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Ghasemitarei M, Ghorbi T, Yusupov M, Zhang Y, Zhao T, Shali P, Bogaerts A. Effects of Nitro-Oxidative Stress on Biomolecules: Part 1-Non-Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1371. [PMID: 37759771 PMCID: PMC10527456 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma medicine, or the biomedical application of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), is an expanding field within plasma research. CAP has demonstrated remarkable versatility in diverse biological applications, including cancer treatment, wound healing, microorganism inactivation, and skin disease therapy. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the effects of CAP remain incompletely understood. The therapeutic effects of CAP are largely attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which play a crucial role in the biological responses induced by CAP. Specifically, RONS produced during CAP treatment have the ability to chemically modify cell membranes and membrane proteins, causing nitro-oxidative stress, thereby leading to changes in membrane permeability and disruption of cellular processes. To gain atomic-level insights into these interactions, non-reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have emerged as a valuable tool. These simulations facilitate the examination of larger-scale system dynamics, including protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions. In this comprehensive review, we focus on the applications of non-reactive MD simulations in studying the effects of CAP on cellular components and interactions at the atomic level, providing a detailed overview of the potential of CAP in medicine. We also review the results of other MD studies that are not related to plasma medicine but explore the effects of nitro-oxidative stress on cellular components and are therefore important for a broader understanding of the underlying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghasemitarei
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
- Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tayebeh Ghorbi
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
| | - Maksudbek Yusupov
- School of Engineering, New Uzbekistan University, Tashkent 100007, Uzbekistan
- School of Engineering, Central Asian University, Tashkent 111221, Uzbekistan
- Laboratory of Thermal Physics of Multiphase Systems, Arifov Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100125, Uzbekistan
- Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yuantao Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Parisa Shali
- Research Unit Plasma Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Agriculture, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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2
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Murakami M, Sato H, Taketomi Y. Modulation of immunity by the secreted phospholipase A 2 family. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:42-70. [PMID: 37035998 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) superfamily, which typically catalyzes the sn-2 hydrolysis of phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, the secreted PLA2 (sPLA2 ) family contains 11 isoforms in mammals. Individual sPLA2 s have unique enzymatic specificity toward fatty acids and polar heads of phospholipid substrates and display distinct tissue/cellular distributions, suggesting their distinct physiological functions. Recent studies using knockout and/or transgenic mice for a full set of sPLA2 s have revealed their roles in modulation of immunity and related disorders. Application of mass spectrometric lipidomics to these mice has enabled to identify target substrates and products of individual sPLA2 s in given tissue microenvironments. sPLA2 s hydrolyze not only phospholipids in the plasma membrane of activated, damaged or dying mammalian cells, but also extracellular phospholipids such as those in extracellular vesicles, microbe membranes, lipoproteins, surfactants, and dietary phospholipids, thereby exacerbating or ameliorating various diseases. The actions of sPLA2 s are dependent on, or independent of, the generation of fatty acid- or lysophospholipid-derived lipid mediators according to the pathophysiological contexts. In this review, we make an overview of our current understanding of the roles of individual sPLA2 s in various immune responses and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Mu T, Cao J, Liu X, Yang X, Ren D, Zhao K. Response of gut microbiota and ileal transcriptome to inulin intervention in HFD induced obese mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:861-872. [PMID: 36402387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inulin, as a dietary fiber, exerted prominent anti-obesity effects by modulating gut microbiota. However, the possible relationship and interplay of gut microbiome and function of distal intestine is still unclear now. This study aimed to investigate the possible targets of microbes and the related intestinal genes mediated by inulin. C57 BL/6 male mice were randomly allocated to chow diet (Chow) group, high-fat diet (HFD) group, and HFD supplemented with 3 % inulin (Inulin) group. Compared with HFD treatment, inulin supplementation significantly decreased the body weight, fat deposition, and fasting blood glucose level. In addition, mice treated with inulin had a remarkable alteration in the structure of cecal microbiota and transcriptomic profiling of ileum. In particular, inulin supplementation significantly reversed the HFD induced expression of Bacteroides, Allobaculum and nonrank_f_Bacteroidates_S24-7_group, and reversed the expression of genes belonging to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) family. In summary, inulin might alleviate HFD-induced fat deposition and metabolic disorders via regulating lipid metabolism of ileum, while the interaction between the sPLA2s and gut microbes might play important roles in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, P. R. China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Tong Mu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Cao
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Daoyuan Ren
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, P. R. China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China.
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4
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Hayashi D, Mouchlis VD, Dennis EA. Each phospholipase A 2 type exhibits distinct selectivity toward sn-1 ester, alkyl ether, and vinyl ether phospholipids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159067. [PMID: 34634490 PMCID: PMC9188868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids are major components of cell membranes and have enormous variation in the composition of fatty acyl chains esterified on the sn-1 and sn-2 position as well as the polar head groups on the sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes constitute a superfamily of enzymes which play a critical role in metabolism and signal transduction by hydrolyzing the sn-2 acyl chains of glycerophospholipids. In human cell membranes, in addition to the conventional diester phospholipids, a significant amount is the sn-1 ether-linked phospholipids which play a critical role in numerous biological activities. However, precisely how PLA2s distinguish the sn-1 acyl chain linkage is not understood. In the present study, we expanded the technique of lipidomics to determine the unique in vitro specificity of three major human PLA2s, including Group IVA cytosolic cPLA2, Group VIA calcium-independent iPLA2, and Group V secreted sPLA2 toward the linkage at the sn-1 position. Interestingly, cPLA2 prefers sn-1 vinyl ether phospholipids known as plasmalogens over conventional ester phospholipids and the sn-1 alkyl ether phospholipids. iPLA2 showed similar activity toward vinyl ether and ester phospholipids at the sn-1 position. Surprisingly, sPLA2 preferred ester phospholipids over alkyl and vinyl ether phospholipids. By taking advantage of molecular dynamics simulations, we found that Trp30 in the sPLA2 active site dominates its specificity for diester phospholipids.
