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Abstract
Cruzain is the major papain-like cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent causing Chagas' disease in humans in South America. Cruzain is indispensable for the survival and propagation of this protozoan parasite and therefore, it has attracted considerable interest as a potential drug target. This chapter charts the path from the initial identification of this proteases activity and its validation as a bone fide drug target to the arduous task of the discovery of an inhibitor targeting this protease and finally the path towards the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sajid
- Afd. Parasitologie, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Chen YT, Brinen LS, Kerr ID, Hansell E, Doyle PS, McKerrow JH, Roush WR. In vitro and in vivo studies of the trypanocidal properties of WRR-483 against Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4. [PMID: 20856868 PMCID: PMC2939063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cruzain, the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi, is an essential enzyme for the parasite life cycle and has been validated as a viable target to treat Chagas' disease. As a proof-of-concept, K11777, a potent inhibitor of cruzain, was found to effectively eliminate T. cruzi infection and is currently a clinical candidate for treatment of Chagas' disease. Methodology/Principal Findings WRR-483, an analog of K11777, was synthesized and evaluated as an inhibitor of cruzain and against T. cruzi proliferation in cell culture. This compound demonstrates good potency against cruzain with sensitivity to pH conditions and high efficacy in the cell culture assay. Furthermore, WRR-483 also eradicates parasite infection in a mouse model of acute Chagas' disease. To determine the atomic-level details of the inhibitor interacting with cruzain, a 1.5 Å crystal structure of the protease in complex with WRR-483 was solved. The structure illustrates that WRR-483 binds covalently to the active site cysteine of the protease in a similar manner as other vinyl sulfone-based inhibitors. Details of the critical interactions within the specificity binding pocket are also reported. Conclusions We demonstrate that WRR-483 is an effective cysteine protease inhibitor with trypanocidal activity in cell culture and animal model with comparable efficacy to K11777. Crystallographic evidence confirms that the mode of action is by targeting the active site of cruzain. Taken together, these results suggest that WRR-483 has potential to be developed as a treatment for Chagas' disease. Current drugs for Chagas' disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection, are limited in efficacy and are severely toxic. Hence the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents targeting T. cruzi infections is an important undertaking. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in cruzain, the major protease in T. cruzi, as a target to treat Chagas' disease. Herein, we present the synthesis of WRR-483, a small molecule designed as an irreversible cysteine protease inhibitor, and an assessment of its biological activity against cruzain and T. cruzi infection. This compound displays pH-dependent affinity for cruzain and highly effective trypanocidal activity in both cell cuture and a mouse model of acute Chagas' disease. The crystal structure of WRR-483 bound to cruzain elucidates the details of inhibitor binding to the enzyme. Based on these results, this inhibitor is a promising compound for the development of therapeutics for Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Linda S. Brinen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Iain D. Kerr
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Hansell
- Department of Pathology and the Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia S. Doyle
- Department of Pathology and the Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Department of Pathology and the Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - William R. Roush
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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He C, Nora GP, Schneider EL, Kerr ID, Hansell E, Hirata K, Gonzalez D, Sajid M, Boyd SE, Hruz P, Cobo ER, Le C, Liu WT, Eckmann L, Dorrestein PC, Houpt ER, Brinen LS, Craik CS, Roush WR, McKerrow J, Reed SL. A novel Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinase, EhCP4, is key for invasive amebiasis and a therapeutic target. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:18516-27. [PMID: 20378535 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.086181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinases (EhCPs) play a key role in disrupting the colonic epithelial barrier and the innate host immune response during invasion of E. histolytica, the protozoan cause of human amebiasis. EhCPs are encoded by 50 genes, of which ehcp4 (ehcp-a4) is the most up-regulated during invasion and colonization in a mouse cecal model of amebiasis. Up-regulation of ehcp4 in vivo correlated with our finding that co-culture of E. histolytica trophozoites with mucin-producing T84 cells increased ehcp4 expression up to 6-fold. We have expressed recombinant EhCP4, which was autocatalytically activated at acidic pH but had highest proteolytic activity at neutral pH. In contrast to the other amebic cysteine proteinases characterized so far, which have a preference for arginine in the P2 position, EhCP4 displayed a unique preference for valine and isoleucine at P2. This preference was confirmed by homology modeling, which revealed a shallow, hydrophobic S2 pocket. Endogenous EhCP4 localized to cytoplasmic vesicles, the nuclear region, and perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Following co-culture with colonic cells, EhCP4 appeared in acidic vesicles and was released extracellularly. A specific vinyl sulfone inhibitor, WRR605, synthesized based on the substrate specificity of EhCP4, inhibited the recombinant enzyme in vitro and significantly reduced parasite burden and inflammation in the mouse cecal model. The unique expression pattern, localization, and biochemical properties of EhCP4 could be exploited as a potential target for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen He
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92103-8416, USA
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4
