1
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Ishikawa K, Kodama Y. Bilirubin Distribution in Plants at the Subcellular and Tissue Levels. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:762-769. [PMID: 38466577 PMCID: PMC11138361 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
In heterotrophs, heme degradation produces bilirubin, a tetrapyrrole compound that has antioxidant activity. In plants, heme is degraded in plastids and is believed to be converted to phytochromobilin rather than bilirubin. Recently, we used the bilirubin-inducible fluorescent protein UnaG to reveal that plants produce bilirubin via a non-enzymatic reaction with NADPH. In the present study, we used an UnaG-based live imaging system to visualize bilirubin accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana at the organelle and tissue levels. In chloroplasts, bilirubin preferentially accumulated in the stroma, and the stromal bilirubin level increased upon dark treatment. Investigation of intracellular bilirubin distribution in leaves and roots showed that it accumulated mostly in plastids, with low levels detected in the cytosol and other organelles, such as peroxisomes, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. A treatment that increased bilirubin production in chloroplasts decreased the bilirubin level in peroxisomes, implying that a bilirubin precursor is transported between the two organelles. At the cell and tissue levels, bilirubin showed substantial accumulation in the root elongation region but little or none in the root cap and guard cells. Intermediate bilirubin accumulation was observed in other shoot and root tissues, with lower levels in shoot tissues. Our data revealed the distribution of bilirubin in plants, which has implications for the transport and physiological function of tetrapyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ishikawa
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
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2
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Levitt DG, Levitt MD. Development of a Pharmacokinetic Model That Accounts for the Plasma Concentrations of Conjugated and Unconjugated Bilirubin Observed in a Variety of Disease States. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2023; 16:277-289. [PMID: 38143515 PMCID: PMC10749172 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s438140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction For a large variety of liver pathologies, the plasma unconjugated (UB) and conjugated (CB) bilirubin concentrations appear to be coupled. For example, in alcoholic cirrhosis, UB and CB are roughly the same over a large range of total bilirubin, requiring an initial massive increase (about 40-fold) in plasma CB to reach the level of UB and then similar increases in UB and CB as the disease progresses. This coupling has been either unrecognized or ignored and this paper is the first attempt to try to explain it quantitatively in terms of known hepatic cell metabolic and membrane transport properties. Methods A simplified pharmacokinetic model is developed and applied to a variety of hyperbilirubinemic pathologies. A central feature of the model is based on the recent observation that double knockout of the rat OATP1A and OATP1B hepatic transporters produces a roughly 400-fold increase in plasma CB, indicating that there is a normal rapid recycling of CB from the cell to the plasma with reuptake via OATP. We use the experimental rat Km of OATP CB transport to show that OATP uptake becomes saturated at relatively low plasma CB concentrations, decreasing uptake, and producing massive (up to 1000-fold) increases in CB in some pathologies. It is assumed that UB and CB are competing for the OATP transporter, producing the increased plasma UB that is observed in "pure" CB pathologies. Results The model accurately describes the clinically observed UB and CB for pure UB (Gilbert's, hemolytic anemia) and CB (Dubin-Johnson, Rotor syndrome, biliary atresia) pathologies as well as in cirrhosis. Conclusion This model is a preliminary, first attempt to quantitatively describe UB and CB pharmacokinetics. It is hoped that it will stimulate more detailed measurements and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Levitt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael D Levitt
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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3
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Sist P, Tramer F, Bandiera A, Urbani R, Redenšek Trampuž S, Dolžan V, Passamonti S. Nanoscale Bilirubin Analysis in Translational Research and Precision Medicine by the Recombinant Protein HUG. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16289. [PMID: 38003479 PMCID: PMC10671013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin is a toxicological biomarker for hemolysis and liver diseases. The current automated diazo method used in clinical chemistry has limited applicability in rodent models and cannot be used in small animals relevant to toxicology, microphysiological systems, cell cultures, and kinetic studies. Here, we present a versatile fluorometric method for nanoscale analysis of bilirubin based on its highly specific binding to the recombinant bifunctional protein HELP-UnaG (HUG). The assay is sensitive (LoQ = 1.1 nM), accurate (4.5% relative standard error), and remarkably robust, allowing analysis at pH 7.4-9.5, T = 25-37 °C, in various buffers, and in the presence of 0.4-4 mg × L-1 serum albumin or 30% DMSO. It allows repeated measurements of bilirubinemia in murine models and small animals, fostering the 3Rs principle. The assay determines bilirubin in human plasma with a relative standard error of 6.7% at values that correlate and agree with the standard diazo method. Furthermore, it detects differences in human bilirubinemia related to sex and UGT1A1 polymorphisms, thus demonstrating its suitability for the uniform assessment of bilirubin at the nanoscale in translational and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sist
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (F.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Federica Tramer
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (F.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonella Bandiera
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (F.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Ranieri Urbani
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Sara Redenšek Trampuž
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.R.T.); (V.D.)
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.R.T.); (V.D.)
| | - Sabina Passamonti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (F.T.); (A.B.)
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4
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Vitek L, Hinds TD, Stec DE, Tiribelli C. The physiology of bilirubin: health and disease equilibrium. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:315-328. [PMID: 36828710 PMCID: PMC10023336 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Bilirubin has several physiological functions, both beneficial and harmful. In addition to reactive oxygen species-scavenging activities, bilirubin has potent immunosuppressive effects associated with long-term pathophysiological sequelae. It has been recently recognized as a hormone with endocrine actions and interconnected effects on various cellular signaling pathways. Current studies show that bilirubin also decreases adiposity and prevents metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. All in all, the physiological importance of bilirubin is only now coming to light, and strategies for increasing plasma bilirubin levels to combat chronic diseases are starting to be considered. This review discusses the beneficial effects of increasing plasma bilirubin, incorporates emerging areas of bilirubin biology, and provides key concepts to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Vitek
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - David E Stec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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5
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Seya M, Aokage T, Nojima T, Nakao A, Naito H. Bile pigments in emergency and critical care medicine. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:224. [PMID: 36309733 PMCID: PMC9618204 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile pigments, such as bilirubin and biliverdin, are end products of the heme degradation pathway in mammals and are widely known for their cytotoxic effects. However, recent studies have revealed that they exert cytoprotective effects through antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive properties. All these mechanisms are indispensable in the treatment of diseases in the field of emergency and critical care medicine, such as coronary ischemia, stroke, encephalomyelitis, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, mesenteric ischemia, and sepsis. While further research is required before the safe application of bile pigments in the clinical setting, their underlying mechanisms shed light on their utilization as therapeutic agents in the field of emergency and critical care medicine. This article aims to summarize the current understanding of bile pigments and re-evaluate their therapeutic potential in the diseases listed above.
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6
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Bilirubin represents a negative regulator of ILC2 in allergic airway inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:314-326. [PMID: 34686839 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play an important role in allergic airway inflammation. Despite recent advances in defining molecular mechanisms that control ILC2 development and function, the role of endogenous metabolites in the regulation of ILC2s remains poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrated that bilirubin, an end product of heme catabolism, was a potent negative regulator of ILC2s. Bilirubin metabolism was found to be significantly induced during airway inflammation in mouse models. The administration of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) dramatically suppressed ILC2 responses to interleukin (IL)-33 in mice, including cell proliferation and the production of effector cytokines. Furthermore, UCB significantly alleviated ILC2-driven airway inflammation, which was aggravated upon clearance of endogenous UCB. Mechanistic studies showed that the effects of bilirubin on ILC2s were associated with downregulation of ERK phosphorylation and GATA3 expression. Clinically, newborns with hyperbilirubinemia displayed significantly lower levels of ILC2 with impaired function and suppressed ERK signaling. Together, these findings indicate that bilirubin serves as an endogenous suppressor of ILC2s and might have potential therapeutic value in the treatment of allergic airway inflammation.