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Nasri Z, Memari S, Wenske S, Clemen R, Martens U, Delcea M, Bekeschus S, Weltmann K, von Woedtke T, Wende K. Singlet-Oxygen-Induced Phospholipase A 2 Inhibition: A Major Role for Interfacial Tryptophan Dioxidation. Chemistry 2021; 27:14702-14710. [PMID: 34375468 PMCID: PMC8596696 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have revealed that various diseases such as cancer have been associated with elevated phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) activity. Therefore, the regulation of PLA2 catalytic activity is undoubtedly vital. In this study, effective inactivation of PLA2 due to reactive species produced from cold physical plasma as a source to model oxidative stress is reported. We found singlet oxygen to be the most relevant active agent in PLA2 inhibition. A more detailed analysis of the plasma-treated PLA2 identified tryptophan 128 as a hot spot, rich in double oxidation. The significant dioxidation of this interfacial tryptophan resulted in an N-formylkynurenine product via the oxidative opening of the tryptophan indole ring. Molecular dynamics simulation indicated that the efficient interactions between the tryptophan residue and phospholipids are eliminated following tryptophan dioxidation. As interfacial tryptophan residues are predominantly involved in the attaching of membrane enzymes to the bilayers, tryptophan dioxidation and indole ring opening leads to the loss of essential interactions for enzyme binding and, consequently, enzyme inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nasri
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 217489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Seyedali Memari
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 217489GreifswaldGermany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldFriedrich-Loeffler-Straße 23cGreifswald17487Germany
| | - Sebastian Wenske
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 217489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Ramona Clemen
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 217489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Ulrike Martens
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Straße 4Greifswald17489Germany
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) HIKE (Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases)University of GreifswaldGreifswaldFleischmannstraße 4217489Germany
| | - Mihaela Delcea
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Straße 4Greifswald17489Germany
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) HIKE (Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases)University of GreifswaldGreifswaldFleischmannstraße 4217489Germany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 217489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Klaus‐Dieter Weltmann
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 217489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Thomas von Woedtke
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 217489GreifswaldGermany
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental MedicineUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldWalther-Rathenau-Straße 49 A17489Germany
| | - Kristian Wende
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 217489GreifswaldGermany
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Abstract
The secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) group of secreted enzymes hydrolyze phospholipids and lead to the production of multiple biologically active lipid mediators. sPLA2s and their products (e.g., eicosanoids) play a significant role in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory diseases, including life-threatening lung disorders such as acute lung injury (ALI) and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). The ALI/ARDS spectrum of severe inflammatory conditions is caused by direct (such as bacterial or viral pneumonia) or indirect insults (sepsis) that are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Several sPLA2 isoforms are upregulated in patients with ARDS as well as in multiple ALI preclinical models, and individual sPLA2s exert unique roles in regulating ALI pathophysiology. This brief review will summarize the contributions of specific sPLA2 isoforms as markers and mediators in ALI, supporting a potential therapeutic role for targeting them in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Letsiou
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu Maw Htwe
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Htwe YM, Wang H, Belvitch P, Meliton L, Bandela M, Letsiou E, Dudek SM. Group V Phospholipase A 2 Mediates Endothelial Dysfunction and Acute Lung Injury Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Cells 2021; 10:1731. [PMID: 34359901 PMCID: PMC8304832 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung endothelial dysfunction is a key feature of acute lung injury (ALI) and clinical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Previous studies have identified the lipid-generating enzyme, group V phospholipase A2 (gVPLA2), as a mediator of lung endothelial barrier disruption and inflammation. The current study aimed to determine the role of gVPLA2 in mediating lung endothelial responses to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, USA300 strain), a major cause of ALI/ARDS. In vitro studies assessed the effects of gVPLA2 inhibition on lung endothelial cell (EC) permeability after exposure to heat-killed (HK) MRSA. In vivo studies assessed the effects of intratracheal live or HK-MRSA on multiple indices of ALI in wild-type (WT) and gVPLA2-deficient (KO) mice. In vitro, HK-MRSA increased gVPLA2 expression and permeability in human lung EC. Inhibition of gVPLA2 with either the PLA2 inhibitor, LY311727, or with a specific monoclonal antibody, attenuated the barrier disruption caused by HK-MRSA. LY311727 also reduced HK-MRSA-induced permeability in mouse lung EC isolated from WT but not gVPLA2-KO mice. In vivo, live MRSA caused significantly less ALI in gVPLA2 KO mice compared to WT, findings confirmed by intravital microscopy assessment in HK-MRSA-treated mice. After targeted delivery of gVPLA2 plasmid to lung endothelium using ACE antibody-conjugated liposomes, MRSA-induced ALI was significantly increased in gVPLA2-KO mice, indicating that lung endothelial expression of gVPLA2 is critical in vivo. In summary, these results demonstrate an important role for gVPLA2 in mediating MRSA-induced lung EC permeability and ALI. Thus, gVPLA2 may represent a novel therapeutic target in ALI/ARDS caused by bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven M. Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (Y.M.H.); (H.W.); (P.B.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (E.L.)
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8
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Buwaneka P, Ralko A, Liu SL, Cho W. Evaluation of the available cholesterol concentration in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100084. [PMID: 33964305 PMCID: PMC8178126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of the mammalian plasma membrane involved in diverse cellular processes. Our recent quantitative imaging analysis using ratiometric cholesterol sensors showed that the available cholesterol concentration in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (IPM) is low in unstimulated cells and increased in a stimulus-specific manner to trigger cell signaling events. However, the transbilayer distribution of cholesterol in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells remains controversial. Here we report a systematic and rigorous evaluation of basal IPM cholesterol levels in a wide range of mammalian cells with different properties employing cholesterol sensors derived from the D4 domain of the Perfringolysin O toxin and a sterol-transfer protein, Osh4. Results consistently showed that, although basal IPM cholesterol levels vary significantly among cells, they remain significantly lower than cholesterol levels in the outer leaflets. We found that IPM cholesterol levels were particularly low in all tested primary cells. These results support the universality of the low basal IPM cholesterol concentration under physiological conditions. We also report here the presence of sequestered IPM cholesterol pools, which may become available to cytosolic proteins under certain physiological conditions. We hypothesize that these pools may partly account for the low basal level of available IPM cholesterol. In conclusion, we provide new experimental data that confirm the asymmetric transbilayer distribution of the plasma membrane cholesterol, which may contribute to regulation of various cellular signaling processes at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawanthi Buwaneka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arthur Ralko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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9
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Kim RR, Chen Z, J. Mann T, Bastard K, F. Scott K, Church WB. Structural and Functional Aspects of Targeting the Secreted Human Group IIA Phospholipase A 2. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194459. [PMID: 32998383 PMCID: PMC7583969 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (hGIIA) promotes the proliferation of cancer cells, making it a compelling therapeutic target, but it is also significant in other inflammatory conditions. Consequently, suitable inhibitors of hGIIA have always been sought. The activation of phospholipases A2 and the catalysis of glycerophospholipid substrates generally leads to the release of fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophospholipid, which are then converted to mediator compounds, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and the platelet-activating factor. However, this ability of hGIIA to provide AA is not a complete explanation of its biological role in inflammation, as it has now been shown that it also exerts proinflammatory effects by a catalysis-independent mechanism. This mechanism is likely to be highly dependent on key specific molecular interactions, and the full mechanistic descriptions of this remain elusive. The current candidates for the protein partners that may mediate this catalysis-independent mechanism are also introduced in this review. A key discovery has been that selective inhibition of the catalysis-independent activity of hGIIA is achieved with cyclised derivatives of a pentapeptide, FLSYK, derived from the primary sequence of hGIIA. The effects of hGIIA on cell function appear to vary depending on the pathology studied, and so its mechanism of action is complex and context-dependent. This review is comprehensive and covers the most recent developments in the understanding of the many facets of hGIIA function and inhibition and the insight they provide into their clinical application for disease treatment. A cyclic analogue of FLSYK, c2, the most potent analogue known, has now been taken into clinical trials targeting advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryung Rae Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Zheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Timothy J. Mann
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Centre for Oncology, Education and Research Translation and The Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Karine Bastard
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Kieran F. Scott
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Centre for Oncology, Education and Research Translation and The Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
- Correspondence: (K.F.S.); (W.B.C.); Tel.: +61-2-8738-9026 (K.F.S.); +61-2-9036-6569 (W.B.C.)
| | - W. Bret Church
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: (K.F.S.); (W.B.C.); Tel.: +61-2-8738-9026 (K.F.S.); +61-2-9036-6569 (W.B.C.)