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Brak K, Kerr ID, Barrett KT, Fuchi N, Debnath M, Ang K, Engel JC, McKerrow JH, Doyle PS, Brinen LS, Ellman JA. Nonpeptidic tetrafluorophenoxymethyl ketone cruzain inhibitors as promising new leads for Chagas disease chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1763-73. [PMID: 20088534 DOI: 10.1021/jm901633v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A century after discovering that the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite is the etiological agent of Chagas disease, treatment is still plagued by limited efficacy, toxicity, and the emergence of drug resistance. The development of inhibitors of the major T. cruzi cysteine protease, cruzain, has been demonstrated to be a promising drug discovery avenue for this neglected disease. Here we establish that a nonpeptidic tetrafluorophenoxymethyl ketone cruzain inhibitor substantially ameliorates symptoms of acute Chagas disease in a mouse model with no apparent toxicity. A high-resolution crystal structure confirmed the mode of inhibition and revealed key binding interactions of this novel inhibitor class. Subsequent structure-guided optimization then resulted in inhibitor analogues with improvements in potency despite minimal or no additions in molecular weight. Evaluation of the analogues in cell culture showed enhanced activity. These results suggest that nonpeptidic tetrafluorophenoxymethyl ketone cruzain inhibitors have the potential to fulfill the urgent need for improved Chagas disease chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Brak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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McKerrow JH, Doyle PS, Engel JC, Podust LM, Robertson SA, Ferreira R, Saxton T, Arkin M, Kerr ID, Brinen LS, Craik CS. Two approaches to discovering and developing new drugs for Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104 Suppl 1:263-9. [PMID: 19753483 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will focus on two general approaches carried out at the Sandler Center, University of California, San Francisco, to address the challenge of developing new drugs for the treatment of Chagas disease. The first approach is target-based drug discovery, and two specific targets, cytochrome P450 CYP51 and cruzain (aka cruzipain), are discussed. A 'proof of concept' molecule, the vinyl sulfone inhibitor K777, is now a clinical candidate. The preclinical assessment compliance for filing as an Investigational New Drug with the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is presented, and an outline of potential clinical trials is given. The second approach to identifying new drug leads is parasite phenotypic screens in culture. The development of an assay allowing high throughput screening of Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes in skeletal muscle cells is presented. This screen has the advantage of not requiring specific strains of parasites, so it could be used with field isolates, drug resistant strains or laboratory strains. It is optimized for robotic liquid handling and has been validated through a screen of a library of FDA-approved drugs identifying 65 hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H McKerrow
- Sandler Center at Mission Bay, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2330, USA.
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Bryant C, Kerr ID, Debnath M, Ang KKH, Ratnam J, Ferreira RS, Jaishankar P, Zhao D, Arkin MR, McKerrow JH, Brinen LS, Renslo AR. Novel non-peptidic vinylsulfones targeting the S2 and S3 subsites of parasite cysteine proteases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6218-21. [PMID: 19773167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the identification of non-peptidic vinylsulfones that inhibit parasite cysteine proteases in vitro and inhibit the growth of Trypanosoma brucei brucei parasites in culture. A high resolution (1.75 A) co-crystal structure of 8a bound to cruzain reveals how the non-peptidic P2/P3 moiety in such analogs bind the S2 and S3 subsites of the protease, effectively recapitulating important binding interactions present in more traditional peptide-based protease inhibitors and natural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Bryant
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Kerr ID, Lee JH, Farady CJ, Marion R, Rickert M, Sajid M, Pandey KC, Caffrey CR, Legac J, Hansell E, McKerrow JH, Craik CS, Rosenthal PJ, Brinen LS. Vinyl sulfones as antiparasitic agents and a structural basis for drug design. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25697-703. [PMID: 19620707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.014340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteases of the papain superfamily are implicated in a number of cellular processes and are important virulence factors in the pathogenesis of parasitic disease. These enzymes have therefore emerged as promising targets for antiparasitic drugs. We report the crystal structures of three major parasite cysteine proteases, cruzain, falcipain-3, and the first reported structure of rhodesain, in complex with a class of potent, small molecule, cysteine protease inhibitors, the vinyl sulfones. These data, in conjunction with comparative inhibition kinetics, provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that drive cysteine protease inhibition by vinyl sulfones, the binding specificity of these important proteases and the potential of vinyl sulfones as antiparasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D Kerr
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, USA
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Kerr ID, Lee JH, Pandey KC, Harrison A, Sajid M, Rosenthal PJ, Brinen LS. Structures of falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 bound to small molecule inhibitors: implications for substrate specificity. J Med Chem 2009; 52:852-7. [PMID: 19128015 PMCID: PMC2651692 DOI: 10.1021/jm8013663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 are critical hemoglobinases of Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent human malaria parasite. We have determined the 2.9 Å crystal structure of falcipain-2 in complex with the epoxysuccinate E64 and the 2.5 Å crystal structure of falcipain-3 in complex with the aldehyde leupeptin. These complexes represent the first crystal structures of plasmodial cysteine proteases with small molecule inhibitors and the first reported crystal structure of falcipain-3. Our structural analyses indicate that the relative shape and flexibility of the S2 pocket are affected by a number of discrete amino acid substitutions. The cumulative effect of subtle differences, including those at “gatekeeper” positions, may explain the observed kinetic differences between these two closely related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D Kerr
