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Clementino LDC, Fernandes GFS, Prokopczyk IM, Laurindo WC, Toyama D, Motta BP, Baviera AM, Henrique-Silva F, dos Santos JL, Graminha MAS. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of N-oxide derivatives with potent in vivo antileishmanial activity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259008. [PMID: 34723989 PMCID: PMC8559926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that affects 12 million people living mainly in developing countries. Herein, 24 new N-oxide-containing compounds were synthesized followed by in vitro and in vivo evaluation of their antileishmanial activity. Compound 4f, a furoxan derivative, was particularly remarkable in this regard, with EC50 value of 3.6 μM against L. infantum amastigote forms and CC50 value superior to 500 μM against murine peritoneal macrophages. In vitro studies suggested that 4f may act by a dual effect, by releasing nitric oxide after biotransformation and by inhibiting cysteine protease CPB (IC50: 4.5 μM). In vivo studies using an acute model of infection showed that compound 4f at 7.7 mg/Kg reduced ~90% of parasite burden in the liver and spleen of L. infantum-infected BALB/c mice. Altogether, these outcomes highlight furoxan 4f as a promising compound for further evaluation as an antileishmanial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro da Costa Clementino
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Felipe Santos Fernandes
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Wilquer Castro Laurindo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Danyelle Toyama
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pereira Motta
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Amanda Martins Baviera
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique-Silva
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Jean Leandro dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JLS); (MASG)
| | - Marcia A. S. Graminha
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JLS); (MASG)
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2
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The recombinant prepro region of TvCP4 is an inhibitor of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinases of Trichomonas vaginalis that inhibits trichomonal haemolysis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 59:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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3
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Kang JM, Ju HL, Sohn WM, Na BK. Defining the regulatory and inhibitory elements within the prodomain of CsCF-6, a cathepsin F cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 190:92-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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4
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Cambra I, Hernández D, Diaz I, Martinez M. Structural basis for specificity of propeptide-enzyme interaction in barley C1A cysteine peptidases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37234. [PMID: 22615948 PMCID: PMC3355106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
C1A cysteine peptidases are synthesized as inactive proenzymes. Activation takes place by proteolysis cleaving off the inhibitory propeptide. The inhibitory capacity of propeptides from barley cathepsin L and B-like peptidases towards commercial and barley cathepsins has been characterized. Differences in selectivity have been found for propeptides from L-cathepsins against their cognate and non cognate enzymes. Besides, the propeptide from barley cathepsin B was not able to inhibit bovine cathepsin B. Modelling of their three-dimensional structures suggests that most propeptide inhibitory properties can be explained from the interaction between the propeptide and the mature cathepsin structures. Their potential use as biotechnological tools is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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5
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Horn M, Jílková A, Vondrášek J, Marešová L, Caffrey CR, Mareš M. Mapping the pro-peptide of the Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin B1 drug target: modulation of inhibition by heparin and design of mimetic inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:609-17. [PMID: 21375333 DOI: 10.1021/cb100411v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma cause the disease schistosomiasis that infects over 200 million people worldwide. Treatment relies on just one drug, and new therapies are needed should drug resistance emerge. Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin B1 (SmCB1) is a gut-associated protease that digests host blood proteins as source of nutrients. It is under evaluation as a therapeutic target. Enzymatic activity of the SmCB1 zymogen is prevented by the pro-peptide that sterically blocks the active site until activation of the zymogen to the mature enzyme. We investigated the structure-inhibition relationships of how the SmCB1 pro-peptide interacts with the enzyme core using a SmCB1 zymogen model and pro-peptide-derived synthetic fragments. Two regions were identified within the pro-peptide that govern its inhibitory interaction with the enzyme core: an "active site region" and a unique "heparin-binding region" that requires heparin. The latter region is apparently only found in the pro-peptides of cathepsins B associated with the gut of trematode parasites. Finally, using the active site region as a template and a docking model of SmCB1, we designed a series of inhibitors mimicking the pro-peptide structure, the best of which yielded low micromolar inhibition constants. Overall, we identify a novel glycosaminoglycan-mediated mechanism of inhibition by the pro-peptide that potentially regulates zymogen activation and describe a promising design strategy to develop antischistosomal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Jílková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vondrášek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Marešová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California San Francisco, 1700 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael Mareš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
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6
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Sajid M, Robertson SA, Brinen LS, McKerrow JH. Cruzain : the path from target validation to the clinic. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 712:100-15. [PMID: 21660661 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cruzain is the major papain-like cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent causing Chagas' disease in humans in South America. Cruzain is indispensable for the survival and propagation of this protozoan parasite and therefore, it has attracted considerable interest as a potential drug target. This chapter charts the path from the initial identification of this proteases activity and its validation as a bone fide drug target to the arduous task of the discovery of an inhibitor targeting this protease and finally the path towards the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sajid