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10
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Alekseeva AS, Volynsky PE, Krylov NA, Chernikov VP, Vodovozova EL, Boldyrev IA. Phospholipase A2 way to hydrolysis: Dint formation, hydrophobic mismatch, and lipid exclusion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183481. [PMID: 33002451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) exerts a wide range of biological effects and attracts a lot of attention of researchers. Two sites are involved in manifestation of PLA2 enzymatic activity: catalytic site responsible for substrate binding and fatty acid cleavage from the sn-2 position of a glycerophospholipid, and interface binding site (IBS) responsible for the protein binding to lipid membrane. IBS is formed by positively charged and hydrophobic amino acids on the outer surface of the protein molecule. Understanding the mechanism of PLA2 interaction with the lipid membrane is the most challenging step in biochemistry of this enzyme. We used a combination of experimental and computer simulation techniques to clarify molecular details of bee venom PLA2 interaction with lipid bilayers formed by palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. We found that after initial enzyme contact with the membrane, a network of hydrogen bonds was formed. This led to deformation of the interacting leaflet and dint formation. The bilayer response to the deformation depended on its phase state. In a gel-phase bilayer, diffusion of lipids is restricted therefore chain melting occurred in both leaflets of the bilayer. In the case of a fluid-phase bilayer, lateral diffusion is possible, and lipid polar head groups were excluded from the contact area. As a result, the bilayer became thinner and a large hydrophobic area was formed. We assume that relative ability of a bilayer to come through lipid redistribution process defines the rate of initial stages of the catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Alekseeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya st., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel E Volynsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya st., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Krylov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya st., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery P Chernikov
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Tsyurupy st., 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena L Vodovozova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya st., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan A Boldyrev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya st., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
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11
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Rodríguez JP, Leiguez E, Guijas C, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM, Teixeira C, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. A Lipidomic Perspective of the Action of Group IIA Secreted Phospholipase A 2 on Human Monocytes: Lipid Droplet Biogenesis and Activation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2α. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060891. [PMID: 32532115 PMCID: PMC7355433 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2s constitute a wide group of lipid-modifying enzymes which display a variety of functions in innate immune responses. In this work, we utilized mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approaches to investigate the action of Asp-49 Ca2+-dependent secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) (MT-III) and Lys-49 sPLA2 (MT-II), two group IIA phospholipase A2s isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper, on human peripheral blood monocytes. MT-III is catalytically active, whereas MT-II lacks enzyme activity. A large decrease in the fatty acid content of membrane phospholipids was detected in MT III-treated monocytes. The significant diminution of the cellular content of phospholipid-bound arachidonic acid seemed to be mediated, in part, by the activation of the endogenous group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2α. MT-III triggered the formation of triacylglycerol and cholesterol enriched in palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids, but not arachidonic acid, along with an increase in lipid droplet synthesis. Additionally, it was shown that the increased availability of arachidonic acid arising from phospholipid hydrolysis promoted abundant eicosanoid synthesis. The inactive form, MT-II, failed to produce any of the effects described above. These studies provide a complete lipidomic characterization of the monocyte response to snake venom group IIA phospholipase A2, and reveal significant connections among lipid droplet biogenesis, cell signaling and biochemical pathways that contribute to initiating the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.R.); (E.L.); (C.G.); (M.A.B.)
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de la Facultad de Medicina (LIBIM), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Elbio Leiguez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.R.); (E.L.); (C.G.); (M.A.B.)
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 01000, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Guijas
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.R.); (E.L.); (C.G.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501–2060, Costa Rica; (B.L.); (J.M.G.)
| | - José M. Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501–2060, Costa Rica; (B.L.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 01000, Brazil;
| | - María A. Balboa
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.R.); (E.L.); (C.G.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.R.); (E.L.); (C.G.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-983-423-062
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Filkin SY, Lipkin AV, Fedorov AN. Phospholipase Superfamily: Structure, Functions, and Biotechnological Applications. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:S177-S195. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920140096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Smichi N, Parsiegla G, Achouri N, Zarai Z, Abousalham A, Fendri A. Intestinal phospholipase A 2 from Sparidae species: Functional properties and cytotoxic potential evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 143:881-890. [PMID: 31739040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Marine species have gained significant attention as potential source for a broad spectrum of bioactive proteins. Fish phospholipases A2 (PLA2) have attracted renewed interest due to their excellent properties in lipid digestion. Herein, we report for the first time the catalytic properties of two intestinal secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) identified from Diplodus sargus (IDsPLA2) and Sparus aurata (ISaPLA2). The highest sequence identity was obtained with recently isolated Sparidae digestive PLA2 (45%) and Human pancreatic PLA2 (42%). IDsPLA2 and ISaPLA2 were overexpressed in E. coli as inclusion bodies, refolded and purified. Both enzymes have improved thermostability compared to mammalian pancreatic sPLA2 since they are active and stable at 55 °C, with specific activities of 320 and 190 U mg-1 measured on phosphatidylcholine, respectively. Interestingly, IDsPLA2, but not ISaPLA2, revealed weak toxicity towards macrophages and suggests its involvement in cell membrane degradation. ISaPLA2 was found to be more active than IDsPLA2 when using the monolayer technique at 20 mN m-1. Structural models of both enzymes revealed their differences. In silico docking of phospholipids with both models allowed proposing key amino-acids in substrate binding and selectivity. Overall, these results provide insight into the enzymatic and structural properties of two novel sPLA2 with potential for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Smichi
- University of Sfax, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, ENIS, BP 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Goetz Parsiegla
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Neila Achouri
- University of Sfax, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, ENIS, BP 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Zied Zarai
- University of Sfax, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, ENIS, BP 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Abdelkarim Abousalham
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR 5246, Métabolisme, Enzymes et Mécanismes Moléculaires (MEM2), 43, Bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Ahmed Fendri
- University of Sfax, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, ENIS, BP 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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Karanji AK, Beasely M, Sharif D, Ranjbaran A, Legleiter J, Valentine SJ. Investigating the interactions of the first 17 amino acid residues of Huntingtin with lipid vesicles using mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4470. [PMID: 31756784 PMCID: PMC7342490 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The first 17 amino acid residues of Huntingtin protein (Nt17 of htt) are thought to play an important role in the protein's function; Nt17 is one of two membrane binding domains in htt. In this study the binding ability of Nt17 peptide with vesicles comprised of two subclasses of phospholipids is studied using electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Overall, the peptide is shown to have a greater propensity to interact with vesicles of phosphatidylcholine (PC) rather than phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids. Mass spectra show an increase in lipid-bound peptide adducts where the ordering of the number of such specie is 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) > 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) > 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphoethanolamine (POPE). MD simulations suggest that the compactness of the bilayer plays a role in governing peptide interactions. The peptide shows greater disruption of the DOPC bilayer order at the surface and interacts with the hydrophobic tails of lipid molecules via hydrophobic residues. Conversely, the POPE vesicle remains ordered and lipids display transient interactions with the peptide through the formation of hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic residues. The POPC system displays intermediate behavior with regard to the degree of peptide-membrane interaction. Finally, the simulations suggest a helix stabilizing effect resulting from the interactions between hydrophobic residues and the lipid tails of the DOPC bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kiani Karanji
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506
| | - Maryssa Beasely
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506
| | - Daud Sharif
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506
| | - Ali Ranjbaran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown WV 26506
| | - Justin Legleiter
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 9304, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- NanoSAFE, P.O. Box 6223, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506
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15
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Samuchiwal SK, Balestrieri B. Harmful and protective roles of group V phospholipase A 2: Current perspectives and future directions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:819-826. [PMID: 30308324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Group V Phospholipase A2 (Pla2g5) is a member of the PLA2 family of lipid-generating enzymes. It is expressed in immune and non-immune cell types and is inducible during several pathologic conditions serving context-specific functions. In this review, we recapitulate the protective and detrimental functions of Pla2g5 investigated through preclinical and translational approaches. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Novel functions of phospholipase A2 Guest Editors: Makoto Murakami and Gerard Lambeau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin K Samuchiwal
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara Balestrieri
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Dore E, Boilard E. Roles of secreted phospholipase A 2 group IIA in inflammation and host defense. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:789-802. [PMID: 30905346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Among all members of the secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) family, group IIA sPLA2 (sPLA2-IIA) is possibly the most studied enzyme. Since its discovery, many names have been associated with sPLA2-IIA, such as "non-pancreatic", "synovial", "platelet-type", "inflammatory", and "bactericidal" sPLA2. Whereas the different designations indicate comprehensive functions or sources proposed for this enzyme, the identification of the precise roles of sPLA2-IIA has remained a challenge. This can be attributed to: the expression of the enzyme by various cells of different lineages, its limited activity towards the membranes of immune cells despite its expression following common inflammatory stimuli, its ability to interact with certain proteins independently of its catalytic activity, and its absence from multiple commonly used mouse models. Nevertheless, elevated levels of the enzyme during inflammatory processes and associated consistent release of arachidonic acid from the membrane of extracellular vesicles suggest that sPLA2-IIA may contribute to inflammation by using endogenous substrates in the extracellular milieu. Moreover, the remarkable potency of sPLA2-IIA towards bacterial membranes and its induced expression during the course of infections point to a role for this enzyme in the defense of the host against invading pathogens. In this review, we present current knowledge related to mammalian sPLA2-IIA and its roles in sterile inflammation and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Dore
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Québec City, QC, Canada; Canadian National Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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17
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Zhang D, Li J, Sun S, Huang C. The inhibitory effect of saPLIγ, a snake sourced PLA 2 inhibitor on carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice. Toxicon 2018; 151:89-95. [PMID: 30003915 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SaPLIγ is a natural phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor, isolated from Sinonatrix annularis, that has been demonstrated to protect against envenomation by other venomous snakes. As snake venom PLA2s and mammalian secretory PLA2s are similar, saPLIγ is thought to have potential to alleviate inflammatory reactions in which PLA2s act as a key enzyme for arachidonic acid release. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of action of saPLIγ in an animal model of carrageenan-induced acute inflammation. The results indicated that saPLIγ inhibited PLA2 subtypes extensively, especially IIA-PLA2, in a dose-dependent manner. Paw swelling in mice was reduced markedly by intraperitoneal saPLIγ 2.5 mg/kg, and the effect was significantly better than observed with dexamethasone at the same dose. Lower neutrophil infiltration and tissue edema was observed in the paws of saPLIγ-treated mice. Additionally, carrageenan-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-1β) were also significantly down-regulated by saPLIγ in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that saPLIγ had effective anti-inflammatory effects in vivo, and these were produced by blocking mammalian IB, IIA, V and X sPLA2 subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denghong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Shimin Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Chunhong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi province, China.