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Huang R, Que X, Hirata K, Brinen LS, Lee JH, Hansell E, Engel J, Sajid M, Reed S. The cathepsin L of Toxoplasma gondii (TgCPL) and its endogenous macromolecular inhibitor, toxostatin. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 164:86-94. [PMID: 19111576 PMCID: PMC2663568 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite of all vertebrates, including man. Successful invasion and replication requires the synchronized release of parasite proteins, many of which require proteolytic processing. Unlike most parasites, T. gondii has a limited number of Clan CA, family C1 cysteine proteinases with one cathepsin B (TgCPB), one cathepsin L (TgCPL) and three cathepsin Cs (TgCPC1, 2, 3). Previously, we characterized toxopain, the only cathepsin B enzyme, which localizes to the rhoptry organelle. Two cathepsin Cs are trafficked through dense granules to the parasitophorous vacuole where they degrade peptides. We now report the cloning, expression, and modeling of the sole cathepsin L gene and the identification of two new endogenous inhibitors. TgCPL differs from human cathepsin L with a pH optimum of 6.5 and its substrate preference for leucine (vs. phenylalanine) in the P2 position. This distinct preference is explained by homology modeling, which reveals a non-canonical aspartic acid (Asp 216) at the base of the predicted active site S2 pocket, which limits substrate access. To further our understanding of the regulation of cathepsins in T. gondii, we identified two genes encoding endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitors (ICPs or toxostatins), which are active against both TgCPB and TgCPL in the nanomolar range. Over expression of toxostatin-1 significantly decreased overall cysteine proteinase activity in parasite lysates, but had no detectable effect on invasion or intracellular multiplication. These findings provide important insights into the proteolytic cascades of T. gondii and their endogenous control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92103
| | - Xuchu Que
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92103
| | - Ken Hirata
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92103
| | - Linda S. Brinen
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Elizabeth Hansell
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Juan Engel
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mohammed Sajid
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Sharon Reed
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92103
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92103
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10
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Stack CM, Caffrey CR, Donnelly SM, Seshaadri A, Lowther J, Tort JF, Collins PR, Robinson MW, Xu W, McKerrow JH, Craik CS, Geiger SR, Marion R, Brinen LS, Dalton JP. Structural and functional relationships in the virulence-associated cathepsin L proteases of the parasitic liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:9896-908. [PMID: 18160404 PMCID: PMC3979170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708521200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The helminth parasite Fasciola hepatica secretes cysteine proteases to facilitate tissue invasion, migration, and development within the mammalian host. The major proteases cathepsin L1 (FheCL1) and cathepsin L2 (FheCL2) were recombinantly produced and biochemically characterized. By using site-directed mutagenesis, we show that residues at position 67 and 205, which lie within the S2 pocket of the active site, are critical in determining the substrate and inhibitor specificity. FheCL1 exhibits a broader specificity and a higher substrate turnover rate compared with FheCL2. However, FheCL2 can efficiently cleave substrates with a Pro in the P2 position and degrade collagen within the triple helices at physiological pH, an activity that among cysteine proteases has only been reported for human cathepsin K. The 1.4-A three-dimensional structure of the FheCL1 was determined by x-ray crystallography, and the three-dimensional structure of FheCL2 was constructed via homology-based modeling. Analysis and comparison of these structures and our biochemical data with those of human cathepsins L and K provided an interpretation of the substrate-recognition mechanisms of these major parasite proteases. Furthermore, our studies suggest that a configuration involving residue 67 and the "gatekeeper" residues 157 and 158 situated at the entrance of the active site pocket create a topology that endows FheCL2 with its unusual collagenolytic activity. The emergence of a specialized collagenolytic function in Fasciola likely contributes to the success of this tissue-invasive parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M. Stack
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Sheila M. Donnelly
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Amritha Seshaadri
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Jonathan Lowther
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jose F. Tort
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- the Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del la Republica, General Flores 2125, CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Peter R. Collins
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Weibo Xu
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Charles S. Craik
- the Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, and
| | - Sebastian R. Geiger
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Rachel Marion
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Linda S. Brinen
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - John P. Dalton
- From the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Wang SX, Pandey KC, Scharfstein J, Whisstock J, Huang RK, Jacobelli J, Fletterick RJ, Rosenthal PJ, Abrahamson M, Brinen LS, Rossi A, Sali A, McKerrow JH. The structure of chagasin in complex with a cysteine protease clarifies the binding mode and evolution of an inhibitor family. Structure 2007; 15:535-43. [PMID: 17502099 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes regulate proteolysis and prevent the pathological effects of excess endogenous or exogenous proteases. Cysteine proteases are a large family of enzymes found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. Disturbance of the equilibrium between cysteine proteases and natural inhibitors is a key event in the pathogenesis of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and emphysema. A family (I42) of cysteine protease inhibitors (http://merops.sanger.ac.uk) was discovered in protozoan parasites and recently found widely distributed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. We report the 2.2 A crystal structure of the signature member of the I42 family, chagasin, in complex with a cysteine protease. Chagasin has a unique variant of the immunoglobulin fold with homology to human CD8alpha. Interactions of chagasin with a target protease are reminiscent of the cystatin family inhibitors. Protein inhibitors of cysteine proteases may have evolved more than once on nonhomologous scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie X Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Abstract