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7
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Kartashova AD, Gonchar KA, Chermoshentsev DA, Alekseeva EA, Gongalsky MB, Bozhev IV, Eliseev AA, Dyakov SA, Samsonova JV, Osminkina LA. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Active Gold-Decorated Silicon Nanowire Substrates for Label-Free Detection of Bilirubin. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 8:4175-4184. [PMID: 34775760 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bilirubin (BR) is a product of hemoglobin breakdown, and its increasing levels in the blood may indicate liver disorders and lead to jaundice. Kernicterus is most dangerous in newborns when the unconjugated BR concentration can quickly rise to toxic levels, causing neurological damage and even death. The development of an accurate, fast, and sensitive sensor for BR detection will help reduce diagnostic time and ensure successful treatment. In this study, we propose a new method for creating a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active substrate based on gold-decorated silicon nanowires (Au@SiNWs) for sensitive label-free BR detection. Gold-assisted chemical etching of crystalline silicon wafers was used to synthesize SiNWs, the tops of which were then additionally decorated with gold nanoparticles. The low detection limit of model analyte 4-mercaptopyridine down to the concentration of 10-8 M demonstrated the excellent sensitivity of the obtained substrates for SERS application. The theoretical full-wave electromagnetic simulations of Raman scattering in the Au@SiNW substrates showed that the major contribution to the total SERS signal comes from the analyte molecules located on the SiNW surface near the gold nanoparticles. Therefore, for efficient BR adsorption and SERS detection, the surface of the SiNWs was modified with amino groups. Label-free detection of BR using amino modified Au@SiNWs with high point-to-point, scan-to-scan, and batch-to-batch reproducibility with a detection limit of 10-6 M has been demonstrated. Artificial urine, mimicking human urine samples, was used as the matrix to get insights into the influence of different parameters such as matrix complexity on the overall BR SERS signal. The signal stability was demonstrated for 7 days after adsorption of BR with a concentration of 5 × 10-5 M, which is the required sensitivity for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D Kartashova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill A Gonchar
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Chermoshentsev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 143025 Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok 9, 141701 Moscow, Russia.,Russian Quantum Center, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 143025 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A Alekseeva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim B Gongalsky
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V Bozhev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,Quantum Technology Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei A Eliseev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A Dyakov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 143025 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jeanne V Samsonova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov A Osminkina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation of Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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8
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Monroy-Iglesias MJ, Moss C, Beckmann K, Hammar N, Walldius G, Bosco C, Van Hemelrijck M, Santaolalla A. Serum Total Bilirubin and Risk of Cancer: A Swedish Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215540. [PMID: 34771701 PMCID: PMC8582941 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Several studies published to date have shown inconclusive results in the association between serum bilirubin and risk of site-specific cancer types and overall cancer. Therefore, there is a need to further investigate this association. Data from the large Swedish Apolipoprotein Mortality Risk (AMORIS) cohort study was used. We found that overall high levels of bilirubin had no association with overall cancer risk. However, a positive association was found between melanoma and breast cancer risk. On the other hand, an inverse association was found between high levels of bilirubin and risk of gynecological and lung cancers. Further studies are required to establish if bilirubin can be used as a biomarker for risk assessment and/or as a novel therapeutic target. Abstract Bilirubin has strong antioxidant properties that have been hypothesized to be preventive against the development of cancer. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association between serum total bilirubin (STB) and risk of overall and site-specific cancers in the large Swedish Apolipoprotein Mortality Risk (AMORIS) cohort. We also performed a systematic review and meta-analysis for specific cancer types (colorectal, breast and lung). We found no association between high levels of STB and risk of overall cancer. Regarding site-specific cancer, there was an inverse association between increased STB and lung cancer (Hazard Ratio (HR) for the 4th quartile (Q4) vs. Q1: 0.50; 95%CI: 0.44–0.59) and gynecological cancer (HR for Q4 vs. Q1: 0.86; 95%CI: 0.76–0.99). A positive association was found with melanoma (HR for Q4 vs. Q1: 1.25; 95%CI: 1.06–1.47) and breast cancer (HR for Q4 vs. Q1: 1.13; 95%CI: 1.01–1.25) risk. The meta-analysis showed an inverse association between high levels of STB and risk of lung cancer (Relative risk (RR): 0.69; 95%CI: 0.55–0.86). No associations were seen for colorectal and breast cancer risk. Further studies are required to establish if bilirubin can be used as a biomarker for risk assessment and/or as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Monroy-Iglesias
- Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; (M.J.M.-I.); (C.M.); (K.B.); (C.B.); (M.V.H.)
| | - Charlotte Moss
- Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; (M.J.M.-I.); (C.M.); (K.B.); (C.B.); (M.V.H.)
| | - Kerri Beckmann
- Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; (M.J.M.-I.); (C.M.); (K.B.); (C.B.); (M.V.H.)
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SE 5001, Australia
| | - Niklas Hammar
- Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (N.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Goran Walldius
- Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (N.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Cecilia Bosco
- Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; (M.J.M.-I.); (C.M.); (K.B.); (C.B.); (M.V.H.)
| | - Mieke Van Hemelrijck
- Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; (M.J.M.-I.); (C.M.); (K.B.); (C.B.); (M.V.H.)
- Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (N.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Aida Santaolalla
- Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; (M.J.M.-I.); (C.M.); (K.B.); (C.B.); (M.V.H.)
- Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (N.H.); (G.W.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Ni SD, Chen YL, Chen YQ, Zhou K, Ding HM. Molecular Simulation Studies on the Interactions of Bilirubin at Different States with a Lipid Bilayer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11707-11715. [PMID: 34570511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The unconjugated bilirubin (BR) may penetrate through the cell membrane and cause a severe cytotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the penetration of BR into the cell membrane is still largely unknown. In this work, we systematically investigate the interaction of BR and a lipid bilayer under different conditions by using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that BR at the Z,Z conformation can easily enter into the interior of the lipid bilayer due to its hydrophobicity. However, when BR transforms from the Z,Z conformation to the E,E conformation (after the blue-light emission), its penetration ability is greatly reduced (especially at its ionized state). This study may offer useful physical insights into the effect of phototherapy on the penetration behavior and the cytotoxicity of the unconjugated BR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Di Ni
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ya-Li Chen
- Rugao Guangci Hospital, Nantong 226500, China
| | - Yuan-Qiang Chen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Hong-Ming Ding
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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10
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Shum M, Shintre CA, Althoff T, Gutierrez V, Segawa M, Saxberg AD, Martinez M, Adamson R, Young MR, Faust B, Gharakhanian R, Su S, Chella Krishnan K, Mahdaviani K, Veliova M, Wolf DM, Ngo J, Nocito L, Stiles L, Abramson J, Lusis AJ, Hevener AL, Zoghbi ME, Carpenter EP, Liesa M. ABCB10 exports mitochondrial biliverdin, driving metabolic maladaptation in obesity. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/594/eabd1869. [PMID: 34011630 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of hydrophilic antioxidants in the development of hepatic insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been well studied, the role of lipophilic antioxidants remains poorly characterized. A known lipophilic hydrogen peroxide scavenger is bilirubin, which can be oxidized to biliverdin and then reduced back to bilirubin by cytosolic biliverdin reductase. Oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin inside mitochondria must be followed by the export of biliverdin to the cytosol, where biliverdin is reduced back to bilirubin. Thus, the putative mitochondrial exporter of biliverdin is expected to be a major determinant of bilirubin regeneration and intracellular hydrogen peroxide scavenging. Here, we identified ABCB10 as a mitochondrial biliverdin exporter. ABCB10 reconstituted into liposomes transported biliverdin, and ABCB10 deletion caused accumulation of biliverdin inside mitochondria. Obesity with insulin resistance up-regulated hepatic ABCB10 expression in mice and elevated cytosolic and mitochondrial bilirubin content in an ABCB10-dependent manner. Revealing a maladaptive role of ABCB10-driven bilirubin synthesis, hepatic ABCB10 deletion protected diet-induced obese mice from steatosis and hyperglycemia, improving insulin-mediated suppression of glucose production and decreasing lipogenic SREBP-1c expression. Protection was concurrent with enhanced mitochondrial function and increased inactivation of PTP1B, a phosphatase disrupting insulin signaling and elevating SREBP-1c expression. Restoration of cellular bilirubin content in ABCB10 KO hepatocytes reversed the improvements in mitochondrial function and PTP1B inactivation, demonstrating that bilirubin was the maladaptive effector linked to ABCB10 function. Thus, we identified a fundamental transport process that amplifies intracellular bilirubin redox actions, which can exacerbate insulin resistance and steatosis in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shum
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
| | - Chitra A Shintre
- Center for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Thorsten Althoff
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vincent Gutierrez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
| | - Mayuko Segawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
| | - Alexandra D Saxberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Melissa Martinez
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Roslin Adamson
- Center for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Margaret R Young
- Center for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Belinda Faust
- Center for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Raffi Gharakhanian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
| | - Shi Su
- Evans Biomedical Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Karthickeyan Chella Krishnan
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0575, USA
| | - Kiana Mahdaviani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Evans Biomedical Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michaela Veliova
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dane M Wolf
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Evans Biomedical Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jennifer Ngo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laura Nocito
- Evans Biomedical Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeff Abramson
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrea L Hevener
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maria E Zoghbi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | | | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
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11
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Abstract
Congenital hearing loss is the most common birth defect, estimated to affect 2-3 in every 1000 births. Currently there is no cure for hearing loss. Treatment options are limited to hearing aids for mild and moderate cases, and cochlear implants for severe and profound hearing loss. Here we provide a literature overview of the environmental and genetic causes of congenital hearing loss, common animal models and methods used for hearing research, as well as recent advances towards developing therapies to treat congenital deafness. © 2021 The Authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Renauld
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Martin L Basch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
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12
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Occurrence of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) as a Rare Oral Manifestation in a Patient with Gilbert's Syndrome. Case Rep Dent 2021; 2021:6648729. [PMID: 33953989 PMCID: PMC8068538 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6648729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is an ulcerative disease of the oral cavity and can occur in isolation or as a manifestation of many systemic diseases. It is a quite common entity and may hence often be overlooked as an isolated lesion. Gilbert's syndrome is a genetic disorder where a deficiency of an enzyme associated with the conjugation of bilirubin results in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The disease is generally asymptomatic and is aggravated by certain trigger factors. No associated oral manifestations are known. In this case report, we discuss the concomitant presence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis in a patient of Gilbert's syndrome. The presence of such recurrent stomatitis may represent as an oral manifestation of Gilbert's syndrome. Early identification of these entities may improve the overall quality of life of the patient.