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18
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Efficient heterologous expression, functional characterization and molecular modeling of annular seabream digestive phospholipase A2. Chem Phys Lipids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Tracing the evolution of venom phospholipases A 2 in Gloydius strauchii and related pitvipers: A tale of two acidic isozymes. Toxicon 2017; 141:65-72. [PMID: 29191388 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two acidic Asp49-PLA2s with Glu6 substitution and a neutral Lys49-PLA (designated Gst-K49) were cloned from G. strauchii venom glands, their full amino acid sequences were deduced. The predominant acidic PLA2 (designated Gst-E6a) contains 124 residues and the M18W30 substitutions, while the minor acidic PLA2 (designated Gst-E6b) contains 122 residues and the V18A30 substitutions. Their sequences are most similar to those of the respective orthologous PLA2s of G. intermedius venom. Gst-E6a and Gst-E6b appear to be paralogs and possibly have different predatory targets or functions. The LC-MS/MS results indicate the presence of only three PLA2 gene products in the crude venom, the relative expression levels were in the order of Gst-E6a ≫ Gst-E6b > Gst-K49, as confirmed by qPCR results. In contrast to other Gloydius, G. strauchii venom does not contain neurotoxic or basic anticoagulant Asp49-PLA2s, but Gst-K49 is the first Lys49-PLA2 identified in Gloydius venoms. However, its venom content is relatively low and its pI value 7.3 is much lower than those of other Lys49-PLA2s and. The Lys49-PLA2 genes appear to regress in the venom of most of Gloydius and related rattlesnake, and this evolutionary regression occurred before the dispersal of Asian pitvipers to the New World.
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20
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Kim RR, Malde AK, Nematollahi A, Scott KF, Church WB. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal structural insights into inhibitor binding modes and functionality in human Group IIA phospholipase A 2. Proteins 2017; 85:827-842. [PMID: 28056488 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human Group IIA phospholipase A2 (hGIIA) promotes inflammation in immune-mediated pathologies by regulating the arachidonic acid pathway through both catalysis-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The hGIIA crystal structure, both alone and inhibitor-bound, together with structures of closely related snake-venom-derived secreted phospholipase enzymes has been well described. However, differentiation of biological and nonbiological contacts and the relevance of structures determined from snake venom enzymes to human enzymes are not clear. We employed molecular dynamics (MD) and docking approaches to understand the binding of inhibitors that selectively or nonselectively block the catalysis-independent mechanism of hGIIA. Our results indicate that hGIIA behaves as a monomer in the solution environment rather than a dimer arrangement that is in the asymmetric unit of some crystal structures. The binding mode of a nonselective inhibitor, KH064, was validated by a combination of the experimental electron density and MD simulations. The binding mode of the selective pentapeptide inhibitor FLSYK to hGIIA was stipulated to be different to that of the snake venom phospholipases A2 of Daboia russelli pulchella (svPLA2 ). Our data suggest that the application of MD approaches to crystal structure data is beneficial in evaluating the robustness of conclusions drawn based on crystal structure data alone. Proteins 2017; 85:827-842. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryung Rae Kim
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Alpeshkumar K Malde
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 4072
| | - Alireza Nematollahi
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kieran F Scott
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, The Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia, 2170.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), The Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia, 2170
| | - W Bret Church
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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21
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Abstract
Membrane lipids are dynamic molecules and their local concentrations serve as regulatory signals for diverse biological processes. To achieve quantitative in situ imaging of various lipids, we developed a ratiometric analysis using fluorescence biosensors, each of which is composed of an engineered lipid-binding protein and a covalently attached solvatochromic fluorophore. To cover a wide range of lipid concentration, lipid-binding proteins are engineered to have variable dynamic ranges. These tunable sensors allow robust and sensitive in situ quantitative lipid imaging in mammalian cells, providing new insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics and fluctuation of key signaling lipids. The sensor strategy is also applicable to in situ quantification of multiple cellular lipids or a single lipid in the opposing leaflets of cell membranes.