Enzyme catalysis reflects a dynamic interplay between charged and polar active site residues that facilitate function, stabilize transition states, and maintain overall protein stability. Previous studies show that substituting neutral for charged residues in the active site often significantly stabilizes a protein, suggesting a stability trade-off for functionality. In the enolase superfamily, a set of conserved active site residues (the "catalytic module") has repeatedly been used in nature in the evolution of many different enzymes for the performance of unique overall reactions involving a chemically diverse set of substrates. This catalytic module provides a robust solution for catalysis that delivers the common underlying partial reaction that supports all of the different overall chemical reactions of the superfamily. As this module has been so broadly conserved in the evolution of new functions, we sought to investigate the extent to which it follows the stability-function trade-off. Alanine substitutions were made for individual residues, groups of residues, and the entire catalytic module of o-succinylbenzoate synthase (OSBS), a member of the enolase superfamily from Escherichia coli. Of six individual residue substitutions, four (K131A, D161A, E190A, and D213A) substantially increased protein stability (by 0.46-4.23 kcal/mol), broadly consistent with prediction of a stability-activity trade-off. The residue most conserved across the superfamily, E190, is by far the most destabilizing. When the individual substitutions were combined into groups (as they are structurally and functionally organized), nonadditive stability effects emerged, supporting previous observations that residues within the module interact as two functional groups within a larger catalytic system. Thus, whereas the multiple-mutant enzymes D161A/E190A/D213A and K131A/K133A/D161A/E190A/D213A/K235A (termed 3KDED) are stabilized relative to the wild-type enzyme (by 1.77 and 3.68 kcal/mol, respectively), the net stabilization achieved in both cases is much weaker than what would be predicted if their stability contributions were additive. Organization of the catalytic module into systems that mitigate the expected stability cost due to the presence of highly charged active site residues may help to explain its repeated use for the evolution of many different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray A Nagatani
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall, Box 2550, Room 508E, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Stack CM, Donnelly S, Lowther J, Xu W, Collins PR, Brinen LS, Dalton JP. The major secreted cathepsin L1 protease of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica: a Leu-12 to Pro-12 replacement in the nonconserved C-terminal region of the prosegment prevents complete enzyme autoactivation and allows definition of the molecular events in prosegment removal. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16532-43. [PMID: 17403677 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611501200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A protease secreted by the parasitic helminth Fasciola hepatica, a 37-kDa procathepsin L1 (FheproCL1), autocatalytically processes and activates to its mature enzyme (FheCL1) over a wide pH range of 7.3 to 4.0, although activation is more rapid at low pH. Maturation initiates with cleavages of a small proportion of molecules within the central region of the prosegment, possibly by intramolecular events. However, activation to fully mature enzymes is achieved by a precise intermolecular cleavage at a Leu-12-Ser-11 downward arrowHis-10 sequence within the nonconserved C-terminal region of the prosegment. The importance of this cleavage site in enzyme activation was demonstrated using an active site variant FheproCL1Gly26 (Cys26 to Gly26) and a double variant FheproCL1Pro-12/Gly26 (Leu-12 to Pro-12), and although both of these variants cannot autocatalytically process, the former is susceptible to trans-processing at a Leu-12-Ser-11 downward arrowHis-10 sequence by pre-activated FheCL1, but the latter is not. Another F. hepatica secreted protease FheCL2, which, unlike FheCL1, can readily accept proline in the S2 subsite of its active site, can trans-process the double variant FheproCL1Pro-12/Gly26 by cleavage at the Pro-12-Ser-11 downward arrowHis-10 sequence. Furthermore, the autoactivation of a variant enzyme with a single replacement, FheproCL1Pro-12, was very slow but was increased 40-fold in the presence of FheCL2. These studies provide a molecular insight into the regulation of FheproCL1 autocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Stack
- Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Building 4, Harris Street, Ultimo, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Wang SX, Pandey KC, Somoza JR, Sijwali PS, Kortemme T, Brinen LS, Fletterick RJ, Rosenthal PJ, McKerrow JH. Structural basis for unique mechanisms of folding and hemoglobin binding by a malarial protease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:11503-8. [PMID: 16864794 PMCID: PMC1544199 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600489103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Falcipain-2 (FP2), the major cysteine protease of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is a hemoglobinase and promising drug target. Here we report the crystal structure of FP2 in complex with a protease inhibitor, cystatin. The FP2 structure reveals two previously undescribed cysteine protease structural motifs, designated FP2(nose) and FP2(arm), in addition to details of the active site that will help focus inhibitor design. Unlike most cysteine proteases, FP2 does not require a prodomain but only the short FP2(nose) motif to correctly fold and gain catalytic activity. Our structure and mutagenesis data suggest a molecular basis for this unique mechanism by highlighting the functional role of two Tyr within FP2(nose) and a conserved Glu outside this motif. The FP2(arm) motif is required for hemoglobinase activity. The structure reveals topographic features and a negative charge cluster surrounding FP2(arm) that suggest it may serve as an exo-site for hemoglobin binding. Motifs similar to FP2(nose) and FP2(arm) are found only in related plasmodial proteases, suggesting that they confer malaria-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie X. Wang
- *Department of Pathology and the Sandler Center, Box 2550, Byers Hall N508, and
| | - Kailash C. Pandey
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, Box 0811, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - John R. Somoza
- Celera Genomics, 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Puran S. Sijwali
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, Box 0811, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Tanja Kortemme
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, and Departments of
| | | | - Robert J. Fletterick
- Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, Box 0811, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - James H. McKerrow
- *Department of Pathology and the Sandler Center, Box 2550, Byers Hall N508, and
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, and Departments of
- **To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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15