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13
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Bianco A, Dvořák A, Capková N, Gironde C, Tiribelli C, Furger C, Vitek L, Bellarosa C. The Extent of Intracellular Accumulation of Bilirubin Determines Its Anti- or Pro-Oxidant Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218101. [PMID: 33143041 PMCID: PMC7663266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Severe hyperbilirubinemia can cause permanent neurological damage in particular in neonates, whereas mildly elevated serum bilirubin protects from various oxidative stress-mediated diseases. The present work aimed to establish the intracellular unconjugated bilirubin concentrations (iUCB) thresholds differentiating between anti- and pro-oxidant effects. Methods: Hepatic (HepG2), heart endothelial (H5V), kidney tubular (HK2) and neuronal (SH-SY5Y) cell lines were exposed to increasing concentration of bilirubin. iUCB, cytotoxicity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations, and antioxidant capacity (50% efficacy concentration (EC50)) were determined. Results: Exposure of SH-SY5Y to UCB concentration > 3.6 µM (iUCB of 25 ng/mg) and >15 µM in H5V and HK2 cells (iUCB of 40 ng/mg) increased intracellular ROS production (p < 0.05). EC50 of the antioxidant activity was 21 µM (iUCB between 5.4 and 21 ng/mg) in HepG2 cells, 0.68 µM (iUCB between 3.3 and 7.5 ng/mg) in SH-SY5Y cells, 2.4 µM (iUCB between 3 and 6.7 ng/mg) in HK2 cells, and 4 µM (iUCB between 4.7 and 7.5 ng/mg) in H5V cells. Conclusions: In all the cell lines studied, iUCB of around 7 ng/mg protein had antioxidant activities, while iUCB > 25 ng/mg protein resulted in a prooxidant and cytotoxic effects. UCB metabolism was found to be cell-specific resulting in different iUCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bianco
- Italian Liver Foundation (FIF), Bldg Q—AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS14 Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (C.T.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Aleš Dvořák
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty General Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (A.D.); (N.C.); (L.V.)
| | - Nikola Capková
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty General Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (A.D.); (N.C.); (L.V.)
| | - Camille Gironde
- AOP/MH2F Team, LAAS-CNRS, 7 avenue de l’Europe, 31400 Toulouse, France; (C.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Italian Liver Foundation (FIF), Bldg Q—AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS14 Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Christophe Furger
- AOP/MH2F Team, LAAS-CNRS, 7 avenue de l’Europe, 31400 Toulouse, France; (C.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Libor Vitek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty General Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (A.D.); (N.C.); (L.V.)
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty General Hospital and 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Cristina Bellarosa
- Italian Liver Foundation (FIF), Bldg Q—AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS14 Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Seyed Khoei N, Jenab M, Murphy N, Banbury BL, Carreras-Torres R, Viallon V, Kühn T, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Aleksandrova K, Cross AJ, Weiderpass E, Stepien M, Bulmer A, Tjønneland A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Severi G, Carbonnel F, Katzke V, Boeing H, Bergmann MM, Trichopoulou A, Karakatsani A, Martimianaki G, Palli D, Tagliabue G, Panico S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Skeie G, Merino S, Bonet C, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Gil L, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Myte R, Hultdin J, Perez-Cornago A, Aune D, Tsilidis KK, Albanes D, Baron JA, Berndt SI, Bézieau S, Brenner H, Campbell PT, Casey G, Chan AT, Chang-Claude J, Chanock SJ, Cotterchio M, Gallinger S, Gruber SB, Haile RW, Hampe J, Hoffmeister M, Hopper JL, Hsu L, Huyghe JR, Jenkins MA, Joshi AD, Kampman E, Larsson SC, Le Marchand L, Li CI, Li L, Lindblom A, Lindor NM, Martín V, Moreno V, Newcomb PA, Offit K, Ogino S, Parfrey PS, Pharoah PDP, Rennert G, Sakoda LC, Schafmayer C, Schmit SL, Schoen RE, Slattery ML, Thibodeau SN, Ulrich CM, van Duijnhoven FJB, Weigl K, Weinstein SJ, White E, Wolk A, Woods MO, Wu AH, Zhang X, Ferrari P, Anton G, Peters A, Peters U, Gunter MJ, Wagner KH, Freisling H. Circulating bilirubin levels and risk of colorectal cancer: serological and Mendelian randomization analyses. BMC Med 2020; 18:229. [PMID: 32878631 PMCID: PMC7469292 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01703-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilirubin, a byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown and purported anti-oxidant, is thought to be cancer preventive. We conducted complementary serological and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to investigate whether alterations in circulating levels of bilirubin are associated with risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We decided a priori to perform analyses separately in men and women based on suggestive evidence that associations may differ by sex. METHODS In a case-control study nested in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), pre-diagnostic unconjugated bilirubin (UCB, the main component of total bilirubin) concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in plasma samples of 1386 CRC cases and their individually matched controls. Additionally, 115 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) robustly associated (P < 5 × 10-8) with circulating total bilirubin were instrumented in a 2-sample MR to test for a potential causal effect of bilirubin on CRC risk in 52,775 CRC cases and 45,940 matched controls in the Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium (GECCO), the Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR), and the Colorectal Transdisciplinary (CORECT) study. RESULTS The associations between circulating UCB levels and CRC risk differed by sex (Pheterogeneity = 0.008). Among men, higher levels of UCB were positively associated with CRC risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04-1.36; per 1-SD increment of log-UCB). In women, an inverse association was observed (OR = 0.86 (0.76-0.97)). In the MR analysis of the main UGT1A1 SNP (rs6431625), genetically predicted higher levels of total bilirubin were associated with a 7% increase in CRC risk in men (OR = 1.07 (1.02-1.12); P = 0.006; per 1-SD increment of total bilirubin), while there was no association in women (OR = 1.01 (0.96-1.06); P = 0.73). Raised bilirubin levels, predicted by instrumental variables excluding rs6431625, were suggestive of an inverse association with CRC in men, but not in women. These differences by sex did not reach formal statistical significance (Pheterogeneity ≥ 0.2). CONCLUSIONS Additional insight into the relationship between circulating bilirubin and CRC is needed in order to conclude on a potential causal role of bilirubin in CRC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazlisadat Seyed Khoei
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mazda Jenab
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Neil Murphy
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Barbara L Banbury
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert Carreras-Torres
- Colorectal Cancer Group, ONCOBELL Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL). L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vivian Viallon
- Nutritional Methodology and Biostatistics Group, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- Group Nutrition, Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Amanda J Cross
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Magdalena Stepien
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Andrew Bulmer
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- CESP (Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations), Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. de médecine - UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gianluca Severi
- CESP (Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations), Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. de médecine - UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Franck Carbonnel
- CESP (Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations), Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. de médecine - UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bicêtre University Hospital, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Verena Katzke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Postdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Manuela M Bergmann
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Postdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | - Anna Karakatsani
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- 2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "ATTIKON" University Hospital, Haidari, Greece
| | | | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tagliabue
- Lombardy Cancer Registry Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, "M.P. Arezzo" Hospital, ASP Ragusa, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy
| | - Guri Skeie
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø (UiT), The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Catalina Bonet
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs. GRANADA, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leire Gil
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa-BIODONOSTIA, Basque Regional Health Department, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maria-Dolores Chirlaque
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Robin Myte
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Hultdin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aurora Perez-Cornago
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John A Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stéphane Bézieau
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter T Campbell
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, University Cancer Centre Hamburg (UCCH), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Cotterchio
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen B Gruber
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert W Haile
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Hoffmeister
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Li Hsu
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeroen R Huyghe
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amit D Joshi
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Kampman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christopher I Li
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Vicente Martín
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedicine Institute (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno
- Colorectal Cancer Group, ONCOBELL Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL). L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick S Parfrey
- The Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Memorial University Medical School, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gad Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lori C Sakoda
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Clemens Schafmayer
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephanie L Schmit
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert E Schoen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Martha L Slattery