- Afd. Parasitologie, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Boulangé AF, Khamadi SA, Pillay D, Coetzer THT, Authié E. Production of congopain, the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense, in Pichia pastoris reveals unexpected dimerisation at physiological pH. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 75:95-103. [PMID: 20828616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomosis (nagana) is arguably the most important parasitic disease affecting livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. Since none of the existing control measures are entirely satisfactory, vaccine development is being actively pursued. However, due to antigenic variation, the quest for a conventional vaccine has proven elusive. As a result, we have sought an alternative 'anti-disease vaccine approach', based on congopain, a cysteine protease of Trypanosoma congolense, which was shown to have pathogenic effects in vivo. Congopain was initially expressed as a recombinant protein in bacterial and baculovirus expression systems, but both the folding and yield obtained proved inadequate. Hence alternative expression systems were investigated, amongst which Pichia pastoris proved to be the most suitable. We report here the expression of full length, and C-terminal domain-truncated congopain in the methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris. Differences in yield were observed between full length and truncated proteins, the full length producing 2-4 mg of protein per litre of culture, while the truncated form produced 20-30 mg/l. The protease was produced as a proenzyme, but underwent spontaneous activation when acidified (pH <5). To investigate whether this activation was due to autolysis, we produced an inactive mutant (active site Cys→Ala) by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutant form was produced at a much higher rate, up to 100mg/l culture, as a proenzyme. It did not undergo spontaneous cleavage of the propeptide when subjected to acidic pH suggesting an autocatalytic process of activation for congopain. These recombinant proteins displayed a very unusual feature for cathepsin L-like proteinases, i.e. complete dimerisation at pH >6, and by reversibly monomerising at acidic pH <5. This attribute is of utmost importance in the context of an anti-disease vaccine, given that the epitopes recognised by the sera of trypanosome-infected trypanotolerant cattle appear dimer-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain F Boulangé
- UMR 17 IRD-CIRAD Trypanosomes, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. ,
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8
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Pillay D, Boulangé AF, Coetzer THT. Expression, purification and characterisation of two variant cysteine peptidases from Trypanosoma congolense with active site substitutions. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 74:264-71. [PMID: 20609389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Congopain, the major cysteine peptidase of Trypanosoma congolense is an attractive candidate for an anti-disease vaccine and target for the design of specific inhibitors. A complicating factor for the inclusion of congopain in a vaccine is that multiple variants of congopain are present in the genome of the parasite. In order to determine whether the variant congopain-like genes code for peptidases with enzymatic activities different to those of congopain, two variants were cloned and expressed. Two truncated catalytic domain variants were recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris. The two expressed catalytic domain variants differed slightly from one another in substrate preferences and also from that of C2 (the recombinant truncated form of congopain). Surprisingly, a variant with the catalytic triad Ser(25), His(159) and Asn(175) was shown to be active against classical cysteine peptidase substrates and inhibited by E-64, a class-specific cysteine protease inhibitor. Both catalytic domain clones and C2 had pH optima of either 6.0 or 6.5 implying that these congopain-like proteases are likely to be expressed and active in the bloodstream of the host animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davita Pillay
- School of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
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9
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Marra BM, Souza DSL, Aguiar JN, Firmino AAP, Sarto RPD, Silva FB, Almeida CDS, Cares JE, Continho MV, Martins-de-Sa C, Franco OL, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Protective effects of a cysteine proteinase propeptide expressed in transgenic soybean roots. Peptides 2009; 30:825-31. [PMID: 19428757 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes cause extensive damage to a large number of ornamental plants and food crops, with estimated economical losses over 100 billion US$ worldwide. Various efforts have put forth in order to minimize nematode damage, which typically involve the use of nematicides that have high cost and enhanced toxicity to humans and the environment. Additionally, different strategies have been applied in order to develop genetically modified plants with improved nematode resistance. Among the strategies are anti-invasion and migration, feeding-cell attenuation, and anti-nematode feeding. In the present study, we focus on anti-nematode feeding, which involves the evaluation and potential use of the cysteine proteinase (CPs) propeptide as a control alternative. The cysteine proteinase prodomain, isolated from Heterodera glycines (HGCP prodomain), is a natural inhibitory peptide used to transform soybean cotyledons using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Genetically modified soybean roots expressing the propeptide were detected by Western blot and expression levels were measured by ELISA (around 0.3%). The transgenic roots expressing the propeptide were inoculated with a thousand H. glycines at the second juvenile stage, and a remarkable reduction in the number of females and eggs was observed. A reduction of female length and diameter was also observed after 35 days post-inoculation. Furthermore, the H. glycines mature protein was detected in females fed on soybean transformed root expressing or not expressing the propeptide. The data presented here indicate that the HGCP propeptide can reduce soybean cyst nematode infection and this strategy could be applied in the near future to generate resistant crop cultivars.
