain leading to inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin. Ketamine inhibits this molecular cascade leading to activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin and, in turn, to antidepressant actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged M Harraz
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Solomon H Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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21
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Management of Alzheimer’s disease—An insight of the enzymatic and other novel potential targets. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:700-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Gu L, Robinson RAS. Proteomic approaches to quantify cysteine reversible modifications in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1159-1177. [PMID: 27666938 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine is a highly reactive amino acid and is subject to a variety of reversible post-translational modifications (PTMs), including nitrosylation, glutathionylation, palmitoylation, as well as formation of sulfenic acid and disulfides. These modifications are not only involved in normal biological activities, such as enzymatic catalysis, redox signaling, and cellular homeostasis, but can also be the result of oxidative damage. Especially in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, oxidative stress leads to aberrant cysteine oxidations that affect protein structure and function leading to neurodegeneration as well as other detrimental effects. Methods that can identify cysteine modifications by type, including the site of modification, as well as the relative stoichiometry of the modification can be very helpful for understanding the role of the thiol proteome and redox homeostasis in the context of disease. Cysteine reversible modifications however, are challenging to investigate as they are low abundant, diverse, and labile especially under endogenous conditions. Thanks to the development of redox proteomic approaches, large-scale quantification of cysteine reversible modifications is possible. These approaches cover a range of strategies to enrich, identify, and quantify cysteine reversible modifications from biological samples. This review will focus on nongel-based redox proteomics workflows that give quantitative information about cysteine PTMs and highlight how these strategies have been useful for investigating the redox thiol proteome in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Renã A S Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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23
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Snider NT, Portney DA, Willcockson HH, Maitra D, Martin HC, Greenson JK, Omary MB. Ethanol and Acetaminophen Synergistically Induce Hepatic Aggregation and TCH346-Insensitive Nuclear Translocation of GAPDH. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160982. [PMID: 27513663 PMCID: PMC4981434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) signals during cellular stress via several post-translational modifications that change its folding properties, protein-protein interactions and sub-cellular localization. We examined GAPDH properties in acute mouse liver injury due to ethanol and/or acetaminophen (APAP) treatment. Synergistic robust and time-dependent nuclear accumulation and aggregation of GAPDH were observed only in combined, but not individual, ethanol/APAP treatments. The small molecule GAPDH-targeting compound TCH346 partially attenuated liver damage possibly via mitochondrial mechanisms, and independent of nuclear accumulation and aggregation of GAPDH. These findings provide a novel potential mechanism for hepatotoxicity caused by combined alcohol and acetaminophen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T. Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel A. Portney
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States of America
| | - Helen H. Willcockson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
| | - Dhiman Maitra
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States of America
| | - Hope C. Martin
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States of America
| | - Joel K. Greenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States of America
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States of America
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24
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Antidepressant action of ketamine via mTOR is mediated by inhibition of nitrergic Rheb degradation. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:313-9. [PMID: 26782056 PMCID: PMC4830355 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As traditional antidepressants act only after weeks/months, the discovery that ketamine, an antagonist of glutamate/N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, elicits antidepressant actions in hours has been transformative. Its mechanism of action has been elusive, though enhanced mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a major feature. We report a novel signaling pathway wherein NMDA receptor activation stimulates generation of nitric oxide (NO), which S-nitrosylates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Nitrosylated GAPDH complexes with the ubiquitin-E3-ligase Siah1 and Rheb, a small G protein that activates mTOR. Siah1 degrades Rheb leading to reduced mTOR signaling, while ketamine, conversely, stabilizes Rheb that enhances mTOR signaling. Drugs selectively targeting components of this pathway may offer novel approaches to the treatment of depression.
