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Hagelaars MJ, Nikolic M, Vermeulen M, Dekker S, Bouten CVC, Loerakker S. A computational analysis of the role of integrins and Rho-GTPases in the emergence and disruption of apical-basal polarization in renal epithelial cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012140. [PMID: 38768266 PMCID: PMC11142725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Apical-basal polarization in renal epithelial cells is crucial to renal function and an important trigger for tubule formation in kidney development. Loss of polarity can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which can lead to kidney pathologies. Understanding the relative and combined roles of the involved proteins and their interactions that govern epithelial polarity may provide insights for controlling the process of polarization via chemical or mechanical manipulations in an in vitro or in vivo setting. Here, we developed a computational framework that integrates several known interactions between integrins, Rho-GTPases Rho, Rac and Cdc42, and polarity complexes Par and Scribble, to study their mutual roles in the emergence of polarization. The modeled protein interactions were shown to induce the emergence of polarized distributions of Rho-GTPases, which in turn led to the accumulation of apical and basal polarity complexes Par and Scribble at their respective poles, effectively recapitulating polarization. Our multiparametric sensitivity analysis suggested that polarization depends foremost on the mutual inhibition between Rac and Rho. Next, we used the computational framework to investigate the role of integrins and GTPases in the generation and disruption of polarization. We found that a minimum concentration of integrins is required to catalyze the process of polarization. Furthermore, loss of polarization was found to be only inducible via complete degradation of the Rho-GTPases Rho and Cdc42, suggesting that polarization is fairly stable once it is established. Comparison of our computational predictions against data from in vitro experiments in which we induced EMT in renal epithelial cells while quantifying the relative Rho-GTPase levels, displayed that EMT coincides with a large reduction in the Rho-GTPase Rho. Collectively, these results demonstrate the essential roles of integrins and Rho-GTPases in the establishment and disruption of apical-basal polarity and thereby provide handles for the in vitro or in vivo regulation of polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Hagelaars
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Milica Nikolic
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maud Vermeulen
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Dekker
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V. C. Bouten
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Loerakker
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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2
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Qian W, Yamaguchi N, Lis P, Cammer M, Knaut H. Pulses of RhoA signaling stimulate actin polymerization and flow in protrusions to drive collective cell migration. Curr Biol 2024; 34:245-259.e8. [PMID: 38096821 PMCID: PMC10872453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In animals, cells often move as collectives to shape organs, close wounds, or-in the case of disease-metastasize. To accomplish this, cells need to generate force to propel themselves forward. The motility of singly migrating cells is driven largely by an interplay between Rho GTPase signaling and the actin network. Whether cells migrating as collectives use the same machinery for motility is unclear. Using the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium as a model for collective cell migration, we find that active RhoA and myosin II cluster on the basal sides of the primordium cells and are required for primordium motility. Positive and negative feedbacks cause RhoA and myosin II activities to pulse. These pulses of RhoA signaling stimulate actin polymerization at the tip of the protrusions and myosin-II-dependent actin flow and protrusion retraction at the base of the protrusions and deform the basement membrane underneath the migrating primordium. This suggests that RhoA-induced actin flow on the basal sides of the cells constitutes the motor that pulls the primordium forward, a scenario that likely underlies collective migration in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Qian
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Naoya Yamaguchi
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Patrycja Lis
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Cammer
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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3
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Inamoto T, Furuta K, Han C, Uneme M, Kano T, Ishikawa K, Kaito C. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate dendrite elongation in dendritic cells by inhibiting histone deacetylase. FEBS J 2023; 290:5794-5810. [PMID: 37646105 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells activate immune responses by presenting pathogen-derived molecules. The dendrites of dendritic cells contribute to the incorporation of foreign antigens or presenting antigens to T cells. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids, have many effects on immune responses by activating specific receptors or inhibiting a histone deacetylase (HDAC), although their effect on dendrite formation in dendritic cells is unknown. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of SCFAs on dendrite elongation using a dendritic cell line (DC2.4 cells) and mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. We found that SCFAs induced dendrite elongation. The elongation was reduced by inhibitors of Src family kinase (SFK), phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), Rho family GTPases (Cdc42, Rac1) or actin polymerization, indicating that SCFAs promote dendrite elongation by activating actin polymerization via the SFK/PI3K/Rho family GTPase signaling pathway. We showed that agonists for SCFA receptors GPR43 and GPR109a did not promote dendrite elongation. By contrast, HDAC inhibitors, including trichostatin A, promoted dendrite elongation in DC2.4 cells, and the promoting activity of trichostatin A was decreased by inhibiting the SFK/PI3K/Rho family GTPase signaling pathway or actin polymerization. Furthermore, DC2.4 cells treated with valeric acid showed enhanced uptake of soluble proteins, insoluble beads and Staphylococcus aureus. We also found that treatment with valeric acid enhanced major histocompatibility complex class II-mediated antigen presentation in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. These results suggest that SCFAs promote dendrite elongation by inhibiting HDAC, stimulating the SFK/PI3K/Rho family pathway and activating actin polymerization, resulting in increased antigen uptake and presentation in dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuho Inamoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Furuta
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Cheng Han
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Mio Uneme
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kano
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Chikara Kaito
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
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4
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Qian W, Yamaguchi N, Lis P, Cammer M, Knaut H. Pulses of RhoA Signaling Stimulate Actin Polymerization and Flow in Protrusions to Drive Collective Cell Migration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.560679. [PMID: 37873192 PMCID: PMC10592895 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
In animals, cells often move as collectives to shape organs, close wounds, or-in the case of disease-metastasize. To accomplish this, cells need to generate force to propel themselves forward. The motility of singly migrating cells is driven largely by an interplay between Rho GTPase signaling and the actin network (Yamada and Sixt, 2019). Whether cells migrating as collectives use the same machinery for motility is unclear. Using the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium as a model for collective cell migration, we find that active RhoA and myosin II cluster on the basal sides of the primordium cells and are required for primordium motility. Positive and negative feedbacks cause RhoA and myosin II activities to pulse. These pulses of RhoA signaling stimulate actin polymerization at the tip of the protrusions and myosin II-dependent actin flow and protrusion retraction at the base of the protrusions, and deform the basement membrane underneath the migrating primordium. This suggests that RhoA-induced actin flow on the basal sides of the cells constitutes the motor that pulls the primordium forward, a scenario that likely underlies collective migration in other-but not all (Bastock and Strutt, 2007; Lebreton and Casanova, 2013; Matthews et al., 2008)-contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Qian
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Naoya Yamaguchi
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Patrycja Lis
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Michael Cammer
- Microscopy laboratory, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
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Town JP, Weiner OD. Local negative feedback of Rac activity at the leading edge underlies a pilot pseudopod-like program for amoeboid cell guidance. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002307. [PMID: 37747905 PMCID: PMC10553818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To migrate efficiently, neutrophils must polarize their cytoskeletal regulators along a single axis of motion. This polarization process is thought to be mediated through local positive feedback that amplifies leading edge signals and global negative feedback that enables sites of positive feedback to compete for dominance. Though this two-component model efficiently establishes cell polarity, it has potential limitations, including a tendency to "lock" onto a particular direction, limiting the ability of cells to reorient. We use spatially defined optogenetic control of a leading edge organizer (PI3K) to probe how neutrophil-like HL-60 cells balance "decisiveness" needed to polarize in a single direction with the flexibility needed to respond to new cues. Underlying this balancing act is a local Rac inhibition process that destabilizes the leading edge to promote exploration. We show that this local inhibition enables cells to process input signal dynamics, linking front stability and orientation to local temporal increases in input signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Town
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Orion D. Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Yiu TW, Holman SR, Kaidonis X, Graham RM, Iismaa SE. Transglutaminase 2 Facilitates Murine Wound Healing in a Strain-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11475. [PMID: 37511238 PMCID: PMC10380275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) plays a role in cellular processes that are relevant to wound healing, but to date no studies of wound healing in TG2 knockout mice have been reported. Here, using 129T2/SvEmsJ (129)- or C57BL/6 (B6)-backcrossed TG2 knockout mice, we show that TG2 facilitates murine wound healing in a strain-dependent manner. Early healing of in vivo cutaneous wounds and closure of in vitro scratch wounds in murine embryonic fibroblast (MEF) monolayers were delayed in 129, but not B6, TG2 knockouts, relative to their wild-type counterparts, with wound closure in 129 being faster than in B6 wild-types. A single dose of exogenous recombinant wild-type TG2 to 129 TG2-/- mice or MEFs immediately post-wounding accelerated wound closure. Neutrophil and monocyte recruitment to 129 cutaneous wounds was not affected by Tgm2 deletion up to 5 days post-wounding. Tgm2 mRNA and TG2 protein abundance were higher in 129 than in B6 wild-types and increased in abundance following cutaneous and scratch wounding. Tgm1 and factor XIIA (F13A) mRNA abundance increased post-wounding, but there was no compensation by TG family members in TG2-/- relative to TG2+/+ mice in either strain before or after wounding. 129 TG2+/+ MEF adhesion was greater and spreading was faster than that of B6 TG2+/+ MEFs, and was dependent on syndecan binding in the presence, but not absence, of RGD inhibition of integrin binding. Adhesion and spreading of 129, but not B6, TG2-/- MEFs was impaired relative to their wild-type counterparts and was accelerated by exogenous addition or transfection of TG2 protein or cDNA, respectively, and was independent of the transamidase or GTP-binding activity of TG2. Rho-family GTPase activation, central to cytoskeletal organization, was altered in 129 TG2-/- MEFs, with delayed RhoA and earlier Rac1 activation than in TG2+/+ MEFs. These findings indicate that the rate of wound healing is different between 129 and B6 mouse strains, correlating with TG2 abundance, and although not essential for wound healing, TG2 facilitates integrin- and syndecan-mediated RhoA- and Rac1-activation in fibroblasts to promote efficient wound contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting W. Yiu
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (T.W.Y.); (S.R.H.); (X.K.)
| | - Sara R. Holman
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (T.W.Y.); (S.R.H.); (X.K.)
| | - Xenia Kaidonis
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (T.W.Y.); (S.R.H.); (X.K.)
| | - Robert M. Graham
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (T.W.Y.); (S.R.H.); (X.K.)