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10
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Lanfranco MF, Loayza-Muro R, Clark D, Núñez R, Zavaleta AI, Jimenez M, Meldal M, Coombs GH, Mottram JC, Izidoro M, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Arévalo J. Expression and substrate specificity of a recombinant cysteine proteinase B of Leishmania braziliensis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008; 161:91-100. [PMID: 18639590 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine proteinase B of Leishmania parasites is an important virulence factor. In this study we have expressed, isolated and characterized for the first time a recombinant CPB from Leishmania braziliensis, the causative agent of mucocutaneous leishmaniosis. The mature region of the recombinant CPB shares a high percentage identity with its Leishmania mexicana CPB2.8 (rCPB2.8DeltaCTE) counterpart (76.36%) and has identical amino acid residues at the S(1), catalytic triad and S'(1) subsites. Nevertheless, when the kinetics of substrate hydrolysis was measured using a combinatorial library of internally quenched fluorescent peptides based upon the lead sequence Abz-KLRSSKQ-EDDnp, significant differences were obtained. These results suggest that the differences in substrate utilization observed between the L. mexicana and L. braziliensis CPs must be related to amino acid modifications outside the core of the active site cleft. Moreover, a potent inhibitor with Pro at P1 and high affinity for L. braziliensis recombinant CPB showed less affinity to L. mexicana CPB 2.8, which preferred Phe, Leu, and Asn at the same position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Lanfranco
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Trypanosomatids, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, Lima 100, Peru
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11
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Korde R, Bhardwaj A, Singh R, Srivastava A, Chauhan VS, Bhatnagar RK, Malhotra P. A prodomain peptide of Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease (falcipain-2) inhibits malaria parasite development. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3116-23. [PMID: 18461922 DOI: 10.1021/jm070735f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Falcipain-2 (FP-2), a papain family cysteine protease of Plasmodium falciparum, is a promising target for antimalarial chemotherapy. Designing inhibitors that are highly selective for falcipain-2 has been difficult because of broad specificity of different cysteine proteinases. Because propeptide regions of cysteine proteases have been shown to inhibit their cognate enzymes specifically and selectively, in the present study, we evaluated the inhibitory potential of few falcipain-2 proregion peptides. A 15 residue peptide (PP1) inhibited falcipain-2 enzyme activity in vitro. Studies on the uptake of PP1 into the parasitized erythrocytes showed access of peptide into the infected RBCs. PP1 fused with Antennapedia homeoprotein internalization domain blocked hemoglobin hydrolysis, merozoite release and markedly inhibited Plasmodium falciparum growth and maturation. Together, our results identify a peptide derived from the proregion of falcipain-2 that blocks late-stage malaria parasite development in RBCs, suggesting the development of peptide and peptidometric drugs against the human malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Korde
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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12
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Ruszczyk A, Forlenza M, Savelkoul HFJ, Wiegertjes GF. Molecular cloning and functional characterisation of a cathepsin L-like proteinase from the fish kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma carassii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 24:205-214. [PMID: 18162408 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma carassii is a fish kinetoplastid parasite that belongs to the family Trypanosomatida. In the present study we cloned a cathepsin L-like proteinase from T. carassii. The nucleotide sequence of 1371bp translated into a preproprotein of 456 amino acids. The preproprotein contained the oxyanion hole (Gln), the active triad formed by Cys, His and Asn and the conserved ERFNIN-like, GNFD and GCNGG motifs, characteristic for cathepsin L proteinases. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the T. carassii cysteine proteinase clustered with other cathepsin L-like proteinases from the Trypanosomatida. We produced a recombinant T. carassii cysteine proteinase in Escherichia coli and demonstrated that it has cathepsin L activity. Immunization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) with the recombinant protein induced a very high increase in proteinase-specific antibodies but only slightly lowered parasitaemia. Our findings suggest that the T. carassii cysteine proteinase is highly conserved within the Trypanosomatida with respect to structure and activity but is not a major protective antigen in carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ruszczyk