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Choe Y, Brinen LS, Price MS, Engel JC, Lange M, Grisostomi C, Weston SG, Pallai PV, Cheng H, Hardy LW, Hartsough DS, McMakin M, Tilton RF, Baldino CM, Craik CS. Development of alpha-keto-based inhibitors of cruzain, a cysteine protease implicated in Chagas disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2141-56. [PMID: 15727867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a major cause of cardiovascular disease in many Latin American countries. There is an urgent need to develop an improved therapy due to the toxicity of existing drugs and emerging drug resistance. Cruzain, the primary cysteine protease of T. cruzi, is essential for the survival of the parasite in host cells and therefore is an important target for the development of inhibitors as potential therapeutics. A novel series of alpha-ketoamide-, alpha-ketoacid-, alpha-ketoester-, and aldehyde-based inhibitors of cruzain has been developed. The inhibitors were identified by screening protease targeted small molecule libraries and systematically optimizing the P1, P2, P3, and P1' residues using specific structure-guided methods. A total of 20 compounds displayed picomolar potency in in vitro assays and three inhibitors representing different alpha-keto-based inhibitor scaffolds demonstrated anti-trypanosomal activity in cell culture. A 2.3A crystallographic structure of cruzain bound with one of the alpha-ketoester analogs is also reported. The structure and kinetic assay data illustrate the covalent binding, reversible inhibition mechanism of the inhibitor. Information on the compounds reported here will be useful in the development of new lead compounds as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of Chagas disease and as biological probes to study the role that cruzain plays in the pathology. This study also demonstrates the validity of structure-guided approaches to focused library design and lead compound optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngchool Choe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 600 16th Street, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
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16
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Miller MD, Schwarzenbacher R, von Delft F, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Cambell J, Chiu HJ, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Levin I, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a tandem cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) domain protein (TM0935) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.87 A resolution. Proteins 2005; 57:213-7. [PMID: 15326606 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D Miller
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Stanford University, Menlo Park California, USA
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17
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McMullan D, Schwarzenbacher R, Jaroszewski L, von Delft F, Klock HE, Vincent J, Quijano K, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Eshaghi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Karlak C, Koesema E, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Levin I, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Reyes R, Rezezadeh F, Robb A, Sims E, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Lesley SA, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a novel Thermotoga maritima enzyme (TM1112) from the cupin family at 1.83 A resolution. Proteins 2004; 56:615-8. [PMID: 15229894 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel McMullan
- The Joint Center for Structural Genomics, San Diego, California, USA
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18
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Jaroszewski L, Schwarzenbacher R, von Delft F, McMullan D, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Levin I, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Reyes R, Rezezadeh F, Robb A, Sims E, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a novel manganese-containing cupin (TM1459) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.65 A resolution. Proteins 2004; 56:611-4. [PMID: 15229893 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Jaroszewski
- The Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Stanford University, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California, USA
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19
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Xu Q, Schwarzenbacher R, McMullan D, von Delft F, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Dai X, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Levin I, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a ribose-5-phosphate isomerase RpiB (TM1080) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.90 A resolution. Proteins 2004; 56:171-5. [PMID: 15162497 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Xu
- The Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
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20
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Santelli E, Schwarzenbacher R, McMullan D, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Cambell J, Dai X, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Rezezadeh F, Robb A, Sims E, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, von Delft F, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GDPD) from Thermotoga maritima (TM1621) at 1.60 A resolution. Proteins 2004; 56:167-70. [PMID: 15162496 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Levin I, Schwarzenbacher R, Page R, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Campbell J, Canaves JM, Chiu HJ, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Quijano K, Reyes R, Rezezadeh F, Robb A, Sims E, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, von Delft F, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a PIN (PilT N-terminus) domain (AF0591) from Archaeoglobus fulgidus at 1.90 A resolution. Proteins 2004; 56:404-8. [PMID: 15211526 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inna Levin
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
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22
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Spraggon G, Schwarzenbacher R, Kreusch A, McMullan D, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Dai X, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kuhn P, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Rezezadeh F, Robb A, Sims E, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, von Delft F, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Lesley SA, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a methionine aminopeptidase (TM1478) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.9 A resolution. Proteins 2004; 56:396-400. [PMID: 15211524 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glen Spraggon
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
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23