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Buneeva O, Gnedenko O, Medvedeva M, Ivanov A, Medvedev A. Oxidative modification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase influences its interaction with endogenous neuroprotector isatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 62:160-3. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166202160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a classical glycolytic redox sensitive enzyme, exhibits various non-glycolytic functions, which are considered to be especially important for progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. GAPDH binds isatin (indole-dione-2,3), an endogenous indole often used as a parent component in numerous derivatives demonstrating diverse pharmacological (including neuroprotector) activities. In this study we have investigated binding of intact and mildly oxidized GAPDH to immobilized isatin, using an optical biosensor technique, employing surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and the effect of isatin as a probe for this binding. Mild GAPDH oxidation by 70 mM H2O2 increased enzyme dissociation from immobilized isatin. Since GAPDH is considered as a putative target for various neuroprotector agents, this suggests that its redox state determines sensitivity to neuroprotective agents, and oxidative stress typical for various neurodegenerative disorders may significantly reduce pharmacological effectiveness of such compounds
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Affiliation(s)
- O.A. Buneeva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - A.S. Ivanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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26
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Nakamura T, Lipton SA. Protein S-Nitrosylation as a Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:73-84. [PMID: 26707925 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
At physiological levels, nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the maintenance of normal neuronal activity and survival, thus serving as an important regulatory mechanism in the central nervous system. By contrast, accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to environmental toxins or the normal aging process can trigger excessive production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (such as NO), contributing to the etiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. We highlight here protein S-nitrosylation, resulting from covalent attachment of an NO group to a cysteine thiol of the target protein, as a ubiquitous effector of NO signaling in both health and disease. We review our current understanding of this redox-dependent post-translational modification under neurodegenerative conditions, and evaluate how targeting dysregulated protein S-nitrosylation can lead to novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
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27
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Suarez S, McCollum GW, Jayagopal A, Penn JS. High Glucose-induced Retinal Pericyte Apoptosis Depends on Association of GAPDH and Siah1. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28311-28320. [PMID: 26438826 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.682385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, and its prevalence is growing. Current therapies for DR address only the later stages of the disease, are invasive, and have limited effectiveness. Retinal pericyte death is an early pathologic feature of DR. Although it has been observed in diabetic patients and in animal models of DR, the cause of pericyte death remains unknown. A novel pro-apoptotic pathway initiated by the interaction between glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase, seven in absentia homolog 1 (Siah1), was recently identified in ocular tissues. In this article we examined the involvement of the GAPDH/Siah1 interaction in human retinal pericyte (hRP) apoptosis. HRP were cultured in 5 mm normal glucose, 25 mm l- or d-glucose for 48 h (osmotic control and high glucose treatments, respectively). Siah1 siRNA was used to down-regulate Siah1 expression. TAT-FLAG GAPDH and/or Siah1-directed peptides were used to block GAPDH and Siah1 interaction. Co-immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to analyze the effect of high glucose on the association of GAPDH and Siah1. Apoptosis was measured by Annexin V staining and caspase-3 enzymatic activity assay. High glucose increased Siah1 total protein levels, induced the association between GAPDH and Siah1, and led to GAPDH nuclear translocation. Our findings demonstrate that dissociation of the GAPDH/Siah1 pro-apoptotic complex can block high glucose-induced pericyte apoptosis, widely considered a hallmark feature of DR. Thus, the work presented in this article can provide a foundation to identify novel targets for early treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Suarez
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8808.
| | - Gary W McCollum
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8808
| | - Ashwath Jayagopal
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - John S Penn
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8808; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8808
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Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites are some of the most frequent DNA damages and the key intermediates of base excision repair. Certain proteins can interact with the deoxyribose of the AP site to form a Schiff base, which can be stabilized by NaBH4 treatment. Several types of DNA containing the AP site were used to trap proteins in human cell extracts by this method. In the case of single-stranded AP DNA and AP DNA duplex with both 5' and 3' dangling ends, the major crosslinking product had an apparent molecular mass of 45 kDa. Using peptide mass mapping based on mass spectrometry data, we identified the protein forming this adduct as an isoform of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) called "uracil-DNA glycosylase". GAPDH is a glycolytic enzyme with many additional putative functions, which include interaction with nucleic acids, different DNA damages and DNA repair enzymes. We investigated interaction of GAPDH purified from HeLa cells and rabbit muscles with different AP DNAs. In spite of the ability to form a Schiff-base intermediate with the deoxyribose of the AP site, GAPDH does not display the AP lyase activity. In addition, along with the borohydride-dependent adducts with AP DNAs containing single-stranded regions, GAPDH was also shown to form the stable borohydride-independent crosslinks with these AP DNAs. GAPDH was proven to crosslink preferentially to AP DNAs cleaved via the β-elimination mechanism (spontaneously or by AP lyases) as compared to DNAs containing the intact AP site. The level of GAPDH-AP DNA adduct formation depends on oxidation of the protein SH-groups; disulfide bond reduction in GAPDH leads to the loss of its ability to form the adducts with AP DNA. A possible role of formation of the stable adducts with AP sites by GAPDH is discussed.
