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Sardar S, McNair CM, Ravindranath L, Chand SN, Yuan W, Bogdan D, Welti J, Sharp A, Ryan NK, Schiewer MJ, DeArment EG, Janas T, Su XA, Butler LM, de Bono JS, Frese K, Brooks N, Pegg N, Knudsen KE, Shafi AA. AR coactivators, CBP/p300, are critical mediators of DNA repair in prostate cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.07.592966. [PMID: 38766099 PMCID: PMC11100730 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.07.592966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains an incurable disease stage with ineffective treatments options. Here, the androgen receptor (AR) coactivators CBP/p300, which are histone acetyltransferases, were identified as critical mediators of DNA damage repair (DDR) to potentially enhance therapeutic targeting of CRPC. Key findings demonstrate that CBP/p300 expression increases with disease progression and selects for poor prognosis in metastatic disease. CBP/p300 bromodomain inhibition enhances response to standard of care therapeutics. Functional studies, CBP/p300 cistrome mapping, and transcriptome in CRPC revealed that CBP/p300 regulates DDR. Further mechanistic investigation showed that CBP/p300 attenuation via therapeutic targeting and genomic knockdown decreases homologous recombination (HR) factors in vitro, in vivo, and in human prostate cancer (PCa) tumors ex vivo. Similarly, CBP/p300 expression in human prostate tissue correlates with HR factors. Lastly, targeting CBP/p300 impacts HR-mediate repair and patient outcome. Collectively, these studies identify CBP/p300 as drivers of PCa tumorigenesis and lay the groundwork to optimize therapeutic strategies for advanced PCa via CBP/p300 inhibition, potentially in combination with AR-directed and DDR therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Sardar
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, 20817, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, 20817 USA
| | - Christopher M. McNair
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
| | - Lakshmi Ravindranath
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, 20817, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, 20817 USA
| | - Saswati N. Chand
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Denisa Bogdan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Welti
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Sharp
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie K. Ryan
- South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Schiewer
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
| | - Elise G. DeArment
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, 20817, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, 20817 USA
| | - Thomas Janas
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, 20817, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, 20817 USA
| | - Xiaofeng A. Su
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, 20817, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, 20817 USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lisa M. Butler
- South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Johann S. de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kris Frese
- CellCentric Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Neil Pegg
- CellCentric Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Knudsen
- The American Cancer Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19103, USA
| | - Ayesha A. Shafi
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, 20817, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, 20817 USA
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Li X, Xiong H, Mou X, Huang C, Thomas ER, Yu W, Jiang Y, Chen Y. Androgen receptor cofactors: A potential role in understanding prostate cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116338. [PMID: 38417290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is witnessing a concerning rise in incidence annually, with the androgen receptor (AR) emerging as a pivotal contributor to its growth and progression. Mounting evidence underscores the AR's ability to recruit cofactors, influencing downstream gene transcription and thereby fueling the proliferation and metastasis of PCa cells. Although, clinical strategies involving AR antagonists provide some relief, managing castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains a formidable challenge. Thus, the need of the hour lies in unearthing new drugs or therapeutic targets to effectively combat PCa. This review encapsulates the pivotal roles played by coactivators and corepressors of AR, notably androgen receptor-associated protein (ARA) and steroid receptor Coactivators (SRC) in PCa. Our data unveils how these cofactors intricately modulate histone modifications, cell cycling, SUMOylation, and apoptosis through their interactions with AR. Among the array of cofactors scrutinised, such as ARA70β, ARA24, ARA160, ARA55, ARA54, PIAS1, PIAS3, SRC1, SRC2, SRC3, PCAF, p300/CBP, MED1, and CARM1, several exhibit upregulation in PCa. Conversely, other cofactors like ARA70α, PIASy, and NCoR/SMRT demonstrate downregulation. This duality underscores the complexity of AR cofactor dynamics in PCa. Based on our findings, we propose that manipulating cofactor regulation to modulate AR function holds promise as a novel therapeutic avenue against advanced PCa. This paradigm shift offers renewed hope in the quest for effective treatments in the face of CRPC's formidable challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haojun Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xingzhu Mou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Cancan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | | | - Wenjing Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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3
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Tang X, Liu Z, Li Z, Huang C, Yu W, Fan Y, Hu S, Jin J. Inhibiting CBP Decreases AR Expression and Inhibits Proliferation in Benign Prostate Epithelial Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3028. [PMID: 38002029 PMCID: PMC10669082 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: CREB-binding protein (CBP) is a key transcriptional coactivator of androgen receptors (AR). We conducted this study to investigate the effects of CBP on AR expression and proliferation in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) prostate epithelial cells. (2) Methods: By analyzing a published data set, we found that CBP was closely related to the gene expression of AR in prostate cells. We enrolled 20 BPH patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in Peking University First Hospital in 2022, and analyzed the expressions of CBP and AR in BPH prostate tissues. Then, we used ICG-001 and shRNA to inhibit CBP in prostate epithelial cells (BPH-1 cells and RWPE-1 cells), and conducted immunofluorescence, cell viability assay, flow cytometry analysis, and Western blot to analyze the effects of CBP on AR expression and proliferation in prostate epithelial cells. We also studied the interaction between CBP and AR through a co-immunoprecipitation assay. (3) Results: CBP is consistent with AR in expression intensity in prostate tissues. Inhibiting CBP decreases AR expression, and induces proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in BPH prostate epithelial cells. The co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that CBP binds with AR to form transcription complexes in prostate epithelial cells. (4) Conclusions: Inhibiting CBP decreases AR expression and inhibits proliferation in benign prostate epithelial cells. CBP may be a potential target to affect AR expression and the proliferation of prostate epithelial cells in BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Tang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (X.T.)
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zhifu Liu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (X.T.)
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (X.T.)
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Chenchen Huang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (X.T.)
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (X.T.)
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (X.T.)
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (X.T.)
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (X.T.)
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
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Samarkina A, Youssef MK, Ostano P, Ghosh S, Ma M, Tassone B, Proust T, Chiorino G, Levesque MP, Goruppi S, Dotto GP. Androgen receptor is a determinant of melanoma targeted drug resistance. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6498. [PMID: 37838724 PMCID: PMC10576812 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma provides a primary benchmark for targeted drug therapy. Most melanomas with BRAFV600 mutations regress in response to BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi). However, nearly all relapse within the first two years, and there is a connection between BRAFi/MEKi-resistance and poor response to immune checkpoint therapy. We reported that androgen receptor (AR) activity is required for melanoma cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. We show here that AR expression is markedly increased in BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells, and in sensitive cells soon after BRAFi exposure. Increased AR expression is sufficient to render melanoma cells BRAFi-resistant, eliciting transcriptional changes of BRAFi-resistant subpopulations, including elevated EGFR and SERPINE1 expression, of likely clinical significance. Inhibition of AR expression or activity blunts changes in gene expression and suppresses proliferation and tumorigenesis of BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells, promoting clusters of CD8+ T cells infiltration and cancer cells killing. Our findings point to targeting AR as possible co-therapeutical approach in melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paola Ostano
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Edo and Elvo Tempia Valenta Foundation, Biella, Italy
| | - Soumitra Ghosh
- ORL service and Personalized Cancer Prevention Program, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Min Ma
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Tassone
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana Proust
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Edo and Elvo Tempia Valenta Foundation, Biella, Italy
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Goruppi
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Gian Paolo Dotto
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland.
- ORL service and Personalized Cancer Prevention Program, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- International Cancer Prevention Institute, Épalinges, Switzerland.
