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Rathjen FG, Hodge R. Early Days of Tenascin-R Research: Two Approaches Discovered and Shed Light on Tenascin-R. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612482. [PMID: 33488619 PMCID: PMC7820773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz G Rathjen
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Russell Hodge
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Lubetzki C, Sol-Foulon N, Desmazières A. Nodes of Ranvier during development and repair in the CNS. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:426-439. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Dubessy AL, Mazuir E, Rappeneau Q, Ou S, Abi Ghanem C, Piquand K, Aigrot MS, Thétiot M, Desmazières A, Chan E, Fitzgibbon M, Fleming M, Krauss R, Zalc B, Ranscht B, Lubetzki C, Sol-Foulon N. Role of a Contactin multi-molecular complex secreted by oligodendrocytes in nodal protein clustering in the CNS. Glia 2019; 67:2248-2263. [PMID: 31328333 PMCID: PMC6851800 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The fast and reliable propagation of action potentials along myelinated fibers relies on the clustering of voltage‐gated sodium channels at nodes of Ranvier. Axo‐glial communication is required for assembly of nodal proteins in the central nervous system, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Oligodendrocytes are known to support node of Ranvier assembly through paranodal junction formation. In addition, the formation of early nodal protein clusters (or prenodes) along axons prior to myelination has been reported, and can be induced by oligodendrocyte conditioned medium (OCM). Our recent work on cultured hippocampal neurons showed that OCM‐induced prenodes are associated with an increased conduction velocity (Freeman et al., 2015). We here unravel the nature of the oligodendroglial secreted factors. Mass spectrometry analysis of OCM identified several candidate proteins (i.e., Contactin‐1, ChL1, NrCAM, Noelin2, RPTP/Phosphacan, and Tenascin‐R). We show that Contactin‐1 combined with RPTP/Phosphacan or Tenascin‐R induces clusters of nodal proteins along hippocampal GABAergic axons. Furthermore, Contactin‐1‐immunodepleted OCM or OCM from Cntn1‐null mice display significantly reduced clustering activity, that is restored by addition of soluble Contactin‐1. Altogether, our results identify Contactin‐1 secreted by oligodendrocytes as a novel factor that may influence early steps of nodal sodium channel cluster formation along specific axon populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Dubessy
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Mazuir
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Rappeneau
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Sokounthie Ou
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Charly Abi Ghanem
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin Piquand
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Stéphane Aigrot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Melina Thétiot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Anne Desmazières
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Eric Chan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mark Fleming
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raul Krauss
- Disarm Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bernard Zalc
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Ranscht
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Sol-Foulon
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
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Krasovska V, Doering LC. Regulation of IL-6 Secretion by Astrocytes via TLR4 in the Fragile X Mouse Model. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:272. [PMID: 30123107 PMCID: PMC6085486 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is identified by abnormal dendrite morphology and altered synaptic protein expression. Astrocyte secreted factors such as Tenascin C (TNC), may contribute to the synaptic changes, including maturation of the synapse. TNC is a known endogenous ligand of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) that has been shown to induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). At the molecular level, elevated IL-6 promotes excitatory synapse formation and increases dendrite spine length. With these molecular changes linked to the phenotype of FXS, we examined the expression and the mechanism of the endogenous TLR4 activator TNC, and its downstream target IL-6 in astrocytes from the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) knockout (KO) mouse model. Secreted TNC and IL-6 were significantly increased in FMR1 KO astrocytes. Addition of TNC and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced IL-6 secretion, whereas the antagonist of TLR4 (LPS-RS) had an opposing effect. Cortical protein expression of TNC and IL-6 were also significantly elevated in the postnatal FMR1 KO mouse. In addition, there was an increase in the number of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1)/post synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) positive synaptic puncta of both wild-type (WT) and FMR1 KO neurons when plated with astrocyte conditioned media (ACM) from FMR1 KO astrocytes, compared to those plated with media from wild type astrocytes. By assessing the cellular mechanisms involved, a novel therapeutic option could be made available to target abnormalities of synaptic function seen in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie C. Doering