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Drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) for small-molecule target identification. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1263:287-98. [PMID: 25618353 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2269-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) is a relatively quick and straightforward approach to identify potential protein targets for small molecules. It relies on the protection against proteolysis conferred on the target protein by interaction with a small molecule. The greatest advantage of this method is being able to use the native small molecule without having to immobilize or modify it (e.g., by incorporation of biotin, fluorescent, radioisotope, or photoaffinity labels). Here we describe in detail the protocol for performing unbiased DARTS with complex protein lysates to identify binding targets of small molecules and for using DARTS-Western blotting to test, screen, or validate potential small-molecule targets. Although the ideas have mainly been developed from studying molecules in areas of biology that are currently of interest to us and our collaborators, the general principles should be applicable to the analysis of all molecules in nature.
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Alfarouk KO, Verduzco D, Rauch C, Muddathir AK, Adil HHB, Elhassan GO, Ibrahim ME, David Polo Orozco J, Cardone RA, Reshkin SJ, Harguindey S. Glycolysis, tumor metabolism, cancer growth and dissemination. A new pH-based etiopathogenic perspective and therapeutic approach to an old cancer question. Oncoscience 2014; 1:777-802. [PMID: 25621294 PMCID: PMC4303887 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells acquire an unusual glycolytic behavior relative, to a large extent, to their intracellular alkaline pH (pHi). This effect is part of the metabolic alterations found in most, if not all, cancer cells to deal with unfavorable conditions, mainly hypoxia and low nutrient supply, in order to preserve its evolutionary trajectory with the production of lactate after ten steps of glycolysis. Thus, cancer cells reprogram their cellular metabolism in a way that gives them their evolutionary and thermodynamic advantage. Tumors exist within a highly heterogeneous microenvironment and cancer cells survive within any of the different habitats that lie within tumors thanks to the overexpression of different membrane-bound proton transporters. This creates a highly abnormal and selective proton reversal in cancer cells and tissues that is involved in local cancer growth and in the metastatic process. Because of this environmental heterogeneity, cancer cells within one part of the tumor may have a different genotype and phenotype than within another part. This phenomenon has frustrated the potential of single-target therapy of this type of reductionist therapeutic approach over the last decades. Here, we present a detailed biochemical framework on every step of tumor glycolysis and then proposea new paradigm and therapeutic strategy based upon the dynamics of the hydrogen ion in cancer cells and tissues in order to overcome the old paradigm of one enzyme-one target approach to cancer treatment. Finally, a new and integral explanation of the Warburg effect is advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cyril Rauch
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Gamal O. Elhassan
- Unizah Pharmacy Collage, Qassim University, Unizah, AL-Qassim, King of Saudi Arabia
- Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
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Sirover MA. GAPDH: β-Amyloid Mediated Iron Accumulation in Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Paradigm for Oxidative Stress Induction in Neurodegenerative Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-598-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
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Protein recognition of the S23906-1-DNA adduct by nuclear proteins: direct involvement of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Biochem J 2013; 452:147-59. [PMID: 23409959 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In a view to develop new DNA alkylating antitumour drugs, evaluating the precise mechanism of action and the molecular/cellular consequences of the alkylation is a point of major interest. The benzo-b-acronycine derivative S23906-1 alkylates guanine nucleobases in the minor groove of the DNA helix and presents an original ability to locally open the double helix of DNA, which appears to be associated with its cytotoxic activity. However, the molecular mechanism linking adduct formation to cellular consequences is not precisely known. The objective of the present study was to identify proteins involved in the recognition and mechanism of action of S23906-DNA adducts. We found that GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is a protein that binds to S23906-alkylated single-stranded, double-stranded and telomeric sequences in a drug-dependent and DNA sequence/structure-dependent manner. We used the CASTing (cyclic amplification of sequence targeting) method to identify GAPDH DNA-binding selectivity and then evaluated its binding to such selected S23906-alkylated sequences. At the cellular level, alkylation of S23906-1 results in an increase in the binding of GAPDH and its protein partner HMG (high-mobility group) B1 to the chromatin. Regarding the multiple roles of GAPDH in apoptosis and DNA repair, the cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of GAPDH were evaluated and present opposite effects in two different cellular models.