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Korbinian Weigl
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily White
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael O Woods
- Discipline of Genetics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Anna H Wu
- University of Southern California, Preventative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pietro Ferrari
- Nutritional Methodology and Biostatistics Group, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Gabriele Anton
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Freisling
- Nutritional Methodology and Biostatistics Group, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
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15
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Bilirubin disrupts calcium homeostasis in neonatal hippocampal neurons: a new pathway of neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:845-855. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Lee H, Choi YK. Regenerative Effects of Heme Oxygenase Metabolites on Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010078. [PMID: 30585210 PMCID: PMC6337166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) catabolizes heme to produce HO metabolites, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and bilirubin (BR), which have gained recognition as biological signal transduction effectors. The neurovascular unit refers to a highly evolved network among endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, neurons, and neural stem cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Proper communication and functional circuitry in these diverse cell types is essential for effective CNS homeostasis. Neuroinflammation is associated with the vascular pathogenesis of many CNS disorders. CNS injury elicits responses from activated glia (e.g., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) and from damaged perivascular cells (e.g., pericytes and endothelial cells). Most brain lesions cause extensive proliferation and growth of existing glial cells around the site of injury, leading to reactions causing glial scarring, which may act as a major barrier to neuronal regrowth in the CNS. In addition, damaged perivascular cells lead to the breakdown of the blood-neural barrier, and an increase in immune activation, activated glia, and neuroinflammation. The present review discusses the regenerative role of HO metabolites, such as CO and BR, in various vascular diseases of the CNS such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, diabetic retinopathy, and Alzheimer's disease, and the role of several other signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiju Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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17
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Choi YK, Park JH, Yun JA, Cha JH, Kim Y, Won MH, Kim KW, Ha KS, Kwon YG, Kim YM. Heme oxygenase metabolites improve astrocytic mitochondrial function via a Ca2+-dependent HIF-1α/ERRα circuit. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202039. [PMID: 30153269 PMCID: PMC6112640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) exerts beneficial effects, including angiogenesis and energy metabolism via the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and peroxisome-proliferator-activating receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α)/estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) pathways, respectively, in astrocytes. However, evidence of cross-talk between both pathways in HO metabolite-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis has not been well elucidated. Here, we found that HIF-1α was upregulated in astrocytes after ischemic brain injury following exposure to the carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing compound CORM-2. Experiments with pharmacological inhibitors and target-specific siRNAs revealed that HIF-1α levels were highly correlated with increased PGC-1α and ERRα levels, which were linked to the HO metabolites CO- and bilirubin-induced activation of apical L-type Ca2+ channel and sequential Ca2+-dependent signal transduction. Moreover, HIF-1α was stabilized in a proline hydroxylase-dependent manner by transient induction of intracellular hypoxia via the PGC-1α/ERRα-induced increases in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxygen consumption. HIF-1α knockdown blocked HO-1 system-mediated transcriptional expression of ERRα, but not of PGC-1α, suggesting a possible involvement of HIF-1α in ERRα-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis. These data suggest that the HO-1-derived metabolites, CO and bilirubin, elevate astrocytic mitochondrial function via a HIF-1α/ERRα circuit coupled with L-type Ca2+ channel activation and PGC-1α-mediated oxygen consumption. This circuit may play an important role in repairing neurovascular function after focal ischemic brain injury by stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-A Yun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Cha
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghee Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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18
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Nam J, Lee Y, Yang Y, Jeong S, Kim W, Yoo JW, Moon JO, Lee C, Chung HY, Kim MS, Jon S, Jung Y. Is it worth expending energy to convert biliverdin into bilirubin? Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:232-240. [PMID: 29898414 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bilirubin (BR) is generated by the reduction of biliverdin (BV), a metabolite that results from the catalytic degradation of heme by the isoforms of heme oxygenase (HO). BV is nontoxic and water-soluble but BR is potentially toxic and lipophilic. Therefore, a further metabolic step is required for BR before excretion is possible. The reductive conversion of BV to BR costs energy and is evolutionarily conserved in human physiology. There must be a compelling reason for this apparently nonsensical evolutionary conservation. In addition to the differences between BR and BV-such as water solubility, antioxidant activity, and participation as a receptor ligand-in the present study, we focused on the chemistry of the two metabolites with regard to an electrophilic functional group called a Michael reaction acceptor (MRA). Our data reveal that the BR reacts with thiol compounds forming adducts, whereas no reaction occurs with BV. Furthermore, the binding of biotin-tagged BR to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)-a biological electrophile sensor-was prevented by pretreatment with BR or a thiol compound, but was not by pretreatment with BV. In cells, BR could bind to KEAP1 to release and activate nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (NF-E2) p45-related factor 2, a cytoprotective transcription factor, leading to the induction of HO-1. These findings may provide a physiological rationale for the energy-consuming conversion of BV to BR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Yonghyun Lee
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yejin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Seongkeun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Wooseong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Jeon-Ok Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Changyong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Sangyong Jon
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea.
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19
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Fujiwara R, Haag M, Schaeffeler E, Nies AT, Zanger UM, Schwab M. Systemic regulation of bilirubin homeostasis: Potential benefits of hyperbilirubinemia. Hepatology 2018; 67:1609-1619. [PMID: 29059457 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxic bilirubin is the end product of heme catabolism in mammals. Bilirubin is solely conjugated by uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1, which is a membrane-bound enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of glucuronic acid. Due to low function of hepatic and intestinal uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 during the neonatal period, human neonates develop mild to severe physiological hyperbilirubinemia. Accumulation of bilirubin in the brain leads to the onset of irreversible brain damage, termed kernicterus. Breastfeeding is one of the most significant factors that increase the risk of developing kernicterus in infants. Why does this most natural way of feeding increase the risk of brain damage or even death? This question leads to the hypothesis that breast milk-induced hyperbilirubinemia might bring certain benefits that outweigh those risks. While bilirubin is neurotoxic and cytotoxic, this compound is also a potent antioxidant. There are studies showing improved clinical conditions in patients with hyperbilirubinemia. Accumulating evidence also shows that genetic polymorphisms linked to hyperbilirubinemia are beneficial against various diseases. In this review article, we first introduce the production, metabolism, and transport of bilirubin. We then discuss the potential benefits of neonatal and adult hyperbilirubinemia. Finally, epigenetic factors as well as metabolomic information associated with hyperbilirubinemia are described. This review article advances the understanding of the physiological importance of the paradoxical compound bilirubin. (Hepatology 2018;67:1609-1619).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mathias Haag
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anne T Nies
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zanger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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The activation of autophagy protects neurons and astrocytes against bilirubin-induced cytotoxicity. Neurosci Lett 2017; 661:96-103. [PMID: 28965934 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) neurotoxicity involves oxidative stress, calcium signaling and ER-stress. The same insults can also induce autophagy, a process of "self-eating", with both a pro-survival or a pro-apoptotic role. Our aim was to study the outcome of autophagy activation by UCB in the highly sensitive neuronal SH-SY5Y cells and in the resistant astrocytoma U87 cells. Upon treatment with a toxic dose of UCB, the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II was detected in both cell lines. Inhibition of autophagy by E64d before UCB treatment increased SH-SY5Y cell mortality and made U87 cells sensitive to UCB. In SH-SY5Y autophagy related genes ATG8 (5 folds), ATG18 (5 folds), p62 (3 folds) and FAM 129A (4.5 folds) were induced 8h after UCB treatment while DDIT4 upregulation (13 folds) started at 4h. mTORC1 inactivation by UCB was confirmed by phosphorylation of 4EBP1. UCB induced LC3-II conversion was completely prevented by pretreating cells with the calcium chelator BAPTA and reduced by 65% using the ER-stress inhibitor 4-PBA. Pretreatment with the PKC inhibitor reduced LC3 mRNA by 70% as compared to cells exposed to UCB alone. Finally, autophagy induction by Trifluoroperazine (TFP) increased the cell viability of rat hippocampal primary neurons upon UCB treatment from 60% to 80%. In SH-SY5Y cells, TFP pretreatment blocked the UCB-induced cleaved caspase-3 protein expression, decreased LDH release from 50% to 23%, reduced the UCB-induction of HO1, CHOP and IL-8 mRNAs by 85%, 70% and 97%. Collectively these data indicate that the activation of autophagy protects neuronal cells from UCB cytotoxicity. The mechanisms of autophagy activation by UCB involves mTOR/ER-stress/PKC/calcium signaling.