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Trotter J, Klein C, Krämer EM. GPI-Anchored Proteins and Glycosphingolipid-Rich Rafts: Platforms for Adhesion and Signaling. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385840000600410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins in mammalian cells play a role in adhesion and signaling. They are sorted in the trans-Golgi network into glycosphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich microdomains termed rafts. Such rafts can be isolated from many cell types including epithelial cells, neural cells, and lymphocytes. In polarized cells, the rafts segregate in distinct regions of the cell. The rafts constitute platforms for signal transduction via raft-associated srcfamily tyrosine kinases. This review compares the sorting, distribution, and signaling of GPI-anchored proteins and rafts in epithelial cells, lymphocytes, and neural cells. A possible involvement of rafts in distinct diseases is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Trotter
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,
| | - Corinna Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Krämer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Reinhard J, Joachim SC, Faissner A. Extracellular matrix remodeling during retinal development. Exp Eye Res 2015; 133:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Tenascins are large glycoproteins found in embryonic and adult extracellular matrices. Of the four family members, two have been shown to be overexpressed in the microenvironment of solid tumours: tenascin-C and tenascin-W. The regular presence of these proteins in tumours suggests a role in tumourigenesis, which has been investigated intensively for tenascin-C and recently for tenascin-W as well. In this review, we follow a malignant cell starting from its birth through its potential metastatic journey and describe how tenascin-C and tenascin-W contribute to these successive steps of tumourigenesis. We consider the importance of the mechanical aspect in tenascin signalling. Furthermore, we discuss studies describing tenascin-C as an important component of stem cell niches and present examples reporting its role in cancer therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Brellier
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
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Burgess JK, Weckmann M. Matrikines and the lungs. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:317-37. [PMID: 22366287 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a complex network of fibrous and nonfibrous molecules that not only provide structure to the lung but also interact with and regulate the behaviour of the cells which it surrounds. Recently it has been recognised that components of the extracellular matrix proteins are released, often through the action of endogenous proteases, and these fragments are termed matrikines. Matrikines have biological activities, independent of their role within the extracellular matrix structure, which may play important roles in the lung in health and disease pathology. Integrins are the primary cell surface receptors, characterised to date, which are used by the matrikines to exert their effects on cells. However, evidence is emerging for the need for co-factors and other receptors for the matrikines to exert their effects on cells. The potential for matrikines, and peptides derived from these extracellular matrix protein fragments, as therapeutic agents has recently been recognised. The natural role of these matrikines (including inhibitors of angiogenesis and possibly inflammation) make them ideal targets to mimic as therapies. A number of these peptides have been taken forward into clinical trials. The focus of this review will be to summarise our current understanding of the role, and potential for highly relevant actions, of matrikines in lung health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette K Burgess
- Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Regulatory mechanisms that mediate tenascin C-dependent inhibition of oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation. J Neurosci 2010; 30:12310-22. [PMID: 20844127 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4957-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present mechanisms for the inhibition of oligodendendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation, a biological function of neural extracellular matrix (ECM). The differentiation of oligodendrocytes is orchestrated by a complex set of stimuli. In the present study, we investigated the signaling pathway elicited by the ECM glycoprotein tenascin C (Tnc). Tnc substrates inhibit myelin basic protein (MBP) expression of cultured rat oligodendrocytes, and, conversely, we found that the emergence of MBP expression is accelerated in forebrains of Tnc-deficient mice. Mechanistically, Tnc interfered with phosphorylation of Akt, which in turn reduced MBP expression. At the cell surface, Tnc associates with lipid rafts in oligodendrocyte membranes, together with the cell adhesion molecule contactin (Cntn1) and the Src family kinase (SFK) Fyn. Depletion of Cntn1 in OPCs by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) abolished the Tnc-dependent inhibition of oligodendrocyte differentiation, while Tnc exposure impeded the activation of the tyrosine kinase Fyn by Cntn1. Concomitant with oligodendrocyte differentiation, Tnc antagonized the expression of the signaling adaptor and RNA-binding molecule Sam68. siRNA-mediated knockdown or overexpression of Sam68 delayed or accelerated oligodendrocyte differentiation, respectively. Inhibition of oligodendrocyte differentiation with the SFK inhibitor PP2 could be rescued by Sam68 overexpression, which may indicate a regulatory role for Sam68 downstream of Fyn. Our study therefore uncovers the first signaling pathways that underlie Tnc-induced, ECM-dependent maintenance of the immature state of OPCs.