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Wang C, Han C, Li T, Yang D, Shen X, Fan Y, Xu Y, Zheng W, Fei C, Zhang L, Xue F. Nuclear translocation and accumulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase involved in diclazuril-induced apoptosis in Eimeria tenella (E. tenella). Vet Res 2013; 44:29. [PMID: 23651214 PMCID: PMC3655105 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) has recently been shown to be implicated in numerous apoptotic paradigms, especially in neuronal apoptosis, and has been demonstrated to play a vital role in some neurodegenerative disorders. However, this phenomenon has not been reported in protists. In the present study, we report for the first time that such a mechanism is involved in diclazuril-induced apoptosis in Eimeria tenella (E. tenella). We found that upon treatment of parasites with diclazuril, the expression levels of GAPDH transcript and protein were significantly increased in second-generation merozoites. Then, we examined the subcellular localization of GAPDH by fluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis. The results show that a considerable amount of GAPDH protein appeared in the nucleus within diclazuril-treated second-generation merozoites; in contrast, the control group had very low levels of GAPDH in the nucleus. The glycolytic activity of GAPDH was kinetically analyzed in different subcellular fractions. A substantial decrease (48.5%) in glycolytic activity of GAPDH in the nucleus was displayed. Moreover, the activities of caspases-3, -9, and −8 were measured in cell extracts using specific caspase substrates. The data show significant increases in caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities in the diclazuril-treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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Abstract
GAPDH interacts with a plethora of diverse cellular proteins. The network of interacting partners, or interactome, is presented for GAPDH with the interacting molecules grouped into specific functional and structural categories. By organizing the binding partners in this way, certain common structural features are beginning to surface, such as acidic dipeptide sequences that are found in several of these binding proteins. Additionally, the consensus sequences for target polynucleotides are being brought to light. The categories, which are presented according to function, offer an opportunity for research into the corresponding structural correlates to these interactions. Recent discoveries of interacting proteins have revealed novel relationships that are generating emerging mechanisms. Proteins that are associated with age-related neurodegenerative diseases appear to be particularly prone to binding GAPDH, suggesting that GAPDH may be playing a role in these diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases that are discussed are the conformational diseases of aging, suggesting that GAPDH may be a global sensor for cellular conformational stress. In addition to GAPDH's oxidoreductase activity, several other enzymatic functions have been discovered, including peroxidase, nitrosylase, mono-ADP-ribosylase and kinase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert W Seidler
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Foley P, Gerlach M, Youdim MB, Riederer P. MAO-B inhibitors: multiple roles in the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 6:25-47. [PMID: 18591148 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(99)00043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1998] [Revised: 06/29/1999] [Accepted: 06/29/1999] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases play a central role in catecholamine catabolism in the central nervous system. The biochemical and pharmacological properties of inhibitors of the monoamine oxidase type B are reviewed. The evidence for biochemical activities distinct from their ability to inhibit MAO-B is discussed, including possible antioxidative and antiapoptotic activities of these agents. The significance of these properties for the pharmacological management of Parkinson's disease and the evidence for a neuroprotective effect of one such agent (selegiline) is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Foley