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Siiri E. Iismaa
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (T.W.Y.); (S.R.H.); (X.K.)
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
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Pal DS, Banerjee T, Lin Y, de Trogoff F, Borleis J, Iglesias PA, Devreotes PN. Actuation of single downstream nodes in growth factor network steers immune cell migration. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1170-1188.e7. [PMID: 37220748 PMCID: PMC10524337 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ras signaling is typically associated with cell growth, but not direct regulation of motility or polarity. By optogenetically targeting different nodes in the Ras/PI3K/Akt network in differentiated human HL-60 neutrophils, we abruptly altered protrusive activity, bypassing the chemoattractant receptor/G-protein network. First, global recruitment of active KRas4B/HRas isoforms or a RasGEF, RasGRP4, immediately increased spreading and random motility. Second, activating Ras at the cell rear generated new protrusions, reversed pre-existing polarity, and steered sustained migration in neutrophils or murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Third, recruiting a RasGAP, RASAL3, to cell fronts extinguished protrusions and changed migration direction. Remarkably, persistent RASAL3 recruitment at stable fronts abrogated directed migration in three different chemoattractant gradients. Fourth, local recruitment of the Ras-mTORC2 effector, Akt, in neutrophils or Dictyostelium amoebae generated new protrusions and rearranged pre-existing polarity. Overall, these optogenetic effects were mTORC2-dependent but relatively independent of PI3K. Thus, receptor-independent, local activations of classical growth-control pathways directly control actin assembly, cell shape, and migration modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Sankar Pal
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tatsat Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiyan Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Félix de Trogoff
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, STI School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jane Borleis
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Cho IS, Gupta P, Mostafazadeh N, Wong SW, Saichellappa S, Lenzini S, Peng Z, Shin J. Deterministic Single Cell Encapsulation in Asymmetric Microenvironments to Direct Cell Polarity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206014. [PMID: 36453581 PMCID: PMC9875620 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Various signals in tissue microenvironments are often unevenly distributed around cells. Cellular responses to asymmetric cell-matrix adhesion in a 3D space remain generally unclear and are to be studied at the single-cell resolution. Here, the authors developed a droplet-based microfluidic approach to manufacture a pure population of single cells in a microscale layer of compartmentalized 3D hydrogel matrices with a tunable spatial presentation of ligands at the subcellular level. Cells elongate with an asymmetric presentation of the integrin adhesion ligand Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), while cells expand isotropically with a symmetric presentation of RGD. Membrane tension is higher on the side of single cells interacting with RGD than on the side without RGD. Finite element analysis shows that a non-uniform isotropic cell volume expansion model is sufficient to recapitulate the experimental results. At a longer timescale, asymmetric ligand presentation commits mesenchymal stem cells to the osteogenic lineage. Cdc42 is an essential mediator of cell polarization and lineage specification in response to asymmetric cell-matrix adhesion. This study highlights the utility of precisely controlling 3D ligand presentation around single cells to direct cell polarity for regenerative engineering and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik Sung Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL60612USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Prerak Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL60612USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Nima Mostafazadeh
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Sing Wan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL60612USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Saiumamaheswari Saichellappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL60612USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Stephen Lenzini
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL60612USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Zhangli Peng
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Jae‐Won Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL60612USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
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Fu Y, Zhang X, Liang X, Chen Y, Chen Z, Xiao Z. CapG promoted nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell motility involving Rho motility pathway independent of ROCK. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:347. [PMID: 36258216 PMCID: PMC9580211 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gelsolin-like capping actin protein (CapG) modulates actin dynamics and actin-based motility with a debatable role in tumorigenic progression. The motility-associated functions and potential molecular mechanisms of CapG in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remain unclear. Methods CapG expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of NPC tissue specimens and by Western blotting assay in a variety of NPC cell lines. Loss of function and gain of function of CapG in scratch wound-healing and transwell assays were performed. Inactivation of Rac1 and ROCK with the specific small molecular inhibitors was applied to evaluate CapG’s role in NPC cell motility. GTP-bound Rac1 and phosphorylated-myosin light chain 2 (p-MLC2) were measured in the ectopic CapG overexpressing cells. Finally, CapG-related gene set enrichment analysis was conducted to figure out the significant CapG-associated pathways in NPC. Results CapG disclosed increased level in the poorly differentiated NPC tissues and highly metastatic cells. Knockdown of CapG reduced NPC cell migration and invasion in vitro, while ectopic CapG overexpression showed the opposite effect. Ectopic overexpression of CapG compensated for the cell motility loss caused by simultaneous inactivation of ROCK and Rac1 or inactivation of ROCK alone. GTP-bound Rac1 weakened, and p-MLC2 increased in the CapG overexpressing cells. Bioinformatics analysis validated a positive correlation of CapG with Rho motility signaling, while Rac1 motility pathway showed no significant relationship. Conclusions The present findings highlight the contribution of CapG to NPC cell motility independent of ROCK and Rac1. CapG promotes NPC cell motility at least partly through MLC2 phosphorylation and contradicts with Rac1 activation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-022-02808-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Department of Pathology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiuzhi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, 451191, Henan, China
| | - Xujun Liang
- Department of Pathology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuchu Chen
- Department of Pathology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhefeng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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10
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Wang F, van Baal J, Ma L, Gao X, Dijkstra J, Bu D. MRCKα is a novel regulator of prolactin-induced lactogenesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 10:319-328. [PMID: 35891685 PMCID: PMC9304597 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy-related Cdc42-binding kinase alpha (MRCKα) is an integral component of signaling pathways controlling vital cellular processes, including cytoskeletal reorganization, cell proliferation and cell survival. In this study, we investigated the physiological role of MRCKα in milk protein and fat production in dairy cows, which requires a dynamic and strict organization of the cytoskeletal network in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). Within a selection of 9 Holstein cows, we found that both mRNA and protein expression of MRCKα in the mammary gland were upregulated during lactation and correlated positively (r > 0.89) with the mRNA and protein levels of β-casein. Similar positive correlations (r > 0.79) were found in a primary culture of BMEC stimulated with prolactin for 24 h. In these cells, silencing of MRCKα decreased basal β-casein, sterol-regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1 and cyclin D1 protein level, phosphorylation of mTOR, triglyceride secretion, cell number and viability-while overexpression of MRCKα displayed the reversed effect. Notably, silencing of MRCKα completely prevented the stimulatory action of prolactin on the same parameters. These data demonstrate that MRCKα is a critical mediator of prolactin-induced lactogenesis via stimulation of the mTOR/SREBP1/cyclin D1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708, WD, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen van Baal
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708, WD, the Netherlands
| | - Lu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708, WD, the Netherlands
| | - Dengpan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Joint Laboratory on Integrated Crop-Tree-Livestock Systems of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) and World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Beijing, 100193, China
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11
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Baker MJ, Kazanietz MG. The anti-Rac1-GTP antibody and the detection of active Rac1: a tool with a fundamental flaw. Small GTPases 2022; 13:136-140. [PMID: 33910489 PMCID: PMC9707529 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2021.1920824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rac1 is a member of the Rho GTPase family and is involved in many cellular processes, particularly the formation of actin-rich membrane protrusions, such as lamellipodia and ruffles. With such a widely studied protein, it is essential that the research community has reliable tools for detecting Rac1 activation both in cellular models and tissues. Using a series of cancer cellular models, we recently demonstrated that a widely used antibody for visualizing active Rac1 (Rac1-GTP) does not recognize Rac1 but instead recognizes vimentin filaments (Baker MJ, J. Biol. Chem. 295:13698-13710, 2020). We believe that this tool has misled the field and impose on the GTPase research community the need to validate published results using this antibody as well as to continue the development of new resources to visualize endogenous active Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Baker
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcelo G. Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,CONTACT Marcelo G. Kazanietz Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1256 Biomedical Research Building II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA19104-6160, USA
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12
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Blaise AM, Corcoran EE, Wattenberg ES, Zhang YL, Cottrell JR, Koleske AJ. In vitro fluorescence assay to measure GDP/GTP exchange of guanine nucleotide exchange factors of Rho family GTPases. Biol Methods Protoc 2021; 7:bpab024. [PMID: 35087952 PMCID: PMC8789339 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are enzymes that promote the activation of GTPases through GTP loading. Whole exome sequencing has identified rare variants in GEFs that are associated with disease, demonstrating that GEFs play critical roles in human development. However, the consequences of these rare variants can only be understood through measuring their effects on cellular activity. Here, we provide a detailed, user-friendly protocol for purification and fluorescence-based analysis of the two GEF domains within the protein, Trio. This analysis offers a straight-forward, quantitative tool to test the activity of GEF domains on their respective GTPases, as well as utilize high-throughput screening to identify regulators and inhibitors. This protocol can be adapted for characterization of other Rho family GEFs. Such analyses are crucial for the complete understanding of the roles of GEF genetic variants in human development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Blaise
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
- Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
| | - Ellen E Corcoran
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
- Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
| | - Eve S Wattenberg
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
- Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
| | - Yan-Ling Zhang
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Cottrell
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
- Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
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13
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Kuhn J, Lin Y, Devreotes PN. Using Live-Cell Imaging and Synthetic Biology to Probe Directed Migration in Dictyostelium. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:740205. [PMID: 34676215 PMCID: PMC8523838 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.740205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum has been an invaluable tool for dissecting the biology of eukaryotic cells. Its short growth cycle and genetic tractability make it ideal for a variety of biochemical, cell biological, and biophysical assays. Dictyostelium have been widely used as a model of eukaryotic cell motility because the signaling and mechanical networks which they use to steer and produce forward motion are highly conserved. Because these migration networks consist of hundreds of interconnected proteins, perturbing individual molecules can have subtle effects or alter cell morphology and signaling in major unpredictable ways. Therefore, to fully understand this network, we must be able to quantitatively assess the consequences of abrupt modifications. This ability will allow us better control cell migration, which is critical for development and disease, in vivo. Here, we review recent advances in imaging, synthetic biology, and computational analysis which enable researchers to tune the activity of individual molecules in single living cells and precisely measure the effects on cellular motility and signaling. We also provide practical advice and resources to assist in applying these approaches in Dictyostelium.