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Czopka T, Von Holst A, Schmidt G, Ffrench-Constant C, Faissner A. Tenascin C and tenascin R similarly prevent the formation of myelin membranes in a RhoA-dependent manner, but antagonistically regulate the expression of myelin basic protein via a separate pathway. Glia 2009; 57:1790-801. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lang DM, Monzon-Mayor M, del Mar Romero-Aleman M, Yanes C, Santos E, Pesheva P. Tenascin-R and axon growth-promoting molecules are up-regulated in the regenerating visual pathway of the lizard (Gallotia galloti). Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:899-916. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Atz ME, Rollins B, Vawter MP. NCAM1 association study of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: polymorphisms and alternatively spliced isoforms lead to similarities and differences. Psychiatr Genet 2007; 17:55-67. [PMID: 17413444 PMCID: PMC2077086 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e328012d850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM1) is a multifunction transmembrane protein involved in synaptic plasticity, neurodevelopment, and neurogenesis. Multiple NCAM1 proteins were differentially altered in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NCAM1 gene were significantly associated with bipolar disorder in the Japanese population. Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia may share common vulnerability or susceptibility risk factors for shared features in each disorder. METHODS Both SNPs and splice variants in the NCAM1 gene were analysed in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. A case-control study design for association of SNPs and differential exon expression in the NCAM1 gene was used. RESULTS A genotypic association between bipolar disorder and SNP b (rs2303377 near mini-exon b) and a suggestive association between schizophrenia and SNP 9 (rs646558) were found. Three of the two marker haplotypes for SNP 9 and SNP b showed varying frequencies between bipolar and controls (P<0.0001) as well as between schizophrenia and controls (P<0.0001). There were nine NCAM1 transcripts present in postmortem brain samples that involve alternative splicing of NCAM1 mini-exons (a, b, c) and the secreted (SEC) exon. Significant differences in the amounts of four alternatively spliced isoforms were found between NCAM1 SNP genotypes. In exploratory analysis, the c-SEC alternative spliced isoform was significantly decreased in bipolar disorder compared to controls for NCAM1 SNP b heterozygotes (P=0.013). CONCLUSIONS Diverse NCAM1 transcripts were found with possibly different functions. The results suggest that SNPs within NCAM1 contribute differential risk for both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia possibly by alternative splicing of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Atz
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Gyurján I, Molnár A, Borsy A, Stéger V, Hackler L, Zomborszky Z, Papp P, Duda E, Deák F, Lakatos P, Puskás LG, Orosz L. Gene expression dynamics in deer antler: mesenchymal differentiation toward chondrogenesis. Mol Genet Genomics 2006; 277:221-35. [PMID: 17146666 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-006-0190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Annual re-growth of deer antler represents a unique example of complete organ regeneration. Because antler mesenchymal cells retain their embryonic capacity to develop into cartilage or bone, studying antler development provides a natural system to follow gene expression changes during mesenchymal differentiation toward chondrogenic/osteogenic lineage. To identify novel genes involved either in early events of mesenchymal cell specialization or in robust bone development, we have introduced a 3 K heterologous microarray set-up (deer cDNA versus mouse template). Fifteen genes were differentially expressed; genes for housekeeping, regulatory functions (components of different signaling pathways, including FGF, TGFbeta, Wnt), and genes encoding members of the Polycomb group were represented. Expression dynamics for genes are visualized by an expression logo. The expression profile of the gene C21orf70 of unknown function is described along with the effects when over-expressed; furthermore the nuclear localization of the cognate protein is shown. In this report, we demonstrate the particular advantage of the velvet antler model in bone research for: (1) identification of mesenchymal and precartilaginous genes and (2) targeting genes upregulated in robust cartilage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Gyurján
- Institute of Genetics, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Szent-Györgyi Albert u 4, 2101, Gödöllo, Hungary
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Zacharias U, Rauch U. Competition and cooperation between tenascin-R, lecticans and contactin 1 regulate neurite growth and morphology. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:3456-66. [PMID: 16899820 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-R (TN-R) and the proteoglycans of the lectican family show an overlapping distribution in the developing brain, have been implicated in similar cellular processes and form a complex network of interactions. Previously, we have demonstrated that TN-R induces microprocesses along neurites and enlarged growth cones of tectal cells by interacting with the cell adhesion molecule contactin 1. Here, we describe competition and cooperation between TN-R, lecticans and contactin 1, and their functional consequences for tectal cells. Aggrecan, brevican and neurocan inhibit the effects of TN-R on microprocess formation and growth cone size. This blocking effect is due to competition of lecticans with binding of TN-R to its neuronal receptor contactin 1, as shown by a sandwich-binding assay. Interaction of aggrecan with TN-R fibronectin type III domains 4-A is necessary for its inhibitory effect on both microprocess formation and TN-R binding to contactin 1. However, the chondroitin sulfate chains are not involved. Time-lapse video microscopy showed that aggrecan has no acute effect on motility and morphology of microprocesses and growth cones but induces long-term neurite retraction after pre-treatment with TN-R. In contrast to the competition described above, TN-R cooperates with brevican and neurocan to induce attachment of tectal cells and neurite outgrowth, probably by forming a bridge between the lectican substrate and contactin 1 as the neuronal receptor. Our findings suggest that a complex network of protein-protein interactions within the brain extracellular matrix, as shown here for TN-R and lecticans, is important for the fine-regulation of developmental processes such as microprocess formation along the neurite and neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Zacharias
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, R.-Rössle-Str.10, 13092 Berlin-Buch, Germany.