- Clinical Neurochemistry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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CIB1 prevents nuclear GAPDH accumulation and non-apoptotic tumor cell death via AKT and ERK signaling. Oncogene 2012; 32:4017-27. [PMID: 22964641 PMCID: PMC3530648 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CIB1 is a 22-kDa regulatory protein previously implicated in cell survival and proliferation. However, the mechanism by which CIB1 regulates these processes is poorly defined. Here we report that CIB1 depletion in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells promotes non-apoptotic, caspase-independent cell death that is not initiated by increased outer mitochondrial membrane permeability or translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor to the nucleus. Instead, cell death requires nuclear GAPDH accumulation. Furthermore, CIB1 depletion disrupts two commonly dysregulated, oncogenic pathways– PI3K/AKT and Ras/MEK/ERK, resulting in a synergistic mechanism of cell death, which was mimicked by simultaneous pharmacological inhibition of both pathways, but not either pathway alone. In defining each pathway’s contributions, we found that AKT inhibition alone maximally induced GAPDH nuclear accumulation, whereas MEK/ERK inhibition alone had no effect on GAPDH localization. Concurrent GAPDH nuclear accumulation and ERK inhibition were required however, to induce a significant DNA damage response, which was critical to subsequent cell death. Collectively, our results indicate that CIB1 is uniquely positioned to regulate PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling and that simultaneous disruption of these pathways synergistically induces a nuclear GAPDH-dependent cell death. The mechanistic insights into cell death induced by CIB1 interference suggest novel molecular targets for cancer therapy.
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GAPDH in anesthesia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 985:269-91. [PMID: 22851453 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4716-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Thus far, two independent laboratories have shown that inhaled anesthetics directly affect GAPDH structure and function. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that GAPDH normally regulates the function of GABA (type A) receptor. In light of these literature observations and some less direct findings, there is a discussion on the putative role of GAPDH in anesthesia. The binding site of inhaled anesthetics is described from literature reports on model proteins, such as human serum albumin and apoferritin. In addition to the expected hydrophobic residues that occupy the binding cavity, there are hydrophilic residues at or in very close proximity to the site of anesthetic binding. A putative binding site in the bacterial analog of the human GABA (type A) receptor is also described. Additionally, GAPDH may also play a role in anesthetic preconditioning, a phenomenon that confers protection of cells and tissues to future challenges by noxious stimuli. The central thesis regarding this paradigm is that inhaled anesthetics evoke an intra-molecular protein dehydration that is recognized by the cell, eliciting a very specific burst of chaperone gene expression. The chaperones that are implicated are associated with conferring protection against dehydration-induced protein aggregation.
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Nuclear GAPDH: changing the fate of Müller cells in diabetes. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2012; 4:34-41. [PMID: 23538321 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-012-9085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller cells, the primary glial cells are a crucial component of the retinal tissue performing a wide range of functions including maintaining the blood-retinal barrier. Several studies suggest that diabetes leads to Müller cell dysfunction and loss. The pathophysiology of hyperglycemia-induced cellular injury of Müller cells remains only poorly understood. Recently, the concept that translocation of the predominantly cytosolic glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to the nucleus and its accumulation in this cellular compartment alters transcriptional events associated with cell death induction has gained major interest. High glucose conditions induce nuclear translocation and accumulation of GAPDH in the nucleus of Müller cells in vivo and in vitro. With regards to Müller cell dysfunction, the effects of nuclear accumulation of GAPDH are multifaceted. Considering the functional versatility of GAPDH including gene regulation, DNA repair, telomere protection, etc., it is of immense importance to explore possible GAPDH actions to unravel the mysteries around the role of GAPDH in hyperglycemia-induced cellular changes in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Therefore, this review focuses on the molecular events associated with the nuclear translocation of GAPDH and how it affects the fate of Müller cells in diabetes.