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5
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Li X, Wang Y, Deng S, Zhu G, Wang C, Johnson NA, Zhang Z, Tirado CR, Xu Y, Metang LA, Gonzalez J, Mukherji A, Ye J, Yang Y, Peng W, Tang Y, Hofstad M, Xie Z, Yoon H, Chen L, Liu X, Chen S, Zhu H, Strand D, Liang H, Raj G, He HH, Mendell JT, Li B, Wang T, Mu P. Loss of SYNCRIP unleashes APOBEC-driven mutagenesis, tumor heterogeneity, and AR-targeted therapy resistance in prostate cancer. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:1427-1449.e12. [PMID: 37478850 PMCID: PMC10530398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Tumor mutational burden and heterogeneity has been suggested to fuel resistance to many targeted therapies. The cytosine deaminase APOBEC proteins have been implicated in the mutational signatures of more than 70% of human cancers. However, the mechanism underlying how cancer cells hijack the APOBEC mediated mutagenesis machinery to promote tumor heterogeneity, and thereby foster therapy resistance remains unclear. We identify SYNCRIP as an endogenous molecular brake which suppresses APOBEC-driven mutagenesis in prostate cancer (PCa). Overactivated APOBEC3B, in SYNCRIP-deficient PCa cells, is a key mutator, representing the molecular source of driver mutations in some frequently mutated genes in PCa, including FOXA1, EP300. Functional screening identifies eight crucial drivers for androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapy resistance in PCa that are mutated by APOBEC3B: BRD7, CBX8, EP300, FOXA1, HDAC5, HSF4, STAT3, and AR. These results uncover a cell-intrinsic mechanism that unleashes APOBEC-driven mutagenesis, which plays a significant role in conferring AR-targeted therapy resistance in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yunguan Wang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Su Deng
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guanghui Zhu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Choushi Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nickolas A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zeda Zhang
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Yaru Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lauren A Metang
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Julisa Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Atreyi Mukherji
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jianfeng Ye
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yuqiu Yang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yitao Tang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mia Hofstad
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhiqun Xie
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Heewon Yoon
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xihui Liu
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sujun Chen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hong Zhu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Douglas Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ganesh Raj
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua T Mendell
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ping Mu
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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6
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Filon M, Yang B, Purohit TA, Schehr J, Singh A, Bigarella M, Lewis P, Denu J, Lang J, Jarrard DF. Development of a multiplex assay to assess activated p300/CBP in circulating prostate tumor cells. Oncotarget 2023; 14:738-746. [PMID: 37477521 PMCID: PMC10360924 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced SIRT2 deacetylation and increased p300 acetylation activity leads to a concerted mechanism of hyperacetylation at specific histone lysine sites (H3K9, H3K14, and H3K18) in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We examined whether circulating tumor cells (CTCs) identify patients with altered p300/CBP acetylation. CTCs were isolated from 13 advanced PC patients using Exclusion-based Sample Preparation (ESP) technology. Bound cells underwent immunofluorescent staining for histone modifying enzymes (HMEs) of interest and image capture with NIS-Elements software. Using the cBioPortal PCF/SU2C dataset, the response of CRPC to androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) was analyzed in 50 subjects. Staining optimization and specificity revealed clear expression of acetyl-p300, acetyl-H3K18, and SIRT2 on CTCs (CK positive, CD45 negative cells). Exposure to A-485, a selective p300/CBP catalytic inhibitor, reduced p300 and H3K18 acetylation. In CRPC patients, a-p300 strongly correlated with its target acetylated H3k18 (Pearson's R = 0.61), and SIRT2 expression showed robust negative correlation with a-H3k18 (R = -0.60). A subgroup of CRPC patients (6/11; 55%) demonstrated consistent upregulation of acetylation based on these markers. To examine the clinical impact of upregulation of the CBP/p300 axis, CRPC patients with reduced deacetylase SIRT2 expression demonstrate shorter response times to ARSI therapy (5.9 vs. 12 mo; p = 0.03). A subset of CRPC patients demonstrate increased p300/CBP activity based on a novel CTC biomarker assay. With further development, this biomarker suite may be used to identify candidates for CBP/p300 acetylation inhibitors in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Filon
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Tanaya A. Purohit
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jennifer Schehr
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Anupama Singh
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Marcelo Bigarella
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Peter Lewis
- Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - John Denu
- Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Joshua Lang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - David F. Jarrard
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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7
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FT-6876, a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of CBP/p300, is Active in Preclinical Models of Androgen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Target Oncol 2023; 18:269-285. [PMID: 36826464 PMCID: PMC10042772 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-023-00949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) expressing the androgen receptor (AR) respond poorly to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, although AR antagonists have shown promising clinical activity, suggesting these tumors are AR-dependent. cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) and p300 are transcriptional co-activators for the AR, a key driver of AR+ breast and prostate cancer, and may provide a novel therapeutic target in AR+ TNBC. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic potential of FT-6876, a new CBP/p300 bromodomain inhibitor, in breast cancer models with a range of AR levels in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Effects of FT-6876 on the CBP/p300 pathway were determined by combining chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with precision run-on sequencing (PRO-seq) complemented with H3K27 acetylation (Ac) and transcriptional profiling. The antiproliferative effect of FT-6876 was also measured in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We describe the discovery of FT-6876, a potent and selective CBP/p300 bromodomain inhibitor. The combination of ChIP and PRO-seq confirmed the reduction in H3K27Ac at specific promoter sites concurrent with a decrease in CBP/p300 on the chromatin and a reduction in nascent RNA and enhancer RNA. This was associated with a time- and concentration-dependent reduction in H3K37Ac associated with a decrease in AR and estrogen receptor (ER) target gene expression. This led to a time-dependent growth inhibition in AR+ models, correlated with AR expression. Tumor growth inhibition was also observed in AR+ tumor models of TNBC and ER+ breast cancer subtypes with consistent pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate FT-6876 as a promising new CBP/p300 bromodomain inhibitor, with efficacy in preclinical models of AR+ breast cancer.
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8
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Ji Y, Zhang R, Han X, Zhou J. Targeting the N-terminal domain of the androgen receptor: The effective approach in therapy of CRPC. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115077. [PMID: 36587421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is dominant in prostate cancer (PCa) pathology. Current therapeutic agents for advanced PCa include androgen synthesis inhibitors and AR antagonists that bind to the hormone binding pocket (HBP) at the ligand binding domain (LBD). However, AR amplification, AR splice variants (AR-Vs) expression, and intra-tumoral de novo synthesis of androgens result in the reactivation of AR signalling. The AR N-terminal domain (NTD) plays an essential role in AR transcriptional activity. The AR inhibitor targeting NTD could potentially block the activation of both full-length AR and AR-Vs, thus overcoming major resistance mechanisms to current treatments. This review discusses the progress of research in various NTD inhibitors and provides new insight into the development of AR-NTD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ji
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Rongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Han
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China.
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9
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Quan Y, Zhang X, Butler W, Du Z, Wang M, Liu Y, Ping H. The role of N-cadherin/c-Jun/NDRG1 axis in the progression of prostate cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3288-3304. [PMID: 34512147 PMCID: PMC8416735 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.63300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a critical event in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and hormone therapy consisting of androgen deprivation (ADT) or AR inhibition is therefore used to treat advanced cases. It is known that N-cadherin becomes upregulated following ADT and can directly induce PCa transformation to the castration-resistant stage (CRPC). However, the relationship between AR and N-cadherin is unclear and may promote better understanding of CRPC pathogenesis and progression. Here, we demonstrate a new axis of N-cadherin/c-Jun/N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) that N-cadherin promotes c-Jun expression and suppresses NDRG1 to promote invasion and migration of PCa cells through epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Targeting N-cadherin in combination with enzalutamide (ENZ) treatment synergistically suppressed PC3 cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Further studies showed that compared to lower Gleason score (GS) (GS < 7) cases, high GS (GS > 7) cases exhibited elevated N-cadherin expression and reduced NDRG1 expression, corroborating our in vitro observations. We further demonstrate that c-Jun, AR, and DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1) form a complex in the 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) response elements (TREs) region of the NDRG1 promoter, which suppresses NDRG1 transcription through DNA hypermethylation. In conclusion, we demonstrate an underlying mechanism for how N-cadherin collaborates with AR and NDRG1 to promote CRPC progression. Controlling N-cadherin/c-Jun/NDRG1 axis may help to overcome resistance to commonly used hormone therapy to improve long-term patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Quan
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - William Butler
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhen Du
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mingdong Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuexin Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hao Ping
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
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10
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Waddell AR, Huang H, Liao D. CBP/p300: Critical Co-Activators for Nuclear Steroid Hormone Receptors and Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Prostate and Breast Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2872. [PMID: 34201346 PMCID: PMC8229436 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300 are two paralogous lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) that were discovered in the 1980s-1990s. Since their discovery, CBP/p300 have emerged as important regulatory proteins due to their ability to acetylate histone and non-histone proteins to modulate transcription. Work in the last 20 years has firmly established CBP/p300 as critical regulators for nuclear hormone signaling pathways, which drive tumor growth in several cancer types. Indeed, CBP/p300 are critical co-activators for the androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling in prostate and breast cancer, respectively. The AR and ER are stimulated by sex hormones and function as transcription factors to regulate genes involved in cell cycle progression, metabolism, and other cellular functions that contribute to oncogenesis. Recent structural studies of the AR/p300 and ER/p300 complexes have provided critical insights into the mechanism by which p300 interacts with and activates AR- and ER-mediated transcription. Breast and prostate cancer rank the first and forth respectively in cancer diagnoses worldwide and effective treatments are urgently needed. Recent efforts have identified specific and potent CBP/p300 inhibitors that target the acetyltransferase activity and the acetytllysine-binding bromodomain (BD) of CBP/p300. These compounds inhibit AR signaling and tumor growth in prostate cancer. CBP/p300 inhibitors may also be applicable for treating breast and other hormone-dependent cancers. Here we provide an in-depth account of the critical roles of CBP/p300 in regulating the AR and ER signaling pathways and discuss the potential of CBP/p300 inhibitors for treating prostate and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R. Waddell
- UF Health Cancer Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Florida College of Medicine, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Haojie Huang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Daiqing Liao
- UF Health Cancer Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Florida College of Medicine, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
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11