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Schwarzenbacher R, Jaroszewski L, von Delft F, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Cambell J, Chiu HJ, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Levin I, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a type II quinolic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (TM1645) from Thermotoga maritima at 2.50 A resolution. Proteins 2004; 55:768-71. [PMID: 15103640 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schwarzenbacher
- The Joint Center for Structural Genomics, The San Diego Supercomputer Center, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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24
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Xu Q, Schwarzenbacher R, Page R, Sims E, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Cambell J, Canaves JM, Chiu HJ, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Levin I, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Quijano K, Reyes R, Rezezadeh F, Robb A, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, von Delft F, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of an allantoicase (YIR029W) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 2.4 Å resolution. Proteins 2004; 56:619-24. [PMID: 15229895 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Xu
- The Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
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25
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Heine A, Canaves JM, von Delft F, Brinen LS, Dai X, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Eshaghi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Guda C, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MA, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Robb A, Rodrigues K, Schwarzenbacher R, Selby TL, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (TM0665) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.8 Å resolution. Proteins 2004; 56:387-91. [PMID: 15211522 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heine
- The Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
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26
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Bakolitsa C, Schwarzenbacher R, McMullan D, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Dai X, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, von Delft F, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of an orphan protein (TM0875) from Thermotoga maritima at 2.00-Å resolution reveals a new fold. Proteins 2004; 56:607-10. [PMID: 15229892 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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27
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Schwarzenbacher R, von Delft F, Jaroszewski L, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Cambell J, Chiu HJ, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Levin I, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a putative oxalate decarboxylase (TM1287) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.95 Å resolution. Proteins 2004; 56:392-5. [PMID: 15211523 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Erlandsen H, Canaves JM, Elsliger MA, von Delft F, Brinen LS, Dai X, Deacon AM, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Jaroszewski L, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Robb A, Quijano K, Schwarzenbacher R, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of an HEPN domain protein (TM0613) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.75 A resolution. Proteins 2004; 54:806-9. [PMID: 14997578 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Erlandsen
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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29
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Spraggon G, Schwarzenbacher R, Kreusch A, Lee CC, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Cambell J, Chiu HJ, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kuhn P, Levin I, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, von Delft F, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Lesley SA, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of an Udp-n-acetylmuramate-alanine ligase MurC (TM0231) from Thermotoga maritima at 2.3 Å resolution. Proteins 2004; 55:1078-81. [PMID: 15146505 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glen Spraggon
- The Joint Center for Structural Genomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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30
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Schwarzenbacher R, Jaroszewski L, von Delft F, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Cambell J, Chiu HJ, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Levin I, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of an aspartate aminotransferase (TM1255) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.90 Å resolution. Proteins 2004; 55:759-63. [PMID: 15103638 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Schwarzenbacher R, Jaroszewski L, von Delft F, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Cambell J, Chiu HJ, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Levin I, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a phosphoribosylaminoimidazole mutase PurE (TM0446) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.77-Å resolution. Proteins 2004; 55:474-8. [PMID: 15048837 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Schwarzenbacher R, Deacon AM, Jaroszewski L, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Dai X, Elsliger MA, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Nelson MS, Ouyang J, Page R, Robb A, Quijano K, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, von Delft F, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a putative glutamine amido transferase (TM1158) from Thermotoga maritima
at 1.7 Å resolution. Proteins 2004; 54:801-5. [PMID: 14997577 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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33
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Schwarzenbacher R, von Delft F, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Cambell J, Chiu HJ, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Levin I, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a putative PII-like signaling protein (TM0021) from Thermotoga maritima at 2.5 Å resolution. Proteins 2004; 54:810-3. [PMID: 14997579 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Schwarzenbacher R, von Delft F, Canaves JM, Brinen LS, Dai X, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Eshaghi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Guda C, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MA, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Robb A, Rodrigues K, Selby TL, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of an iron-containing 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase (TM0920) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.3 Å resolution. Proteins 2003; 54:174-7. [PMID: 14705036 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Page R, Nelson MS, von Delft F, Elsliger MA, Canaves JM, Brinen LS, Dai X, Deacon AM, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Jaroszewski L, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Robb A, Rodrigues K, Schwarzenbacher R, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of γ-glutamyl phosphate reductase (TM0293) from Thermotoga maritima at 2.0 Å resolution. Proteins 2003; 54:157-61. [PMID: 14705032 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Page