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Torres-Bugeau CM, Ávila CL, Raisman-Vozari R, Papy-Garcia D, Itri R, Barbosa LRS, Cortez LM, Sim VL, Chehín RN. Characterization of heparin-induced glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase early amyloid-like oligomers and their implication in α-synuclein aggregation. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:2398-409. [PMID: 22134915 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.303503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, neuropathological hallmarks of several neurological diseases, are mainly made of filamentous assemblies of α-synuclein. However, other macromolecules including Tau, ubiquitin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glycosaminoglycans are routinely found associated with these amyloid deposits. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a glycolytic enzyme that can form fibrillar aggregates in the presence of acidic membranes, but its role in Parkinson disease is still unknown. In this work, the ability of heparin to trigger the amyloid aggregation of this protein at physiological conditions of pH and temperature is demonstrated by infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, small angle x-ray scattering, circular dichroism, and fluorescence microscopy. Aggregation proceeds through the formation of short rod-like oligomers, which elongates in one dimension. Heparan sulfate was also capable of inducing glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase aggregation, but chondroitin sulfates A, B, and C together with dextran sulfate had a negligible effect. Aided with molecular docking simulations, a putative binding site on the protein is proposed providing a rational explanation for the structural specificity of heparin and heparan sulfate. Finally, it is demonstrated that in vitro the early oligomers present in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase fibrillation pathway promote α-synuclein aggregation. Taking into account the toxicity of α-synuclein prefibrillar species, the heparin-induced glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase early oligomers might come in useful as a novel therapeutic strategy in Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies.
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Mahdy HM, Tadros MG, Mohamed MR, Karim AM, Khalifa AE. The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:770-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Guzhova IV, Lazarev VF, Kaznacheeva AV, Ippolitova MV, Muronetz VI, Kinev AV, Margulis BA. Novel mechanism of Hsp70 chaperone-mediated prevention of polyglutamine aggregates in a cellular model of huntington disease. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:3953-63. [PMID: 21775503 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The key feature of polyglutamine aggregates accumulating in the course of Huntington disease (HD) is their resistance to protein denaturants, and to date only chaperones are proved to prevent mutant protein aggregation. It was suggested that expanded polyglutamine chains (polyQ) of mutant huntingtin are cross-linked to other proteins such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Here we clarify the roles of GAPDH and molecular chaperone Hsp70 in the formation of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-insoluble polyQ aggregates. First, the addition of pure GAPDH was found to enhance the aggregation of polyQ in a cell-free model of HD. Secondly, the immunodepletion of GAPDH dose-dependently decreased polyQ aggregation. Finally, siRNA-mediated inhibition of GAPDH protein in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells has also reduced the aggregation of cellular polyQ. Regulated over-expression of Hsp70 decreased the amount of GAPDH associated with SDS-insoluble polyQ aggregates. Physical association of Hsp70 and GAPDH in SK-N-SH cells was shown by reciprocal immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy. Pure Hsp70 dose-dependently inhibited the formation of polyQ aggregates in cell-free model of HD by sequestering both GAPDH and polyQ. We demonstrated that Hsp70 binds to polyQ in adenosine triphosphate-dependent manner, which suggests that Hsp70 exerts a chaperoning activity in the course of this interaction. Binding of Hsp70 to GAPDH was nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent suggesting another type of association. Based on our findings, we conclude that Hsp70 protects cells in HD by removing/sequestering two intrinsic components of protein aggregates: the polyQ itself and GAPDH. We propose that GAPDH might be an important target for pharmacological treatment of HD and other polyglutamine expansion-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Guzhova
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, 194064 St Petersburg, Russia.