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Welti J, Sharp A, Brooks N, Yuan W, McNair C, Chand SN, Pal A, Figueiredo I, Riisnaes R, Gurel B, Rekowski J, Bogdan D, West W, Young B, Raja M, Prosser A, Lane J, Thomson S, Worthington J, Onions S, Shannon J, Paoletta S, Brown R, Smyth D, Harbottle GW, Gil VS, Miranda S, Crespo M, Ferreira A, Pereira R, Tunariu N, Carreira S, Neeb AJ, Ning J, Swain A, Taddei D, Schiewer MJ, Knudsen KE, Pegg N, de Bono JS. Targeting the p300/CBP Axis in Lethal Prostate Cancer. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1118-1137. [PMID: 33431496 PMCID: PMC8102310 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to androgen receptor (AR) blockade in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is associated with sustained AR signaling, including through alternative splicing of AR (AR-SV). Inhibitors of transcriptional coactivators that regulate AR activity, including the paralog histone acetyltransferase proteins p300 and CBP, are attractive therapeutic targets for lethal prostate cancer. Herein, we validate targeting p300/CBP as a therapeutic strategy for lethal prostate cancer and describe CCS1477, a novel small-molecule inhibitor of the p300/CBP conserved bromodomain. We show that CCS1477 inhibits cell proliferation in prostate cancer cell lines and decreases AR- and C-MYC-regulated gene expression. In AR-SV-driven models, CCS1477 has antitumor activity, regulating AR and C-MYC signaling. Early clinical studies suggest that CCS1477 modulates KLK3 blood levels and regulates CRPC biopsy biomarker expression. Overall, CCS1477 shows promise for the treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: Treating CRPC remains challenging due to persistent AR signaling. Inhibiting transcriptional AR coactivators is an attractive therapeutic strategy. CCS1477, an inhibitor of p300/CBP, inhibits growth and AR activity in CRPC models, and can affect metastatic CRPC target expression in serial clinical biopsies.See related commentary by Rasool et al., p. 1011.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 995.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Welti
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Sharp
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Abhijit Pal
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth Riisnaes
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bora Gurel
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Rekowski
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Denisa Bogdan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barbara Young
- Sygnature Discovery Services, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Meera Raja
- Sygnature Discovery Services, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Prosser
- Sygnature Discovery Services, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan Lane
- Sygnature Discovery Services, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Thomson
- Sygnature Discovery Services, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stuart Onions
- Sygnature Discovery Services, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Richard Brown
- Sygnature Discovery Services, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Don Smyth
- Sygnature Discovery Services, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Veronica S Gil
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Miranda
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mateus Crespo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Ferreira
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Pereira
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Tunariu
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Antje J Neeb
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Ning
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Swain
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Taddei
- Sygnature Discovery Services, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Neil Pegg
- CellCentric Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Johann S de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Wu SL, Zhao J, Sun HB, Li HY, Yin YY, Zhang LL. Insights into interaction mechanism of inhibitors E3T, E3H and E3B with CREB binding protein by using molecular dynamics simulations and MM-GBSA calculations. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:221-246. [PMID: 33661069 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2021.1887351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CREB binding protein (CBP) and its paralog E1A binding protein (p300) are related to the development of inflammatory diseases, cancers and other diseases, and have been potential targets for the treatment of human diseases. In this work, interaction mechanism of three small molecules E3T, E3H, and E3B with CBP was investigated by employing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, principal component analysis (PCA), and molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA) method. The results indicate that inhibitor bindings cause the changes of movement modes and structural flexibility of CBP, and van der Waals interactions mostly drive associations of inhibitors with CBP. In the meantime, the results based on inhibitor-residue interactions not only show that eight residues of CBP can strongly interact with E3T, E3H and E3B but also verify that the CH-CH, CH-π, and π-π interactions are responsible for vital contributions in associations of E3T, E3H and E3B with CBP. In addition, the H-O radial distribution functions (RDFs) were computed to assess the stability of hydrogen bonding interactions between inhibitors and CBP, and the obtained information identifies several key hydrogen bonds playing key roles in bindings of E3T, E3H and E3B to CBP. Potential new inhibitors have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Wu
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - J Zhao
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - H B Sun
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - H Y Li
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - Y Y Yin
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - L L Zhang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
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13
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Sadar MD. Discovery of drugs that directly target the intrinsically disordered region of the androgen receptor. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:551-560. [PMID: 32100577 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1732920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and regions (IDRs) lack stable three-dimensional structure making drug discovery challenging. A validated therapeutic target for diseases such as prostate cancer is the androgen receptor (AR) which has a disordered amino-terminal domain (NTD) that contains all of its transcriptional activity. Drug discovery against the AR-NTD is of intense interest as a potential treatment for disease such as advanced prostate cancer that is driven by truncated constitutively active splice variants of AR that lack the C-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD).Areas covered: This article presents an overview of the relevance of AR and its intrinsically disordered NTD as a drug target. AR structure and approaches to blocking AR transcriptional activity are discussed. The discovery of small molecules, including the libraries used, proven binders to the AR-NTD, and site of interaction of these small molecules in the AR-NTD are presented along with discussion of the Phase I clinical trial.Expert opinion: The lack of drugs in the clinic that directly bind IDPs/IDRs reflects the difficulty of targeting these proteins and obtaining specificity. However, it may also point to an inappropriateness of too closely borrowing concepts and resources from drug discovery to folded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne D Sadar
- Genome Sciences, BC Cancer and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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14
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Sethi S, Lin HH, Shepherd AK, Volkan PC, Su CY, Wang JW. Social Context Enhances Hormonal Modulation of Pheromone Detection in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3887-3898.e4. [PMID: 31679932 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Critical to evolutionary fitness, animals regulate social behaviors by integrating signals from both their external environments and internal states. Here, we find that population density modulates the courtship behavior of male Drosophila melanogaster in an age-dependent manner. In a competitive mating assay, males reared in a social environment have a marked advantage in courting females when pitted against males reared in isolation. Group housing promotes courtship in mature (7-day) but not immature (2-day) males; this behavioral plasticity requires the Or47b pheromone receptor. Using single-sensillum recordings, we find that group housing increases the response of Or47b olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) only in mature males. The effect of group housing on olfactory response and behavior can be mimicked by chronically exposing single-housed males to an Or47b ligand. At the molecular level, group housing elevates Ca2+ levels in Or47b ORNs, likely leading to CaMKI-mediated activation of the histone-acetyl transferase CBP. This signaling event in turn enhances the efficacy of juvenile hormone, an age-related regulator of reproductive maturation in flies. Furthermore, the male-specific Fruitless isoform (FruM) is required for the sensory plasticity, suggesting that FruM functions as a downstream genomic coincidence detector in Or47b ORNs-integrating reproductive maturity, signaled by juvenile hormone, and population density, signaled by CBP. In all, we identify a neural substrate and activity-dependent mechanism by which social context can directly influence pheromone sensitivity, thereby modulating social behavior according to animals' life-history stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Sethi
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hui-Hao Lin
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew K Shepherd
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pelin C Volkan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Chih-Ying Su
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jing W Wang
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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15
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Blatt EB, Raj GV. Molecular mechanisms of enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:189-197. [PMID: 35582713 PMCID: PMC8992629 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 30,000 men in the United States will die of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) each year due to the development of therapy resistance, most notably resistance to second-generation antiandrogen enzalutamide. The vast majority of PCa is driven by the androgen receptor (AR). Enzalutamide is an AR antagonist, which extends patient survival and is widely used in the clinic for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC); however, many patients will have primary or develop acquired resistance and continue to progress. Characterization of the molecular mechanisms of enzalutamide resistance provides insight into potentially efficacious therapies for enzalutamide-resistant CRPC (ER-CRPC). Understanding these mechanisms is critical for the identification of biomarkers predictive of therapy resistance and the development of therapeutic strategies to target ER-CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot B. Blatt
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ganesh V. Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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16
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Carter CJ. Autism genes and the leukocyte transcriptome in autistic toddlers relate to pathogen interactomes, infection and the immune system. A role for excess neurotrophic sAPPα and reduced antimicrobial Aβ. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:36-58. [PMID: 30862493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal and early childhood infections have been implicated in autism. Many autism susceptibility genes (206 Autworks genes) are localised in the immune system and are related to immune/infection pathways. They are enriched in the host/pathogen interactomes of 18 separate microbes (bacteria/viruses and fungi) and to the genes regulated by bacterial toxins, mycotoxins and Toll-like receptor ligands. This enrichment was also observed for misregulated genes from a microarray study of leukocytes from autistic toddlers. The upregulated genes from this leukocyte study also matched the expression profiles in response to numerous infectious agents from the Broad Institute molecular signatures database. They also matched genes related to sudden infant death syndrome and autism comorbid conditions (autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, epilepsy and cardiomyopathy) as well as to estrogen and thyrotropin responses and to those upregulated by different types of stressors including oxidative stress, hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, ultraviolet radiation or 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, a hapten used to develop allergic skin reactions in animal models. The oxidative/integrated stress response is also upregulated in the autism brain and may contribute to myelination problems. There was also a marked similarity between the expression signatures of autism and Alzheimer's disease, and 44 shared autism/Alzheimer's disease genes are almost exclusively expressed in the blood-brain barrier. However, in contrast to Alzheimer's disease, levels of the antimicrobial peptide beta-amyloid are decreased and the levels of the neurotrophic/myelinotrophic soluble APP alpha are increased in autism, together with an increased activity of α-secretase. sAPPα induces an increase in glutamatergic and a decrease in GABA-ergic synapses creating and excitatory/inhibitory imbalance that has also been observed in autism. A literature survey showed that multiple autism genes converge on APP processing and that many are able to increase sAPPalpha at the expense of beta-amyloid production. A genetically programmed tilt of this axis towards an overproduction of neurotrophic/gliotrophic sAPPalpha and underproduction of antimicrobial beta-amyloid may explain the brain overgrowth and myelination dysfunction, as well as the involvement of pathogens in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Carter
- PolygenicPathways, 41C Marina, Saint Leonard's on Sea, TN38 0BU, East Sussex, UK.