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Silva FB, Monteiro ACS, Del Sarto RP, Marra BM, Dias SC, Figueira ELZ, Oliveira GR, Rocha TL, Souza DSL, da Silva MCM, Franco OL, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Proregion of Acanthoscelides obtectus cysteine proteinase: a novel peptide with enhanced selectivity toward endogenous enzymes. Peptides 2007; 28:1292-8. [PMID: 17485144 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acanthoscelides obtectus is a devastating storage insect pest capable of causing severe bean crop losses. In order to maintain their own development, insect pest larvae feed continuously, synthesizing efficient digestive enzymes. Among them, cysteine proteinases (CPs) are commonly produced as inactive precursors (procysteines), requiring a cleavage of the peptide proregion to become active. The proregion fits tightly into the active site of procysteines, efficiently preventing their activity. In this report, a CP cDNA (cpao) was isolated from A. obtectus midgut larvae. In silico studies indicated that the complete CP sequence contains a hydrophobic signal peptide, a prodomain and a conserved catalytic region. Moreover, the encoding cDNA contains 963bp translating into a 321 residue protein, CPAo, which was expressed in E. coli, fused with thioredoxin. Enzymatic assays using the recombinant protein revealed that the enzyme was catalytically active, being able to cleave the synthetic substrate Z-Phe-Arg-7-AMC. Additionally, this report also focuses the cpao propeptide (PCPAo) subcloning and expression. The expressed propeptide efficiently inhibited CPAo, as well as digestive CP of other bean bruchids. Little or no activity was found against proteolytic enzymes of two other coleopterans: Rhyzopertha dominica and Anthonomus grandis. The data reported here indicate the possibility of endogenous propeptides as a novel strategy on bruchids control, which could be applicable to bean improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Silva
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília-DF 70770-900, Brazil
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14
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Reis FCG, Costa TFR, Sulea T, Mezzetti A, Scharfstein J, Brömme D, Ménard R, Lima APCA. The propeptide of cruzipain--a potent selective inhibitor of the trypanosomal enzymes cruzipain and brucipain, and of the human enzyme cathepsin F. FEBS J 2007; 274:1224-34. [PMID: 17298440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases of pathogenic protozoa play important roles in parasite growth, differentiation and host cell invasion. The main cysteine proteases of Trypanosoma cruzi (cruzipain) and of Trypanosoma brucei (brucipain) are validated targets for the development of new chemotherapies. These proteases are synthesized as precursors and activated upon removal of the N-terminal prodomain. Here we report potent and selective inhibition of cruzipain and brucipain by the recombinant full-length prodomain of cruzipain. The propeptide did not inhibit human cathepsins S, K or B or papain at the tested concentrations, and moderately inhibited human cathepsin V. Human cathepsin F was very efficiently inhibited (K(i) of 32 pm), an interesting finding indicating that cruzipain propeptide is able to discriminate cathepsin F from other cathepsin L-like enzymes. Comparative structural modeling and analysis identified the interaction between the beta1p-alpha3p loop of the propeptide and the propeptide-binding loop of mature enzymes as a plausible cause of the observed inhibitory selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia C G Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saude, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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15
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Godat E, Chowdhury S, Lecaille F, Belghazi M, Purisima EO, Lalmanach G. Inhibition of a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease by a chimeric propeptide-derived inhibitor. Biochemistry 2005; 44:10486-93. [PMID: 16060657 DOI: 10.1021/bi047590o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Like other papain-related cathepsins, congopain from Trypanosoma congolense is synthesized as a zymogen. We have previously identified a proregion-derived peptide (Pcp27), acting as a weak and reversible inhibitor of congopain. Pcp27 contains a 5-mer YHNGA motif, which is essential for selectivity in the inhibition of its mature form [Lalmanach, G., Lecaille, F., Chagas, J. R., Authié, E., Scharfstein, J., Juliano, M. A., and Gauthier, F. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 25112-25116]. In the work presented here, a homology model of procongopain was generated and subsequently used to model a chimeric 50-mer peptide (called H3-Pcp27) corresponding to the covalent linkage of an unrelated peptide (H3 helix from Antennapedia) to Pcp27. Molecular simulations suggested that H3-Pcp27 (pI = 9.99) maintains an N-terminal helical conformation, and establishes more complementary electrostatic interactions (E(coul) = -25.77 kcal/mol) than 16N-Pcp27, the 34-mer Pcp27 sequence plus the 16 native residues upstream from the proregion (E(coul) = 0.20 kcal/mol), with the acid catalytic domain (pI = 5.2) of the mature enzyme. In silico results correlated with the significant improvement of congopain inhibition by H3-Pcp27 (K(i) = 24 nM), compared to 16N-Pcp27 (K(i) = 1 microM). In addition, virtual alanine scanning of H3 and 16N identified the residues contributing most to binding affinity. Both peptides did not inhibit human cathepsins B and L. In conclusion, these data support the notion that the positively charged H3 helix favors binding, without modifying the selectivity of Pcp27 for congopain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Godat
- INSERM, U618, Tours F-37000, France, Université François Rabelais, Tours F-37000, France, IFR 135, Tours F-37000, France
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16
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Singh N, Jabeen T, Sharma S, Roy I, Gupta MN, Bilgrami S, Somvanshi RK, Dey S, Perbandt M, Betzel C, Srinivasan A, Singh TP. Detection of native peptides as potent inhibitors of enzymes. FEBS J 2004; 272:562-72. [PMID: 15654893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2004.04499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chymotrypsin is a prominent member of the family of serine proteases. The present studies demonstrate the presence of a native fragment containing 14 residues from Ile16 to Trp29 in alpha-chymotrypsin that binds to chymotrypsin at the active site with an exceptionally high affinity of 2.7 +/- 0.3 x 10(-11) M and thus works as a highly potent competitive inhibitor. The commercially available alpha-chymotrypsin was processed through a three phase partitioning system (TPP). The treated enzyme showed considerably enhanced activity. The 14 residue fragment was produced by