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Sexton JZ, Danshina PV, Lamson DR, Hughes M, House AJ, Yeh LA, O'Brien DA, Williams KP. Development and Implementation of a High Throughput Screen for the Human Sperm-Specific Isoform of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDHS). CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2011; 5:30-41. [PMID: 21760877 PMCID: PMC3134944 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301105010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycolytic isozymes that are restricted to the male germline are potential targets for the development of reversible, non-hormonal male contraceptives. GAPDHS, the sperm-specific isoform of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, is an essential enzyme for glycolysis making it an attractive target for rational drug design. Toward this goal, we have optimized and validated a high-throughput spectrophotometric assay for GAPDHS in 384-well format. The assay was stable over time and tolerant to DMSO. Whole plate validation experiments yielded Z’ values >0.8 indicating a robust assay for HTS. Two compounds were identified and confirmed from a test screen of the Prestwick collection. This assay was used to screen a diverse chemical library and identified fourteen small molecules that modulated the activity of recombinant purified GAPDHS with confirmed IC50 values ranging from 1.8 to 42 µM. These compounds may provide useful scaffolds as molecular tools to probe the role of GAPDHS in sperm motility and long term to develop potent and selective GAPDHS inhibitors leading to novel contraceptive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Sexton
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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Ventura M, Mateo F, Serratosa J, Salaet I, Carujo S, Bachs O, Pujol MJ. Nuclear translocation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is regulated by acetylation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1672-80. [PMID: 20601085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is considered a housekeeping glycolitic enzyme that recently has been implicated in cell signaling. Under apoptotic stresses, cells activate nitric oxide formation leading to S-nitrosylation of GAPDH that binds to Siah and translocates to the nucleus. The GAPDH-Siah interaction depends on the integrity of lysine 227 in human GAPDH, being the mutant K227A unable to associate with Siah. As lysine residues are susceptible to be modified by acetylation, we aimed to analyze whether acetylation could mediate transport of GAPDH from cytoplasm to the nucleus. We observed that the acetyltransferase P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) interacts with and acetylates GAPDH. We also found that over-expression of PCAF induces the nuclear translocation of GAPDH and that for this translocation its intact acetylase activity is needed. Finally, the knocking down of PCAF reduces nuclear translocation of GAPDH induced by apoptotic stimuli. By spot mapping analysis we first identified Lys 117 and 251 as the putative GAPDH residues that could be acetylated by PCAF. We further demonstrated that both Lys were necessary but not sufficient for nuclear translocation of GAPDH after apoptotic stimulation. Finally, we identified Lys 227 as a third GAPDH residue whose acetylation is needed for its transport from cytoplasm to the nucleus. Thus, results reported here indicate that nuclear translocation of GAPDH is mediated by acetylation of three specific Lys residues (117, 227 and 251 in human cells). Our results also revealed that PCAF participates in the GAPDH acetylation that leads to its translocation to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Ventura
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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166th ENMC International Workshop on Collagen type VI-related Myopathies, 22–24 May 2009, Naarden, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2010; 20:346-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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45
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Rodríguez E, Rivera I, Astorga S, Mendoza E, García F, Hernández-Echeagaray E. Uncoupling oxidative/energy metabolism with low sub chronic doses of 3-nitropropionic acid or iodoacetate in vivo produces striatal cell damage. Int J Biol Sci 2010; 6:199-212. [PMID: 20440403 PMCID: PMC2862394 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of evidence suggests that the failure of cellular metabolism is one of the underlying causes of neurodegenerative diseases. For example, the inhibition of mitochondrial function produces a pattern of cellular pathology in the striatum that resembles that seen in Huntington's disease. However, neurons can also generate ATP through the glycolytic pathway. Recent work has suggested a direct interaction between mutated huntingtin and a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Yet little work has been gone into examination of the cellular pathology that results from the inhibition of this alternative energy source. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to characterize the cellular pathology that results in the striatum of mice after treatment with a toxin (iodoacete, IOA) that compromises anaerobic metabolism. This striatal pathology is compared to that produced by a widely studied blocker of mitochondrial function (3-nitropropionic acid, 3-NP). We found that low doses of either toxin resulted in significant pathology in the mouse striatum. Signs of apoptosis were observed in both experimental groups, although apoptosis triggered by IOA treatment was independent from caspase-3 activation. Importantly, each toxin appears to produce cellular damage through distinct mechanisms; only 3-NP generated clear evidence of oxidative stress as well as inhibition of endogenous antioxidants. Understanding the distinct pathological fingerprints of cell loss produced by blockade of oxidative and anaerobic metabolisms may give us insights into neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES-I, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de los Barrios # 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, México