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17
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Garcia-Carpizo V, Ruiz-Llorente S, Sarmentero J, González-Corpas A, Barrero MJ. CREBBP/EP300 Bromodomain Inhibition Affects the Proliferation of AR-Positive Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:720-730. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Li D, Tian G, Wang J, Zhao LY, Co O, Underill ZC, Mymryk JS, Claessens F, Dehm SM, Daaka Y, Liao D. Inhibition of androgen receptor transactivation function by adenovirus type 12 E1A undermines prostate cancer cell survival. Prostate 2018; 78:1140-1156. [PMID: 30009471 PMCID: PMC6424568 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations or truncation of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of androgen receptor (AR) underlie treatment resistance for prostate cancer (PCa). Thus, targeting the AR N-terminal domain (NTD) could overcome such resistance. METHODS Luciferase reporter assays after transient transfection of various DNA constructs were used to assess effects of E1A proteins on AR-mediated transcription. Immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation were applied to assess intracellular protein localization. Immunoprecipitation and mammalian two-hybrid assays were used to detect protein-protein interactions. qRT-PCR was employed to determine RNA levels. Western blotting was used to detect protein expression in cells. Effects of adenoviruses on prostate cancer cell survival were evaluated with CellTiter-Glo assays. RESULTS Adenovirus 12 E1A (E1A12) binds specifically to the AR. Interestingly, the full-length E1A12 (266 aa) preferentially binds to full-length AR, while the small E1A12 variant (235 aa) interacts more strongly with AR-V7. E1A12 promotes AR nuclear translocation, likely through mediating intramolecular AR NTD-LBD interactions. In the nucleus, AR and E1A12 co-expression in AR-null PCa cells results in E1A12 redistribution from nuclear foci containing CBX4 (also known as Pc2), suggesting a preferential AR-E1A12 interaction over other E1A12 interactors. E1A12 represses AR-mediated transcription in reporter gene assays and endogenous AR target genes such as ATAD2 and MYC in AR-expressing PCa cells. AR-expressing PCa cells are more sensitive to death induced by a recombinant adenovirus expressing E1A12 (Ad-E1A12) than AR-deficient PCa cells, which could be attributed to the increased viral replication promoted by androgen stimulation. Targeting the AR by E1A12 promotes apoptosis in PCa cells that express the full-length AR or C-terminally truncated AR variants. Importantly, inhibition of mTOR signaling that blocks the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins markedly augments Ad-E1A12-induced apoptosis of AR-expressing cells. Mechanistically, Ad-E1A12 infection triggers apoptotic response while activating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling axis; thus, mTOR inhibition enhances apoptosis in AR-expressing PCa cells infected by Ad-E1A12. CONCLUSION Ad12 E1A inhibits AR-mediated transcription and suppresses PCa cell survival, suggesting that targeting the AR by E1A12 might have therapeutic potential for treating advanced PCa with heightened AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Guimei Tian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
- Affiliated Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lisa Y. Zhao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
- Present address: Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Olivia Co
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Zoe C. Underill
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Joe S. Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Western Ontario, London Regional Cancer Centre, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Claessens
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Scott M. Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Yehia Daaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Daiqing Liao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
- Corresponding author: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0235, , Phone: 352-273-8188, Fax: 352-846-1248
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19
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Xiang Q, Wang C, Zhang Y, Xue X, Song M, Zhang C, Li C, Wu C, Li K, Hui X, Zhou Y, Smaill JB, Patterson AV, Wu D, Ding K, Xu Y. Discovery and optimization of 1-(1H-indol-1-yl)ethanone derivatives as CBP/EP300 bromodomain inhibitors for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147:238-252. [PMID: 29448139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The CREB (cAMP responsive element binding protein) binding protein (CBP) and its homolog EP300 have emerged as new therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Here we report the identification, optimization and evaluation of 1-(1H-indol-1-yl)ethanone derivatives as CBP/EP300 inhibitors starting from fragment-based virtual screening (FBVS). A cocrystal structure of the inhibitor (22e) in complex with CBP provides a solid structural basis for further optimization. The most potent compound 32h binds to the CBP bromodomain and has an IC50 value of 0.037 μM in the AlphaScreen assay which was 2 times more potent than the reported CBP bromodomain inhibitor SGC-CBP30 in our hands. 32h also exhibit high selectivity for CBP/EP300 over other bromodomain-containing proteins. Notably, the ester derivative (29h) of compound 32h markedly inhibits cell growth in several prostate cancer cell lines including LNCaP, 22Rv1 and LNCaP derived C4-2B. Compound 29h suppresses the mRNA expression of full length AR (AR-FL), AR target genes and other oncogene in LNCaP cells. 29h also reduces the expression of PSA, the biomarker of prostate cancer. CBP/EP300 inhibitor 29h represents a promising lead compound for the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China, No. 1266 Fujin Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqian Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China, No. 1266 Fujin Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Chenchang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China, No. 1266 Fujin Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Chun Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuai Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yulai Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China, No. 1266 Fujin Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Jeff B Smaill
- University of Auckland, Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adam V Patterson
- University of Auckland, Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Donghai Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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Yang YC, Banuelos CA, Mawji NR, Wang J, Kato M, Haile S, McEwan IJ, Plymate S, Sadar MD. Targeting Androgen Receptor Activation Function-1 with EPI to Overcome Resistance Mechanisms in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4466-77. [PMID: 27140928 PMCID: PMC5010454 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Persistent androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity is clinically evident in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Therefore, AR remains as a viable therapeutic target for CRPC. All current hormonal therapies target the C-terminus ligand-binding domain (LBD) of AR. By using EPI to target AR activation function-1 (AF-1), in the N-terminal domain that is essential for AR transactivation, we evaluate the ability of EPI to overcome several clinically relevant AR-related mechanisms of resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To study the effect of EPI on AR transcriptional activity against overexpressed coactivators, such as SRC1-3 and p300, luciferase reporter assays were performed using LNCaP cells. AR-negative COS-1 cells were employed for reporter assays to examine whether the length of polyglutamine tract affects inhibition by EPI. The effect of EPI on constitutively active AR splice variants was studied in LNCaP95 cells, which express AR-V7 variant. To evaluate the effect of EPI on the proliferation of LNCaP95 cells, we performed in vitro BrdUrd incorporation assay and in vivo studies using xenografts in mice. RESULTS EPI effectively overcame several molecular alterations underlying aberrant AR activity, including overexpressed coactivators, AR gain-of-function mutations, and constitutively active AR-V7. EPI inhibited AR transcriptional activity regardless of the length of polyglutamine tract. Importantly, EPI significantly inhibited the in vitro and in vivo proliferation of LNCaP95 prostate cancer cells, which are androgen independent and enzalutamide resistant. CONCLUSIONS These findings support EPI as a promising therapeutic agent to treat CRPC, particularly against tumors driven by constitutively active AR splice variants that are resistant to LBD-targeting drugs. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4466-77. ©2016 AACRSee related commentary by Sharp et al., p. 4280.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chi Yang
- Department of Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Nasrin R Mawji
- Department of Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Minoru Kato
- Department of Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon Haile
- Department of Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Iain J McEwan
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Stephen Plymate
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marianne D Sadar
- Department of Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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21
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Abstract
Cofactor squelching is the term used to describe competition between transcription factors (TFs) for a limited amount of cofactors in a cell with the functional consequence that TFs in a given cell interfere with the activity of each other. Since cofactor squelching was proposed based primarily on reporter assays some 30 years ago, it has remained controversial, and the idea that it could be a physiologically relevant mechanism for transcriptional repression has not received much support. However, recent genome-wide studies have demonstrated that signal-dependent TFs are very often absent from the enhancers that are acutely repressed by those signals, which is consistent with an indirect mechanism of repression such as squelching. Here we review these recent studies in the light of the classical studies of cofactor squelching, and we discuss how TF cooperativity in so-called hotspots and super-enhancers may sensitize these to cofactor squelching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Fisker Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Bjørk Ditlev Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Anne Loft
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
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22
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Garvin LM, Chen Y, Damsker JM, Rose MC. A novel dissociative steroid VBP15 reduces MUC5AC gene expression in airway epithelial cells but lacks the GRE mediated transcriptional properties of dexamethasone. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2016; 38:17-26. [PMID: 27133900 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of secretory mucins contributes to morbidity/mortality in inflammatory lung diseases. Inflammatory mediators directly increase expression of mucin genes, but few drugs have been shown to directly repress mucin gene expression. IL-1β upregulates the MUC5AC mucin gene in part via the transcription factors NFκB while the glucocorticoid Dexamethasone (Dex) transcriptionally represses MUC5AC expression by Dex-activated GR binding to two GRE cis-sites in the MUC5AC promoter in lung epithelial cells. VBP compounds (ReveraGen BioPharma) maintain anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of NFκB but exhibit reduced GRE-mediated transcriptional properties associated with adverse side-effects and thus have potential to minimize harmful side effects of long-term steroid therapy in inflammatory lung diseases. We investigated VBP15 efficacy as an anti-mucin agent in two types of airway epithelial cells and analyzed the transcription factor activity and promoter binding associated with VBP15-induced MUC5AC repression. VBP15 reduced MUC5AC mRNA abundance in a dose- and time-dependent manner similar to Dex in the presence or absence of IL-1β in A549 and differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells. Repression was abrogated in the presence of RU486, demonstrating a requirement for GR in the VBP15-induced repression of MUC5AC. Inhibition of NFκB activity resulted in reduced baseline expression of MUC5AC indicating that constitutive activity maintains MUC5AC production. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated lack of GR and of p65 (NFκB) binding to composite GRE domains in the MUC5AC promoter following VBP15 exposure of cells, in contrast to Dex. These data demonstrate that VBP15 is a novel anti-mucin agent that mediates the reduction of MUC5AC gene expression differently than the classical glucocorticoid, Dex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Garvin
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yajun Chen
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Mary C Rose
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.