autodigestion of a TPP-treated alpha-chymotrypsin during a long crystallization process that lasted more than four months. The treated enzyme was purified and kept for crystallization using vapour the diffusion method at 295 K. Twenty milligrams of lyophilized protein were dissolved in 1 mL of 25 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.8. It was equilibrated against the same buffer containing 1.2 M ammonium sulfate. The rectangular crystals of small dimensions of 0.24 x 0.15 x 0.10 mm(3) were obtained. The X-ray intensity data were collected at 2.2 angstroms resolution and the structure was refined to an R-factor of 0.192. An extra electron density was observed at the binding site of alpha-chymotrypsin, which was readily interpreted as a 14 residue fragment of alpha-chymotrypsin corresponding to Ile-Val-Asn-Gly-Glu-Glu-Ala-Val-Pro-Gly-Ser-Trp-Pro-Trp(16-29). The electron density for the eight residues of the C-terminus, i.e. Ala22-Trp29, which were completely buried in the binding cleft of the enzyme, was of excellent quality and all the side chains of these eight residues were clearly modeled into it. However, the remaining six residues from the N-terminus, Ile16-Glu21 were poorly defined although the backbone density was good. There was a continuous electron density at 3.0 sigma between the active site Ser195 Ogamma and the carbonyl carbon atom of Trp29 of the fragment. The final refined coordinates showed a distance of 1.35 angstroms between Ser195 Ogamma and Trp29 C indicating the presence of a covalent linkage between the enzyme and the native fragment. This meant that the enzyme formed an acyl intermediate with the autodigested fragment Ile16-Trp29. In addition to the O-C covalent bond, there were several hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between the enzyme and the native fragment. The fragment showed a high complementarity with the binding site of alpha-chymotrypsin and the buried part of the fragment matched excellently with the corresponding buried part of Turkey ovomucoid inhibitor of alpha-chymotrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India
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17
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Kurata M, Hirata M, Watabe S, Miyake M, Takahashi SY, Yamamoto Y. Expression, purification, and inhibitory activities of mouse cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2alpha. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 32:119-25. [PMID: 14680948 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(03)00222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2003] [Revised: 07/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2 (CTLA-2) is a novel cysteine proteinase inhibitor. The protein sequence is homologous to the proregion of mouse cathepsin L. Here, we report the expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant CTLA-2 (CTLA-2alpha). CTLA-2alpha was cloned into the pET16b vector and the plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) pLysS. The recombinant CTLA-2alpha was highly expressed and purified by His-Bind affinity chromatography, Factor Xa digestion, and hydrophobic chromatography. Throughout these procedures, 3mg recombinant CTLA-2alpha was obtained from 450 ml of bacterial culture medium. The purified protein exhibited inhibitory activities towards certain cysteine proteinases and was properly refolded, as indicated by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Recombinant CTLA-2alpha fully inhibited Bombyx cysteine proteinase (BCP) (overall Kd (Ki*) = 0.23 nM) and and cathepsin L (overall Kd (Ki*) = 0.38 nM). Inhibition of cathepsin H ( Ki = 86 nM) and papain ( Ki = 560 nM) was much weaker, while inhibition of cathepsin B was negligible ( Ki > 1 microM). Our results indicate that mouse CTLA-2alpha is a selective inhibitor of the cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kurata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Radiation Biology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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18
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Serveau C, Boulangé A, Lecaille F, Gauthier F, Authié E, Lalmanach G. Procongopain from Trypanosoma congolense is processed at basic pH: an unusual feature among cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases. Biol Chem 2003; 384:921-7. [PMID: 12887059 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Congopain, the major cysteine protease from Trypanosoma congolense, is synthesized as an inactive zymogen, and further converted into its active form after removal of the proregion, most probably via an autocatalytic mechanism. Processing of recombinant procongopain occurs via an apparent one-step or a multistep mechanism depending on the ionic strength. The auto-activation is pH-dependent, with an optimum at pH 4.0, and no activation observed at pH 6.0. After addition of dextran sulfate (10 microg/ml), an approx. 20-fold increase of processing (expressed as enzymatic activity) is observed. Furthermore, in the presence of dextran sulfate, procongopain can be processed at pH 8.0, an unusual feature among papain-like enzymes. Detection of procongopain and trypanosomal enzymatic activity in the plasma of T. congolense-infected cattle, together with the capacity of procongopain to be activated at weakly basic pH, suggest that procongopain may be extracellularly processed in the presence of blood vessel glycosaminoglycans, supporting the hypothesis that congopain acts as a pathogenic factor in host-parasite relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Serveau
- Protéases et Vectorisation, INSERM EMI-U 00.10, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Chimie des Protéines, Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours, France
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19