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21
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Vogel ME, Idelman G, Konaniah ES, Zucker SD. Bilirubin Prevents Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice by Inhibiting Endothelial VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 Signaling. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.004820. [PMID: 28365565 PMCID: PMC5532999 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Numerous epidemiological studies support an inverse association between serum bilirubin levels and the incidence of cardiovascular disease; however, the mechanism(s) by which bilirubin may protect against atherosclerosis is undefined. The goals of the present investigations were to assess the ability of bilirubin to prevent atherosclerotic plaque formation in low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐deficient (Ldlr−/−) mice and elucidate the molecular processes underlying this effect. Methods and Results Bilirubin, at physiological concentrations (≤20 μmol/L), dose‐dependently inhibits THP‐1 monocyte migration across tumor necrosis factor α–activated human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers without altering leukocyte binding or cytokine production. A potent antioxidant, bilirubin effectively blocks the generation of cellular reactive oxygen species induced by the cross‐linking of endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1) or intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1). These findings were validated by treating cells with blocking antibodies or with specific inhibitors of VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1 signaling. When administered to Ldlr−/− mice on a Western diet, bilirubin (30 mg/kg intraperitoneally) prevents atherosclerotic plaque formation, but does not alter circulating cholesterol or chemokine levels. Aortic roots from bilirubin‐treated animals exhibit reduced lipid and collagen deposition, decreased infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes, fewer smooth muscle cells, and diminished levels of chlorotyrosine and nitrotyrosine, without changes in VCAM‐1 or ICAM‐1 expression. Conclusions Bilirubin suppresses atherosclerotic plaque formation in Ldlr−/− mice by disrupting endothelial VCAM‐1‐ and ICAM‐1‐mediated leukocyte migration through the scavenging of reactive oxygen species signaling intermediaries. These findings suggest a potential mechanism for the apparent cardioprotective effects of bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Vogel
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Gila Idelman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Eddy S Konaniah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Disease Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Stephen D Zucker
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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22
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Yang K, Battista C, Woodhead JL, Stahl SH, Mettetal JT, Watkins PB, Siler SQ, Howell BA. Systems pharmacology modeling of drug-induced hyperbilirubinemia: Differentiating hepatotoxicity and inhibition of enzymes/transporters. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 101:501-509. [PMID: 28074467 PMCID: PMC5367379 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevations in serum bilirubin during drug treatment may indicate global liver dysfunction and a high risk of liver failure. However, drugs also can increase serum bilirubin in the absence of hepatic injury by inhibiting specific enzymes/transporters. We constructed a mechanistic model of bilirubin disposition based on known functional polymorphisms in bilirubin metabolism/transport. Using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model-predicted drug exposure and enzyme/transporter inhibition constants determined in vitro, our model correctly predicted indinavir-mediated hyperbilirubinemia in humans and rats. Nelfinavir was predicted not to cause hyperbilirubinemia, consistent with clinical observations. We next examined a new drug candidate that caused both elevations in serum bilirubin and biochemical evidence of liver injury in rats. Simulations suggest that bilirubin elevation primarily resulted from inhibition of transporters rather than global liver dysfunction. We conclude that mechanistic modeling of bilirubin can help elucidate underlying mechanisms of drug-induced hyperbilirubinemia, and thereby distinguish benign from clinically important elevations in serum bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yang
- DILIsym Services Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - C Battista
- DILIsym Services Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.,University of North Carolina Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J L Woodhead
- DILIsym Services Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - S H Stahl
- ADME Transporters, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J T Mettetal
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P B Watkins
- University of North Carolina Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Q Siler
- DILIsym Services Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - B A Howell
- DILIsym Services Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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23
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Matsushima A, Oda K, Mori N, Murakami T. Modulation of multidrug resistance-associated proteins function in erythrocytes in glycerol-induced acute renal failure rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 69:172-181. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Evaluation of the function of multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) expressed in erythrocytes and screening of endogenous MRPs modulator(s) in glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF) rats.
Methods
Concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione (DNP-SG), a substrate for MRPs, in erythrocytes after administration of 1-chloro-2,4-dintrobenzene (CDNB), a precursor of DNP-SG, were determined in control and ARF rats. The screening of endogenous MRPs modulator(s) was performed using washed erythrocytes and inside-out erythrocyte membrane vesicles (IOVs) in vitro.
Key findings
Accumulation of DNP-SG in erythrocytes was observed in ARF rats. Uraemic plasma components exhibited a greater inhibitory effect on DNP-SG uptake by IOVs than control plasma components and increased the DNP-SG accumulation significantly in washed erythrocytes. Several protein-bound uraemic toxins at clinically observed concentrations and bilirubin significantly inhibited DNP-SG uptake by IOVs. In washed erythrocytes, bilirubin (10 μm) and l-kynurenine (100 μm), a precursor of kynurenic acid being MRPs inhibitor, increased DNP-SG accumulation significantly.
Conclusions
Glycerol-induced ARF rats contain various MRPs inhibitors in plasma, and membrane-permeable MRP substrates/inhibitors including their precursors inhibit the MRPs function in erythrocytes cooperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Matsushima
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Japan
| | - Keisuke Oda
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Mori
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Japan
| | - Teruo Murakami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Japan
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24
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van der Mark VA, Rudi de Waart D, Shevchenko V, Elferink RPJO, Chamuleau RAFM, Hoekstra R. Stable Overexpression of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor Reduces the Requirement for Culture with Dimethyl Sulfoxide for High Drug Metabolism in HepaRG Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:56-67. [PMID: 27780834 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) induces cellular differentiation and expression of drug metabolic enzymes in the human liver cell line HepaRG; however, DMSO also induces cell death and interferes with cellular activities. The aim of this study was to examine whether overexpression of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3), the nuclear receptor controlling various drug metabolism genes, would sufficiently promote differentiation and drug metabolism in HepaRG cells, optionally without using DMSO. By stable lentiviral overexpression of CAR, HepaRG cultures were less affected by DMSO in total protein content and obtained increased resistance to acetaminophen- and amiodarone-induced cell death. Transcript levels of CAR target genes were significantly increased in HepaRG-CAR cultures without DMSO, resulting in increased activities of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and bilirubin conjugation to levels equal or surpassing those of HepaRG cells cultured with DMSO. Unexpectedly, CAR overexpression also increased the activities of non-CAR target P450s, as well as albumin production. In combination with DMSO treatment, CAR overexpression further increased transcript levels and activities of CAR targets. Induction of CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 remained unchanged, whereas CYP3A4 was reduced. Moreover, the metabolism of low-clearance compounds warfarin and prednisolone was increased. In conclusion, CAR overexpression creates a more physiologically relevant environment for studies on hepatic (drug) metabolism and differentiation in HepaRG cells without the utilization of DMSO. DMSO still may be applied to accomplish higher drug metabolism, required for sensitive assays, such as low-clearance studies and identification of (rare) metabolites, whereas reduced total protein content after DMSO culture is diminished by CAR overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A van der Mark
- Department of Experimental Surgery (V.A.M., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), and the Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (V.A.M., D.R.W., R.P.J.O.E., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Biopredic International, Saint-Grégoire, France (V.S.)
| | - D Rudi de Waart
- Department of Experimental Surgery (V.A.M., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), and the Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (V.A.M., D.R.W., R.P.J.O.E., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Biopredic International, Saint-Grégoire, France (V.S.)
| | - Valery Shevchenko
- Department of Experimental Surgery (V.A.M., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), and the Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (V.A.M., D.R.W., R.P.J.O.E., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Biopredic International, Saint-Grégoire, France (V.S.)
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Department of Experimental Surgery (V.A.M., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), and the Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (V.A.M., D.R.W., R.P.J.O.E., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Biopredic International, Saint-Grégoire, France (V.S.)
| | - Robert A F M Chamuleau
- Department of Experimental Surgery (V.A.M., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), and the Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (V.A.M., D.R.W., R.P.J.O.E., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Biopredic International, Saint-Grégoire, France (V.S.)
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Department of Experimental Surgery (V.A.M., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), and the Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (V.A.M., D.R.W., R.P.J.O.E., R.A.F.M.C., R.H.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Biopredic International, Saint-Grégoire, France (V.S.)
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25
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Stec DE, John K, Trabbic CJ, Luniwal A, Hankins MW, Baum J, Hinds TD. Bilirubin Binding to PPARα Inhibits Lipid Accumulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153427. [PMID: 27071062 PMCID: PMC4829185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical and population studies have demonstrated that increased serum bilirubin levels protect against cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Bilirubin is a potent antioxidant, and the beneficial actions of moderate increases in plasma bilirubin have been thought to be due to the antioxidant effects of this bile pigment. In the present study, we found that bilirubin has a new function as a ligand for PPARα. We show that bilirubin can bind directly to PPARα and increase transcriptional activity. When we compared biliverdin, the precursor to bilirubin, on PPARα transcriptional activation to known PPARα ligands, WY 14,643 and fenofibrate, it showed that fenofibrate and biliverdin have similar activation properties. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with biliverdin suppressed lipid accumulation and upregulated PPARα target genes. We treated wild-type and PPARα KO mice on a high fat diet with fenofibrate or bilirubin for seven days and found that both signal through PPARα dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, the effect of bilirubin on lowering glucose and reducing body fat percentage was blunted in PPARα KO mice. These data demonstrate a new function for bilirubin as an agonist of PPARα, which mediates the protection from adiposity afforded by moderate increases in bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Stec
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, United States of America
| | - Kezia John
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, 43614, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Trabbic
- Center for Drug Design and Development, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, United States of America
| | - Amarjit Luniwal
- Center for Drug Design and Development, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, United States of America
- North American Science Associates, Inc. (NAMSA), 6750 Wales Rd, Northwood, Ohio, 43619, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Hankins
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, United States of America
| | - Justin Baum
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, 43614, United States of America
| | - Terry D. Hinds
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, 43614, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vogel ME, Zucker SD. Bilirubin acts as an endogenous regulator of inflammation by disrupting adhesion molecule-mediated leukocyte migration. INFLAMMATION AND CELL SIGNALING 2016; 3. [PMID: 26925435 PMCID: PMC4768809 DOI: 10.14800/ics.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that bilirubin, which is generated during the physiological breakdown of heme, exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects. Previous work by our group suggests that bilirubin is able to suppress inflammatory responses by preventing the migration of leukocytes into target tissues through disruption of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)-dependent cell signaling. As VCAM-1 is an important mediator of tissue injury in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) murine model of inflammatory colitis, we examined whether bilirubin prevents colonic injury in DSS-treated mice. As anticipated, bilirubin-treated animals manifested significantly less colonic injury and reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells into colon tissues. We further observed that bilirubin administration was associated with a reduced number of eosinophils and monocytes in the small intestine, with a corresponding increase in peripheral blood eosinophilia, regardless of whether mice received DSS. These findings suggest that bilirubin impairs the normal migration of eosinophils into intestinal tissues, as supported by in vitro experiments showing that bilirubin blocks the VCAM-1-dependent movement of Jurkat cells across human endothelial cell monolayers. Taken together, our findings support that bilirubin ameliorates DSS-induced colitis and disrupts the physiological trafficking of leukocytes to the intestine by preventing transmigration across the vascular endothelium, potentially through the inhibition VCAM-1-mediated signaling. Our findings raise the possibility that bilirubin functions as an endogenous regulator of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Vogel
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 45267-0595, United States
| | - Stephen D Zucker
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 45267-0595, United States
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Elevated serum bilirubin levels are associated with improved survival in patients with curatively resected non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2015; 39:763-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Idelman G, Smith DLH, Zucker SD. Bilirubin inhibits the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase by scavenging reactive oxygen species generated by the toll-like receptor 4-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase. Redox Biol 2015; 5:398-408. [PMID: 26163808 PMCID: PMC4506991 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been previously shown that bilirubin prevents the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in response to LPS. The present study examines whether this effect is exerted through modulation of Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling. LPS-stimulated iNOS and NADPH oxidase (Nox) activity in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages was assessed by measuring cellular nitrate and superoxide ( [Formula: see text] ) production, respectively. The generation of both nitrate and [Formula: see text] in response to LPS was suppressed by TLR4 inhibitors, indicating that activation of iNOS and Nox is TLR4-dependent. While treatment with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and bilirubin effectively abolished LPS-mediated [Formula: see text] production, hydrogen peroxide and nitrate release were inhibited by bilirubin and PEG-catalase, but not SOD, supporting that iNOS activation is primarily dependent upon intracellular H2O2. LPS treatment increased nuclear translocation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α), an effect that was abolished by bilirubin. Cells transfected with murine iNOS reporter constructs in which the HIF-1α-specific hypoxia response element was disrupted exhibited a blunted response to LPS, supporting that HIF-1α mediates Nox-dependent iNOS expression. Bilirubin, but not SOD, blocked the cellular production of interferon-β, while interleukin-6 production remained unaffected. These data support that bilirubin inhibits the TLR4-mediated up-regulation of iNOS by preventing activation of HIF-1α through scavenging of Nox-derived reactive oxygen species. Bilirubin also suppresses interferon-β release via a ROS-independent mechanism. These findings characterize potential mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effects of bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Idelman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA
| | - Darcey L H Smith
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA
| | - Stephen D Zucker
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA.