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23
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Olokpa E, Bolden A, Stewart LV. The Androgen Receptor Regulates PPARγ Expression and Activity in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2664-72. [PMID: 26945682 PMCID: PMC5132088 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates growth and differentiation within normal prostate and prostate cancers. However the factors that control PPARγ within the prostate cancers have not been characterized. The goal of this study was to examine whether the androgen receptor (AR) regulates PPARγ expression and function within human prostate cancer cells. qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses revealed nanomolar concentrations of the AR agonist dihydrotestosterone (DHT) decrease PPARγ mRNA and protein within the castration-resistant, AR-positive C4-2 and VCaP human prostate cancer cell lines. The AR antagonists bicalutamide and enzalutamide blocked the ability of DHT to reduce PPARγ levels. In addition, siRNA mediated knockdown of AR increased PPARγ protein levels and ligand-induced PPARγ transcriptional activity within the C4-2 cell line. Furthermore, proteasome inhibitors that interfere with AR function increased the level of basal PPARγ and prevented the DHT-mediated suppression of PPARγ. These data suggest that AR normally functions to suppress PPARγ expression within AR-positive prostate cancer cells. To determine whether increases in AR protein would influence PPARγ expression and activity, we used lipofectamine-based transfections to overexpress AR within the AR-null PC-3 cells. The addition of AR to PC-3 cells did not significantly alter PPARγ protein levels. However, the ability of the PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone to induce activation of a PPARγ-driven luciferase reporter and induce expression of FABP4 was suppressed in AR-positive PC-3 cells. Together, these data indicate AR serves as a key modulator of PPARγ expression and function within prostate tumors. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2664-2672, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emuejevoke Olokpa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer BiologyMeharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTennessee
| | - Adrienne Bolden
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer BiologyMeharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTennessee
| | - LaMonica V. Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer BiologyMeharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTennessee
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24
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Shankar E, Song K, Corum SL, Bane KL, Wang H, Kao HY, Danielpour D. A Signaling Network Controlling Androgenic Repression of c-Fos Protein in Prostate Adenocarcinoma Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5512-5526. [PMID: 26786102 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.694877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor c-Fos controls many important cellular processes, including cell growth and apoptosis. c-Fos expression is rapidly elevated in the prostate upon castration-mediated androgen withdrawal through an undefined mechanism. Here we show that androgens (5α-dihydrotestosterone and R1881) suppress c-Fos protein and mRNA expression induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or EGF in human prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines. Such suppression transpires through a transcriptional mechanism, predominantly at the proximal serum response element of the c-fos promoter. We show that androgen signaling suppresses TPA-induced c-Fos expression through repressing a PKC/MEK/ERK/ELK-1 signaling pathway. Moreover, our results support the hypothesis that p38(MAPK), PI3K, and PKCδ are involved in the androgenic regulation of c-Fos through controlling MEK/ERK. Stable silencing of c-Fos and PKCδ with shRNAs suggests that R1881 promotes cell death induced by low-dose TPA through a mechanism that is dependent on both PKCδ and loss of c-Fos expression. Reciprocally, loss of either PKCδ or c-Fos activates p38(MAPK) while suppressing the activation of ERK1/2. We also provide the first demonstration that R1881 permits cell death induced by low-dose TPA in the LNCaP androgen-dependent PCa cell line and that TPA-induced cell death is independent of exogenous androgen in the castration-resistant variants of LNCaP, C4-2 and C4-2B. Acquisition of androgen-independent killing by TPA correlates with activation of p38(MAPK), suppression of ERK1/2, and loss of c-Fos. These results provide new insights into androgenic control of c-Fos and use of PKC inhibitors in PCa therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyung Song
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology
| | | | - Kara L Bane
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology
| | | | - Hung-Ying Kao
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and; From the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - David Danielpour
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology,; Department of Pharmacology, and; the Department of Urology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; From the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center,.
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25
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Ruggiero C, Lalli E. Impact of ACTH Signaling on Transcriptional Regulation of Steroidogenic Genes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:24. [PMID: 27065945 PMCID: PMC4810002 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The trophic peptide hormone adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) stimulates steroid hormone biosynthesis evoking both a rapid, acute response and a long-term, chronic response, via the activation of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. The acute response is initiated by the mobilization of cholesterol from lipid stores and its delivery to the inner mitochondrial membrane, a process that is mediated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. The chronic response results in the increased coordinated transcription of genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes. ACTH binding to its cognate receptor, melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R), stimulates adenylyl cyclase, thus inducing cAMP production, PKA activation, and phosphorylation of specific nuclear factors, which bind to target promoters and facilitate coactivator protein recruitment to direct steroidogenic gene transcription. This review provides a general view of the transcriptional control exerted by the ACTH/cAMP system on the expression of genes encoding for steroidogenic enzymes in the adrenal cortex. Special emphasis will be given to the transcription factors required to mediate ACTH-dependent transcription of steroidogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ruggiero
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR 7275, Valbonne, France
- Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) CNRS NEOGENEX, Valbonne, France
- Université de Nice, Valbonne, France
- *Correspondence: Carmen Ruggiero, ; Enzo Lalli,
| | - Enzo Lalli
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR 7275, Valbonne, France
- Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) CNRS NEOGENEX, Valbonne, France
- Université de Nice, Valbonne, France
- *Correspondence: Carmen Ruggiero, ; Enzo Lalli,
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Zhang
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Steven G Smith
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
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27
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Dubovenko A, Serebryiskaya T, Nikolsky Y, Nikolskaya T, Perlina A, JeBailey L, Bureeva S, Katta S, Srivastava S, Dobi A, Khasanova T. Reconstitution of the ERG Gene Expression Network Reveals New Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in ERG Positive Prostate Tumors. J Cancer 2015; 6:490-501. [PMID: 26000039 PMCID: PMC4439933 DOI: 10.7150/jca.8213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a growing number of studies evaluating cancer of prostate (CaP) specific gene alterations, oncogenic activation of the ETS Related Gene (ERG) by gene fusions remains the most validated cancer gene alteration in CaP. Prevalent gene fusions have been described between the ERG gene and promoter upstream sequences of androgen-inducible genes, predominantly TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease serine 2). Despite the extensive evaluations of ERG genomic rearrangements, fusion transcripts and the ERG oncoprotein, the prognostic value of ERG remains to be better understood. Using gene expression dataset from matched prostate tumor and normal epithelial cells from an 80 GeneChip experiment examining 40 tumors and their matching normal pairs in 40 patients with known ERG status, we conducted a cancer signaling-focused functional analysis of prostatic carcinoma representing moderate and aggressive cancers stratified by ERG expression. RESULTS In the present study of matched pairs of laser capture microdissected normal epithelial cells and well-to-moderately differentiated tumor epithelial cells with known ERG gene expression status from 20 patients with localized prostate cancer, we have discovered novel ERG associated biochemical networks. CONCLUSIONS Using causal network reconstruction methods, we have identified three major signaling pathways related to MAPK/PI3K cascade that may indeed contribute synergistically to the ERG dependent tumor development. Moreover, the key components of these pathways have potential as biomarkers and therapeutic target for ERG positive prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Dubovenko
- 1. Thomson Reuters, IP & Science, 5901 Priestly Dr., 200, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | | | - Yuri Nikolsky
- 1. Thomson Reuters, IP & Science, 5901 Priestly Dr., 200, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | | | - Ally Perlina
- 1. Thomson Reuters, IP & Science, 5901 Priestly Dr., 200, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Lellean JeBailey
- 3. Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusets Ave, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Svetlana Bureeva
- 1. Thomson Reuters, IP & Science, 5901 Priestly Dr., 200, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Shilpa Katta
- 4. Center for Prostate Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- 4. Center for Prostate Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Albert Dobi
- 4. Center for Prostate Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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28
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Koryakina Y, Ta HQ, Gioeli D. Androgen receptor phosphorylation: biological context and functional consequences. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:T131-45. [PMID: 24424504 PMCID: PMC4437516 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor that belongs to the family of nuclear receptors. In addition to regulation by steroid, the AR is also regulated by post-translational modifications generated by signal transduction pathways. Thus, the AR functions not only as a transcription factor but also as a node that integrates multiple extracellular signals. The AR plays an important role in many diseases, including complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, prostate and breast cancer, etc. In the case of prostate cancer, dependence on AR signaling has been exploited for therapeutic intervention for decades. However, the effectiveness of these therapies is limited in advanced disease due to restoration of AR signaling. Greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in AR action will enable the development of improved therapeutics to treat the wide range of AR-dependent diseases. The AR is subject to regulation by a number of kinases through post-translational modifications on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. In this paper, we review the AR phosphorylation sites, the kinases responsible for these phosphorylations, as well as the biological context and the functional consequences of these phosphorylations. Finally, what is known about the state of AR phosphorylation in clinical samples is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Koryakina
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer BiologyUVA Cancer CenterUniversity of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Huy Q Ta
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer BiologyUVA Cancer CenterUniversity of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Daniel Gioeli
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer BiologyUVA Cancer CenterUniversity of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USADepartment of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer BiologyUVA Cancer CenterUniversity of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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29
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Step SE, Lim HW, Marinis JM, Prokesch A, Steger DJ, You SH, Won KJ, Lazar MA. Anti-diabetic rosiglitazone remodels the adipocyte transcriptome by redistributing transcription to PPARγ-driven enhancers. Genes Dev 2014; 28:1018-28. [PMID: 24788520 PMCID: PMC4018489 DOI: 10.1101/gad.237628.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone (rosi) is a powerful insulin sensitizer, but serious toxicities have curtailed its widespread clinical use. Rosi functions as a high-affinity ligand for PPARγ, the adipocyte-predominant nuclear receptor. Here, Lazar and colleagues investigate the direct effects of rosi on gene transcription. The authors delineate a novel mechanism by which rosi represses adipocyte gene transcription at endogenous levels of PPARγ and other transcription factors on a genome-wide scale. This study suggests that rosi activates and represses transcription by fundamentally different mechanisms that could inform anti-diabetic drug development. Rosiglitazone (rosi) is a powerful insulin sensitizer, but serious toxicities have curtailed its widespread clinical use. Rosi functions as a high-affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), the adipocyte-predominant nuclear receptor (NR). The classic model, involving binding of ligand to the NR on DNA, explains positive regulation of gene expression, but ligand-dependent repression is not well understood. We addressed this issue by studying the direct effects of rosi on gene transcription using global run-on sequencing (GRO-seq). Rosi-induced changes in gene body transcription were pronounced after 10 min and correlated with steady-state mRNA levels as well as with transcription at nearby enhancers (enhancer RNAs [eRNAs]). Up-regulated eRNAs occurred almost exclusively at PPARγ-binding sites, to which rosi treatment recruited coactivators, including MED1, p300, and CBP. In contrast, transcriptional repression by rosi involved a loss of coactivators from eRNA sites devoid of PPARγ and enriched for other transcription factors, including AP-1 factors and C/EBPs. Thus, rosi activates and represses transcription by fundamentally different mechanisms that could inform the future development of anti-diabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia E Step