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Pesheva P, Probstmeier R, Lang DM, McBride R, Hsu NJ, Gennarini G, Spiess E, Peshev Z. Early coevolution of adhesive but not antiadhesive tenascin-R ligand-receptor pairs in vertebrates: A phylogenetic study. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 32:366-86. [PMID: 16831557 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon growth inhibitory CNS matrix proteins, such as tenascin-R (TN-R), have been supposed to contribute to the poor regenerative capacity of adult mammalian CNS. With regard to TN-R function in low vertebrates capable of CNS regeneration, questions of particular interest concern the (co)evolution of ligand-receptor pairs and cellular response mechanisms associated with axon growth inhibition and oligodendrocyte differentiation. We address here these questions in a series of comparative in vivo and in vitro analyses using TN-R proteins purified from different vertebrates (from fish to human). Our studies provide strong evidence that unlike TN-R of higher vertebrates, fish TN-R proteins are not repellent for fish and less repellent for mammalian neurons and do not interfere with F3/contactin- and fibronectin-mediated mammalian cell adhesion and axon growth. However, axonal repulsion is induced in fish neurons by mammalian TN-R proteins, suggesting that the intracellular inhibitory machinery induced by TN-R-F3 interactions is already present during early vertebrate evolution. In contrast to TN-R-F3, TN-R-sulfatide interactions, mediating oligodendrocyte adhesion and differentiation, are highly conserved during vertebrate evolution. Our findings thus indicate the necessity of being cautious about extrapolations of the function of ligand-receptor pairs beyond a species border and, therefore, about the phylogenetic conservation of a molecular function at the cellular/tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penka Pesheva
- Neuro- and Tumor Cell Biology Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Conacci-Sorrell M, Kaplan A, Raveh S, Gavert N, Sakurai T, Ben-Ze'ev A. The shed ectodomain of Nr-CAM stimulates cell proliferation and motility, and confers cell transformation. Cancer Res 2006; 65:11605-12. [PMID: 16357171 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nr-CAM, a cell-cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule family, known for its function in neuronal outgrowth and guidance, was recently identified as a target gene of beta-catenin signaling in human melanoma and colon carcinoma cells and tissue. Retrovirally mediated transduction of Nr-CAM into fibroblasts induces cell motility and tumorigenesis. We investigated the mechanisms by which Nr-CAM can confer properties related to tumor cell behavior and found that Nr-CAM expression in NIH3T3 cells protects cells from apoptosis in the absence of serum by constitutively activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT signaling pathways. We detected a metalloprotease-mediated shedding of Nr-CAM into the culture medium of cells transfected with Nr-CAM, and of endogenous Nr-CAM in B16 melanoma cells. Conditioned medium and purified Nr-CAM-Fc fusion protein both enhanced cell motility, proliferation, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT activation. Moreover, Nr-CAM was found in complex with alpha4beta1 integrins in melanoma cells, indicating that it can mediate, in addition to homophilic cell-cell adhesion, heterophilic adhesion with extracellular matrix receptors. Suppression of Nr-CAM levels by small interfering RNA in B16 melanoma inhibited the adhesive and tumorigenic capacities of these cells. Stable expression of the Nr-CAM ectodomain in NIH3T3 cells conferred cell transformation and tumorigenesis in mice, suggesting that the metalloprotease-mediated shedding of Nr-CAM is a principal route for promoting oncogenesis by Nr-CAM.