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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36
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Abstract
The crystal structure of PfPK5, a cyclin-dependent kinase from Plasmodium falciparum, is the first CDK structure determined from a nonhuman source and represents a potential new target for anti-malarial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Brinen
- Sandler Center for Basic Parasitic Disease Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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37
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Schwarzenbacher R, Canaves JM, Brinen LS, Dai X, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Eshaghi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Guda C, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MA, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Robb A, Rodrigues K, Selby TL, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of uronate isomerase (TM0064) from Thermotoga maritima at 2.85 A resolution. Proteins 2003; 53:142-5. [PMID: 12945057 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Dai X, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Eshaghi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Guda C, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MA, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Robb A, Rodrigues K, Selby TL, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Taylor SS, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a zinc-containing glycerol dehydrogenase (TM0423) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.5 A resolution. Proteins 2003; 50:371-4. [PMID: 12486729 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Brinen
- The Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
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39
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Abstract
The crystal structures of two hydroxymethyl ketone inhibitors complexed to the cysteine protease cruzain have been determined at 1.1 and 1.2 A resolution, respectively. These high resolution crystal structures provide the first structures of non-covalent inhibitors bound to cruzain. A series of compounds were prepared and tested based upon the structures providing further insight into the key binding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Huang
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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40
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Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Mathews II, Canaves JM, Brinen LS, Dai X, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Eshaghi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Guda C, Hodgson KO, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JM, Kreusch AT, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MA, Miller M, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Robb A, Rodrigues K, Selby TL, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, Taylor SS, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of thy1, a thymidylate synthase complementing protein from Thermotoga maritima at 2.25 A resolution. Proteins 2002; 49:142-5. [PMID: 12211025 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kuhn
- The Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
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41
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Lesley SA, Kuhn P, Godzik A, Deacon AM, Mathews I, Kreusch A, Spraggon G, Klock HE, McMullan D, Shin T, Vincent J, Robb A, Brinen LS, Miller MD, McPhillips TM, Miller MA, Scheibe D, Canaves JM, Guda C, Jaroszewski L, Selby TL, Elsliger MA, Wooley J, Taylor SS, Hodgson KO, Wilson IA, Schultz PG, Stevens RC. Structural genomics of the Thermotoga maritima proteome implemented in a high-throughput structure determination pipeline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:11664-9. [PMID: 12193646 PMCID: PMC129326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.142413399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural genomics is emerging as a principal approach to define protein structure-function relationships. To apply this approach on a genomic scale, novel methods and technologies must be developed to determine large numbers of structures. We describe the design and implementation of a high-throughput structural genomics pipeline and its application to the proteome of the thermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima. By using this pipeline, we successfully cloned and attempted expression of 1,376 of the predicted 1,877 genes (73%) and have identified crystallization conditions for 432 proteins, comprising 23% of the T. maritima proteome. Representative structures from TM0423 glycerol dehydrogenase and TM0449 thymidylate synthase-complementing protein are presented as examples of final outputs from the pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Lesley
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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42
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Gupta S, Krasnoff SB, Roberts DW, Renwick JAA, Brinen LS, Clardy J. Structures of the efrapeptins: potent inhibitors of mitochondrial ATPase from the fungus Tolypocladium niveum. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00002a068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Yu JG, Hu XE, Ho DK, Bean MF, Stephens RE, Cassady JM, Brinen LS, Clardy J. Absolute Stereochemistry of (+)-Gigantecin from Annona coriacea (Annonaceae). J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00086a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Unson MD, Rose CB, Faulkner DJ, Brinen LS, Steiner JR, Clardy J. New polychlorinated amino acid derivatives from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00075a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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46