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism
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30
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Wang F, Marshall CB, Ikura M. Transcriptional/epigenetic regulator CBP/p300 in tumorigenesis: structural and functional versatility in target recognition. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3989-4008. [PMID: 23307074 PMCID: PMC11113169 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, gene transcription is regulated by sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors that recognize promoter and enhancer elements near the transcriptional start site. Some coactivators promote transcription by connecting transcription factors to the basal transcriptional machinery. The highly conserved coactivators CREB-binding protein (CBP) and its paralog, E1A-binding protein (p300), each have four separate transactivation domains (TADs) that interact with the TADs of a number of DNA-binding transcription activators as well as general transcription factors (GTFs), thus mediating recruitment of basal transcription machinery to the promoter. Most promoters comprise multiple activator-binding sites, and many activators contain tandem TADs, thus multivalent interactions may stabilize CBP/p300 at the promoter, and intrinsically disordered regions in CBP/p300 and many activators may confer adaptability to these multivalent complexes. CBP/p300 contains a catalytic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain, which remodels chromatin to 'relax' its superstructure and enables transcription of proximal genes. The HAT activity of CBP/p300 also acetylates some transcription factors (e.g., p53), hence modulating the function of key transcriptional regulators. Through these numerous interactions, CBP/p300 has been implicated in complex physiological and pathological processes, and, in response to different signals, can drive cells towards proliferation or apoptosis. Dysregulation of the transcriptional and epigenetic functions of CBP/p300 is associated with leukemia and other types of cancer, thus it has been recognized as a potential anti-cancer drug target. In this review, we focus on recent exciting findings in the structural mechanisms of CBP/p300 involving multivalent and dynamic interactions with binding partners, which may pave new avenues for anti-cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Christopher B. Marshall
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
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31
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Hutson JM, Southwell BR, Li R, Lie G, Ismail K, Harisis G, Chen N. The regulation of testicular descent and the effects of cryptorchidism. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:725-52. [PMID: 23666148 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The first half of this review examines the boundary between endocrinology and embryonic development, with the aim of highlighting the way hormones and signaling systems regulate the complex morphological changes to enable the intra-abdominal fetal testes to reach the scrotum. The genitoinguinal ligament, or gubernaculum, first enlarges to hold the testis near the groin, and then it develops limb-bud-like properties and migrates across the pubic region to reach the scrotum. Recent advances show key roles for insulin-like hormone 3 in the first step, with androgen and the genitofemoral nerve involved in the second step. The mammary line may also be involved in initiating the migration. The key events in early postnatal germ cell development are then reviewed because there is mounting evidence for this to be crucial in preventing infertility and malignancy later in life. We review the recent advances in what is known about the etiology of cryptorchidism and summarize the syndromes where a specific molecular cause has been found. Finally, we cover the recent literature on timing of surgery, the issues around acquired cryptorchidism, and the limited role of hormone therapy. We conclude with some observations about the differences between animal models and baby boys with cryptorchidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hutson
- Urology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
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32
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Chang C, Yeh S, Lee SO, Chang TM. Androgen receptor (AR) pathophysiological roles in androgen-related diseases in skin, bone/muscle, metabolic syndrome and neuron/immune systems: lessons learned from mice lacking AR in specific cells. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2013; 11:e001. [PMID: 24653668 PMCID: PMC3960937 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.11001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is expressed ubiquitously and plays a variety of roles in a vast number of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Recent studies of AR knockout (ARKO) mouse models, particularly the cell type- or tissue-specific ARKO models, have uncovered many AR cell type- or tissue-specific pathophysiological roles in mice, which otherwise would not be delineated from conventional castration and androgen insensitivity syndrome studies. Thus, the AR in various specific cell types plays pivotal roles in production and maturation of immune cells, bone mineralization, and muscle growth. In metabolism, the ARs in brain, particularly in the hypothalamus, and the liver appear to participate in regulation of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. The AR also plays key roles in cutaneous wound healing and cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm. This article will discuss the results obtained from the total, cell type-, or tissue-specific ARKO models. The understanding of AR cell type- or tissue-specific physiological and pathophysiological roles using these in
vivo mouse models will provide useful information in uncovering AR roles in humans and eventually help us to develop better therapies via targeting the AR or its downstream signaling molecules to combat androgen/AR-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA (CC, SY, SOL, T-MC) and Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (CC)
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA (CC, SY, SOL, T-MC) and Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (CC)
| | - Soo Ok Lee
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA (CC, SY, SOL, T-MC) and Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (CC)
| | - Ta-Min Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA (CC, SY, SOL, T-MC) and Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (CC)
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33
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Hsu CC, Hu CD. Transcriptional activity of c-Jun is critical for the suppression of AR function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 372:12-22. [PMID: 23523566 PMCID: PMC3646949 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a pivotal role in growth and survival of prostate cancer cells. c-Jun is an important member of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) family and was shown to interact with AR. However, the role of c-Jun in AR signaling remains controversial, with being a coactivator or a corepressor reported. Here, utilizing multiple approaches, we show that c-Jun efficiently inhibits AR activity and the growth of prostate cancer cells. Overexpression of c-Jun inhibits not only the activities of various androgen-responsive promoters but also the transcripts of multiple AR target genes. Interestingly, long-term c-Jun overexpression also down-regulates AR expression at both the protein and mRNA levels. Molecular analysis suggests that c-Jun inhibits AR transactivation potential via an unknown target gene. The inhibition of AR by c-Jun occurs in both hormone naïve and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Our results unravel a novel mechanism by which c-Jun antagonizes the AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Hsu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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34
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Lallous N, Dalal K, Cherkasov A, Rennie PS. Targeting alternative sites on the androgen receptor to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12496-519. [PMID: 23771019 PMCID: PMC3709796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent, metastatic prostate cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer-death in men. The androgen receptor (AR) is a modular, ligand-inducible transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes that can drive the progression of this disease, and as a consequence, this receptor is a key therapeutic target for controlling prostate cancer. The current drugs designed to directly inhibit the AR are called anti-androgens, and all act by competing with androgens for binding to the androgen/ligand binding site. Unfortunately, with the inevitable progression of the cancer to castration resistance, many of these drugs become ineffective. However, there are numerous other regulatory sites on this protein that have not been exploited therapeutically. The regulation of AR activity involves a cascade of complex interactions with numerous chaperones, co-factors and co-regulatory proteins, leading ultimately to direct binding of AR dimers to specific DNA androgen response elements within the promoter and enhancers of androgen-regulated genes. As part of the family of nuclear receptors, the AR is organized into modular structural and functional domains with specialized roles in facilitating their inter-molecular interactions. These regions of the AR present attractive, yet largely unexploited, drug target sites for reducing or eliminating androgen signaling in prostate cancers. The design of small molecule inhibitors targeting these specific AR domains is only now being realized and is the culmination of decades of work, including crystallographic and biochemistry approaches to map the shape and accessibility of the AR surfaces and cavities. Here, we review the structure of the AR protein and describe recent advancements in inhibiting its activity with small molecules specifically designed to target areas distinct from the receptor’s androgen binding site. It is anticipated that these new classes of anti-AR drugs will provide an additional arsenal to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Lallous
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
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35
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Danielpour D. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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36
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Abstract
Cancer cells silence autosomal tumor suppressor genes by Knudson's two-hit mechanism in which loss-of-function mutations and then loss of heterozygosity occur at the tumor suppressor gene loci. However, the identification of X-linked tumor suppressor genes has challenged the traditional theory of 'two-hit inactivation' in tumor suppressor genes, introducing the novel concept that a single genetic hit can cause loss of tumor suppressor function. The mechanism through which these genes are silenced in human cancer is unclear, but elucidating the details will greatly enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of human cancer. Here, we review the identification of X-linked tumor suppressor genes and discuss the potential mechanisms of their inactivation. In addition, we also discuss how the identification of X-linked tumor suppressor genes can potentially lead to new approaches in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhua Liu
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mandy Kain
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lizhong Wang
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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37
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Liu Q, Su S, Blackwelder AJ, Minges JT, Wilson EM. Gain in transcriptional activity by primate-specific coevolution of melanoma antigen-A11 and its interaction site in androgen receptor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:29951-63. [PMID: 21730049 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.244715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Male sex development and growth occur in response to high affinity androgen binding to the androgen receptor (AR). In contrast to complete amino acid sequence conservation in the AR DNA and ligand binding domains among mammals, a primate-specific difference in the AR NH(2)-terminal region that regulates the NH(2)- and carboxyl-terminal (N/C) interaction enables direct binding to melanoma antigen-A11 (MAGE-11), an AR coregulator that is also primate-specific. Human, mouse, and rat AR share the same NH(2)-terminal (23)FQNLF(27) sequence that mediates the androgen-dependent N/C interaction. However, the mouse and rat AR FXXLF motif is flanked by Ala(33) that evolved to Val(33) in primates. Human AR Val(33) was required to interact directly with MAGE-11 and for the inhibitory effect of the AR N/C interaction on activation function 2 that was relieved by MAGE-11. The functional importance of MAGE-11 was indicated by decreased human AR regulation of an androgen-dependent endogenous gene using lentivirus short hairpin RNAs and by the greater transcriptional strength of human compared with mouse AR. MAGE-11 increased progesterone and glucocorticoid receptor activity independently of binding an FXXLF motif by interacting with p300 and p160 coactivators. We conclude that the coevolution of the AR NH(2)-terminal sequence and MAGE-11 expression among primates provides increased regulatory control over activation domain dominance. Primate-specific expression of MAGE-11 results in greater steroid receptor transcriptional activity through direct interactions with the human AR FXXLF motif region and indirectly through steroid receptor-associated p300 and p160 coactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7500, USA