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14
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Mannion AJ, Odell AF, Taylor A, Jones PF, Cook GP. Tumour cell CD99 regulates transendothelial migration via CDC42 and actin remodelling. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs240135. [PMID: 34374417 PMCID: PMC8403985 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis requires tumour cells to cross endothelial cell (EC) barriers using pathways similar to those used by leucocytes during inflammation. Cell surface CD99 is expressed by healthy leucocytes and ECs, and participates in inflammatory transendothelial migration (TEM). Tumour cells also express CD99, and we have analysed its role in tumour progression and cancer cell TEM. Tumour cell CD99 was required for adhesion to ECs but inhibited invasion of the endothelial barrier and migratory activity. Furthermore, CD99 depletion in tumour cells caused redistribution of the actin cytoskeleton and increased activity of the Rho GTPase CDC42, known for its role in actin remodelling and cell migration. In a xenograft model of breast cancer, tumour cell CD99 expression inhibited metastatic progression, and patient samples showed reduced expression of the CD99 gene in brain metastases compared to matched primary breast tumours. We conclude that CD99 negatively regulates CDC42 and cell migration. However, CD99 has both pro- and anti-tumour activity, and our data suggest that this results in part from its functional linkage to CDC42 and the diverse signalling pathways downstream of this Rho GTPase. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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15
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Baker MJ, Rubio I. Active GTPase Pulldown Protocol. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2262:117-135. [PMID: 33977474 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1190-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ras and its related small GTPases are important signalling nodes that regulate a wide variety of cellular functions. The active form of these proteins exists in a transient GTP bound state that mediates downstream signalling events. The dysregulation of these GTPases has been associated with the progression of multiple diseases, most prominently cancer and developmental syndromes known as Rasopathies. Determining the activation state of Ras and its relatives has hence been of paramount importance for the investigation of the biochemical functions of small GTPases in the cellular signal transduction network. This chapter describes the most broadly employed approach for the rapid, label-free qualitative and semi-quantitative determination of the Ras GTPase activation state, which can readily be adapted to the analysis of other related GTPases. The method relies on the affinity-based isolation of the active GTP-bound fraction of Ras in cellular extracts, followed by its visualization via western blotting. Specifically, we describe the production of the recombinant affinity probes or baits that bind to the respective active GTPases and the pulldown method for isolating the active GTPase fraction from adherent or non-adherent cells. This method allows for the reproducible measurement of active Ras or Ras family GTPases in a wide variety of cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Baker
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ignacio Rubio
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany. .,Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.
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16
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Misra S, Ghatak S, Moreno-Rodriguez RA, Norris RA, Hascall VC, Markwald RR. Periostin/Filamin-A: A Candidate Central Regulatory Axis for Valve Fibrogenesis and Matrix Compaction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649862. [PMID: 34150753 PMCID: PMC8209548 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discoveries in the identification of transcription factors, growth factors and extracellular signaling molecules have led to the detection of downstream targets that modulate valvular tissue organization that occurs during development, aging, or disease. Among these, matricellular protein, periostin, and cytoskeletal protein filamin A are highly expressed in developing heart valves. The phenotype of periostin null indicates that periostin promotes migration, survival, and differentiation of valve interstitial cushion cells into fibroblastic lineages necessary for postnatal valve remodeling/maturation. Genetically inhibiting filamin A expression in valve interstitial cushion cells mirrored the phenotype of periostin nulls, suggesting a molecular interaction between these two proteins resulted in poorly remodeled valve leaflets that might be prone to myxomatous over time. We examined whether filamin A has a cross-talk with periostin/signaling that promotes remodeling of postnatal heart valves into mature leaflets. RESULTS We have previously shown that periostin/integrin-β1 regulates Pak1 activation; here, we revealed that the strong interaction between Pak1 and filamin A proteins was only observed after stimulation of VICs with periostin; suggesting that periostin/integrin-β-mediated interaction between FLNA and Pak1 may have a functional role in vivo. We found that FLNA phosphorylation (S2152) is activated by Pak1, and this interaction was observed after stimulation with periostin/integrin-β1/Cdc42/Rac1 signaling; consequently, FLNA binding to Pak1 stimulates its kinase activity. Patients with floppy and/or prolapsed mitral valves, when genetically screened, were found to have point mutations in the filamin A gene at P637Q and G288R. Expression of either of these filamin A mutants failed to increase the magnitude of filamin A (S2152) expression, Pak1-kinase activity, actin polymerization, and differentiation of VICs into mature mitral valve leaflets in response to periostin signaling. CONCLUSION PN-stimulated bidirectional interaction between activated FLNA and Pak1 is essential for actin cytoskeletal reorganization and the differentiation of immature VICs into mature valve leaflets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suniti Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Shibnath Ghatak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Ricardo A. Moreno-Rodriguez
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Vincent C. Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering/ND20, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Roger R. Markwald
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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17
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Wang Y, Hsu AY, Walton EM, Park SJ, Syahirah R, Wang T, Zhou W, Ding C, Lemke AP, Zhang G, Tobin DM, Deng Q. A robust and flexible CRISPR/Cas9-based system for neutrophil-specific gene inactivation in zebrafish. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:237799. [PMID: 33722979 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-based tissue-specific knockout techniques are essential for probing the functions of genes in embryonic development and disease using zebrafish. However, the lack of capacity to perform gene-specific rescue or live imaging in the tissue-specific knockout background has limited the utility of this approach. Here, we report a robust and flexible gateway system for tissue-specific gene inactivation in neutrophils. Using a transgenic fish line with neutrophil-restricted expression of Cas9 and ubiquitous expression of single guide (sg)RNAs targeting rac2, specific disruption of the rac2 gene in neutrophils is achieved. Transient expression of sgRNAs targeting rac2 or cdk2 in the neutrophil-restricted Cas9 line also results in significantly decreased cell motility. Re-expressing sgRNA-resistant rac2 or cdk2 genes restores neutrophil motility in the corresponding knockout background. Moreover, active Rac and force-bearing F-actins localize to both the cell front and the contracting tail during neutrophil interstitial migration in an oscillating fashion that is disrupted when rac2 is knocked out. Together, our work provides a potent tool that can be used to advance the utility of zebrafish in identifying and characterizing gene functions in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alan Y Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Eric M Walton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sung Jun Park
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ramizah Syahirah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wenqing Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chang Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Abby Pei Lemke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - GuangJun Zhang
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, & Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, & Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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18
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Lim C, Berk JM, Blaise A, Bircher J, Koleske AJ, Hochstrasser M, Xiong Y. Crystal structure of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor encoded by the scrub typhus pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30380-30390. [PMID: 33184172 PMCID: PMC7720168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018163117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho family GTPases regulate an array of cellular processes and are often modulated by pathogens to promote infection. Here, we identify a cryptic guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain in the OtDUB protein encoded by the pathogenic bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi A proteomics-based OtDUB interaction screen identified numerous potential host interactors, including the Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42. We discovered a domain in OtDUB with Rac1/Cdc42 GEF activity (OtDUBGEF), with higher activity toward Rac1 in vitro. While this GEF bears no obvious sequence similarity to known GEFs, crystal structures of OtDUBGEF alone (3.0 Å) and complexed with Rac1 (1.7 Å) reveal striking convergent evolution, with a unique topology, on a V-shaped bacterial GEF fold shared with other bacterial GEF domains. Structure-guided mutational analyses identified residues critical for activity and a mechanism for nucleotide displacement. Ectopic expression of OtDUB activates Rac1 preferentially in cells, and expression of the OtDUBGEF alone alters cell morphology. Cumulatively, this work reveals a bacterial GEF within the multifunctional OtDUB that co-opts host Rac1 signaling to induce changes in cytoskeletal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lim
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jason M Berk
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Alyssa Blaise
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Josie Bircher
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Mark Hochstrasser
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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19
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EPEC Recruits a Cdc42-Specific GEF, Frabin, To Facilitate PAK Activation and Host Cell Colonization. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01423-20. [PMID: 33144373 PMCID: PMC7642674 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01423-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a leading cause of diarrhea in children, especially in the developing world. EPEC initiates infection by attaching to cells in the host intestine, triggering the formation of actin-rich “pedestal” structures directly beneath the adherent pathogen. These bacteria inject their own receptor into host cells, which upon binding to a protein on the pathogen surface triggers pedestal formation. Multiple other proteins are also delivered into the cells of the host intestine, which work together to hijack host signaling pathways to drive pedestal production. Here we show how EPEC hijacks a host protein, Frabin, which creates the conditions in the cell necessary for the pathogen to manipulate a specific pathway that promotes pedestal formation. This provides new insights into this essential early stage in disease caused by EPEC. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is an extracellular pathogen that tightly adheres to host cells by forming “actin pedestals” beneath the bacteria, a critical step in pathogenesis. EPEC injects effector proteins that manipulate host cell signaling cascades to trigger pedestal assembly. We have recently shown that one such effector, EspG, hijacks p21-activated kinase (PAK) and sustains its activated state to drive the cytoskeletal changes necessary for attachment of the pathogen to target cells. This EspG subversion of PAK required active Rho family small GTPases in the host cell. Here we show that EPEC itself promotes the activation of Rho GTPases by recruiting Frabin, a host guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the Rho GTPase Cdc42. Cells devoid of Frabin showed significantly lower EPEC-induced PAK activation, pedestal formation, and bacterial attachment. Frabin recruitment to sites of EPEC attachment was driven by EspG and required localized enrichment of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and host Arf6. Our findings identify Frabin as a key target for EPEC to ensure the activation status of cellular GTPases required for actin pedestal formation.