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Novotná P, Urbanová M. Bilirubin, model membranes and serum albumin interaction: The influence of fatty acids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:1331-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Müllebner A, Moldzio R, Redl H, Kozlov AV, Duvigneau JC. Heme Degradation by Heme Oxygenase Protects Mitochondria but Induces ER Stress via Formed Bilirubin. Biomolecules 2015; 5:679-701. [PMID: 25942605 PMCID: PMC4496691 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO), in conjunction with biliverdin reductase, degrades heme to carbon monoxide, ferrous iron and bilirubin (BR); the latter is a potent antioxidant. The induced isoform HO-1 has evoked intense research interest, especially because it manifests anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects relieving acute cell stress. The mechanisms by which HO mediates the described effects are not completely clear. However, the degradation of heme, a strong pro-oxidant, and the generation of BR are considered to play key roles. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of BR on vital functions of hepatocytes focusing on mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The affinity of BR to proteins is a known challenge for its exact quantification. We consider two major consequences of this affinity, namely possible analytical errors in the determination of HO activity, and biological effects of BR due to direct interaction with protein function. In order to overcome analytical bias we applied a polynomial correction accounting for the loss of BR due to its adsorption to proteins. To identify potential intracellular targets of BR we used an in vitro approach involving hepatocytes and isolated mitochondria. After verification that the hepatocytes possess HO activity at a similar level as liver tissue by using our improved post-extraction spectroscopic assay, we elucidated the effects of increased HO activity and the formed BR on mitochondrial function and the ER stress response. Our data show that BR may compromise cellular metabolism and proliferation via induction of ER stress. ER and mitochondria respond differently to elevated levels of BR and HO-activity. Mitochondria are susceptible to hemin, but active HO protects them against hemin-induced toxicity. BR at slightly elevated levels induces a stress response at the ER, resulting in a decreased proliferative and metabolic activity of hepatocytes. However, the proteins that are targeted by BR still have to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Müllebner
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Veterinary University Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Moldzio
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Veterinary University Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrey V Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Catharina Duvigneau
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Veterinary University Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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O'Brien L, Hosick PA, John K, Stec DE, Hinds TD. Biliverdin reductase isozymes in metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:212-20. [PMID: 25726384 PMCID: PMC4380527 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The biliverdin reductase (BVR) isozymes BVRA and BVRB are cell surface membrane receptors with pleiotropic functions. This review compares, for the first time, the structural and functional differences between the isozymes. They reduce biliverdin, a byproduct of heme catabolism, to bilirubin, display kinase activity, and BVRA, but not BVRB, can act as a transcription factor. The binding motifs present in the BVR isozymes allow a wide range of interactions with components of metabolically important signaling pathways such as the insulin receptor kinase cascades, protein kinases (PKs), and inflammatory mediators. In addition, serum bilirubin levels have been negatively associated with abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia. We discuss the roles of the BVR isozymes in metabolism and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke O'Brien
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Peter A Hosick
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Kezia John
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - David E Stec
- Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Brito MA, Palmela I, Cardoso FL, Sá-Pereira I, Brites D. Blood–Brain Barrier and Bilirubin: Clinical Aspects and Experimental Data. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:660-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Levitt DG, Levitt MD. Quantitative assessment of the multiple processes responsible for bilirubin homeostasis in health and disease. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2014; 7:307-28. [PMID: 25214800 PMCID: PMC4159128 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s64283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum bilirubin measurements are commonly obtained for the evaluation of ill patients and to screen for liver disease in routine physical exams. An enormous research effort has identified the multiple mechanisms involved in the production and metabolism of conjugated (CB) and unconjugated bilirubin (UB). While the qualitative effects of these mechanisms are well understood, their expected quantitative influence on serum bilirubin homeostasis has received less attention. In this review, each of the steps involved in bilirubin production, metabolism, hepatic cell uptake, and excretion is quantitatively examined. We then attempt to predict the expected effect of normal and defective function on serum UB and CB levels in health and disease states including hemolysis, extra- and intrahepatic cholestasis, hepatocellular diseases (eg, cirrhosis, hepatitis), and various congenital defects in bilirubin conjugation and secretion (eg, Gilbert's, Dubin-Johnson, Crigler-Najjar, Rotor syndromes). Novel aspects of this review include: 1) quantitative estimates of the free and total UB and CB in the plasma, hepatocyte, and bile; 2) detailed discussion of the important implications of the recently recognized role of the hepatic OATP transporters in the maintenance of CB homeostasis; 3) discussion of the differences between the standard diazo assay versus chromatographic measurement of CB and UB; 4) pharmacokinetic implications of the extremely high-affinity albumin binding of UB; 5) role of the enterohepatic circulation in physiologic jaundice of newborn and fasting hyperbilirubinemia; and 6) insights concerning the clinical interpretation of bilirubin measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Levitt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael D Levitt
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Statins alter the hepatobiliary transport of unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Novotná P, Goncharova I, Urbanová M. Mutual structural effect of bilirubin and model membranes by vibrational circular dichroism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:831-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Qaisiya M, Coda Zabetta CD, Bellarosa C, Tiribelli C. Bilirubin mediated oxidative stress involves antioxidant response activation via Nrf2 pathway. Cell Signal 2013; 26:512-20. [PMID: 24308969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) is responsible for neonatal jaundice and high level of free bilirubin (Bf) can lead to kernicterus. Previous studies suggest that oxidative stress is a critical component of UCB-induced neurotoxicity. The Nrf2 pathway is a powerful sensor for cellular redox state and is activated directly by oxidative stress and/or indirectly by stress response protein kinases. Activated Nrf2 translocates to nucleus, binds to Antioxidant Response Element (ARE), and enhances the up-regulation of cytoprotective genes that mediate cell survival. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of Nrf2 pathway in cell response to bilirubin mediated oxidative stress in the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. Cells exposed to a toxic concentration of UCB (140 nM Bf) showed an increased intracellular ROS levels and enhanced nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 protein. UCB stimulated transcriptional induction of ARE-GFP reporter gene and induced mRNA expression of multiple antioxidant response genes as: xCT, Gly1, γGCL-m, γGCL-c, HO-1, NQO1, FTH, ME1, and ATF3. Nrf2 siRNA decreased UCB induced mRNA expression of HO1 (75%), NQO1 (54%), and FTH (40%). The Nrf2-related HO-1 induction was reduced to 60% in cells pre-treated with antioxidant (NAC) or specific signaling pathway inhibitors for PKC, P38α and MEK1/2 (80, 40 and 25%, respectively). In conclusion, we demonstrated that SH-SY5Y cells undergo an adaptive response against UCB-mediated oxidative stress by activation of multiple antioxidant response, in part through Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Qaisiya
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS, Italian Liver Foundation ONLUS, Bldg Q AREA Science Park - Basovizza Campus, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Carlos Daniel Coda Zabetta
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS, Italian Liver Foundation ONLUS, Bldg Q AREA Science Park - Basovizza Campus, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Cristina Bellarosa
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS, Italian Liver Foundation ONLUS, Bldg Q AREA Science Park - Basovizza Campus, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS, Italian Liver Foundation ONLUS, Bldg Q AREA Science Park - Basovizza Campus, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy.