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38
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Zhou H, Beevers CS, Huang S. The targets of curcumin. Curr Drug Targets 2011; 12:332-47. [PMID: 20955148 DOI: 10.2174/138945011794815356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), an orange-yellow component of turmeric or curry powder, is a polyphenol natural product isolated from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa. For centuries, curcumin has been used in some medicinal preparation or used as a food-coloring agent. In recent years, extensive in vitro and in vivo studies suggested curcumin has anticancer, antiviral, antiarthritic, anti-amyloid, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The underlying mechanisms of these effects are diverse and appear to involve the regulation of various molecular targets, including transcription factors (such as nuclear factor-kB), growth factors (such as vascular endothelial cell growth factor), inflammatory cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1 and interleukin 6), protein kinases (such as mammalian target of rapamycin, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and Akt) and other enzymes (such as cyclooxygenase 2 and 5 lipoxygenase). Thus, due to its efficacy and regulation of multiple targets, as well as its safety for human use, curcumin has received considerable interest as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and/or treatment of various malignant diseases, arthritis, allergies, Alzheimer's disease, and other inflammatory illnesses. This review summarizes various in vitro and in vivo pharmacological aspects of curcumin as well as the underlying action mechanisms. The recently identified molecular targets and signaling pathways modulated by curcumin are also discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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39
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Bouchal J, Santer FR, Höschele PPS, Tomastikova E, Neuwirt H, Culig Z. Transcriptional coactivators p300 and CBP stimulate estrogen receptor-beta signaling and regulate cellular events in prostate cancer. Prostate 2011; 71:431-7. [PMID: 20859991 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid receptor coactivators p300 and CBP are highly expressed in advanced prostate cancer. They potentiate activation of androgen receptor by androgens and anti-androgens. In the present study, we have addressed the question whether these coactivators enhance activity of estrogen receptor-beta (ER-β), which is variably expressed in prostate cancers. METHODS Expression levels of the coactivators p300 and CBP were manipulated by plasmid or siRNA transfections and activity of ER-β was measured by luciferase assays. Viability was measured by MTT assays and cellular migration was determined by wound-healing and Boyden chamber assays. RESULTS High expression of ER-β was found in PC3 cells which were used for the experiments. p300 or CBP enhanced activation of ER-β by genistein. Antiestrogens did not acquire agonistic properties in the presence of increased concentrations of either coactivator. Inhibition of p300 or CBP decreased genistein stimulation of ER-β. Genistein reduced migration of PC3 prostate cancer cells and down-regulation of p300 potentiated this effect. CONCLUSIONS p300 and CBP are implicated in regulation of ER-β activity and cellular migration in prostate cancer. These findings are important for understanding of action of ER-β in carcinoma of the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bouchal
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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40
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Gonit M, Zhang J, Salazar MD, Cui H, Shatnawi A, Trumbly R, Ratnam M. Hormone depletion-insensitivity of prostate cancer cells is supported by the AR without binding to classical response elements. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:621-34. [PMID: 21330406 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A need for androgen response elements (AREs) for androgen receptor (AR)-dependent growth of hormone depletion-insensitive prostate cancer is generally presumed. In such cells, androgen-independent activation by AR of certain genes has been attributed to selective increases in basal associations of AR with putative enhancers. We examined the importance of AR binding to DNA in prostate cancer cells in which proliferation in the absence of hormone was profoundly (∼ 90%) dependent on endogenous AR and where the receptor was not up-regulated or mutated but was predominantly nuclear. Here, ARE-mediated promoter activation and the binding of AR to a known ARE in the chromatin remained entirely androgen dependent, and the cells showed an androgen-responsive gene expression profile with an unaltered sensitivity to androgen dose. In the same cells, a different set of genes primarily enriched for cell division functions was activated by AR independently of hormone and significantly overlapped the signature gene overexpression profile of hormone ablation-insensitive clinical tumors. After knockdown of endogenous AR, hormone depletion-insensitive cell proliferation and AR apoprotein-dependent gene expression were rescued by an AR mutant that was unable to bind to ARE but that could transactivate through a well-established AR tethering protein. Hormone depletion-insensitive AR binding sites in the chromatin were functional, binding, and responding to both the wild-type and the mutant AR and lacked enrichment for canonical or noncanonical ARE half-sites. Therefore, a potentially diverse set of ARE-independent mechanisms of AR interactions with target genes must underlie truly hormone depletion-insensitive gene regulation and proliferation in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Gonit
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Medical University of Ohio, 3035 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
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41
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Andersen RJ, Mawji NR, Wang J, Wang G, Haile S, Myung JK, Watt K, Tam T, Yang YC, Bañuelos CA, Williams DE, McEwan IJ, Wang Y, Sadar MD. Regression of castrate-recurrent prostate cancer by a small-molecule inhibitor of the amino-terminus domain of the androgen receptor. Cancer Cell 2010; 17:535-46. [PMID: 20541699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Castration-recurrent prostate cancer (CRPC) is suspected to depend on androgen receptor (AR). The AF-1 region in the amino-terminal domain (NTD) of AR contains most, if not all, of the transcriptional activity. Here we identify EPI-001, a small molecule that blocked transactivation of the NTD and was specific for inhibition of AR without attenuating transcriptional activities of related steroid receptors. EPI-001 interacted with the AF-1 region, inhibited protein-protein interactions with AR, and reduced AR interaction with androgen-response elements on target genes. Importantly, EPI-001 blocked androgen-induced proliferation and caused cytoreduction of CRPC in xenografts dependent on AR for growth and survival without causing toxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists
- Androgens/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzhydryl Compounds/adverse effects
- Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology
- Benzhydryl Compounds/therapeutic use
- CREB-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Castration
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chlorohydrins/adverse effects
- Chlorohydrins/pharmacology
- Chlorohydrins/therapeutic use
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Ligands
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Structure
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Prostate/anatomy & histology
- Prostate/drug effects
- Prostate/pathology
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/genetics
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Conformation/drug effects
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/drug effects
- Protein Multimerization/drug effects
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/drug effects
- Response Elements/genetics
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J Andersen
- Chemistry and Earth & Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
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42
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Askew EB, Bai S, Blackwelder AJ, Wilson EM. Transcriptional synergy between melanoma antigen gene protein-A11 (MAGE-11) and p300 in androgen receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:21824-36. [PMID: 20448036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.120600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR)-mediated gene regulation involves interactions with coregulatory proteins that include the melanoma antigen gene protein-A11 (MAGE-11). To understand the functional significance of sequence similarity between MAGE-11 and the adenovirus early protein E1A, we determined whether MAGE-11 contributes to AR transcriptional activity through an interaction with p300, a potent and ubiquitous transcriptional regulator. Here, we report that MAGE-11 interacts with the NH(2)-terminal region of p300 through the MAGE-11 MXXIF motif (185)MXXIF(189), with transcriptional activity depending on the MAGE-11 F-box and MAPK phosphorylation. The MAGE-11- and p300-dependent increase in AR transactivation required the NH(2)-terminal regions of AR and p300, p300 acetyltransferase activity, and the AR FXXLF motif (23)FQNLF(27) interaction with MAGE-11. MAGE-11 linked AR to p300 and the p160 coactivator, transcriptional intermediary protein 2 (TIF2). The p300 NH(2)-terminal FXXLF motif (33)FGSLF(37) was required for transcriptional activation by TIF2. Increased expression of p300 decreased the ubiquitinylation of MAGE-11 and transiently increased endogenous MAGE-11 levels. Autoacetylation of p300 and decreased acetylation of TIF2 were evident in the MAGE-11, p300, and TIF2 complex. The studies suggest that MAGE-11 links NH(2)-terminal domains of AR and p300 to promote transcriptional synergy through a cadre of FXXLF-related interacting motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Askew
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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43
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Lu H, Li Y, Shu M, Tang J, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Liang Y, Yan G. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α blocks differentiation of malignant gliomas. FEBS J 2009; 276:7291-304. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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44
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Zhang J, Gonit M, Salazar MD, Shatnawi A, Shemshedini L, Trumbly R, Ratnam M. C/EBPalpha redirects androgen receptor signaling through a unique bimodal interaction. Oncogene 2009; 29:723-38. [PMID: 19901962 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear expression of CCAAT enhancer binding protein-alpha (C/EBPalpha), which supports tissue differentiation through several antiproliferative protein-protein interactions, augurs terminal differentiation of prostate epithelial cells. C/EBPalpha is also a tumor suppressor, but in many tumors its antiproliferative interactions may be attenuated by de-phosphorylation. C/EBPalpha acts as a corepressor of the classical androgen response element (ARE)-mediated gene activation by the androgen receptor (AR), but this is paradoxical as the genotropic actions of AR are crucial not only for the growth of the prostate but also for its maintenance and function. We show that DNA-bound C/EPBalpha recruits AR to activate transcription. C/EBPalpha-dependent trans-activation by AR also overrode suppression of AREs by C/EBPalpha elsewhere in a promoter. This mechanism was remarkable in that its androgen dependence was apparently for nuclear translocation of AR; it was otherwise androgen independent, flutamide insensitive and tolerant to disruption of AR dimerization. Gene response profiles and global chromatin associations in situ supported the direct bimodal regulation of AR transcriptional signaling by C/EBPalpha. This unique mechanism explains the functional coordination between AR and C/EPBalpha in the prostate and also shows that hormone-refractory AR signaling in prostate cancer could occur through receptor tethering.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Medical University of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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45
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The modulating effect of the androgen receptor on craving in alcohol withdrawal of men is partially mediated by leptin. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2009; 10:226-31. [PMID: 19884906 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2009.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We reported recently that a functional relevant CAG trinucleotide repeat of the androgen receptor influences craving of men in alcohol withdrawal. It is known to modulate serum concentrations of leptin, which affects hypothalamic appetite regulation. Its plasma levels are elevated during chronic alcohol consumption, normalize within periods of abstinence and are associated with craving. The aim of this study was to further elucidate the role of leptin in mediating the effects of the mentioned polymorphism on craving in men undergoing alcohol withdrawal. We included 110 male in-patients who were admitted for detoxification treatment. Each one had an established diagnosis of alcohol dependence according to the DSM-IV. Our results show on the one hand negative associations between the number of CAG repeats and (i) leptin serum levels (P<0.01) and (ii) craving (P<0.05), and on the other hand, a positive association between leptin and craving of man in alcohol withdrawal (P<0.001). The path analysis revealed direct and mediated effects of the number of CAG repeats on alcohol craving, direct effects (r=-0.144) accounting for 60% and indirect, leptin-mediated effects (r=-0.096) accounting for 40% of the total effect. Dysregulation of sexual hormones influences human metabolism and seems to affect leptin homeostasis. This report suggests that the investigated polymorphism mediates its effect on craving of men in alcohol withdrawal mostly through the regulation of leptin. Nevertheless future studies are needed to further explore the functionality of the androgen receptor gene in terms of craving.