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Gupta S, Krasnoff SB, Roberts DW, Renwick JAA, Brinen LS, Clardy J. Structure of efrapeptins from the fungus Tolypocladium niveum: peptide inhibitors of mitochondrial ATPase. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00034a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Hazin PN, Lakshminarayan C, Brinen LS, Knee JL, Bruno JW, Streib WE, Folting K. Luminescence spectra and lifetimes of cerium(III) compounds as indicators of solution behavior and radiative efficiency. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic00281a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Que X, Brinen LS, Perkins P, Herdman S, Hirata K, Torian BE, Rubin H, McKerrow JH, Reed SL. Cysteine proteinases from distinct cellular compartments are recruited to phagocytic vesicles by Entamoeba histolytica. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2002; 119:23-32. [PMID: 11755183 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(01)00387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases, which are encoded by at least seven genes, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of invasive amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica. The study of these enzymes has been hampered by the inability to obtain significant quantities of the individual native proteinases. We have now expressed functionally active recombinant ACP1 (EhCP3) and ACP2 (EhCP2) proteinases in baculoviral expression vectors. The purified recombinant ACP1 and ACP2 proteinases exhibited similar activities for fluorogenic peptide substrates, especially in their preference for an arginine residue at the P2 position. Although ACP1 and ACP2 are structurally cathepsin L, homology modeling revealed that the aspartic acid in the S2 pocket would result in a substrate specificity for positively charged amino acids, like cathepsin B. The hydrolysis of peptide substrates was strongly inhibited by small peptidyl inhibitors specifically designed for parasitic cysteine proteinases. Confocal and immunoelectron microscopy localization of the proteinases with monoclonal and monospecific antibodies raised to the recombinant enzymes and peptides demonstrated that ACP2 was membrane-associated while ACP1 was cytoplasmic. Following phagocytosis of erythrocytes, ACP1, as well as the membrane-associated cysteine proteinase, ACP2, were incorporated into phagocytic vesicles. These studies suggest that E. histolytica has a redundancy of cysteine proteinases for intracellular digestion and that they may be recruited from different cellular compartments to the site of digestion of phagocytosed cells. The production of active proteinases in baculovirus and large scale recombinant enzymes in bacteria should further our understanding of the role of different cysteine proteinase gene products in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchu Que
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, UCSD Medical Center, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103-8416, USA
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49
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Caffrey CR, Hansell E, Lucas KD, Brinen LS, Alvarez Hernandez A, Cheng J, Gwaltney SL, Roush WR, Stierhof YD, Bogyo M, Steverding D, McKerrow JH. Active site mapping, biochemical properties and subcellular localization of rhodesain, the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2001; 118:61-73. [PMID: 11704274 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(01)00368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine protease activity of African trypanosome parasites is a target for new chemotherapy using synthetic protease inhibitors. To support this effort and further characterize the enzyme, we expressed and purified rhodesain, the target protease of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (MVAT4 strain), in reagent quantities from Pichia pastoris. Rhodesain was secreted as an active, mature protease. Site-directed mutagenesis of a cryptic glycosylation motif not previously identified allowed production of rhodesain suitable for crystallization. An invariable ER(A/V)FNAA motif in the pro-peptide sequence of rhodesain was identified as being unique to the genus Trypanosoma. Antibodies to rhodesain localized the protease in the lysosome and identified a 40-kDa protein in long slender forms of T. b. rhodesiense and all life-cycle stages of T. b. brucei. With the latter parasite, protease expression was five times greater in short stumpy trypanosomes than in the other stages. Radiolabeled active site-directed inhibitors identified brucipain as the major cysteine protease in T. b. brucei. Peptidomimetic vinyl sulfone and epoxide inhibitors designed to interact with the S2, S1 and S' subsites of the active site cleft revealed differences between rhodesain and the related trypanosome protease cruzain. Using fluorogenic dipeptidyl substrates, rhodesain and cruzain had acid pH optima, but unlike some mammalian cathepsins retained significant activity and stability up to pH 8.0, consistent with a possible extracellular function. S2 subsite mapping of rhodesain and cruzain with fluorogenic peptidyl substrates demonstrates that the presence of alanine rather than glutamate at S2 prevents rhodesain from cleaving substrates in which P2 is arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Caffrey
- Tropical Disease Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, VAMC, 4150 Clement Street-113B, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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50
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Sijwali PS, Brinen LS, Rosenthal PJ. Systematic optimization of expression and refolding of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 22:128-34. [PMID: 11388810 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2001.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2 is a potential new target for antimalarial chemotherapy. In order to obtain large quantities of active falcipain-2 for biochemical and structural analysis, a systematic assessment of optimal parameters for the expression and refolding of the protease was carried out. High-yield expression was achieved using M15(pREP4) Escherichia coli transformed with the pQE-30 plasmid containing a truncated profalcipain-2 construct. Recombinant falcipain-2 was expressed as inclusion bodies, solubilized, and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. A systematic approach was then used to optimize refolding parameters. This approach utilized 100-fold dilutions of reduced and denatured falcipain-2 into 203 different buffers in a microtiter plate format. Refolding efficiency varied markedly. Optimal refolding was obtained in an alkaline buffer containing glycerol or sucrose and equal concentrations of reduced and oxidized glutathione. After optimization of the expression and refolding protocols and additional purification with anion-exchange chromatography, 12 mg of falcipain-2 was obtained from 5 liters of E. coli, and crystals of the protease were grown. The systematic approach described here allowed the rapid evaluation of a large number of expression and refolding conditions and provided milligram quantities of recombinant falcipain-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Sijwali
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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