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22
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Murakami M, Yamamoto K, Miki Y, Murase R, Sato H, Taketomi Y. The Roles of the Secreted Phospholipase A 2 Gene Family in Immunology. Adv Immunol 2016; 132:91-134. [PMID: 27769509 PMCID: PMC7112020 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Within the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family that hydrolyzes phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes comprise the largest group containing 11 isoforms in mammals. Individual sPLA2s exhibit unique tissue or cellular distributions and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. Although PLA2 enzymes, particularly cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2α), have long been implicated in inflammation by driving arachidonic acid metabolism, the precise biological roles of sPLA2s have remained a mystery over the last few decades. Recent studies employing mice gene-manipulated for individual sPLA2s, in combination with mass spectrometric lipidomics to identify their target substrates and products in vivo, have revealed their roles in diverse biological events, including immunity and associated disorders, through lipid mediator-dependent or -independent processes in given microenvironments. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the roles of sPLA2s in various immune responses and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - K Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Y Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Murase
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Yamaguchi M, Zacharia J, Laidlaw TM, Balestrieri B. PLA2G5 regulates transglutaminase activity of human IL-4-activated M2 macrophages through PGE2 generation. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:131-41. [PMID: 26936936 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0815-372r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 are enzymes that liberate membrane-bound lipids in a tissue and cell-specific fashion. Group V secretory phospholipase A2 is necessary for the development of M2 macrophages and their effector functions in a mouse model of the T-helper-2 allergic airway inflammation. However, the function of group V phospholipase A2 in human M2 activation and T-helper-2 inflammation is ill-defined. Transglutaminase-2, a protein cross-linking enzyme, is a newly identified marker of both human and mouse interleukin-4-activated M2 macrophages and is also found in the lungs of patients with asthma. We report that group V phospholipase A2 and transglutaminase-2 colocalized in macrophages of human nasal polyp tissue obtained from patients with T-helper-2 eosinophilic inflammation, and their coexpression positively correlated with the number of eosinophils in each tissue specimen. We demonstrate that in human monocyte-derived macrophages activated by interleukin-4, group V phospholipase A2 translocated and colocalized with transglutaminase-2 in the cytoplasm and on the membrane of macrophages. Moreover, knocking down group V phospholipase A2 with small interfering ribonucleic acid reduced macrophage transglutaminase activity, whereas mass spectrometry analysis of lipids also showed reduced prostaglandin E2 production. Finally, exogenous prostaglandin E2 restored transglutaminase activity of group V phospholipase A2-small interfering ribonucleic acid-treated macrophages. Thus, our study shows a novel function of group V phospholipase A2 in regulating the transglutaminase activity of human interleukin-4-activated M2 macrophages through prostaglandin E2 generation and suggests that group V phospholipase A2 is a functionally relevant enzyme that may have therapeutic value for the treatment of human T-helper-2 inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA; and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Zacharia
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA; and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tanya M Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA; and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barbara Balestrieri
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA; and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Schwierz N, Krysiak S, Hugel T, Zacharias M. Mechanism of Reversible Peptide-Bilayer Attachment: Combined Simulation and Experimental Single-Molecule Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:810-821. [PMID: 26717083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The binding of peptides and proteins to lipid membrane surfaces is of fundamental importance for many membrane-mediated cellular processes. Using closely matched molecular dynamics simulations and atomic force microscopy experiments, we study the force-induced desorption of single peptide chains from phospholipid bilayers to gain microscopic insight into the mechanism of reversible attachment. This approach allows quantification of desorption forces and decomposition of peptide-membrane interactions into energetic and entropic contributions. In both simulations and experiments, the desorption forces of peptides with charged and polar side chains are much smaller than those for hydrophobic peptides. The adsorption of charged/polar peptides to the membrane surface is disfavored by the energetic components, requires breaking of hydrogen bonds involving the peptides, and is favored only slightly by entropy. By contrast, the stronger adsorption of hydrophobic peptides is favored both by energy and by entropy and the desorption forces increase with increasing side-chain hydrophobicity. Interestingly, the calculated net adsorption free energies per residue correlate with experimental results of single residues, indicating that side-chain free energy contributions are largely additive. This observation can help in the design of peptides with tailored adsorption properties and in the estimation of membrane binding properties of peripheral membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schwierz
- Chemistry Department, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Thorsten Hugel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Nakamura H, Wakita S, Yasufuku K, Makiyama T, Waraya M, Hashimoto N, Murayama T. Sphingomyelin Regulates the Activity of Secretory Phospholipase A2in the Plasma Membrane. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1898-907. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Shigeo Wakita
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Kana Yasufuku
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Makiyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Misa Waraya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Naohiro Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Murayama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
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Murakami M, Sato H, Miki Y, Yamamoto K, Taketomi Y. A new era of secreted phospholipase A₂. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1248-61. [PMID: 25805806 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r058123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among more than 30 members of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily, secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes represent the largest family, being Ca(2+)-dependent low-molecular-weight enzymes with a His-Asp catalytic dyad. Individual sPLA2s exhibit unique tissue and cellular distributions and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for nearly a full set of sPLA2 subtypes, in combination with sophisticated lipidomics as well as biochemical and cell biological studies, have revealed distinct contributions of individual sPLA2s to various pathophysiological events, including production of pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, regulation of membrane remodeling, degradation of foreign phospholipids in microbes or food, or modification of extracellular noncellular lipid components. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of the in vivo functions of sPLA2s and the underlying lipid pathways as revealed by a series of studies over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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Nyegaard S, Novakovic VA, Rasmussen JT, Gilbert GE. Lactadherin inhibits secretory phospholipase A2 activity on pre-apoptotic leukemia cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77143. [PMID: 24194865 PMCID: PMC3806724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) is a critical component of insect and snake venoms and is secreted by mammalian leukocytes during inflammation. Elevated secretory PLA2 concentrations are associated with autoimmune diseases and septic shock. Many sPLA2’s do not bind to plasma membranes of quiescent cells but bind and digest phospholipids on the membranes of stimulated or apoptotic cells. The capacity of these phospholipases to digest membranes of stimulated or apoptotic cells correlates to the exposure of phosphatidylserine. In the present study, the ability of the phosphatidyl-L-serine-binding protein, lactadherin to inhibit phospholipase enzyme activity has been assessed. Inhibition of human secretory phospholipase A2-V on phospholipid vesicles exceeded 90%, whereas inhibition of Naja mossambica sPLA2 plateaued at 50–60%. Lactadherin inhibited 45% of activity of Naja mossambica sPLA2 and >70% of human secretory phospholipase A2-V on the membranes of human NB4 leukemia cells treated with calcium ionophore A23187. The data indicate that lactadherin may decrease inflammation by inhibiting sPLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Nyegaard
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Valerie A. Novakovic
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jan T. Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Gary E. Gilbert
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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RHEE HAEJIN, JI LITING, KIM SEUNGHYUK, LEE JONGHO. Human group V secretory phospholipase A2 is associated with lipid rafts and internalized in a flotillin-dependent pathway. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:1126-36. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Structural and phylogenetic basis for the classification of group III phospholipase A2. J Mol Model 2013; 19:3779-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Meliton AY, Muñoz NM, Meliton LN, Birukova AA, Leff AR, Birukov KG. Mechanical induction of group V phospholipase A(2) causes lung inflammation and acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 304:L689-700. [PMID: 23525785 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00047.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventilation at high tidal volume may cause lung inflammation and barrier dysfunction that culminates in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). However, the mechanisms by which mechanical stimulation triggers the inflammatory response have not been fully elucidated. This study tested the hypothesis that onset of VILI is triggered by activation of secretory group V phospholipase A(2) (gVPLA2) in pulmonary vascular endothelium exposed to excessive mechanical stretch. High-magnitude cyclic stretch (18% CS) increased expression and surface exposure of gVPLA2 in human pulmonary endothelial cells (EC). CS-induced gVPLA2 activation was required for activation of ICAM-1 expression and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) adhesion to CS-preconditioned EC. By contrast, physiological CS (5% CS) had no effect on gVPLA2 activation or EC-PMN adhesion. CS-induced ICAM-1 expression and EC-PMN adhesion were attenuated by the gVPLA2-blocking antibody (MCL-3G1), general inhibitor of soluble PLA2, LY311727, or siRNA-induced EC gVPLA2 knockdown. In vivo, ventilator-induced lung leukocyte recruitment, cell and protein accumulation in the alveolar space, and total lung myeloperoxidase activity were strongly suppressed in gVPLA2 mouse knockout model or upon administration of MCL-3G1. These results demonstrate a novel role for gVPLA2 as the downstream effector of pathological mechanical stretch leading to an inflammatory response associated with VILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Y Meliton
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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31
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Phospholipases of mineralization competent cells and matrix vesicles: roles in physiological and pathological mineralizations. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5036-129. [PMID: 23455471 PMCID: PMC3634480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to systematically and critically analyze the current knowledge on phospholipases and their role in physiological and pathological mineralization undertaken by mineralization competent cells. Cellular lipid metabolism plays an important role in biological mineralization. The physiological mechanisms of mineralization are likely to take place in tissues other than in bones and teeth under specific pathological conditions. For instance, vascular calcification in arteries of patients with renal failure, diabetes mellitus or atherosclerosis recapitulates the mechanisms of bone formation. Osteoporosis—a bone resorbing disease—and rheumatoid arthritis originating from the inflammation in the synovium are also affected by cellular lipid metabolism. The focus is on the lipid metabolism due to the effects of dietary lipids on bone health. These and other phenomena indicate that phospholipases may participate in bone remodelling as evidenced by their expression in smooth muscle cells, in bone forming osteoblasts, chondrocytes and in bone resorbing osteoclasts. Among various enzymes involved, phospholipases A1 or A2, phospholipase C, phospholipase D, autotaxin and sphingomyelinase are engaged in membrane lipid remodelling during early stages of mineralization and cell maturation in mineralization-competent cells. Numerous experimental evidences suggested that phospholipases exert their action at various stages of mineralization by affecting intracellular signaling and cell differentiation. The lipid metabolites—such as arachidonic acid, lysophospholipids, and sphingosine-1-phosphate are involved in cell signaling and inflammation reactions. Phospholipases are also important members of the cellular machinery engaged in matrix vesicle (MV) biogenesis and exocytosis. They may favour mineral formation inside MVs, may catalyse MV membrane breakdown necessary for the release of mineral deposits into extracellular matrix (ECM), or participate in hydrolysis of ECM. The biological functions of phospholipases are discussed from the perspective of animal and cellular knockout models, as well as disease implications, development of potent inhibitors and therapeutic interventions.