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20
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Ichikawa T, Stuckenholz C, Davidson LA. Non-junctional role of Cadherin3 in cell migration and contact inhibition of locomotion via domain-dependent, opposing regulation of Rac1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17326. [PMID: 33060598 PMCID: PMC7567069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical cadherins are well-known adhesion molecules responsible for physically connecting neighboring cells and signaling this cell-cell contact. Recent studies have suggested novel signaling roles for "non-junctional" cadherins (NJCads); however, the function of cadherin signaling independent of cell-cell contacts remains unknown. In this study, mesendodermal cells and tissues from gastrula stage Xenopus laevis embryos demonstrate that deletion of extracellular domains of Cadherin3 (Cdh3; formerly C-cadherin in Xenopus) disrupts contact inhibition of locomotion. In both bulk Rac1 activity assays and spatio-temporal FRET image analysis, the extracellular and cytoplasmic Cdh3 domains disrupt NJCad signaling and regulate Rac1 activity in opposing directions. Stabilization of the cytoskeleton counteracted this regulation in single cell migration assays. Our study provides novel insights into adhesion-independent signaling by Cadherin3 and its role in regulating single and collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ichikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Carsten Stuckenholz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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21
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Chan WWR, Li W, Chang RCC, Lau KF. ARF6-Rac1 signaling-mediated neurite outgrowth is potentiated by the neuronal adaptor FE65 through orchestrating ARF6 and ELMO1. FASEB J 2020; 34:16397-16413. [PMID: 33047393 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001703r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is a member of the Rho family of GTPases that functions as a molecular switch to regulate many important cellular events including actin cytoskeleton remodeling during neurite outgrowth. Engulfment and cell motility 1 (ELMO1)-dedicator of cytokinesis 1 (DOCK180) is a bipartite guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) complex that has been reported to activate Rac1 on the plasma membrane (PM). Emerging evidence suggests that the small GTPase ADP ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) activates Rac1 via the ELMO1/DOCK180 complex. However, the exact mechanism by which ARF6 triggers ELMO1/DOCK180-mediated Rac1 signaling remains unclear. Here, we report that the neuronal scaffold protein FE65 serves as a functional link between ARF6 and ELMO1, allowing the formation of a multimeric signaling complex. Interfering with formation of this complex by transfecting either FE65-binding-defective mutants or FE65 siRNA attenuates both ARF6-ELMO1-mediated Rac1 activation and neurite elongation. Notably, the PM trafficking of ELMO1 is markedly decreased in cells with suppressed expression of either FE65 or ARF6. Likewise, this process is attenuated in the FE65-binding-defective mutants transfected cells. Moreover, overexpression of FE65 increases the amount of ELMO1 in the recycling endosome, an organelle responsible for returning proteins to the PM, whereas knockout of FE65 shows opposite effect. Together, our data indicates that FE65 potentiates ARF6-Rac1 signaling by orchestrating ARF6 and ELMO1 to promote the PM trafficking of ELMO1 via the endosomal recycling pathway, and thus, promotes Rac1-mediated neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Wa Ray Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Raymond Chuen Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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22
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Luo H, Wu PF, Cao Y, Jin M, Shen TT, Wang J, Huang JG, Han QQ, He JG, Deng SL, Ni L, Hu ZL, Long LH, Wang F, Chen JG. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Rapidly Ameliorates Depressive-Type Behaviors via Bradykinin-Dependent Activation of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:415-425. [PMID: 32220499 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are widely prescribed antihypertensive agents. Intriguingly, case reports and clinical trials have indicated that ACEIs, including captopril and lisinopril, may have a rapid mood-elevating effect in certain patients, but few experimental studies have investigated their value as fast-onset antidepressants. METHODS The present study consisted of a series of experiments using biochemical assays, immunohistochemistry, and behavioral techniques to examine the effect and mechanism of captopril on depressive-like behavior in 2 animal models, the chronic unpredictable stress model and the chronic social defeat stress model. RESULTS Captopril (19.5 or 39 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) exerted rapid antidepressant activity in mice treated under the chronic unpredictable stress model and mice treated under the chronic social defeat stress model. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that captopril crossed the blood-brain barrier and that lisinopril, another ACEI with better blood-brain barrier permeability, exerted a faster and longer-lasting effect at a same molar equivalent dose. This antidepressant effect seemed to be independent of the renin-angiotensin system, but dependent on the bradykinin (BK) system, since the decreased BK detected in the stressed mice could be reversed by captopril. The hypofunction of the downstream effector of BK, Cdc42 (cell division control protein 42) homolog, contributed to the stress-induced loss of dendritic spines, which was rapidly reversed by captopril via activating the mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the BK-dependent activation of mTORC1 may represent a promising mechanism underlying antidepressant pharmacology. Considering their affordability and availability, ACEIs may emerge as a novel fast-onset antidepressant, especially for patients with comorbid depression and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tian-Tian Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian-Geng Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian-Qian Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jin-Gang He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Si-Long Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lan Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuang-Li Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li-Hong Long
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; The Collaborative-Innovation Center for Brain Science, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; The Collaborative-Innovation Center for Brain Science, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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23
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Cheng C, Song D, Wu Y, Liu B. RAC3 Promotes Proliferation, Migration and Invasion via PYCR1/JAK/STAT Signaling in Bladder Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:218. [PMID: 33062641 PMCID: PMC7488983 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BCa) represents one of the most common malignant cancers with high incidence and mortality rates globally. Dysregulation of gene expression has been shown to play critical roles in cancer progression. RAC3 is up-regulated to play an oncogenic role in several cancers, however, the underlying mechanism of RAC3 in BCa is yet to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the function and mechanism of RAC3 in BCa. Methods Bioinformatics analysis was employed to demonstrate the expression of RAC3 and PYCR1 in BCa tissues, as well as, its correlation with the overall survival rate of BCa patients. RT-qPCR was performed to detect and quantify the mRNA levels of RAC3 and PYCR1 in BCa cells and immortalized human bladder epithelial cells. MTT, colony formation and Transwell assays were employed to determine cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Western blotting was performed to detect and quantity proteins expressed. Results Bioinformatics analysis showed that RAC3 was up-regulated in BCa tissues when compared to normal tissues. Patients with up-regulated RAC3 expression had lower overall survival than patients with down-regulated RAC3 expression. The mRNA level of RAC3 was higher in BCa cells than in immortalized human bladder epithelial cell. RAC3 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by activating Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) signaling. Notably, RAC3 up-regulated PYCR1, which is positively correlated with RAC3, and thus played an oncogenic role in BCa cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that RAC3 overexpression activated JAK/STAT signaling via PYCR1 axis. Conclusion RAC3 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. This is likely due to its role in activating JAK/STAT signaling, which was mediated by PYCR1. This study provides a novel biomarker and target for diagnostic or therapeutic intervention for BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Cheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongkui Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yudong Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingqian Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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24
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Baker MJ, Cooke M, Kreider-Letterman G, Garcia-Mata R, Janmey PA, Kazanietz MG. Evaluation of active Rac1 levels in cancer cells: A case of misleading conclusions from immunofluorescence analysis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13698-13710. [PMID: 32817335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of aggressive cancer cell lines display elevated levels of activated Rac1, a small GTPase widely implicated in cytoskeleton reorganization, cell motility, and metastatic dissemination. A commonly accepted methodological approach for detecting Rac1 activation in cancer cells involves the use of a conformation-sensitive antibody that detects the active (GTP-bound) Rac1 without interacting with the GDP-bound inactive form. This antibody has been extensively used in fixed cell immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Taking advantage of prostate and pancreatic cancer cell models known to have high basal Rac1-GTP levels, here we have established that this antibody does not recognize Rac1 but rather detects the intermediate filament protein vimentin. Indeed, Rac1-null PC3 prostate cancer cells or cancer models with low levels of Rac1 activation still show a high signal with the anti-Rac1-GTP antibody, which is lost upon silencing of vimentin expression. Moreover, this antibody was unable to detect activated Rac1 in membrane ruffles induced by epidermal growth factor stimulation. These results have profound implications for the study of this key GTPase in cancer, particularly because a large number of cancer cell lines with characteristic mesenchymal features show simultaneous up-regulation of vimentin and high basal Rac1-GTP levels when measured biochemically. This misleading correlation can lead to assumptions about the validity of this antibody and inaccurate conclusions that may affect the development of appropriate therapeutic approaches for targeting the Rac1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Baker
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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25
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Wang Y, Brieher WM. CD2AP links actin to PI3 kinase activity to extend epithelial cell height and constrain cell area. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:jcb.201812087. [PMID: 31723006 PMCID: PMC7039212 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are categorized as cuboidal versus squamous based on the height of the lateral membrane. Wang and Brieher show that CD2AP links PI3K activity to actin assembly to extend the height of the lateral membrane. Maintaining the correct ratio of apical, basal, and lateral membrane domains is important for epithelial physiology. Here, we show that CD2AP is a critical determinant of epithelial membrane proportions. Depletion of CD2AP or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition results in loss of F-actin and expansion of apical–basal domains, which comes at the expense of lateral membrane height in MDCK cells. We demonstrate that the SH3 domains of CD2AP bind to PI3K and are necessary for PI3K activity along lateral membranes and constraining cell area. Tethering the SH3 domains of CD2AP or p110γ to the membrane is sufficient to rescue CD2AP-knockdown phenotypes. CD2AP and PI3K are both upstream and downstream of actin polymerization. Since CD2AP binds to both actin filaments and PI3K, CD2AP might bridge actin assembly to PI3K activation to form a positive feedback loop to support lateral membrane extension. Our results provide insight into the squamous to cuboidal to columnar epithelial transitions seen in complex epithelial tissues in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuou Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - William M Brieher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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26