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Chowdhury SF, Sivaraman J, Wang J, Devanathan G, Lachance P, Qi H, Ménard R, Lefebvre J, Konishi Y, Cygler M, Sulea T, Purisima EO. Design of noncovalent inhibitors of human cathepsin L. From the 96-residue proregion to optimized tripeptides. J Med Chem 2002; 45:5321-9. [PMID: 12431059 DOI: 10.1021/jm020238t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of noncovalent inhibitors of cathepsin L have been designed to mimic the mode of autoinhibition of procathepsin L. Just like the propeptide, these peptide-based inhibitors have a reverse-binding mode relative to a substrate and span both the S' and S subsites of the enzyme active site. In contrast to previous studies in which even moderate truncation of the full-length propeptide led to rapid reduction in potency, these blocked tripeptide-sized inhibitors maintain nanomolar potency. Moreover, these short peptides show higher selectivity (up to 310-fold) for inhibiting cathepsin L over K versus only 2-fold selectivity of the 96-residue propeptide of cathepsin L. A 1.9 A X-ray crystallographic structure of the complex of cathepsin L with one of the inhibitors confirms the designed reverse-binding mode of the inhibitor as well as its noncovalent nature. Enzymatic analysis also shows the inhibitors to be resistant to hydrolysis at elevated concentrations of the enzyme. The mode of inhibition of these molecules provides a general strategy for inhibiting other cathepsins as well as other proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafinaz F Chowdhury
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H4P 2R2, Canada
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20
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Lalmanach G, Boulangé A, Serveau C, Lecaille F, Scharfstein J, Gauthier F, Authié E. Congopain from Trypanosoma congolense: drug target and vaccine candidate. Biol Chem 2002; 383:739-49. [PMID: 12108538 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are the etiological agents of human sleeping sickness and livestock trypanosomosis (nagana), which are major diseases in Africa. Their cysteine proteases (CPs), which are members of the papain family, are expressed during the infective stages of the parasites' life cycle. They are suspected to act as pathogenic factors in the mammalian host, where they also trigger prominent immune responses. Trypanosoma congolense, a major pathogenic species in livestock, possesses at least two families of closely related CPs, named CP1 and CP2. Congopain, a CP2-type of enzyme, shares structural and functional resemblances with cruzipain from T. cruzi and with mammalian cathepsin L. Like CPs from other Trypanosomatids, congopain might be an attractive target for trypanocidal drugs. Here we summarise the current knowledge in the two main areas of research on congopain: first, the biochemical properties of congopain were characterised and its substrate specificity was determined, as a first step towards drug design; second, the possibility was being explored that inhibition of congopain by host-specific antibodies may mitigate the pathology associated with trypanosome infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Lalmanach
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Chimie des Protéines, INSERM EMI-U 00.10, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
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21
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Lecaille F, Cotton J, McKerrow JH, Ferrer-Di Martino M, Boll-Bataillé E, Gauthier F, Lalmanach G. Reversible inhibition of cathepsin L-like proteases by 4-mer pseudopeptides. FEBS Lett 2001; 507:362-6. [PMID: 11696372 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A library of 121 pseudopeptides was designed to develop reversible inhibitors of trypanosomal enzymes (cruzain from Trypanosoma cruzi and congopain from Trypanosoma congolense). The peptides share the framework: Cha-X1-X2-Pro (Cha=cyclohexyl-alanine, X1 and X2 were phenylalanyl analogs), based on a previous report [Lecaille, F., Authié, E., Moreau, T., Serveau, C., Gauthier, F. and Lalmanach, G. (2001) Eur. J. Biochem. 268, 2733-2741]. Five peptides containing a nitro-substituted aromatic residue (Tyr/Phe) and one a 4-chloro-phenylalanine at the X1 position, and 3-(2-naphthyl)-alanine, homocyclohexylalanine or 3-nitro-tyrosine (3-NO(2)-Tyr) at the X2 position, were selected. They inhibited congopain more effectively than cruzain, except Cha-4-NO(2)-Phe-3-NO(2)-Tyr-Pro which bound the two parasitic enzymes similarly. Among this series, Cha-3-NO(2)-Tyr-HoCha-Pro and Cha-4-NO(2)-Phe-3-NO(2)-Tyr-Pro are the most selective for congopain relative to host cathepsins. No hydrolysis occurred upon prolonged incubation time with purified enzymes. In addition introduction of non-proteogenic residues in the peptidyl backbone greatly enhanced resistance to proteolysis by mammalian sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lecaille
- Laboratoire d"Enzymologie et Chimie des Protéines, INSERM EMI-U 0010, Université Francois Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
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22
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Alves LC, St Hilaire PM, Meldal M, Sanderson SJ, Mottram JC, Coombs GH, Juliano L, Juliano MA. Identification of peptides inhibitory to recombinant cysteine proteinase, CPB, of Leishmania mexicana. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2001; 114:81-8. [PMID: 11356516 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(01)00239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have identified peptides that are relatively resistant to hydrolysis by a recombinant cysteine proteinase, CPB2.8DeltaCTE, of Leishmania mexicana, and yet exhibit inhibition constant (K(i)) values in the nanomolar range. Common to these peptides is a basic-hydrophobic-hydrophobic motif in the P3-P1 sites, which is also present in the pro-region of the enzyme. A nine-amino acid stretch, FAARYLNGA, which has good homology to the pro-region of mammalian cathepsin L was identified as the part of the pro-region most likely to interact with the active site of the parasite enzyme. This peptide is not hydrolyzed by CPB2.8DeltaCTE and inhibited it with a K(i) of 4 microM. Extension of this sequence at both the N- and C-termini and the introduction of ortho-aminobenzoic acid at the N-terminal site reduced the K(i) value to 30 nM. The best substrate for CPB2.8DeltaCTE was also well hydrolyzed by cathepsin L, however the best inhibitor of the parasite enzyme inhibit poorly cathepsin L, with K(i) value two order of magnitude higher than against the parasite enzyme. These promising data provide insights into the peculiar specificity of the parasite enzyme and will aid the design of antiparasitic drugs directed against the leishmanial enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Alves