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Henderson WR, Ye X, Lai Y, Ni Z, Bollinger JG, Tien YT, Chi EY, Gelb MH. Key role of group v secreted phospholipase A2 in Th2 cytokine and dendritic cell-driven airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56172. [PMID: 23451035 PMCID: PMC3581544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous work has shown that disruption of the gene for group X secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-X) markedly diminishes airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling in a mouse asthma model. With the large number of additional sPLA2s in the mammalian genome, the involvement of other sPLA2s in the asthma model is possible – in particular, the group V sPLA2 (sPLA2-V) that like sPLA2-X is highly active at hydrolyzing membranes of mammalian cells. Methodology and Principal Findings The allergen-driven asthma phenotype was significantly reduced in sPLA2-V-deficient mice but to a lesser extent than observed previously in sPLA2-X-deficient mice. The most striking difference observed between the sPLA2-V and sPLA2-X knockouts was the significant impairment of the primary immune response to the allergen ovalbumin (OVA) in the sPLA2-V−/− mice. The impairment in eicosanoid generation and dendritic cell activation in sPLA2-V−/− mice diminishes Th2 cytokine responses in the airways. Conclusions This paper illustrates the diverse roles of sPLA2s in the immunopathogenesis of the asthma phenotype and directs attention to developing specific inhibitors of sPLA2-V as a potential new therapy to treat asthma and other allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Henderson
- Center for Allergy and Inflammation, UW Medicine at South Lake Union, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
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Gibbons E, Nelson J, Anderson L, Brewer K, Melchor S, Judd AM, Bell JD. Role of membrane oxidation in controlling the activity of human group IIa secretory phospholipase A2 toward apoptotic lymphoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:670-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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34
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Point V, Bénarouche A, Jemel I, Parsiegla G, Lambeau G, Carrière F, Cavalier JF. Effects of the propeptide of group X secreted phospholipase A2 on substrate specificity and interfacial activity on phospholipid monolayers. Biochimie 2013; 95:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cao J, Burke JE, Dennis EA. Using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to define the specific interactions of the phospholipase A2 superfamily with lipid substrates, inhibitors, and membranes. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:1806-13. [PMID: 23209293 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r112.421909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily consists of 16 groups and many subgroups and constitutes a diverse set of enzymes that have a common catalytic activity due to convergent evolution. However, different PLA(2) types have unique three-dimensional structures and catalytic residues as well as specific tissue localization and distinct biological functions. Understanding how the different PLA(2) enzymes associate with phospholipid membranes, specific phospholipid substrate molecules, and inhibitors on a molecular basis has advanced in recent years due to the introduction of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Its theory, practical considerations, and application to understanding PLA(2)/membrane interactions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, USA
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36
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Francois-Moutal L, Maniti O, Marcillat O, Granjon T. New insights into lipid-Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase-D interaction mechanism: protein structural changes and membrane reorganisation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1828:906-15. [PMID: 22974817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases (NDPKs) have long been considered merely as housekeeping enzymes. The discovery of the NME1 gene, an anti-metastatic gene coding for NDPK-A, led the scientific community to re-evaluate their role in the cell. It is now well established that the NDPK family is more complex than what was first thought, and despite the increasing amount of evidence suggesting the multifunctional role of nm23/NDPKs, the specific functions of each family member are still elusive. Among these isoforms, NDPK-D is the only one to present a mitochondria-targeting sequence. It has recently been shown that this protein is able to bind and cross-link with mitochondrial membranes, suggesting that NDPK-D can mediate contact sites and contributes to the mitochondrial intermembrane space structuring. To better understand the influence of NDPK-D on mitochondrial lipid organisation, we analysed its behaviour in different lipid environments. We found that NDPK-D not only interacts with CL or anionic lipids, but is also able to bind in a non negligible manner to zwitterionic PC. NDPK-D alters membrane organisation in terms of fluidity, hydration and lipid clustering, effects which depend on lipid structure. Changes in the protein structure after lipid binding were evidenced, both by fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy, regardless of membrane composition. Taking into account all these elements, a putative mechanism of interaction between NDPK-D and zwitterionic or anionic lipids was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Francois-Moutal
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, IMBL, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Muñoz NM, Desai A, Meliton LN, Meliton AY, Zhou T, Leff AR, Dudek SM. Group V phospholipase A(2) increases pulmonary endothelial permeability through direct hydrolysis of the cell membrane. Pulm Circ 2012; 2:182-92. [PMID: 22837859 PMCID: PMC3401872 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.97604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by inflammatory disruption of the alveolar–vascular barrier, resulting in severe respiratory compromise. Inhibition of the intercellular messenger protein, Group V phospholipase A2 (gVPLA2), blocks vascular permeability caused by LPS both in vivo and in vitro. In this investigation we studied the mechanism by which recombinant gVPLA2 increases permeability of cultured human pulmonary endothelial cells (EC). Exogenous gVPLA2 (500 nM), a highly hydrolytic enzyme, caused a significant increase in EC permeability that began within minutes and persisted for >10 hours. However, the major hydrolysis products of gVPLA2 (Lyso-PC, Lyso-PG, LPA, arachidonic acid) did not cause EC structural rearrangement or loss of barrier function at concentrations <10 μM. Higher concentrations (≥ 30 μM) of these membrane hydrolysis products caused some increased permeability but were associated with EC toxicity (measured by propidium iodide incorporation) that did not occur with barrier disruption by gVPLA2 (500 nM). Pharmacologic inhibition of multiple intracellular signaling pathways induced by gVPLA2 activity (ERK, p38, PI3K, cytosolic gIVPLA2) also did not prevent EC barrier disruption by gVPLA2. Finally, pretreatment with heparinase to prevent internalization of gVPLA2 did not inhibit EC barrier disruption by gVPLA2. Our data thus indicate that gVPLA2 increases pulmonary EC permeability directly through action as a membrane hydrolytic agent. Disruption of EC barrier function does not depend upon membrane hydrolysis products, gVPLA2 internalization, or upregulation of downstream intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilda M Muñoz
- Philippine Foundation for Lung Health, Research and Development, Inc. and Research and Biotechnology Division, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