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Kogler M, Tortola L, Negri GL, Leopoldi A, El-Naggar AM, Mereiter S, Gomez-Diaz C, Nitsch R, Tortora D, Kavirayani AM, Gapp BV, Rao S, Uribesalgo I, Hoffmann D, Cikes D, Novatchkova M, Williams DA, Trent JM, Ikeda F, Daugaard M, Hagelkruys A, Sorensen PH, Penninger JM. HACE1 Prevents Lung Carcinogenesis via Inhibition of RAC-Family GTPases. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3009-3022. [PMID: 32366477 PMCID: PMC7611202 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
HACE1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with important roles in tumor biology and tissue homeostasis. Loss or mutation of HACE1 has been associated with the occurrence of a variety of neoplasms, but the underlying mechanisms have not been defined yet. Here, we report that HACE1 is frequently mutated in human lung cancer. In mice, loss of Hace1 led to enhanced progression of KRasG12D -driven lung tumors. Additional ablation of the oncogenic GTPase Rac1 partially reduced progression of Hace1-/- lung tumors. RAC2, a novel ubiquitylation target of HACE1, could compensate for the absence of its homolog RAC1 in Hace1-deficient, but not in HACE1-sufficient tumors. Accordingly, ablation of both Rac1 and Rac2 fully averted the increased progression of KRasG12D -driven lung tumors in Hace1-/- mice. In patients with lung cancer, increased expression of HACE1 correlated with reduced levels of RAC1 and RAC2 and prolonged survival, whereas elevated expression of RAC1 and RAC2 was associated with poor prognosis. This work defines HACE1 as a crucial regulator of the oncogenic activity of RAC-family GTPases in lung cancer development. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings reveal that mutation of the tumor suppressor HACE1 disrupts its role as a regulator of the oncogenic activity of RAC-family GTPases in human and murine lung cancer. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/14/3009/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kogler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luigi Tortola
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria.
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gian Luca Negri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexandra Leopoldi
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amal M El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Stefan Mereiter
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlos Gomez-Diaz
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roberto Nitsch
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
- Advanced Medicines Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Davide Tortora
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Bianca V Gapp
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shuan Rao
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Uribesalgo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Domagoj Cikes
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - David A Williams
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey M Trent
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Fumiyo Ikeda
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Astrid Hagelkruys
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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27
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Fonseca CG, Barbacena P, Franco CA. Endothelial cells on the move: dynamics in vascular morphogenesis and disease. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 2:H29-H43. [PMID: 32935077 PMCID: PMC7487603 DOI: 10.1530/vb-20-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system is a hierarchically organized network of blood vessels that play crucial roles in embryogenesis, homeostasis and disease. Blood vessels are built by endothelial cells – the cells lining the interior of blood vessels – through a process named vascular morphogenesis. Endothelial cells react to different biomechanical signals in their environment by adjusting their behavior to: (1) invade, proliferate and fuse to form new vessels (angiogenesis); (2) remodel, regress and establish a hierarchy in the network (patterning); and (3) maintain network stability (quiescence). Each step involves the coordination of endothelial cell differentiation, proliferation, polarity, migration, rearrangements and shape changes to ensure network integrity and an efficient barrier between blood and tissues. In this review, we highlighted the relevance and the mechanisms involving endothelial cell migration during different steps of vascular morphogenesis. We further present evidence on how impaired endothelial cell dynamics can contribute to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina G Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Barbacena
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Claudio A Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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28
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Kratzer MC, Becker SFS, Grund A, Merks A, Harnoš J, Bryja V, Giehl K, Kashef J, Borchers A. The Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor Trio is required for neural crest cell migration and interacts with Dishevelled. Development 2020; 147:dev.186338. [PMID: 32366678 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Directional migration during embryogenesis and tumor progression faces the challenge that numerous external signals need to converge to precisely control cell movement. The Rho guanine exchange factor (GEF) Trio is especially well suited to relay signals, as it features distinct catalytic domains to activate Rho GTPases. Here, we show that Trio is required for Xenopus cranial neural crest (NC) cell migration and cartilage formation. Trio cell-autonomously controls protrusion formation of NC cells and Trio morphant NC cells show a blebbing phenotype. Interestingly, the Trio GEF2 domain is sufficient to rescue protrusion formation and migration of Trio morphant NC cells. We show that this domain interacts with the DEP/C-terminus of Dishevelled (DVL). DVL - but not a deletion construct lacking the DEP domain - is able to rescue protrusion formation and migration of Trio morphant NC cells. This is likely mediated by activation of Rac1, as we find that DVL rescues Rac1 activity in Trio morphant embryos. Thus, our data provide evidence for a novel signaling pathway, whereby Trio controls protrusion formation of cranial NC cells by interacting with DVL to activate Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Kratzer
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sarah F S Becker
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U1258, Université de Strasbourg, F-67400 Illkirch, CU Strasbourg, France
| | - Anita Grund
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anne Merks
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakub Harnoš
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic.,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Klaudia Giehl
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine V, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jubin Kashef
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, 35043 Marburg, Germany .,DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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29
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Zhang M, Chen L, Liu Y, Chen M, Zhang S, Kong D. Sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa fucoidan inhibits osteosarcoma adhesion and migration by regulating cytoskeleton remodeling. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:469-476. [PMID: 32467988 PMCID: PMC7336482 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) has been demonstrated to be difficult to cure due to its potently malignant metastasis. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches blocking the metastatic potential of OS are urgently required to improve the outcomes for OS patients. In the present study, the anti-metastatic capacity of sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) fucoidan (Cf-Fuc) was evaluated on osteosarcoma cells by cell adhesion assay, Transwell assay and U2OS cell migration assay. The underlying mechanism on the dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton was also explored. The present data indicated that Cf-Fuc could block the U2OS osteosarcoma cell adhesion to fibronectin and significantly inhibit U2OS cell migration. Cf-Fuc greatly impaired the migration capacity of U2OS cells, and the migrated distance and velocity of Cf-Fuc-treated cells were markedly reduced. Also, Cf-Fuc could impair the dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton possibly by suppressing the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin, as well as the activation of the Rac1/PAK1/LIMK1/cofilin signaling axis. Collectively, the present findings provide a novel therapeutic potential of C. frondosa fucoidan for osteosarcoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Oral Radiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Healthcare Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Daliang Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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30
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Murphy MP, McEnery T, McQuillan K, McElvaney OF, McElvaney OJ, Landers S, Coleman O, Bussayajirapong A, Hawkins P, Henry M, Meleady P, Reeves EP, McElvaney NG. α 1 Antitrypsin therapy modulates the neutrophil membrane proteome and secretome. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:13993003.01678-2019. [PMID: 32060059 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01678-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with α1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (AATD) occurs earlier in life compared with patients without AATD. To understand this further, the aim of this study was to investigate whether AATD presents with altered neutrophil characteristics, due to the specific lack of plasma AAT, compared with non-AATD COPD.This study focussed on the neutrophil plasma membrane and, by use of label-free tandem mass spectrometry, the proteome of the neutrophil membrane was compared in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)-matched AATD, non-AATD COPD and in AATD patients receiving weekly AAT augmentation therapy (n=6 patients per cohort). Altered protein expression in AATD was confirmed by Western blot, ELISA and fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis.The neutrophil membrane proteome in AATD differed significantly from that of COPD as demonstrated by increased abundance and activity of primary granule proteins including neutrophil elastase on the cell surface in AATD. The signalling mechanism underlying increased degranulation involved Rac2 activation, subsequently resulting in proteinase-activated receptor 2 activation by serine proteinases and enhanced reactive oxygen species production. In vitro and ex vivo, AAT reduced primary granule release and the described plasma membrane variance was resolved post-AAT augmentation therapy in vivo, the effects of which significantly altered the AATD neutrophil membrane proteome to that of a non-AATD COPD cell.These results provide strong insight into the mechanism of neutrophil driven airways disease associated with AATD. Therapeutic AAT augmentation modified the membrane proteome to that of a typical COPD cell, with implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Murphy
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Dept of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas McEnery
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Dept of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen McQuillan
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Dept of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oisín F McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Dept of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oliver J McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Dept of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Landers