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Abstract
Bile is a unique and vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by the hepatocyte and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium. Approximately 5% of bile consists of organic and inorganic solutes of considerable complexity. The bile-secretory unit consists of a canalicular network which is formed by the apical membrane of adjacent hepatocytes and sealed by tight junctions. The bile canaliculi (∼1 μm in diameter) conduct the flow of bile countercurrent to the direction of portal blood flow and connect with the canal of Hering and bile ducts which progressively increase in diameter and complexity prior to the entry of bile into the gallbladder, common bile duct, and intestine. Canalicular bile secretion is determined by both bile salt-dependent and independent transport systems which are localized at the apical membrane of the hepatocyte and largely consist of a series of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transport proteins that function as export pumps for bile salts and other organic solutes. These transporters create osmotic gradients within the bile canalicular lumen that provide the driving force for movement of fluid into the lumen via aquaporins. Species vary with respect to the relative amounts of bile salt-dependent and independent canalicular flow and cholangiocyte secretion which is highly regulated by hormones, second messengers, and signal transduction pathways. Most determinants of bile secretion are now characterized at the molecular level in animal models and in man. Genetic mutations serve to illuminate many of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Boyer
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Jangi S, Otterbein L, Robson S. The molecular basis for the immunomodulatory activities of unconjugated bilirubin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2843-51. [PMID: 24144577 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nearly a century ago, jaundiced patients were observed to have surprising and spontaneous remissions from incurable immunologic diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, allergy, and asthma. The mystery of why this phenomenon occurred remains unresolved to this day. Bilirubin has traditionally been considered an excretory product resulting from heme metabolism with little benefit to human physiology. In the past few decades, however, the salutary role of this byproduct as a potent antioxidant has been repeatedly noted. Most recently, the molecule has been found to possess immunomodulatory properties that rival its redox capacity, possibly explaining its ability to suppress inflammation. In this review, we specifically examine unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) as an immunomodulator and explore the molecular basis for its immunosuppressive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushrut Jangi
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States.
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Schreuder AB, Vanikova J, Vitek L, Havinga R, Ahlfors CE, Hulzebos CV, Verkade HJ. Optimizing exchange transfusion for severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia: studies in the Gunn rat. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77179. [PMID: 24143211 PMCID: PMC3797100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia carries the risk of neurotoxicity. Phototherapy (PT) and exchange transfusion (ET) are cornerstones in the treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Studies to improve ET efficacy have been hampered by the low application of ET in humans and by the lack of an in vivo model. The absence of an appropriate animal model has also prevented to determine the efficacy of adjunct or alternative treatment options such as albumin (Alb) administration. Aim To establish an in vivo model for ET and to determine the most effective treatment (combination) of ET, PT and Alb administration. Methods Gunn rats received either PT, PT+Alb, ET, ET+PT, ET+PT+Alb or sham operation (each n = 7). ET was performed via the right jugular vein in ∼20 min. PT (18 µW/cm2/nm) was started after ET or at T0. Albumin i.p. injections (2.5 g/kg) were given after ET or before starting PT. Plasma unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), plasma free bilirubin (Bf), and brain bilirubin concentrations were determined. Results We performed ET in 21 Gunn rats with 100% survival. At T1, ET was profoundly more effective in decreasing both UCB −44%, p<0.01) and Bf −81%, p<0.05) than either PT or PT+Alb. After 48 h, the combination of ET+PT+Alb showed the strongest hypobilirubinemic effect (−54% compared to ET). Conclusions We optimized ET for severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in the Gunn rat model. Our data indicate that ET is the most effective treatment option, in the acute as well as the follow-up situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B. Schreuder
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children’s Hospital - University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Vanikova
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Vitek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Rick Havinga
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children’s Hospital - University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charles E. Ahlfors
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Christian V. Hulzebos
- Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children’s Hospital - University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children’s Hospital - University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Izumi Y. Dopaminergic Neuroprotection via Nrf2-ARE Pathway Activation: Identification of an Activator from Green Perilla Leaves. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2013; 133:983-8. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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Vega-Hissi EG, Estrada MR, Lavecchia MJ, Pis Diez R. Computational chemical analysis of unconjugated bilirubin anions and insights into pKa values clarification. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:035101. [PMID: 23343304 DOI: 10.1063/1.4773586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pKa, the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation equilibrium constant, of the carboxylic acid groups of unconjugated bilirubin in water is a discussed issue because there are quite different experimental values reported. Using quantum mechanical calculations we have studied the conformational behavior of unconjugated bilirubin species (in gas phase and in solution modeled implicitly and explicitly) to provide evidence that may clarify pKa values because of its pathophysiological relevance. Our results show that rotation of carboxylate group, which is not restricted, settles it in a suitable place to establish stronger interactions that stabilizes the monoanion and the dianion to be properly solvated, demonstrating that the rationalization used to justify the high pKa values of unconjugated bilirubin is inappropriate. Furthermore, low unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) pKa values were estimated from a linear regression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban G Vega-Hissi
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nac. de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, (5700) San Luis, Argentina.
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Cuperus FJC, Schreuder AB, van Imhoff DE, Vitek L, Vanikova J, Konickova R, Ahlfors CE, Hulzebos CV, Verkade HJ. Beyond plasma bilirubin: the effects of phototherapy and albumin on brain bilirubin levels in Gunn rats. J Hepatol 2013; 58:134-40. [PMID: 22922094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, as occurs in Crigler-Najjar disease and neonatal jaundice, carries the risk of neurotoxicity. This neurotoxicity is related to the increased passage of free bilirubin (UCB(free)), the fraction of bilirubin that is not bound to plasma proteins, into the brain. We hypothesized that albumin treatment would lower the UCB(free) fraction, and thus decrease bilirubin accumulation in the brain. METHODS We treated chronic (e.g., as a model for Crigler-Najjar disease) and acute hemolytic (e.g., as a model for neonatal jaundice) moderate hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rats with phototherapy, human serum albumin (HSA) or phototherapy+HSA. RESULTS In the chronic model, adjunct HSA increased the efficacy of phototherapy; it decreased plasma UCB(free) and brain bilirubin by 88% and 67%, respectively (p<0.001). In the acute model, adjunct HSA also increased the efficacy of phototherapy; it decreased plasma UCB(free) by 76% (p<0.001) and completely prevented the hemolysis-induced deposition of bilirubin in the brain. Phototherapy alone failed to prevent the deposition of bilirubin in the brain during acute hemolytic jaundice. CONCLUSIONS We showed that adjunct HSA treatment decreases brain bilirubin levels in phototherapy-treated Gunn rats. We hypothesize that HSA decreases these levels by lowering UCB(free) in the plasma. Our results support the feasibility of adjunct albumin treatment in patients with Crigler-Najjar disease or neonatal jaundice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans J C Cuperus
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital - University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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In vitro DNA-damaging effects of intestinal and related tetrapyrroles in human cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2012; 319:536-45. [PMID: 23246570 PMCID: PMC3569715 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies report a negative association between circulating bilirubin concentrations and the risk for cancer and cardiovascular disease. Structurally related tetrapyrroles also possess in vitro anti-genotoxic activity and may prevent mutation prior to malignancy. Furthermore, few data suggest that tetrapyrroles exert anti-carcinogenic effects via induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. To further investigate whether tetrapyrroles provoke DNA-damage in human cancer cells, they were tested in the single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE). Eight tetrapyrroles (unconjugated bilirubin, bilirubin ditaurate, biliverdin, biliverdin-/bilirubin dimethyl ester, urobilin, stercobilin and protoporphyrin) were added to cultured Caco2 and HepG2 cells and their effects on comet formation (% tail DNA) were assessed. Flow cytometric assessment (apoptosis/necrosis, cell cycle, intracellular radical species generation) assisted in revealing underlying mechanisms of intracellular action. Cells were incubated with tetrapyrroles at concentrations of 0.5, 5 and 17μM for 24h. Addition of 300μM tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide to cells served as a positive control. Tetrapyrrole incubation mostly resulted in increased DNA-damage (comet formation) in Caco2 and HepG2 cells. Tetrapyrroles that are concentrated within the intestine, including protoporphyrin, urobilin and stercobilin, led to significant comet formation in both cell lines, implicating the compounds in inducing DNA-damage and apoptosis in cancer cells found within organs of the digestive system.