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Yong-Kee CJ, Salomonczyk D, Nash JE. Development and Validation of a Screening Assay for the Evaluation of Putative Neuroprotective Agents in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2010; 19:519-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Bradley LH, Fuqua J, Richardson A, Turchan-Cholewo J, Ai Y, Kelps KA, Glass JD, He X, Zhang Z, Grondin R, Littrell OM, Huettl P, Pomerleau F, Gash DM, Gerhardt GA. Dopamine neuron stimulating actions of a GDNF propeptide. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9752. [PMID: 20305789 PMCID: PMC2841203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotrophic factors, such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), have shown great promise for protection and restoration of damaged or dying dopamine neurons in animal models and in some Parkinson's disease (PD) clinical trials. However, the delivery of neurotrophic factors to the brain is difficult due to their large size and poor bio-distribution. In addition, developing more efficacious trophic factors is hampered by the difficulty of synthesis and structural modification. Small molecules with neurotrophic actions that are easy to synthesize and modify to improve bioavailability are needed. METHODS AND FINDINGS Here we present the neurobiological actions of dopamine neuron stimulating peptide-11 (DNSP-11), an 11-mer peptide from the proGDNF domain. In vitro, DNSP-11 supports the survival of fetal mesencephalic neurons, increasing both the number of surviving cells and neuritic outgrowth. In MN9D cells, DNSP-11 protects against dopaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cell death, significantly decreasing TUNEL-positive cells and levels of caspase-3 activity. In vivo, a single injection of DNSP-11 into the normal adult rat substantia nigra is taken up rapidly into neurons and increases resting levels of dopamine and its metabolites for up to 28 days. Of particular note, DNSP-11 significantly improves apomorphine-induced rotational behavior, and increases dopamine and dopamine metabolite tissue levels in the substantia nigra in a rat model of PD. Unlike GDNF, DNSP-11 was found to block staurosporine- and gramicidin-induced cytotoxicity in nutrient-deprived dopaminergic B65 cells, and its neuroprotective effects included preventing the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data support that DNSP-11 exhibits potent neurotrophic actions analogous to GDNF, making it a viable candidate for a PD therapeutic. However, it likely signals through pathways that do not directly involve the GFRalpha1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke H Bradley
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology and the Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America.
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48
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Dragoni S, Porcari V, Travagli M, Castagnolo D, Valoti M. Antioxidant properties of propargylamine derivatives: assessment of their ability to scavenge peroxynitrite. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:561-5. [PMID: 16597374 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.4.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A series of arylpropargylamines, variously substituted in the hydrogen in p-position and in the propargyl moiety, were studied as potential peroxynitrite scavengers. The scavenging activity of these compounds was evaluated through peroxynitrite (ONOO−)-mediated oxidation of dichlorofluorescin and linoleic acid by measuring the dichlorofluorescein formation and oxygen consumption, respectively. Among tested compounds, only 1-phenylpropargylamine (AP3) promoted concentration-dependent inhibition of ONOO−-induced dichlorofluorescin and linoleic acid oxidation with IC50 values of 637 and 63 μm, respectively. The AP3 spectral changes in UV-visible absorbance properties in the presence of peroxynitrite suggested the formation of a new compound. This was identified by gas-chromatograph-mass spectrometer analysis as phenylpropargyl alcohol. Structure—activity relationship analysis indicated that the scavenging activity of AP3 was due to the aminopropargyl moiety and availability of the nitrogen electron pair. This data suggested that AP3 could be considered a lead compound for the synthesis of new ONOO− scavenger derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Dragoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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49
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Neuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-6641-5.00018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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50
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Cortez LM, Avila CL, Bugeau CMT, Farías RN, Morero RD, Chehín RN. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase tetramer dissociation and amyloid fibril formation induced by negatively charged membranes. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:625-30. [PMID: 20006611 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a multifunctional enzyme related with Huntington's, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. The ability of negatively charged membranes to induce a rapid formation of GAPDH amyloid fibrils has been demonstrated, but the mechanisms by which GAPDH reaches the fibrillar state remains unclear. In this report, we describe the structural changes undergone by GAPDH at physiological pH and temperature conditions right from its interaction with acidic membranes until the amyloid fibril is formed. According to our results, the GAPDH-membrane binding induces a beta-structuring process along with a loss of quaternary structure in the enzyme. In this way, experimental evidences on the initial steps of GAPDH amyloid fibrils formation pathway are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M Cortez
- Departamento Bioquímica de la Nutrición, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
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