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Dept of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Coleman
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anchalin Bussayajirapong
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Dept of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraig Hawkins
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Dept of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emer P Reeves
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Dept of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland .,Noel G. McElvaney and Emer P. Reeves share joint senior authorship
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Dept of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Noel G. McElvaney and Emer P. Reeves share joint senior authorship
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31
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Tousley A, Iuliano M, Weisman E, Sapp E, Zhang N, Vodicka P, Alexander J, Aviolat H, Gatune L, Reeves P, Li X, Khvorova A, Ellerby LM, Aronin N, DiFiglia M, Kegel-Gleason KB. Rac1 Activity Is Modulated by Huntingtin and Dysregulated in Models of Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2020; 8:53-69. [PMID: 30594931 PMCID: PMC6398565 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-180311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background: Previous studies suggest that Huntingtin, the protein mutated in Huntington’s disease (HD), is required for actin based changes in cell morphology, and undergoes stimulus induced targeting to plasma membranes where it interacts with phospholipids involved in cell signaling. The small GTPase Rac1 is a downstream target of growth factor stimulation and PI 3-kinase activity and is critical for actin dependent membrane remodeling. Objective: To determine if Rac1 activity is impaired in HD or regulated by normal Huntingtin. Methods: Analyses were performed in differentiated control and HD human stem cells and HD Q140/Q140 knock-in mice. Biochemical methods included SDS-PAGE, western blot, immunoprecipitation, affinity chromatography, and ELISA based Rac activity assays. Results: Basal Rac1 activity increased following depletion of Huntingtin with Huntingtin specific siRNA in human primary fibroblasts and in human control neuron cultures. Human cells (fibroblasts, neural stem cells, and neurons) with the HD mutation failed to increase Rac1 activity in response to growth factors. Rac1 activity levels were elevated in striatum of 1.5-month-old HD Q140/Q140 mice and in primary embryonic cortical neurons from HD mice. Affinity chromatography analysis of striatal lysates showed that Huntingtin is in a complex with Rac1, p85α subunit of PI 3-kinase, and the actin bundling protein α-actinin and interacts preferentially with the GTP bound form of Rac1. The HD mutation reduced Huntingtin interaction with p85α. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Huntingtin regulates Rac1 activity as part of a coordinated response to growth factor signaling and this function is impaired early in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Tousley
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Maria Iuliano
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Weisman
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Sapp
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ningzhe Zhang
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Petr Vodicka
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Alexander
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Hubert Aviolat
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Leah Gatune
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Reeves
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Xueyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Neil Aronin
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marian DiFiglia
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly B Kegel-Gleason
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Sin WC, Tam N, Moniz D, Lee C, Church J. Na/H exchanger NHE1 acts upstream of rho GTPases to promote neurite outgrowth. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 14:325-333. [PMID: 32144636 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1, a major determinant of intracellular pH (pHi) in mammalian central neurons, promotes neurite outgrowth under both basal and netrin-1-stimulated conditions. The small GTP binding proteins and their effectors have a dominant role in netrin-1-stimulated neurite outgrowth. Since NHE1 has been shown previously to work downstream of the Rho GTPases-mediated polarized membrane protrusion in non-neuronal cells, we examined whether NHE1 has a similar relationship with Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA in neuronal morphogenesis. Interestingly, our results suggest the possibility that NHE1 acting upstream of Rho GTPases to promote neurite outgrowth induced by netrin-1. First, we found that netrin-1-induced increases in the activities of Rho GTPases using FRET (Forster Resonance Energy Transfer) analyses in individual growth cones; furthermore, their increased activities were abolished by cariporide, a specific NHE1 inhibitor. Second, NHE1 inhibition had no effect on neurite retraction induced by L-α-Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a potent RhoA activator. The regulation of Rho GTPases by NHE1 was further evidenced by reduced Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA activities in NHE1-null neurons. Taken together, our findings suggest that NHE1-dependent neuronal morphogenesis involves the activation of Rho-family of small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wun Chey Sin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Nicola Tam
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David Moniz
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Connie Lee
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John Church
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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P-REX1-Independent, Calcium-Dependent RAC1 Hyperactivation in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020480. [PMID: 32092966 PMCID: PMC7072377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The GTPase Rac1 is a well-established master regulator of cell motility and invasiveness contributing to cancer metastasis. Dysregulation of the Rac1 signaling pathway, resulting in elevated motile and invasive potential, has been reported in multiple cancers. However, there are limited studies on the regulation of Rac1 in prostate cancer. Here, we demonstrate that aggressive androgen-independent prostate cancer cells display marked hyperactivation of Rac1. This hyperactivation is independent of P-Rex1 activity or its direct activators, the PI3K product PIP3 and Gβγ subunits. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the motility and invasiveness of PC3 prostate cancer cells is independent of P-Rex1, supporting the analysis of publicly available datasets indicating no correlation between high P-Rex1 expression and cancer progression in patients. Rac1 hyperactivation was not related to the presence of activating Rac1 mutations and was insensitive to overexpression of a Rac-GAP or the silencing of specific Rac-GEFs expressed in prostate cancer cells. Interestingly, active Rac1 levels in these cells were markedly reduced by elevations in intracellular calcium or by serum stimulation, suggesting the presence of an alternative means of Rac1 regulation in prostate cancer that does not involve previously established paradigms.
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Feddersen CR, Schillo JL, Varzavand A, Vaughn HR, Wadsworth LS, Voigt AP, Zhu EY, Jennings BM, Mullen SA, Bobera J, Riordan JD, Stipp CS, Dupuy AJ. Src-Dependent DBL Family Members Drive Resistance to Vemurafenib in Human Melanoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5074-5087. [PMID: 31416844 PMCID: PMC6774858 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of selective BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) has produced remarkable outcomes for patients with advanced cutaneous melanoma harboring a BRAFV600E mutation. Unfortunately, the majority of patients eventually develop drug-resistant disease. We employed a genetic screening approach to identify gain-of-function mechanisms of BRAFi resistance in two independent melanoma cell lines. Our screens identified both known and unappreciated drivers of BRAFi resistance, including multiple members of the DBL family. Mechanistic studies identified a DBL/RAC1/PAK signaling axis capable of driving resistance to both current and next-generation BRAFis. However, we show that the SRC inhibitor, saracatinib, can block the DBL-driven resistance. Our work highlights the utility of our straightforward genetic screening method in identifying new drug combinations to combat acquired BRAFi resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: A simple, rapid, and flexible genetic screening approach identifies genes that drive resistance to MAPK inhibitors when overexpressed in human melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Feddersen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jacob L Schillo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Afshin Varzavand
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Hayley R Vaughn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Lexy S Wadsworth
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Andrew P Voigt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Eliot Y Zhu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brooke M Jennings
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sarah A Mullen
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jeremy Bobera
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jesse D Riordan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Christopher S Stipp
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Adam J Dupuy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Methods to Investigate the β-Arrestin-Mediated Control of ARF6 Activation to Regulate Trafficking and Actin Cytoskeleton Remodeling. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1957:159-168. [PMID: 30919353 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9158-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factors (ARF) are GTPases that act to control the activation of numerous signaling events and cellular responses. The ARF6 isoform, present at the plasma membrane, can be activated by the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), a process dependent upon β-arrestin recruitment to the activated receptor. Here, we describe classical methods used to assess β-arrestin-dependent activation of ARF6 following agonist stimulation of cells. In addition, because ARF6 and β-arrestin can form a complex, we describe the procedures used to detect the interaction of β-arrestin with this GTPase.
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36
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CYRI/FAM49B negatively regulates RAC1-driven cytoskeletal remodelling and protects against bacterial infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1516-1531. [PMID: 31285585 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella presents a global public health concern. Central to Salmonella pathogenicity is an ability to subvert host defences through strategically targeting host proteins implicated in restricting infection. Therefore, to gain insight into the host-pathogen interactions governing Salmonella infection, we performed an in vivo genome-wide mutagenesis screen to uncover key host defence proteins. This revealed an uncharacterized role of CYRI (FAM49B) in conferring host resistance to Salmonella infection. We show that CYRI binds to the small GTPase RAC1 through a conserved domain present in CYFIP proteins, which are known RAC1 effectors that stimulate actin polymerization. However, unlike CYFIP proteins, CYRI negatively regulates RAC1 signalling, thereby attenuating processes such as macropinocytosis, phagocytosis and cell migration. This enables CYRI to counteract Salmonella at various stages of infection, including bacterial entry into non-phagocytic and phagocytic cells as well as phagocyte-mediated bacterial dissemination. Intriguingly, to dampen its effects, the bacterial effector SopE, a RAC1 activator, selectively targets CYRI following infection. Together, this outlines an intricate host-pathogen signalling interplay that is crucial for determining bacterial fate. Notably, our study also outlines a role for CYRI in restricting infection mediated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes. This provides evidence implicating CYRI cellular functions in host defence beyond Salmonella infection.