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Halasz P, Fleming FE, Coulson BS. Evaluation of specificity and effects of monoclonal antibodies submitted to the Eighth Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigen Workshop on rotavirus-cell attachment and entry. Cell Immunol 2005; 236:179-87. [PMID: 16169540 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2005.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection of permissive cells is a multi-step process that requires interaction with several cell surface receptors. Integrins alpha2beta1, alpha4beta1, alphaXbeta2, and alphavbeta3 are involved in the attachment and entry into permissive cells for many rotavirus strains. However, possible roles of known partners of these integrins in this process have not been studied. Here, the specificities of new monoclonal antibodies directed to beta1 and beta2 integrins were determined using integrin-transfected cells. The ability of monoclonal antibodies to integrin partners CD82, CD151, CD321, and CD322 to bind rotavirus-permissive cell lines (MA104, Caco-2, and RD) and K562 cells expressing or lacking alpha4beta1 also was investigated. CD82 and CD151 were expressed on K562, alpha4-K562, and RD cells. CD321-specific antibodies bound K562, alpha4-K562, MA104, and Caco-2 cells. CD322 expression was detected on MA104 but not Caco-2 cells. Antibodies to CD82, CD151, CD321, and CD322 that bound these cells were investigated for their ability to inhibit cellular attachment and entry by rotaviruses. Antibody blockade of these integrin-associated proteins did not affect cell attachment or entry of the integrin-using rhesus rotavirus RRV or porcine rotavirus CRW-8, which uses alpha4beta1 integrin for infection. Antibody blockade of CD322 did not alter cell attachment or infectivity by human rotavirus strain RV-3, so RV-3 infection was independent of CD322. Overall, these studies indicate that CD82, CD151, CD321, and CD322 are unlikely to play a role in rotavirus-cell binding or entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Halasz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia.
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Falk J, Thoumine O, Dequidt C, Choquet D, Faivre-Sarrailh C. NrCAM coupling to the cytoskeleton depends on multiple protein domains and partitioning into lipid rafts. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:4695-709. [PMID: 15254265 PMCID: PMC519160 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-03-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NrCAM is a cell adhesion molecule of the L1 family that is implicated in the control of axonal growth. Adhesive contacts may promote advance of the growth cone by triggering the coupling of membrane receptors with the F-actin retrograde flow. We sought to understand the mechanisms leading to clutching the F-actin at the site of ligand-mediated clustering of NrCAM. Using optical tweezers and single particle tracking of beads coated with the ligand TAG-1, we analyzed the mobility of NrCAM-deletion mutants transfected in a neuroblastoma cell line. Deletion of the cytoplasmic tail did not prevent the coupling of NrCAM to the actin flow. An additional deletion of the FNIII domains to remove cis-interactions, was necessary to abolish the rearward movement of TAG-1 beads, which instead switched to a stationary behavior. Next, we showed that the actin-dependent retrograde movement of NrCAM required partitioning into lipid rafts as indicated by cholesterol depletion experiments using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Recruitment of the raft component caveolin-1 was induced at the adhesive contact between the cell surface and TAG-1 beads, indicating that enlarged rafts were generated. Photobleaching experiments showed that the lateral mobility of NrCAM increased with raft dispersion in these contact areas, further suggesting that TAG-1-coated beads induced the coalescence of lipid rafts. In conclusion, we propose that anchoring of NrCAM with the retrograde actin flow can be triggered by adhesive contacts via cooperative processes including interactions with the cytoplasmic tail, formation of cis-complex via the FNIII repeats, and lipid raft aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Falk
- Neurogenèse et Morphogenèse du Développement à l'Adulte, UMR 6156 CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Marseille, France
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Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Tucker RP. Connective tissues: signalling by tenascins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:1085-9. [PMID: 15094123 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Revised: 01/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Different connective tissue cells secrete different types of tenascins. These glycoproteins contribute to extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and influence the physiology of the cells in contact with the tenascin containing environment. Tenascin-C expression is regulated by mechanical stress. It shows highest expression in connective tissue surrounding tumors, in wounds and in inflamed tissues where it may regulate cell morphology, growth, and migration by activating diverse intracellular signalling pathways. Thus, integrin and syndecan signalling is influenced by tenascin-C and the levels and/or activies of several proteins involved in intracellular signalling pathways are regulated by its presence. Tenascin-X is important for the proper deposition of collagen fibers in dermis and patients with a tenascin-X deficiency suffer from Ehlers Danlos syndrome. Tenascin-R (and -C) is prominent in the nervous system and has an impact on neurite outgrowth and synaptic functions, and tenascin-W is found in the extracellular matrix of bone, muscle, and kidney. Cell facts:bone: osteoblasts produce tenascin-C, -W cartilage: perichondrial cells produce tenascin-C tendon: fibroblasts produce tenascin-C smooth muscle cells produce tenascin-W, -C skeletal muscle: endo-, peri-, and epimysial fibroblasts produce tenascin-X dermal fibroblasts produce tenascin-X tumors: stromal fibroblasts produce tenascin-C wounds: fibroblasts produce tenascin-C nervous system: glial cells produce tenascin-R, -C, -X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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Sánchez-López A, Cuadros MA, Calvente R, Tassi M, Marín-Teva JL, Navascués J. Radial migration of developing microglial cells in quail retina: A confocal microscopy study. Glia 2004; 46:261-73. [PMID: 15048849 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglial cells spread within the nervous system by tangential and radial migration. The cellular mechanism of tangential migration of microglia has been described in the quail retina but the mechanism of their radial migration has not been studied. In this work, we clarify some aspects of this mechanism by analyzing morphological features of microglial cells at different steps of their radial migration in the quail retina. Microglial cells migrate in the vitreal half of the retina by successive jumps from the vitreal border to progressively more scleral levels located at the vitreal border, intermediate regions, and scleral border of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The cellular mechanism used for each jump consists of the emission of a leading thin radial process that ramifies at a more scleral level before retraction of the rear of the cell. Hence, radial migration and ramification of microglial cells are simultaneous events. Once at the scleral border of the IPL, microglial cells migrate through the inner nuclear layer to the outer plexiform layer by another mechanism: they retract cell processes, become round, and squeeze through neuronal bodies. Microglial cells use radial processes of s-laminin-expressing Müller cells as substratum for radial migration. Levels where microglial cells stop and ramify at each jump are always interfaces between retinal strata with strong tenascin immunostaining and strata showing weak or no tenascin immunoreactivity. When microglial cell radial migration ends, tenascin immunostaining is no longer present in the retina. These findings suggest that tenascin plays a role in the stopping and ramification of radially migrating microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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21
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Coluccia A, Tattoli M, Bizzoca A, Arbia S, Lorusso L, De Benedictis L, Buttiglione M, Cuomo V, Furley A, Gennarini G, Cagiano R. Transgenic mice expressing F3/contactin from the transient axonal glycoprotein promoter undergo developmentally regulated deficits of the cerebellar function. Neuroscience 2004; 123:155-66. [PMID: 14667450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that transgenic transient axonal glycoprotein (TAG)/F3 mice, in which the mouse axonal glycoprotein F3/contactin was misexpressed from a regulatory region of the gene encoding the transient axonal glycoprotein TAG-1, exhibit a transient disruption of cerebellar granule and Purkinje cell development [Development 130 (2003) 29]. In the present study we explore the neurobehavioural consequences of this mutation. We report on assays of reproductive parameters (gestation length, litter size and offspring viability) and on somatic and neurobehavioural end-points (sensorimotor development, homing performance, motor activity, motor coordination and motor learning). Compared with wild-type littermates, TAG/F3 mice display delayed sensorimotor development, reduced exploratory activity and impaired motor activity, motor coordination and motor learning. The latter parameters, in particular, were affected also in adult mice, despite the apparent recovery of cerebellar morphology, suggesting that subtle changes of neuronal circuitry persist in these animals after development is complete. These behavioural deficits indicate that the finely coordinated expression of immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules such as TAG-1 and F3/contactin is of key relevance to the functional, as well as morphological maturation of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Coluccia
- Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, Medical School, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, I-70124, Bari, Italy
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22
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Schumacher S, Stübe EM. Regulated binding of the fibrinogen-like domains of tenascin-R and tenascin-C to the neural EGF family member CALEB. J Neurochem 2003; 87:1213-23. [PMID: 14622101 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The neural transmembrane protein CALEB was discovered in a screen for novel molecules implicated in neuronal differentiation processes and was found to bind to two proteins of the extracellular matrix, tenascin-C and tenascin-R. The expression of different isoforms of CALEB in axon- and synapse-rich areas in the nervous system is regulated during development. Here we show that an unusual acidic peptide segment of CALEB is sufficient to mediate the binding of CALEB to the fibrinogen-like globes of both tenascin family members as well as to native tenascin-C. We identify a small sequence element within the acidic peptide segment of CALEB as important for this binding. Interestingly, the interactions of CALEB and tenascin-C and -R seem to be regulated during development. We demonstrate that only CALEB-80, the expression of which is up-regulated in the chicken retina during synaptogenesis, but not CALEB-140, expressed later on in development, can bind to the fibrinogen-like domains of tenascin-R or tenascin-C and to native tenascin-C. While both CALEB-80 and CALEB-140 are expressed in the plexiform layers and the optic fiber layer of embryonic chicken retina, CALEB-140 labeling is more intense in the optic fiber layer in comparison to the inner plexiform layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schumacher