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Tres de Maio 100, 04044-20, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Rigden DJ, Monteiro AC, Grossi de Sá MF. The protease inhibitor chagasin of Trypanosoma cruzi adopts an immunoglobulin-type fold and may have arisen by horizontal gene transfer. FEBS Lett 2001; 504:41-4. [PMID: 11522293 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chagasin, a protein from Trypanosoma cruzi, is the first member of a new family of tight binding cysteine protease inhibitors [Monteiro, A.C.S., Abrahamson, M., Lima, A.P.C., Vannier-Santos, M.A. and Scharfstein, J. (2001) J. Cell Sci., in press] [corrected]. Despite its lack of significant sequence identity with known proteins, convincing structural models, using variable light chain templates, could be constructed on the basis of threading results. Experimental support for the final structure came from inhibition data for overlapping oligopeptides spanning the chagasin sequence. Chagasin therefore exemplifies a new protease inhibitor structural class and a new natural use for an immunoglobulin-like domain. Limited sequence resemblance suggests that chagasin may represent the result of a rare horizontal gene transfer from host to parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Rigden
- National Centre of Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Cenargen/Embrapa, S.A.I.N. Parque Rural, Final W5 Norte, 70770-900, Brasilia, Brazil.
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24
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Lecaille F, Authié E, Moreau T, Serveau C, Gauthier F, Lalmanach G. Subsite specificity of trypanosomal cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases. Probing the S2 pocket with phenylalanine-derived amino acids. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:2733-41. [PMID: 11322895 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The S2 subsite of mammalian cysteine proteinases of the papain family is essential for specificity. Among natural amino acids, all these enzymes prefer bulky hydrophobic residues such as phenylalanine at P2. This holds true for their trypanosomal counterparts: cruzain from Trypanosoma cruzi and congopain from T. congolense. A detailed analysis of the S2 specificity of parasitic proteases was performed to gain information that might be of interest for the design of more selective pseudopeptidyl inhibitors. Nonproteogenic phenylalanyl analogs (Xaa) have been introduced into position P2 of fluorogenic substrates dansyl-Xaa-Arg-Ala-Pro-Trp, and their kinetic constants (Km, kcat/Km) have been determined with congopain and cruzain, and related host cathepsins B and L. Trypanosomal cysteine proteases are poorly stereoselective towards D/L-Phe, the inversion of chirality modifying the efficiency of the reaction but not the Km. Congopain binds cyclohexylalanine better than aromatic Phe derivatives. Another characteristic feature of congopain compared to cruzain and cathepsins B and L was that it could accomodate a phenylglycyl residue (kcat/Km = 1300 mM-1.s-1), while lengthening of the side chain by a methylene group only slightly impaired the specificity constant towards trypanosomal cysteine proteases. Mono- and di-halogenation or nitration of Phe did not affect Km for cathepsin L-like enzymes, but the presence of constrained Phe derivatives prevented a correct fitting into the S2 subsite. A model of congopain has been built to study the fit of Phe analogs within the S2 pocket. Phe analogs adopted a positioning within the S2 pocket similar to that of the Tyr of the cruzain/Z-Tyr-Ala-fluoromethylketone complex. However, cyclohexylalanine has an energetically favorable chair-like conformation and can penetrate deeper into the subsite. Fitting of modeled Phe analogs were in good agreement with kinetic parameters. Furthermore, a linear relationship could be established with logP, supporting the suggestion that fitting into the S2 pocket of trypanosomal cysteine proteases depends on the hydrophobicity of Phe analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lecaille
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Protein Chemistry, INSERM EMI-U 00-10, University François Rabelais, Faculty of Medicine, Tours, France
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25
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Billington CJ, Mason P, Magny MC, Mort JS. The slow-binding inhibition of cathepsin K by its propeptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 276:924-9. [PMID: 11027570 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A peptide corresponding to the full-length proregion (amino acids 16-114) of human cathepsin K was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. This recombinant propeptide was investigated for its ability to inhibit the activity of three cysteine proteinases: cathepsins K, L, and B. Kinetic studies showed the propeptide to be a potent slow-binding inhibitor of its parent enzyme with a K(i) = 2. 61 nM at pH 6. This inhibition was pH-dependent, with a decrease in pH from 6 to 4 leading to a concomitant increase in K(i) to 147 nM. The propeptide also inhibited cathepsin L with a K(i) = 26.1 nM at pH 6, but showed little inhibition of cathepsin B at concentrations up to 400 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Billington
- Joint Diseases Laboratory, Shriners Hospital for Children, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A6, Canada