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Nelson J, Francom LL, Anderson L, Damm K, Baker R, Chen J, Franklin S, Hamaker A, Izidoro I, Moss E, Orton M, Stevens E, Yeung C, Judd AM, Bell JD. Investigation into the role of phosphatidylserine in modifying the susceptibility of human lymphocytes to secretory phospholipase A(2) using cells deficient in the expression of scramblase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:1196-204. [PMID: 22266334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Normal human lymphocytes resisted the hydrolytic action of secretory phospholipase A(2) but became susceptible to the enzyme following treatment with a calcium ionophore, ionomycin. To test the hypothesis that this susceptibility requires exposure of the anionic lipid phosphatidylserine on the external face of the cell membrane, experiments were repeated with a human Burkitt's lymphoma cell line (Raji cells). In contrast to normal lymphocytes or S49 mouse lymphoma cells, most of the Raji cells (83%) did not translocate phosphatidylserine to the cell surface upon treatment with ionomycin. Those few that did display exposed phosphatidylserine were hydrolyzed immediately upon addition of phospholipase A(2). Interestingly, the remaining cells were also completely susceptible to the enzyme but were hydrolyzed at a slower rate and after a latency of about 100s. In contradistinction to the defect in phosphatidylserine translocation, Raji cells did display other physical membrane changes upon ionomycin treatment that may be relevant to hydrolysis by phospholipase A(2). These changes were detected by merocyanine 540 and trimethylammonium diphenylhexatriene fluorescence and were common among normal lymphocytes, S49 cells, and Raji cells. The levels of these latter effects corresponded well with the relative rates of hydrolysis among the three cell lines. These results suggested that while phosphatidylserine enhances the rate of cell membrane hydrolysis by secretory phospholipase A(2), it is not an absolute requirement. Other physical properties such as membrane order contribute to the level of membrane susceptibility to the enzyme independent of phosphatidylserine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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sPLA2-V inhibits EPCR anticoagulant and antiapoptotic properties by accommodating lysophosphatidylcholine or PAF in the hydrophobic groove. Blood 2011; 119:2914-21. [PMID: 22167755 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-05-353409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) plays an important role in cardiovascular disease by binding protein C/activated protein C (APC). EPCR structure contains a hydrophobic groove filled with an unknown phospholipid needed to perform its function. It has not been established whether lipid exchange takes place in EPCR as a regulatory mechanism of its activity. Our objective was to identify this phospholipid and to explore the possibility of lipid exchange as a regulatory mechanism of EPCR activity driven by the endothelially expressed secretory group V phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)-V). We identified phosphatidylcholine (PCh) as the major phospholipid bound to human soluble EPCR (sEPCR). PCh in EPCR could be exchanged for lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPCh) and platelet activating factor (PAF). Remarkably, lysoPCh and PAF impaired the protein C binding ability of sEPCR. Inhibition of sPLA(2)-V, responsible for lysoPCh and PAF generation, improved APC binding to endothelial cells. EPCR-dependent protein C activation and APC antiapoptotic effect were thus significantly enhanced. In contrast, endothelial cell supplementation with sPLA(2)-V inhibited both APC generation and its antiapoptotic effects. We conclude that APC generation and function can be modulated by changes in phospholipid occupancy of its endothelial cell receptor.
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Sergouniotis P, Davidson A, Mackay D, Lenassi E, Li Z, Robson A, Yang X, Kam J, Isaacs T, Holder G, Jeffery G, Beck J, Moore A, Plagnol V, Webster A. Biallelic mutations in PLA2G5, encoding group V phospholipase A2, cause benign fleck retina. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:782-91. [PMID: 22137173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flecked-retina syndromes, including fundus flavimaculatus, fundus albipunctatus, and benign fleck retina, comprise a group of disorders with widespread or limited distribution of yellow-white retinal lesions of various sizes and configurations. Three siblings who have benign fleck retina and were born to consanguineous parents are the basis of this report. A combination of homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing helped to identify a homozygous missense mutation, c.133G>T (p.Gly45Cys), in PLA2G5, a gene encoding a secreted phospholipase (group V phospholipase A(2)). A screen of a further four unrelated individuals with benign fleck retina detected biallelic variants in the same gene in three patients. In contrast, no loss of function or common (minor-allele frequency>0.05%) nonsynonymous PLA2G5 variants have been previously reported (EVS, dbSNP, 1000 Genomes Project) or were detected in an internal database of 224 exomes (from subjects with adult onset neurodegenerative disease and without a diagnosis of ophthalmic disease). All seven affected individuals had fundoscopic features compatible with those previously described in benign fleck retina and no visual or electrophysiological deficits. No medical history of major illness was reported. Levels of low-density lipoprotein were mildly elevated in two patients. Optical coherence tomography and fundus autofluorescence findings suggest that group V phospholipase A(2) plays a role in the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer-segment discs by the retinal pigment epithelium. Surprisingly, immunohistochemical staining of human retinal tissue revealed localization of the protein predominantly in the inner and outer plexiform layers.
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Serr J, Suh Y, Lee K. Cloning of comparative gene identification-58 gene in avian species and investigation of its developmental and nutritional regulation in chicken adipose tissue1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3490-500. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Dennis EA, Cao J, Hsu YH, Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6130-85. [PMID: 21910409 PMCID: PMC3196595 DOI: 10.1021/cr200085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 820] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Sato H, Hirabayashi T, Yamamoto K. Recent progress in phospholipase A₂ research: from cells to animals to humans. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:152-92. [PMID: 21185866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode genes for more than 30 phospholipase A₂s (PLA₂s) or related enzymes, which are subdivided into several classes including low-molecular-weight secreted PLA₂s (sPLA₂s), Ca²+-dependent cytosolic PLA₂s (cPLA₂s), Ca²+-independent PLA₂s (iPLA₂s), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs), lysosomal PLA₂s, and a recently identified adipose-specific PLA. Of these, the intracellular cPLA₂ and iPLA₂ families and the extracellular sPLA₂ family are recognized as the "big three". From a general viewpoint, cPLA₂α (the prototypic cPLA₂ plays a major role in the initiation of arachidonic acid metabolism, the iPLA₂ family contributes to membrane homeostasis and energy metabolism, and the sPLA₂ family affects various biological events by modulating the extracellular phospholipid milieus. The cPLA₂ family evolved along with eicosanoid receptors when vertebrates first appeared, whereas the diverse branching of the iPLA₂ and sPLA₂ families during earlier eukaryote development suggests that they play fundamental roles in life-related processes. During the past decade, data concerning the unexplored roles of various PLA₂ enzymes in pathophysiology have emerged on the basis of studies using knockout and transgenic mice, the use of specific inhibitors, and information obtained from analysis of human diseases caused by mutations in PLA₂ genes. This review focuses on current understanding of the emerging biological functions of PLA₂s and related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Abbott MJ, Tang T, Sul HS. The Role of Phospholipase A(2)-derived Mediators in Obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 7:e213-e218. [PMID: 21603130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become an epidemic and its prevalence is increasing exponentially. A great deal of focus has been given to understanding the molecular processes that regulate obesity. The characterization of phospholipase A(2)s, especially adipose-specific PLA(2), have lead to a proposed role of their downstream products in the progression of obesity and obesity related disorders. This review summarizes recent developments in the role of PLA(2) and their downstream effects in the development of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia J Abbott
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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Lapointe S, Brkovic A, Cloutier I, Tanguay JF, Arm JP, Sirois MG. Group V secreted phospholipase A2 contributes to LPS-induced leukocyte recruitment. J Cell Physiol 2010; 224:127-34. [PMID: 20232296 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Secreted phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s) are well known for their contribution in the biosynthesis of inflammatory eicosanoids. These enzymes also participate in the inflammatory process by regulating chemokine production and protein expression of adhesion molecules. The majority of sPLA(2) isoforms are up-regulated by proinflammatory stimuli such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which predominantly increases the expression of group V sPLA(2) (sPLA(2)-V). Furthermore, it has recently been shown that sPLA(2)-V is a critical messenger in the regulation of cell migration during allergic airway responsiveness. Herein, we investigated the effect of sPLA(2)-V on LPS-mediated leukocyte recruitment and its capacity to modulate adhesion molecule expression. We conducted our study in the murine air pouch model, using sPLA(2)-V null mice (sPLA(2)-V(-/-)) and control wild-type (WT) littermates. We observed that LPS (1 microg/ml)-mediated leukocyte emigration in sPLA(2)-V(-/-) was attenuated by 52% and 86% upon 6 and 12 h of treatment respectively, as compared to WT mice. In WT mice, treatment with the cell-permeable sPLA(2) inhibitor (12-epi-scalaradial; SLD) reduced LPS-mediated leukocyte recruitment by 67%, but had no additional inhibitory effect in sPLA(2)-V(-/-) mice. Protein analyses from the air pouch skin were carried out upon LPS-challenge, and the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 were both significantly reduced in sPLA(2)-V(-/-) mice as compared to control WT mice. Together, our data demonstrate the role of sPLA(2)-V in LPS-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 protein overexpression and leukocyte recruitment, supporting the contribution of sPLA(2)-V in the development of inflammatory innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Lapointe