- Institut für Zellbiochemie und Klinische Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Kappler J, Baader SL, Franken S, Pesheva P, Schilling K, Rauch U, Gieselmann V. Tenascins are associated with lipid rafts isolated from mouse brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 294:742-7. [PMID: 12056833 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are microdomains of the plasma membrane which are enriched in glycosphingolipids and specific proteins. The reported interactions of several raft-associated proteins (such as, e.g., F3) with tenascin C and tenascin R prompted us to consider that these oligomeric multidomain glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) could associate with rafts. Here, we show punctate immunocytochemical distributions of tenascin C (TN-C) and tenascin R (TN-R) at the membrane surface of neural cells resembling the pattern reported for raft-associated proteins. Moreover, cholesterol depletion with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin reduced the punctate surface staining of TN-C. Consistently, TN-C was associated with lipid rafts of neonatal mouse brain according to sucrose density gradient centrifugation experiments. Furthermore, TN-R was also found in rafts prepared from myelin of adult mice. Thus, brain-derived tenascins are able to associate with lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kappler
- Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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24
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Moré MI, Kirsch FP, Rathjen FG. Targeted ablation of NrCAM or ankyrin-B results in disorganized lens fibers leading to cataract formation. J Cell Biol 2001; 154:187-96. [PMID: 11449000 PMCID: PMC2196853 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200104038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The NgCAM-related cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM) is an immunoglobulin superfamily member of the L1 subgroup that interacts intracellularly with ankyrins. We reveal that the absence of NrCAM causes the formation of mature cataracts in the mouse, whereas significant pathfinding errors of commissural axons at the midline of the spinal cord or of proprioceptive axon collaterals are not detected. Cataracts, the most common cause of visual impairment, are generated in NrCAM-deficient mice by a disorganization of lens fibers, followed by cellular disintegration and accumulation of cellular debris. The disorganization of fiber cells becomes histologically distinct during late embryonic development and includes abnormalities of the cytoskeleton and of connexin50-containing gap junctions. Furthermore, analysis of lenses of ankyrin-B mutant mice also reveals a disorganization of lens fibers at postnatal day 1, indistinguishable from that generated by the absence of NrCAM, indicating that NrCAM and ankyrin-B are required to maintain contact between lens fiber cells. Also, these studies provide genetic evidence of an interaction between NrCAM and ankyrin-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Moré
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Plagge A, Sendtner-Voelderndorff L, Sirim P, Freigang J, Rader C, Sonderegger P, Brümmendorf T. The contactin-related protein FAR-2 defines purkinje cell clusters and labels subpopulations of climbing fibers in the developing cerebellum. Mol Cell Neurosci 2001; 18:91-107. [PMID: 11461156 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2001.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FAR-2 is a novel neural member of the Ig superfamily, which is related to F11/F3/contactin and axonin-1/TAG-1. This protein is expressed by subpopulations of Purkinje cells in the chicken cerebellum and FAR-2-positive clusters of these neurons alternate with FAR-2-negative clusters in both tangential dimensions of the cerebellar cortex. Furthermore, FAR-2 is also expressed by one type of Purkinje cell afferents, namely, the climbing fibers, and different subpopulations of these axons show distinct levels of FAR-2 expression. Homology modeling using axonin-1 as a template reveals that the four aminoterminal Ig domains of FAR-2 form a compact U-shaped structure, which is likely to contain functionally important ligand-binding sites. FAR-2 is binding to the Ig superfamily protein NgCAM/L1, but not to the related receptor NrCAM, and it is also interacting with the modular ECM protein tenascin-R. These results suggest that FAR-2 may contribute to the formation of somatotopic maps of cerebellar afferents during the development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Plagge
- Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Schumacher S, Jung M, Nörenberg U, Dorner A, Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Stuermer CA, Rathjen FG. CALEB binds via its acidic stretch to the fibrinogen-like domain of tenascin-C or tenascin-R and its expression is dynamically regulated after optic nerve lesion. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:7337-45. [PMID: 11069908 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007234200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we described a novel chick neural transmembrane glycoprotein, which interacts with the extracellular matrix proteins tenascin-C and tenascin-R. This protein, termed CALEB, contains an epidermal growth factor-like domain and appears to be a novel member of the epidermal growth factor family of growth and differentiation factors. Here we analyze the interaction between CALEB and tenascin-C as well as tenascin-R in more detail, and we demonstrate that the central acidic peptide segment of CALEB is necessary to mediate this binding. The fibrinogen-like globe within tenascin-C or -R enables both proteins to bind to CALEB. We show that two isoforms of CALEB in chick and rodents exist that differed in their cytoplasmic segments. To begin to understand the in vivo function of CALEB and since in vitro antibody perturbation experiments indicated that CALEB might be important for neurite formation, we analyzed the expression pattern of the rat homolog of CALEB during development of retinal ganglion cells, after optic nerve lesion and during graft-assisted retinal ganglion cell axon regeneration by in situ hybridization. These investigations demonstrate that CALEB mRNA is dynamically regulated after optic nerve lesion and that this mRNA is expressed in most developing and in one-third of the few regenerating (GAP-43 expressing) retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schumacher
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.