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26
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Sanderson SJ, Pollock KG, Hilley JD, Meldal M, Hilaire PS, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Mottram JC, Coombs GH. Expression and characterization of a recombinant cysteine proteinase of Leishmania mexicana. Biochem J 2000; 347:383-8. [PMID: 10749667 PMCID: PMC1220970 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3470383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A major cysteine proteinase (CPB) of Leishmania mexicana, that is predominantly expressed in the form of the parasite that causes disease in mammals, has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified from inclusion bodies to apparent homogeneity. The CPB enzyme, CPB2.8, was expressed as an inactive pro-form lacking the characteristic C-terminal extension (CPB2.8DeltaCTE). Pro-region processing was initiated during protein refolding and proceeded through several intermediate stages. Maximum enzyme activity accompanied removal of the entire pro-region. This was facilitated by acidification. Purified mature enzyme gave a single band on SDS/PAGE and gelatin SDS/PAGE gels, co-migrated with native enzyme in L. mexicana lysates, and had the same N-terminal sequence as the native enzyme. The procedure yielded >3.5 mg of active enzyme per litre of E. coli culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Sanderson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joseph Black Building, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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27
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Almeida PC, Nantes IL, Rizzi CC, Júdice WA, Chagas JR, Juliano L, Nader HB, Tersariol IL. Cysteine proteinase activity regulation. A possible role of heparin and heparin-like glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:30433-8. [PMID: 10521421 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.43.30433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Papain is considered to be the archetype of cysteine proteinases. The interaction of heparin and other glycosaminoglycans with papain may be representative of many mammalian cysteine proteinase-glycosaminoglycan interactions that can regulate the function of this class of proteinases in vivo. The conformational changes in papain structure due to glycosaminoglycan interaction were studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy, and the changes in enzyme behavior were studied by kinetic analysis, monitored with fluorogenic substrate. The presence of heparin significantly increases the alpha-helix content of papain. Heparin binding to papain was demonstrated by affinity chromatography and shown to be mediated by electrostatic interactions. The incubation of papain with heparin promoted a powerful increase in the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. In order to probe the glycosaminoglycan structure requirements for the papain interaction, the effects of two other glycosaminoglycans were tested. Like heparin, heparan sulfate, to a lesser degree, was able to decrease the papain substrate affinity, and it simultaneously induced alpha-helix structure in papain. On the other hand, dermatan sulfate was not able to decrease the substrate affinity and did not induce alpha-helix structure in papain. Heparin stabilizes the papain structure and thereby its activity at alkaline pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Almeida
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade Mogi das Cruzes, Prédio II, Brazil
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28
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Czaplewski C, Grzonka Z, Jaskólski M, Kasprzykowski F, Kozak M, Politowska E, Ciarkowski J. Binding modes of a new epoxysuccinyl-peptide inhibitor of cysteine proteases. Where and how do cysteine proteases express their selectivity? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1431:290-305. [PMID: 10350606 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Papain from Carica papaya, an easily available cysteine protease, is the best-studied representative of this family of enzymes. The three dimensional structure of papain is very similar to that of other cysteine proteases of either plant (actinidin, caricain, papaya protease IV) or animal (cathepsins B, K, L, H) origin. As abnormalities in the activities of mammalian cysteine proteases accompany a variety of diseases, there has been a long-lasting interest in the development of potent and selective inhibitors for these enzymes. A covalent inhibitor of cysteine proteases, designed as a combination of epoxysuccinyl and peptide moieties, has been modeled in the catalytic pocket of papain. A number of its configurations have been generated and relaxed by constrained simulated annealing-molecular dynamics in water. A clear conformational variability of this inhibitor is discussed in the context of a conspicuous conformational diversity observed earlier in several solid-state structures of other complexes between cysteine proteases and covalent inhibitors. The catalytic pockets S2 and even more so S3, as defined by the pioneering studies on the papain-ZPACK, papain-E64c and papain-leupeptin complexes, appear elusive in view of the evident flexibility of the present inhibitor and in confrontation with the obvious conformational scatter seen in other examples. This predicts limited chances for the development of selective structure-based inhibitors of thiol proteases, designed to exploit the minute differences in the catalytic pockets of various members of this family. A simultaneous comparison of the three published proenzyme structures suggests the enzyme's prosegment binding loop-prosegment interface as a new potential target for selective inhibitors of papain-related thiol proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Czaplewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland
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