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Dudek SM, Muñoz NM, Desai A, Osan CM, Meliton AY, Leff AR. Group V phospholipase A2 mediates barrier disruption of human pulmonary endothelial cells caused by LPS in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:361-8. [PMID: 20448053 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0446oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the functional role of 14-kD secretory group V phospholipase A(2) (gVPLA(2)) on the barrier function of pulmonary endothelial cells (ECs) after LPS activation in vitro. Expression of gVPLA(2) was elicited by 20 ng/ml LPS as demonstrated by increased (1) mRNA, (2) protein content, and (3) cell surface expression of gVPLA(2) within 4 hours. The effect of LPS on EC barrier function was measured by transendothelial monolayer electrical resistance (TER). LPS increased permeability across EC monolayers at 2-3 hours, and was sustained for 10 hours or more. Blockade of gVPLA(2) with mouse monoclonal 3G1 (MCL-3G1) monoclonal antibody directed against gVPLA(2) inhibited EC barrier dysfunction elicited by LPS in a time- and concentration-dependent manner; control IgG had no effect on TER. Like LPS, exogenous gVPLA(2) caused increased EC permeability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner; neither gIIaPLA(2), a close homolog of gVPLA(2), nor W31A, an inactive mutant of gVPLA(2), caused a decrease in EC TER. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed comparable F-actin stress fiber and intercellular gap formation for ECs treated with either gVPLA(2) or LPS. Treatment with gVPLA(2) disrupted vascular endothelial-cadherin junctional complexes on ECs. Coincubation of ECs with MCL-3G1 substantially attenuated the structural changes caused by gVPLA(2) or LPS. We demonstrate that (1) gVPLA(2) is constitutively expressed in ECs and is up-regulated after LPS activation, (2) endogenously secreted gVPLA(2) from ECs after LPS increases EC permeability through F-actin and junctional complex rearrangement, and (3) inhibition of endogenous gVPLA(2) from ECs is sufficient to block disruption of the EC barrier function after LPS in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Dudek
- Section of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Girard C, Yamamoto K, Lambeau G. Emerging roles of secreted phospholipase A2 enzymes: Lessons from transgenic and knockout mice. Biochimie 2010; 92:561-82. [PMID: 20347923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Among the emerging phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily, the secreted PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) family consists of low-molecular-mass, Ca(2+)-requiring extracellular enzymes with a His-Asp catalytic dyad. To date, more than 10 sPLA(2) enzymes have been identified in mammals. Individual sPLA(2)s exhibit unique tissue and cellular localizations and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct pathophysiological roles. Despite numerous enzymatic and cell biological studies on this enzyme family in the past two decades, their precise in vivo functions still remain largely obscure. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA(2) enzymes, in combination with lipidomics approaches, have opened new insights into their distinct contributions to various biological events such as food digestion, host defense, inflammation, asthma and atherosclerosis. In this article, we overview the latest understanding of the pathophysiological functions of individual sPLA(2) isoforms fueled by studies employing transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA(2)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Biomembrane Signaling Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Gruber A, Cornaciu I, Lass A, Schweiger M, Poeschl M, Eder C, Kumari M, Schoiswohl G, Wolinski H, Kohlwein SD, Zechner R, Zimmermann R, Oberer M. The N-terminal region of comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) is important for lipid droplet binding and activation of adipose triglyceride lipase. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:12289-98. [PMID: 20164531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.064469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, excess energy is stored in the form of triacylglycerol primarily in lipid droplets of white adipose tissue. The first step of lipolysis (i.e. the mobilization of fat stores) is catalyzed by adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). The enzymatic activity of ATGL is strongly enhanced by CGI-58 (comparative gene identification-58), and the loss of either ATGL or CGI-58 function causes systemic triglyceride accumulation in humans and mice. However, the mechanism by which CGI-58 stimulates ATGL activity is unknown. To gain insight into CGI-58 function using structural features of the protein, we generated a three-dimensional homology model based on sequence similarity with other proteins. Interestingly, the model of CGI-58 revealed that the N terminus forms an extension of the otherwise compact structure of the protein. This N-terminal region (amino acids 1-30) harbors a lipophilic tryptophan-rich stretch, which affects the localization of the protein. (1)H NMR experiments revealed strong interaction between the N-terminal peptide and dodecylphosphocholine micelles as a lipid droplet-mimicking system. A role for this N-terminal region of CGI-58 in lipid droplet binding was further strengthened by localization studies in cultured cells. Although wild-type CGI-58 localizes to the lipid droplet, the N-terminally truncated fragments of CGI-58 are dispersed in the cytoplasm. Moreover, CGI-58 lacking the N-terminal extension loses the ability to stimulate ATGL, implying that the ability of CGI-58 to activate ATGL is linked to correct localization. In summary, our study shows that the N-terminal, Trp-rich region of CGI-58 is essential for correct localization and ATGL-activating function of CGI-58.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Gruber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Olson ED, Nelson J, Griffith K, Nguyen T, Streeter M, Wilson-Ashworth HA, Gelb MH, Judd AM, Bell JD. Kinetic evaluation of cell membrane hydrolysis during apoptosis by human isoforms of secretory phospholipase A2. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10993-1002. [PMID: 20139082 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.070797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Some isoforms of secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) distinguish between healthy and damaged or apoptotic cells. This distinction reflects differences in membrane physical properties. Because various sPLA(2) isoforms respond differently to properties of artificial membranes such as surface charge, they should also behave differently as these properties evolve during a dynamic physiological process such as apoptosis. To test this idea, S49 lymphoma cell death was induced by glucocorticoid (6-48 h) or calcium ionophore. Rates of membrane hydrolysis catalyzed by various concentrations of snake venom and human groups IIa, V, and X sPLA(2) were compared after each treatment condition. The data were analyzed using a model that evaluates the adsorption of enzyme to the membrane surface and subsequent binding of substrate to the active site. Results were compared temporally to changes in membrane biophysics and composition. Under control conditions, membrane hydrolysis was confined to the few unhealthy cells present in each sample. Increased hydrolysis during apoptosis and necrosis appeared to reflect substrate access to adsorbed enzyme for the snake venom and group X isoforms corresponding to weakened lipid-lipid interactions in the membrane. In contrast, apoptosis promoted initial adsorption of human groups V and IIa concurrent with phosphatidylserine exposure on the membrane surface. However, this observation was inadequate to explain the behavior of the groups V and IIa enzymes toward necrotic cells where hydrolysis was reduced or absent. Thus, a combination of changes in cell membrane properties during apoptosis and necrosis capacitates the cell for hydrolysis differently by each isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Olson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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50
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Pérez-Chacón G, Astudillo AM, Balgoma D, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. Control of free arachidonic acid levels by phospholipases A2 and lysophospholipid acyltransferases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:1103-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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