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Lenz B, Jacob C, Frieling H, Jacobi A, Hillemacher T, Muschler M, Watson K, Kornhuber J, Bleich S. Polymorphism of the long polyglutamine tract in the human androgen receptor influences craving of men in alcohol withdrawal. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:968-71. [PMID: 19231085 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, genetic mechanisms influencing craving in alcohol withdrawal were poorly understood. Studies show that alcoholism is associated with dysregulation of sexual hormones. The androgen receptor is encoded by the trinucleotide repeat CAG. Long repeat regions have been shown to inhibit interactions between the androgen receptor and different co-activators. The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not this trinucleotide repeat is involved in the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence, withdrawal and craving. We included 112 male inpatients who were admitted for detoxification treatment. To measure the extent of craving we used the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale on the day of hospital admission. Regarding total and obsessive craving we found a significant negative correlation for the androgen receptor repeat length. No significant difference between the group of patients and the control group was found. We found that reduced length of the investigated trinucleotide repeat might aggravate craving symptoms. Moreover, an elevated number of repeats might be protective against severe craving. In summary, the presented data points to an underestimated role of the genetic regulation of androgens in the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Lenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6-10, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Wang G, Sadar MD. Amino-terminus domain of the androgen receptor as a molecular target to prevent the hormonal progression of prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 2009; 98:36-53. [PMID: 16440300 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has a propensity to metastasize to the bone. Currently the only effective systemic treatment for these patients is androgen ablation therapy. However, the tumor will invariably progress to an androgen-independent stage and the patient will succumb to his disease within approximately 2 years. The earliest indication of hormonal progression is the rising titer of serum prostate specific antigen. Current evidence implicates the androgen receptor (AR) as a key factor in maintaining the growth of prostate cancer cells in an androgen-depleted state. Under normal conditions, binding of ligand activates the receptor, allowing it to effectively bind to its respective DNA element. However, AR is also transformed in the absence of androgen (ligand-independent activation) in prostate cells via multiple protein kinase pathways and the interleukin-6 (IL-6) pathway that converge upon the N-terminal domain of the AR. This domain is the main region for phosphorylation and is also critical for normal coregulator recruitment. Here we discuss evidence supporting the role of the AR, IL-6 and other protein kinase pathways in the hormonal progression of prostate cancer to androgen independence and the mechanisms involved in activation of the AR by these pathways. Receptor-targeted therapy, especially potential drugs targeting the N-terminal domain, may effectively prevent or delay the hormonal progression of AR-dependent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z1L3, Canada
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Cheng C, Li LM, Alves P, Gerstein M. Systematic identification of transcription factors associated with patient survival in cancers. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:225. [PMID: 19442316 PMCID: PMC2686740 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant activation or expression of transcription factors has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of various types of cancer. In spite of the prevalent application of microarray experiments for profiling gene expression in cancer samples, they provide limited information regarding the activities of transcription factors. However, the association between transcription factors and cancers is largely dependent on the transcription regulatory activities rather than mRNA expression levels. Results In this paper, we propose a computational approach that integrates microarray expression data with the transcription factor binding site information to systematically identify transcription factors associated with patient survival given a specific cancer type. This approach was applied to two gene expression data sets for breast cancer and acute myeloid leukemia. We found that two transcription factor families, the steroid nuclear receptor family and the ATF/CREB family, are significantly correlated with the survival of patients with breast cancer; and that a transcription factor named T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1 is significantly correlated with acute myeloid leukemia patient survival. Conclusion Our analysis identifies transcription factors associating with patient survival and provides insight into the regulatory mechanism underlying the breast cancer and leukemia. The transcription factors identified by our method are biologically meaningful and consistent with prior knowledge. As an insightful tool, this approach can also be applied to other microarray cancer data sets to help researchers better understand the intricate relationship between transcription factors and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cheng
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Manna PR, Dyson MT, Stocco DM. Role of basic leucine zipper proteins in transcriptional regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 302:1-11. [PMID: 19150388 PMCID: PMC5006949 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene transcription by cAMP-dependent mechanisms occurs in the absence of a consensus cAMP response element (CRE, TGACGTGA). This regulation is coordinated by multiple transcription factors that bind to sequence-specific elements located approximately 150 bp upstream of the transcription start site. Among the proteins that bind within this region, the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family of transcription factors, i.e. CRE binding protein (CREB)/CRE modulator (CREM)/activating transcription factor (ATF), activator protein 1 (AP-1; Fos/Jun), and CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta), interact with an overlapping region (-81/-72 bp) in the StAR promoter, mediate stimulus-transcription coupling of cAMP signaling and play integral roles in regulating StAR gene expression. These bZIP proteins are structurally similar and bind to DNA sequences as dimers; however, they exhibit discrete transcriptional activities, interact with several transcription factors and other properties that contribute in their regulatory functions. The 5'-flanking -81/-72 bp region of the StAR gene appears to function as a key element within a complex cAMP response unit by binding to different bZIP members, and the StAR promoter displays variable states of cAMP responsivity contingent upon the occupancy of these cis-elements with these transcription factors. The expression and activities of CREB/CREM/ATF, Fos/Jun and C/EBPbeta have been demonstrated to be mediated by a plethora of extracellular signals, and the phosphorylation of these proteins at several Ser and Thr residues allows recruitment of the transcriptional coactivator CREB binding protein (CBP) or its functional homolog p300 to the StAR promoter. This review will focus on the current level of understanding of the roles of selective bZIP family proteins within the complex series of processes involved in regulating StAR gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak R Manna
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Gavala ML, Pfeiffer ZA, Bertics PJ. The nucleotide receptor P2RX7 mediates ATP-induced CREB activation in human and murine monocytic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1159-71. [PMID: 18625910 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0907612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide receptors serve as sensors of extracellular ATP and are important for immune function. The nucleotide receptor P2RX7 is a cell-surface, ligand-gated cation channel that has been implicated in many diseases, including arthritis, granuloma formation, sepsis, and tuberculosis. These disorders are often exacerbated by excessive mediator release from activated macrophages in the inflammatory microenvironment. Although P2RX7 activation can modulate monocyte/macrophage-induced inflammatory events, the relevant molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Previous studies suggest that MAPK cascades and transcriptional control via CREB-linked pathways regulate the inflammatory capacity of monocytic cells. As P2RX7 promotes MAPK activation and inflammatory mediator production, we examined the involvement MAPK-induced CREB activation in P2RX7 action. Our data reveal that stimulation of multiple monocytic cell lines with P2RX7 agonists induces rapid CREB phosphorylation. In addition, we observed a lack of nucleotide-induced CREB phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 cells expressing nonfunctional P2RX7 and a gain of nucleotide-induced CREB phosphorylation in human embryonic kidney-293 cells that heterologously express human P2RX7. Furthermore, our results indicate that P2RX7 agonist-induced CREB phosphorylation is partly mediated via Ca(2+) fluxes and the MEK/ERK system. Mechanistic analyses revealed that macrophage stimulation with a P2RX7 agonist induces CREB/CREB-binding protein complex formation, which is necessary for CREB transcriptional activation. Also, we demonstrate that P2RX7 activation induces a known CREB-dependent gene (c-fos) and that dominant-negative CREB constructs attenuate this response. These studies support the idea that P2RX7 stimulation can directly regulate protein expression that is not dependent on costimulation with other immune modulators such as LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Gavala
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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