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Marinović M, Xiong H, Rivero F, Weber I. Assaying Rho GTPase-Dependent Processes in Dictyostelium discoideum. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1821:371-392. [PMID: 30062425 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8612-5_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The model organism D. discoideum is well suited to investigate basic questions of molecular and cell biology, particularly those related to the structure, regulation, and dynamics of the cytoskeleton, signal transduction, cell-cell adhesion, and development. D. discoideum cells make use of Rho-regulated signaling pathways to reorganize the actin cytoskeleton during chemotaxis, endocytosis, and cytokinesis. In this organism the Rho family encompasses 20 members, several belonging to the Rac subfamily, but there are no representatives of the Cdc42 and Rho subfamilies. Here we present protocols suitable for monitoring the actin polymerization response and the activation of Rac upon stimulation of aggregation-competent cells with the chemoattractant cAMP, and for monitoring the localization and dynamics of Rac activity in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Marinović
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Huajiang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francisco Rivero
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | - Igor Weber
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Skjesol A, Yurchenko M, Bösl K, Gravastrand C, Nilsen KE, Grøvdal LM, Agliano F, Patane F, Lentini G, Kim H, Teti G, Kumar Sharma A, Kandasamy RK, Sporsheim B, Starheim KK, Golenbock DT, Stenmark H, McCaffrey M, Espevik T, Husebye H. The TLR4 adaptor TRAM controls the phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria by interacting with the Rab11-family interacting protein 2. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007684. [PMID: 30883606 PMCID: PMC6438586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a complex process that eliminates microbes and is performed by specialised cells such as macrophages. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is expressed on the surface of macrophages and recognizes Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, TLR4 has been suggested to play a role in the phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here we have used primary human macrophages and engineered THP-1 monocytes to show that the TLR4 sorting adapter, TRAM, is instrumental for phagocytosis of Escherichia coli as well as Staphylococcus aureus. We find that TRAM forms a complex with Rab11 family interacting protein 2 (FIP2) that is recruited to the phagocytic cups of E. coli. This promotes activation of the actin-regulatory GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42. Our results show that FIP2 guided TRAM recruitment orchestrates actin remodelling and IRF3 activation, two events that are both required for phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria. The Gram-negative bacteria E. coli is the most common cause of severe human pathological conditions like sepsis. Sepsis is a clinical syndrome defined by pathological changes due to systemic inflammation, resulting in paralysis of adaptive T-cell immunity with IFN-β as a critical factor. TLR4 is a key sensing receptor of lipopolysaccharide on Gram-negative bacteria. Inflammatory signalling by TLR4 is initiated by the use of alternative pair of TIR-adapters, MAL-MyD88 or TRAM-TRIF. MAL-MyD88 signaling occurs mainly from the plasma membrane giving pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF, while TRAM-TRIF signaling occurs from vacuoles like endosomes and phagosomes to give type I interferons like IFN-β. It has previously been shown that TLR4 can control phagocytosis and phagosomal maturation through MAL-MyD88 in mice, however, these data have been disputed and published before the role of TRAM was defined in the induction of IFN-β. A role for TRAM or TRIF in phagocytosis has not previously been reported. Here we describe a novel mechanism where TRAM and its binding partner Rab11-FIP2 control phagocytosis of E. coli and regulate IRF3 dependent production of IFN-β. The significance of these results is that we define Rab11-FIP2 as a potential target for modulation of TLR4-dependent signalling in different pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Skjesol
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mariia Yurchenko
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Korbinian Bösl
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Caroline Gravastrand
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kaja Elisabeth Nilsen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lene Melsæther Grøvdal
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Federica Agliano
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Patane
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Germana Lentini
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Hera Kim
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Giuseppe Teti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Aditya Kumar Sharma
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Richard K. Kandasamy
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristian K. Starheim
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Douglas T. Golenbock
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department for Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo Norway
| | - Mary McCaffrey
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- The Central Norway Regional Health Authority, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Harald Husebye
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- The Central Norway Regional Health Authority, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Phosphoinositides: multipurpose cellular lipids with emerging roles in cell death. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:781-793. [PMID: 30742090 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol lipids, or phosphoinositides, critically regulate diverse cellular processes, including signalling transduction, cytoskeletal reorganisation, membrane dynamics and cellular trafficking. However, phosphoinositides have been inadequately investigated in the context of cell death, where they are mainly regarded as signalling secondary messengers. However, recent studies have begun to highlight the importance of phosphoinositides in facilitating cell death execution. Here, we cover the latest phosphoinositide research with a particular focus on phosphoinositides in the mechanisms of cell death. This progress article also raises key questions regarding the poorly defined role of phosphoinositides, particularly during membrane-associated events in cell death such as apoptosis and secondary necrosis. The review then further discusses important future directions for the phosphoinositide field, including therapeutically targeting phosphoinositides to modulate cell death.
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Truong D, Boddy KC, Canadien V, Brabant D, Fairn GD, D'Costa VM, Coyaud E, Raught B, Pérez-Sala D, Park WS, Heo WD, Grinstein S, Brumell JH. Salmonella
exploits host Rho GTPase signalling pathways through the phosphatase activity of SopB. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12938. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Truong
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Kirsten C. Boddy
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Danielle Brabant
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science; St. Michael's Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Madrid Spain
| | - Wei Sun Park
- Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality; Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science; St. Michael's Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - John H. Brumell
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Sickkids IBD Centre; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
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41
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Nalbant P, Dehmelt L. Exploratory cell dynamics: a sense of touch for cells? Biol Chem 2018; 399:809-819. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cells need to process multifaceted external cues to steer their dynamic behavior. To efficiently perform this task, cells implement several exploratory mechanisms to actively sample their environment. In particular, cells can use exploratory actin-based cell protrusions and contractions to engage and squeeze the environment and to actively probe its chemical and mechanical properties. Multiple excitable signal networks were identified that can generate local activity pulses to control these exploratory processes. Such excitable signal networks offer particularly efficient mechanisms to process chemical or mechanical signals to steer dynamic cell behavior, such as directional migration, tissue morphogenesis and cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perihan Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Center for Medical Biotechnology , University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2 , D-45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Leif Dehmelt
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, and Dortmund University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a , D-44227 Dortmund , Germany
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42
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Xu R, Qin N, Xu X, Sun X, Chen X, Zhao J. Inhibitory effect of SLIT2 on granulosa cell proliferation mediated by the CDC42-PAKs-ERK1/2 MAPK pathway in the prehierarchical follicles of the chicken ovary. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9168. [PMID: 29907785 PMCID: PMC6003946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLIT2 ligand and ROBO receptors of the SLIT/ROBO pathway are expressed in hen ovarian follicles and have been shown to play critical roles in ovary development, cell proliferation and apoptosis in mammals. However, the exact roles of SLIT2 and the molecular mechanisms of chicken follicle development remain poorly understood. Here, we discovered that high levels of SLIT2 suppress FSHR, GDF9, STAR and CYP11A1 mRNA and protein expression in granulosa cells (GCs) and cell proliferation (p < 0.01). However, these inhibitory effects can be abolished by the siRNA-mediated knockdown of the ROBO1 and ROBO2 receptors. Furthermore, the activity of CDC42, which is a key Rho GTPase in the SLIT/ROBO pathway, is regulated by the ligand SLIT2 because the intrinsic GTPase activation activity of CDC42 is activated or repressed by regulating SRGAP1 expression (p < 0.01). The effects of the SLIT2 overexpression on GC proliferation and phosphorylation of the B-RAF, RAF1 and ERK1/2 kinases were completely abrogated by knocking down endogenous PAK1 and partially abrogated by the knockdown of PAK2 and PAK3 in the GCs. Collectively, our findings indicate that SLIT2 suppresses GC proliferation, differentiation and follicle selection mainly by a mechanism involving ROBO1 and ROBO2 and that this suppression is mediated by the CDC42-PAKs-ERK1/2 MAPK signaling cascade in the prehierarchical follicles of the chicken ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifu Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Qin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxing Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
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43
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Saxena N, Mogha P, Dash S, Majumder A, Jadhav S, Sen S. Matrix elasticity regulates mesenchymal stem cell chemotaxis. J Cell Sci 2018. [PMID: 29535208 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.211391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient homing of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is likely to be dictated by a combination of physical and chemical factors present in the microenvironment. However, crosstalk between the physical and chemical cues remains incompletely understood. Here, we address this question by probing the efficiency of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced hMSC chemotaxis on substrates of varying stiffness (3, 30 and 600 kPa) inside a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device. Chemotactic speed was found to be the sum of a stiffness-dependent component and a chemokine concentration-dependent component. While the stiffness-dependent component scaled inversely with stiffness, the chemotactic component was independent of stiffness. Faster chemotaxis on the softest 3 kPa substrates is attributed to a combination of weaker adhesions and higher protrusion rate. While chemotaxis was mildly sensitive to contractility inhibitors, suppression of chemotaxis upon actin depolymerization demonstrates the role of actin-mediated protrusions in driving chemotaxis. In addition to highlighting the collective influence of physical and chemical cues in chemotactic migration, our results suggest that hMSC homing is more efficient on softer substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Saxena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, Bombay, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Pankaj Mogha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, Bombay, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Silalipi Dash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, Bombay, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Abhijit Majumder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, Bombay, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Sameer Jadhav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, Bombay, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Shamik Sen
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, IIT, Bombay, Maharashtra 400076, India
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44