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Gulubova MV, Vlaykova T. Tenascin immunoreactivity in the large bowel and the liver in patients with colorectal cancer. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2001; 33:111-20. [PMID: 11432639 DOI: 10.1023/a:1017952331618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The expression of tenascin in colorectal tumours and liver was investigated in 30 patients with colorectal adenocarcinomas. Tissue samples were immersion-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution. Free-floating cryostat sections were incubated with monoclonal antibody against tenascin, and examined by light and electron microscopy. Tenascin immunostaining was positive in sub-basement membrane zones and in newly-formed connective tissue of the primary tumour and perisinusoidally in the liver. The immunoreactivity in the sub-basement membrane zones of tumour glands in well- and moderately-differentiated tumours was more intensely expressed compared to that in poorly-differentiated tumours (p = 0.007 and p = 0.001 respectively, chi2-test). Perisinusoidal tenascin deposition was more often detected in the liver of patients with well-differentiated tumours (p = 0.006, chi2-test). The presence of metastases was accompanied by low tenascin deposition (p < 0.005, Fisher's exact test). Ultrastructurally tenascin deposits were observed around single tumour cells and glands in the primary tumours, and close to hepatic stellate cells in the liver. Finally, the role of tenascin deposition in the stimulation of tumour cell proliferation and mobility is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Gulubova
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Thracian University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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28
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Abstract
An important biological consequence of the initial interactions between the cell surface and its extracellular environment is the diversity of cellular responses ranging from overt repulsion or avoidance reaction to stable adhesion or final positioning. It is now evident that positive and negative guiding mechanisms are equally relevant to normal pattern formation during development and decisive for the outcome of a regenerative process. In this context, the present review summarizes the knowledge about the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-R, a member of the tenascin gene family. In contrast to all other known family members, tenascin-R is exclusively expressed in the central nervous system of vertebrates by oligodendrocytes and neuronal subsets at later developmental stages and in adulthood. We focus on the glycoprotein's structure, tissue distribution and functional implications in the molecular control of axon targeting, neural cell adhesion, migration and differentiation during nervous system morphogenesis and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pesheva
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
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Jones FS, Jones PL. The tenascin family of ECM glycoproteins: structure, function, and regulation during embryonic development and tissue remodeling. Dev Dyn 2000; 218:235-59. [PMID: 10842355 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(200006)218:2<235::aid-dvdy2>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of animal form depends on the coordination of events that lead to the morphological patterning of cells. This epigenetic view of development suggests that embryonic structures arise as a consequence of environmental influences acting on the properties of cells, rather than an unfolding of a completely genetically specified and preexisting invisible pattern. Specialized cells of developing multicellular organisms are surrounded by a complex extracellular matrix (ECM), comprised largely of different collagens, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. This ECM is a substrate for tissue morphogenesis, lends support and flexibility to mature tissues, and acts as an epigenetic informational entity in the sense that it transduces and integrates intracellular signals via distinct cell surface receptors. Consequently, ECM-receptor interactions have a profound influence on major cellular programs including growth, differentiation, migration, and survival. In contrast to many other ECM proteins, the tenascin (TN) family of glycoproteins (TN-C, TN-R, TN-W, TN-X, and TN-Y) display highly restricted and dynamic patterns of expression in the embryo, particularly during neural development, skeletogenesis, and vasculogenesis. These molecules are reexpressed in the adult during normal processes such as wound healing, nerve regeneration, and tissue involution, and in pathological states including vascular disease, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. In concert with a multitude of associated ECM proteins and cell surface receptors that include members of the integrin family, TN proteins impart contrary cellular functions, depending on their mode of presentation (i.e., soluble or substrate-bound) and the cell types and differentiation states of the target tissues. Expression of tenascins is regulated by a variety of growth factors, cytokines, vasoactive peptides, ECM proteins, and biomechanical factors. The signals generated by these factors converge on particular combinations of cis-regulatory elements within the recently identified TN gene promoters via specific transcriptional activators or repressors. Additional complexity in regulating TN gene expression is achieved through alternative splicing, resulting in variants of TN polypeptides that exhibit different combinations of functional protein domains. In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances in TN biology that provide insights into the complex way in which the ECM is regulated and how it functions to regulate tissue morphogenesis and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Jones
- Department of Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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30
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Jones FS, Jones PL. The tenascin family of ECM glycoproteins: Structure, function, and regulation during embryonic development and tissue remodeling. Dev Dyn 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(200006)218:2%3c235::aid-dvdy2%3e3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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