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Bulmer AC, Verkade HJ, Wagner KH. Bilirubin and beyond: a review of lipid status in Gilbert's syndrome and its relevance to cardiovascular disease protection. Prog Lipid Res 2012. [PMID: 23201182 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gilbert's syndrome (GS) is characterized by a benign, mildly elevated bilirubin concentration in the blood. Recent reports show clear protection from cardiovascular disease in this population. Protection of lipids, proteins and other macromolecules from oxidation by bilirubin represents the most commonly accepted mechanism contributing to protection in this group. However, a recent meta-analysis estimated that bilirubin only accounts for ~34% of the cardioprotective effects within analysed studies. To reveal the additional contributing variables we have explored circulating cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations, which appear to be decreased in hyperbilirubinemic individuals/animals, and are accompanied by lower body mass index in highly powered studies. These results suggest that bilirubin could be responsible for the development of a lean and hypolipidemic state in GS. Here we also discuss the possible contributing mechanisms that might reduce circulating cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations in individuals with syndromes affecting bilirubin metabolism/excretion, which we hope will stimulate future research in the area. In summary, this article is the first review of lipid status in animal and human studies of hyperbilirubinemia and explores possible mechanisms that could contribute to lowering circulating lipid parameters and further explain cardiovascular protection in Gilbert's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bulmer
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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UGT1A1, SLCO1B1, and SLCO1B3 polymorphisms vs. neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: is there an association? Pediatr Res 2012; 72:169-73. [PMID: 22580719 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jaundice is a physiological phenomenon; however, severe hyperbilirubinemia occurs in only 5 to 6% of the healthy newborn population. It has been suggested that genetic variation could enhance the risk of hyperbilirubinemia when coexpressed with other icterogenic conditions. METHODS The study included newborns with a gestational age of greater than 35 wk and weights greater than 2,000 g with indications for phototherapy. The polymorphisms from UGT1A1 (rs8175347), SLCO1B1 (rs4149056 and rs2306283), and SLCO1B3 (rs17680137 and rs2117032) were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis and hydrolysis probes. RESULTS A total of 167 hyperbilirubinemic infants and 247 control subjects were enrolled. The gender, ABO incompatibility, birth weight, and gestational age differed between the groups, but the allelic and genotypic frequency of the polymorphisms from SLCO1B genes did not. In logistic regression, the ABO incompatibility, gestational age, and polymorphic T allele of rs2117032 remained in the model. The presence of this polymorphism seemed to provide protection from hyperbilirubinemia. The individuals who were homozygous for the G allele of rs2306283 and who were glucose 6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficient were more frequent among the cases. CONCLUSION Although genetic variation accounts for a good part of this condition, the association between different polymorphisms and environmental factors has yet to be explained.
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Subcellular localization of iron and heme metabolism related proteins at early stages of erythrophagocytosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42199. [PMID: 22860081 PMCID: PMC3408460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Senescent red blood cells (RBC) are recognized, phagocytosed and cleared by tissue macrophages. During this erythrophagocytosis (EP), RBC are engulfed and processed in special compartments called erythrophagosomes. We previously described that following EP, heme is rapidly degraded through the catabolic activity of heme oxygenase (HO). Extracted heme iron is then either exported or stored by macrophages. However, the cellular localization of the early steps of heme processing and iron extraction during EP remains to be clearly defined. Methodology/Principal Findings We took advantage of our previously described cellular model of EP, using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). The subcellular localization of both inducible and constitutive isoforms of HO (HO-1 and HO-2), of the divalent metal transporters (Nramp1, Nramp2/DMT1, Fpn), and of the recently identified heme transporter HRG-1, was followed by fluorescence and electron microscopy during the earliest steps of EP. We also looked at some ER [calnexin, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity] and lysosomes (Lamp1) markers during EP. In both quiescent and LPS-activated BMDM, Nramp1 and Lamp1 were shown to be strong markers of the erythrophagolysosomal membrane. HRG-1 was also recruited to the erythrophagosome. Furthermore, we observed calnexin labeling and G6Pase activity at the erythrophagosomal membrane, indicating the contribution of ER in this phagocytosis model. In contrast, Nramp2/DMT1, Fpn, HO-1 and HO-2 were not detected at the membrane of erythrophagosomes. Conclusions/Significance Our study highlights the subcellular localization of various heme- and iron-related proteins during early steps of EP, thereby suggesting a model for heme catabolism occurring outside the phagosome, with heme likely being transported into the cytosol through HRG1. The precise function of Nramp1 at the phagosomal membrane in this model remains to be determined.
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Brites D. The evolving landscape of neurotoxicity by unconjugated bilirubin: role of glial cells and inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:88. [PMID: 22661946 PMCID: PMC3361682 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is a common condition in the first week of postnatal life. Although generally harmless, some neonates may develop very high levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), which may surpass the protective mechanisms of the brain in preventing UCB accumulation. In this case, both short-term and long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as acute and chronic UCB encephalopathy, known as kernicterus, or more subtle alterations defined as bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND) may be produced. There is a tremendous variability in babies' vulnerability toward UCB for reasons not yet explained, but preterm birth, sepsis, hypoxia, and hemolytic disease are comprised as risk factors. Therefore, UCB levels and neurological abnormalities are not strictly correlated. Even nowadays, the mechanisms of UCB neurotoxicity are still unclear, as are specific biomarkers, and little is known about lasting sequelae attributable to hyperbilirubinemia. On autopsy, UCB was shown to be within neurons, neuronal processes, and microglia, and to produce loss of neurons, demyelination, and gliosis. In isolated cell cultures, UCB was shown to impair neuronal arborization and to induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from microglia and astrocytes. However, cell dependent sensitivity to UCB toxicity and the role of each nerve cell type remains not fully understood. This review provides a comprehensive insight into cell susceptibilities and molecular targets of UCB in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, and on phenotypic and functional responses of microglia to UCB. Interplay among glia elements and cross-talk with neurons, with a special emphasis in the UCB-induced immunostimulation, and the role of sepsis in BIND pathogenesis are highlighted. New and interesting data on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of different pharmacological agents are also presented, as novel and promising additional therapeutic approaches to BIND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Brites
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease Unit, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal
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Gazzin S, Strazielle N, Tiribelli C, Ghersi-Egea JF. Transport and metabolism at blood-brain interfaces and in neural cells: relevance to bilirubin-induced encephalopathy. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:89. [PMID: 22629246 PMCID: PMC3355510 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin, the end-product of heme catabolism, circulates in non-pathological plasma mostly as a protein-bound species. When bilirubin concentration builds up, the free fraction of the molecule increases. Unbound bilirubin then diffuses across blood-brain interfaces (BBIs) into the brain, where it accumulates and exerts neurotoxic effects. In this classical view of bilirubin neurotoxicity, BBIs act merely as structural barriers impeding the penetration of the pigment-bound carrier protein, and neural cells are considered as passive targets of its toxicity. Yet, the role of BBIs in the occurrence of bilirubin encephalopathy appears more complex than being simple barriers to the diffusion of bilirubin, and neural cells such as astrocytes and neurons can play an active role in controlling the balance between the neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of bilirubin. This article reviews the emerging in vivo and in vitro data showing that transport and metabolic detoxification mechanisms at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers may modulate bilirubin flux across both cellular interfaces, and that these protective functions can be affected in chronic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Then the in vivo and in vitro arguments in favor of the physiological antioxidant function of intracerebral bilirubin are presented, as well as the potential role of transporters such as ABCC1 and metabolizing enzymes such as cytochromes P-450 in setting the cerebral cell- and structure-specific toxicity of bilirubin following hyperbilirubinemia. The relevance of these data to the pathophysiology of bilirubin-induced neurological diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gazzin
- Italian Liver Foundation, AREA Science Park Basovizza Trieste, Italy
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Bulmer AC, Coombes JS, Blanchfield JT, Toth I, Fassett RG, Taylor SM. Bile pigment pharmacokinetics and absorption in the rat: therapeutic potential for enteral administration. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1857-70. [PMID: 21486273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bilirubin and biliverdin possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and their exogenous administration protects against the effects of inflammation and trauma in experimental models. Despite the therapeutic potential of bile pigments, little is known about their in vivo parenteral or enteral absorption after exogenous administration. This study investigated the absorption and pharmacokinetics of bile pigments after i.v., i.p. and intraduodenal (i.d.) administration in addition to their metabolism and routes of excretion. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Anaesthetized Wistar rats had their bile duct, jugular and portal veins cannulated. Bile pigments were infused and their circulating concentrations/biliary excretion were measured over 180 min. KEY RESULTS After i.v. administration of unconjugated bilirubin, biliverdin and bilirubin ditaurate, their plasma concentrations decreased exponentially over time. Subsequently, native and metabolized compounds appeared in the bile. When administered i.p., their absolute bioavailabilities equalled 14.0, 16.1 and 33.1%, respectively, and correspondingly 38, 28 and 34% of the same bile pigment doses were excreted in the bile. Administration of unconjugated bilirubin and bilirubin ditaurate i.d. increased their portal and systemic concentrations and their systemic bioavailability equalled 1.0 and 2.0%, respectively. Correspondingly, 2.7 and 4.6%, of the doses were excreted in the bile. Biliverdin was rapidly metabolized and these products were absorbed and excreted via the urine and bile. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Bile pigment absorption from the peritoneal and duodenal cavities demonstrate new routes of administration for the treatment of inflammatory and traumatic pathology. Oral biliverdin administration may lead to the production of active metabolite that protect from inflammation/complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bulmer
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
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