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Maxson ME, Naj X, O'Meara TR, Plumb JD, Cowen LE, Grinstein S. Integrin-based diffusion barrier separates membrane domains enabling the formation of microbiostatic frustrated phagosomes. eLife 2018; 7:34798. [PMID: 29553370 PMCID: PMC5897098 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans hyphae can reach enormous lengths, precluding their internalization by phagocytes. Nevertheless, macrophages engulf a portion of the hypha, generating incompletely sealed tubular phagosomes. These frustrated phagosomes are stabilized by a thick cuff of F-actin that polymerizes in response to non-canonical activation of integrins by fungal glycan. Despite their continuity, the surface and invaginating phagosomal membranes retain a strikingly distinct lipid composition. PtdIns(4,5)P2 is present at the plasmalemma but is not detectable in the phagosomal membrane, while PtdIns(3)P and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 co-exist in the phagosomes yet are absent from the surface membrane. Moreover, endo-lysosomal proteins are present only in the phagosomal membrane. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching revealed the presence of a diffusion barrier that maintains the identity of the open tubular phagosome separate from the plasmalemma. Formation of this barrier depends on Syk, Pyk2/Fak and formin-dependent actin assembly. Antimicrobial mechanisms can thereby be deployed, limiting the growth of the hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Maxson
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xenia Naj
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Teresa R O'Meara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Plumb
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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45
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Schrade K, Tröger J, Eldahshan A, Zühlke K, Abdul Azeez KR, Elkins JM, Neuenschwander M, Oder A, Elkewedi M, Jaksch S, Andrae K, Li J, Fernandes J, Müller PM, Grunwald S, Marino SF, Vukićević T, Eichhorst J, Wiesner B, Weber M, Kapiloff M, Rocks O, Daumke O, Wieland T, Knapp S, von Kries JP, Klussmann E. An AKAP-Lbc-RhoA interaction inhibitor promotes the translocation of aquaporin-2 to the plasma membrane of renal collecting duct principal cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191423. [PMID: 29373579 PMCID: PMC5786306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of renal collecting duct principal cells with antidiuretic hormone (arginine-vasopressin, AVP) results in inhibition of the small GTPase RhoA and the enrichment of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2) in the plasma membrane. The membrane insertion facilitates water reabsorption from primary urine and fine-tuning of body water homeostasis. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) interact with RhoA, catalyze the exchange of GDP for GTP and thereby activate the GTPase. However, GEFs involved in the control of AQP2 in renal principal cells are unknown. The A-kinase anchoring protein, AKAP-Lbc, possesses GEF activity, specifically activates RhoA, and is expressed in primary renal inner medullary collecting duct principal (IMCD) cells. Through screening of 18,431 small molecules and synthesis of a focused library around one of the hits, we identified an inhibitor of the interaction of AKAP-Lbc and RhoA. This molecule, Scaff10-8, bound to RhoA, inhibited the AKAP-Lbc-mediated RhoA activation but did not interfere with RhoA activation through other GEFs or activities of other members of the Rho family of small GTPases, Rac1 and Cdc42. Scaff10-8 promoted the redistribution of AQP2 from intracellular vesicles to the periphery of IMCD cells. Thus, our data demonstrate an involvement of AKAP-Lbc-mediated RhoA activation in the control of AQP2 trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schrade
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Tröger
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Adeeb Eldahshan
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Zühlke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan M. Elkins
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andreas Oder
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohamed Elkewedi
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Jaksch
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jinliang Li
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States of America
| | - Joao Fernandes
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Markus Müller
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Grunwald
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen F. Marino
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Vukićević
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jenny Eichhorst
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Wiesner
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael Kapiloff
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States of America
| | - Oliver Rocks
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Daumke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- DKTK (German Cancer Center Network), partner site Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Enno Klussmann
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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46
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Xu S, Zhang Y, Wang J, Li K, Tan K, Liang K, Shen J, Cai D, Jin D, Li M, Xiao G, Xu J, Jiang Y, Bai X. TSC1 regulates osteoclast podosome organization and bone resorption through mTORC1 and Rac1/Cdc42. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1549-1566. [PMID: 29358671 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reorganization of the podosome into the sealing zone is crucial for osteoclasts (OCLs) to resorb bone, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) functions centrally in OCLs to promote podosome organization and bone resorption through mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and the small GTPases Rac1/Cdc42. During osteoclastogenesis, enhanced expression of TSC1 downregulates mTORC1 activity. TSC1 deletion in OCLs reduced podosome belt formation in vitro and sealing zone formation in vivo, leading to bone resorption deficiency and osteopetrosis. Mechanistically, TSC1 promoted podosome superstructure assembly by releasing mTORC1-dependent negative feedback inhibition of Rac1/Cdc42. Rapamycin and active Rac1/Cdc42 restore podosome organization and bone resorption and alleviate osteopetrotic phenotypes in mutant mice. Our findings reveal an essential role of TSC1 signaling in the regulation of bone resorption. Targeting TSC1 represents a novel strategy to inhibit bone resorption and prevent bone loss-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Department of Arthroplasty, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Arthroplasty, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Kang Tan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Kangyan Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Junhui Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Daozhang Cai
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Dadi Jin
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mangmang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biology and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Molecular Laboratory, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, M504, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, 15260, USA
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Department of Arthroplasty, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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47
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Tong H, Qi D, Guan X, Jiang G, Liao Z, Zhang X, Chen P, Li N, Wu M. c-Abl tyrosine kinase regulates neutrophil crawling behavior under fluid shear stress via Rac/PAK/LIMK/cofilin signaling axis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2806-2817. [PMID: 29058761 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The excessive recruitment and improper activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) often induces serious injury of host tissues, leading to inflammatory disorders. Therefore, to understand the molecular mechanism on neutrophil recruitment possesses essential pathological and physiological importance. In this study, we found that physiological shear stress induces c-Abl kinase activation in neutrophils, and c-Abl kinase inhibitor impaired neutrophil crawling behavior on ICAM-1. We further identified Vav1 was a downstream effector phosphorylated at Y174 and Y267. Once activated, c-Abl kinase regulated the activity of Vav1, which further affected Rac1/PAK1/LIMK1/cofilin signaling pathway. Here, we demonstrate a novel signaling function and critical role of c-Abl kinase during neutrophil crawling under physiological shear by regulating Vav1. These findings provide a promising treatment strategy for inflammation-related disease by inactivation of c-Abl kinase to restrict neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Tong
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Geriatric Medicine, Life Science Research Center, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Dake Qi
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Xingang Guan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Geriatric Medicine, Life Science Research Center, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Guiquan Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Geriatric Medicine, Life Science Research Center, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiyong Liao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peichao Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nan Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mingjiang Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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48
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Mib1 contributes to persistent directional cell migration by regulating the Ctnnd1-Rac1 pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9280-E9289. [PMID: 29078376 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712560114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent directional cell migration is involved in animal development and diseases. The small GTPase Rac1 is involved in F-actin and focal adhesion dynamics. Local Rac1 activity is required for persistent directional migration, whereas global, hyperactivated Rac1 enhances random cell migration. Therefore, precise control of Rac1 activity is important for proper directional cell migration. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of Rac1 activity in persistent directional cell migration is not fully understood. Here, we show that the ubiquitin ligase mind bomb 1 (Mib1) is involved in persistent directional cell migration. We found that knockdown of MIB1 led to an increase in random cell migration in HeLa cells in a wound-closure assay. Furthermore, we explored novel Mib1 substrates for cell migration and found that Mib1 ubiquitinates Ctnnd1. Mib1-mediated ubiquitination of Ctnnd1 K547 attenuated Rac1 activation in cultured cells. In addition, we found that posterior lateral line primordium cells in the zebrafish mib1ta52b mutant showed increased random migration and loss of directional F-actin-based protrusion formation. Knockdown of Ctnnd1 partially rescued posterior lateral line primordium cell migration defects in the mib1ta52b mutant. Taken together, our data suggest that Mib1 plays an important role in cell migration and that persistent directional cell migration is regulated, at least in part, by the Mib1-Ctnnd1-Rac1 pathway.
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49
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Anti-cancer effect of novel PAK1 inhibitor via induction of PUMA-mediated cell death and p21-mediated cell cycle arrest. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23690-23701. [PMID: 28423593 PMCID: PMC5410337 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyper-activation of PAK1 (p21-activated kinase 1) is frequently observed in human cancer and speculated as a target of novel anti-tumor drug. In previous, we also showed that PAK1 is highly activated in the Smad4-deficient condition and suppresses PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis) through direct binding and phosphorylation. On the basis of this result, we have tried to find novel PAK1-PUMA binding inhibitors. Through ELISA-based blind chemical library screening, we isolated single compound, IPP-14 (IPP; Inhibitor of PAK1-PUMA), which selectively blocks the PAK1-PUMA binding and also suppresses cell proliferation via PUMA-dependent manner. Indeed, in PUMA-deficient cells, this chemical did not show anti-proliferating effect. This chemical possessed very strong PAK1 inhibition activity that it suppressed BAD (Bcl-2-asoociated death promoter) phosphorylation and meta-phase arrest via Aurora kinase inactivation in lower concentration than that of previous PAK1 kinase, FRAX486 and AG879. Moreover, our chemical obviously induced p21/WAF1/CIP1 (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A) expression by releasing from Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) and by inhibition of AKT-mediated p21 suppression. Considering our result, IPP-14 and its derivatives would be possible candidates for PAK1 and p21 induction targeted anti-cancer drug.
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50
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Zhang Y, Wu W, Kang L, Yu D, Liu C. Effect of Aconitum coreanum polysaccharide and its sulphated derivative on the migration of human breast cancer MDA-MB-435s cell. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:477-483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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