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Chen T. Unveiling the significance of inducible nitric oxide synthase: Its impact on cancer progression and clinical implications. Cancer Lett 2024; 592:216931. [PMID: 38701892 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The intricate role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cancer pathophysiology has garnered significant attention, highlighting the complex interplay between tumorigenesis, immune response, and cellular metabolism. As an enzyme responsible for producing nitric oxide (NO) in response to inflammatory stimuli. iNOS is implicated in various aspects of cancer development, including DNA damage, angiogenesis, and evasion of apoptosis. This review synthesizes the current findings from both preclinical and clinical studies on iNOS across different cancer types, reflecting the variability depending on cellular context and tumor microenvironment. We explore the molecular mechanisms by which iNOS modulates cancer cell growth, survival, and metastasis, emphasizing its impact on immune surveillance and response to treatment. Additionally, the potential of targeting iNOS as a therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment is examined. By integrating insights from recent advances, this review aims to elucidate the significant role of iNOS in cancer and pave the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Balance of Drug Residence and Diffusion in Lacrimal Fluid Determine Ocular Bioavailability in In Situ Gels Incorporating Tranilast Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091425. [PMID: 34575501 PMCID: PMC8466670 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously designed ophthalmic formulations (nTRA) containing tranilast nanoparticles (Tra-NPs) with high uptake into ocular tissues. In this study, we used in situ gel (ISG) bases comprising combinations of pluronic F127 (F127) and methylcellulose (MC/F127), pluronic F68 (F68/F127), and Carbopol (Car/F127), and we developed in situ gels incorporating Tra-NPs (Tra-NP-incorporated ISNGs) such as nTRA-F127, nTRA-MC/F127, nTRA-F68/F127, and nTRA-Car/F127. Moreover, we demonstrated the therapeutic effect on conjunctival inflammation using lipopolysaccharide-induced rats. Each Tra-NP-incorporated ISNG was prepared by the bead mill method, the particle size was 40–190 nm, and the tranilast release and diffusion from formulation were nTRA > nTRA-F127 > nTRA-F68/F127 > nTRA-Car/F127 > nTRA-MC/F127. In the Tra-NP-incorporated ISNGs, the tranilast residence time in the lacrimal fluid, cornea, and conjunctiva was prolonged, although the Cmax was attenuated in comparison with nTRA. On the other hand, no significant difference in conjunctival inflammation between non- and nTRA-F127-instilled rats was found; however, the nTRA-F68/F127, nTRA-Car/F127, and nTRA-MC/F127 (combination-ISG) attenuated the vessel leakage, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor-α expression. In particular, nTRA-F68/F127 was significant in preventing the conjunctival inflammation. In conclusion, we found that the combination-ISG base prolonged the residence time of Tra-NPs; however, Tra-NP release from the formulation was attenuated, and the Tmax was delayed longer than that in nTRA. The balance of drug residence and diffusion in lacrimal fluid may be important in providing high ocular bioavailability in formulations containing solid nanoparticles.
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Kim M, Lee SW, Kim J, Shin Y, Chang F, Kim JM, Cong X, Yu GY, Park K. LPS-induced epithelial barrier disruption via hyperactivation of CACC and ENaC. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C448-C461. [PMID: 33471620 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00295.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases the susceptibility of cells to pathogenic diseases, including inflammatory diseases and septic syndrome. In our experiments, we examined whether LPS induces epithelial barrier disruption in secretory epithelia and further investigated its underlying mechanism. The activities of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (CACC) and epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) were monitored with a short-circuit current using an Ussing chamber. Epithelial membrane integrity was estimated via transepithelial electrical resistance and paracellular permeability assays. We found that the apical application of LPS evoked short-circuit current (Isc) through the activation of CACC and ENaC. Although LPS disrupted epithelial barrier integrity, this was restored with the inhibition of CACC and ENaC, indicating the role of CACC and ENaC in the regulation of paracellular pathways. We confirmed that LPS, CACC, or ENaC activation evoked apical membrane depolarization. The exposure to a high-K+ buffer increased paracellular permeability. LPS induced the rapid redistribution of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and reduced the expression levels of ZO-1 in tight junctions through apical membrane depolarization and tyrosine phosphorylation. However, the LPS-induced epithelial barrier disruption and degradation of ZO-1 were largely recovered by blocking CACC and ENaC. Furthermore, although LPS-impaired epithelial barrier became vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections, this vulnerability was prevented by inhibiting CACC and ENaC. We concluded that LPS induces the disruption of epithelial barrier integrity through the activation of CACC and ENaC, resulting in apical membrane depolarization and the subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of ZO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyoung Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junchul Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yonghwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Fengjiao Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Man Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Kyungpyo Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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Diwakar BT, Yoast R, Nettleford S, Qian F, Lee TJ, Berry S, Huffnagle I, Rossi RM, Trebak M, Paulson RF, Prabhu KS. Crth2 receptor signaling down-regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB activation in murine macrophages via changes in intracellular calcium. FASEB J 2019; 33:12838-12852. [PMID: 31518163 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802608r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 and its cyclopentenone metabolites [cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CyPGs)], Δ12prostaglandin J2 and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2, act through 2 GPCRs, d-type prostanoid 1 and the chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on type 2 T-helper cells (Crth2). In addition to its role in allergy and asthma, the role of Crth2 in the resolution of inflammation, to mediate the proresolving functions of endogenous CyPGs, is not well understood. We investigated the regulation of LPS or zymosan-induced inflammatory response by signals from the Crth2 receptor in macrophages that lack Crth2 expression [knockout (KO)]. Increased expression of proinflammatory genes, including Tnf-α, was observed in Crth2 KO cells. Targeting the endogenous biosynthetic pathway of CyPGs with indomethacin or HQL79, which inhibit cyclooxygenases or hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase, respectively, or use of Crth2 antagonists recapitulated the proinflammatory phenotype as in Crth2 KO cells. Ligand-dependent activation of Crth2 by 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin D2 increased Ca2+ influx through store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) accompanied by the up-regulation of stromal interaction molecule 1 and calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 expression, suggesting that the proresolution effects of CyPG-dependent activation of SOCE could be mediated by Crth2 during inflammation. Interestingly, Crth2 signaling down-regulated the Ca2+-regulated heat stable protein 1 that stabilizes Tnf-α mRNA via the increased expression of microRNA 155 to dampen inflammatory responses triggered through the TNF-α-NF-κB axis. In summary, these studies present a novel regulatory role for Crth2 during inflammatory response in macrophages.-Diwakar, B. T., Yoast, R., Nettleford, S., Qian, F., Lee, T.-J., Berry, S., Huffnagle, I., Rossi, R. M., Trebak, M., Paulson, R. F., Prabhu, K. S. Crth2 receptor signaling down-regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB activation in murine macrophages via changes in intracellular calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastihalli T Diwakar
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan Yoast
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shaneice Nettleford
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fenghua Qian
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tai-Jung Lee
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Svanjita Berry
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian Huffnagle
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Randall M Rossi
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert F Paulson
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - K Sandeep Prabhu
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Tseuguem PP, Ngangoum DAM, Pouadjeu JM, Piégang BN, Sando Z, Kolber BJ, Tidgewell KJ, Nguelefack TB. Aqueous and methanol extracts of Paullinia pinnata L. (Sapindaceae) improve inflammation, pain and histological features in CFA-induced mono-arthritis: Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 236:183-195. [PMID: 30849505 PMCID: PMC6484438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Paullinia pinnata L. (Sapindaceae) is an African woody vine, traditionally used for the treatment of itch and pain-related conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. AIM This work evaluates, in vitro and in vivo, the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of aqueous (AEPP) and methanol (MEPP) extracts from Paullinia pinnata leaves. METHODS AEPP and MEPP (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg/day) were administered orally in monoarthritic rats induced by a unilateral injection of 50 μl of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) in the ankle joint. During the 14 days of treatment, pain and inflammation were evaluated alternatively in both ankle and paw of the CFA-injected leg. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were assessed in serum and spinal cord. Histology of soft tissue of the ankle was also analyzed. For in vitro studies, AEPP and MEPP (10, 30 and 100 μg/ml) were evaluated against nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages that were either non-stimulated or stimulated with LPS, 8-Br-AMPc and the mixture of both substances after 8 h exposure. These extracts were also evaluated on TNF-α and IL-1β production in cells stimulated with LPS for 8 h. Finally, the ability of the extracts to bind to neuroactive receptors was evaluated in vitro using competitive binding assays with >45 molecular targets. RESULTS AEPP and MEPP significantly reduced by 20-98% (p < 0.001) the inflammation and pain sensation in both the ankle and paw. AEPP significantly increased glutathione levels (p < 0.05) in serum. Both extracts reduced MDA production in serum and spinal cord (p < 0.001), and significantly improved tissue reorganization in treated arthritic rats. P. pinnata extracts did not affect NO production in non-stimulated macrophages but significantly reduced it by 47-88% in stimulated macrophages. AEPP and MEPP also significantly inhibited TNF-α (35-68%) and IL-1β (31-36%) production in LPS stimulated macrophages. No cytotoxic effect of plant extracts was observed. MEPP showed concentration-dependent affinity for Sigma 2 receptors with an IC50 of 50 μg/ml. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of P. pinnata extracts on monoarthritis and further support its traditional use for pain and inflammation. These activities are at least partly due to the ability of these extracts to inhibit the production of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and to likely modulate Sigma 2 receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics/isolation & purification
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Analgesics/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Ankle Joint/drug effects
- Ankle Joint/immunology
- Ankle Joint/pathology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Arthralgia/drug therapy
- Arthralgia/etiology
- Arthralgia/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/complications
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Female
- Freund's Adjuvant/administration & dosage
- Freund's Adjuvant/immunology
- Humans
- Male
- Medicine, African Traditional/methods
- Methanol/chemistry
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Paullinia/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Plant Leaves/chemistry
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Treatment Outcome
- Water/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius Pum Tseuguem
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O.Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Douglas Alphonse Mouga Ngangoum
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O.Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Judith Manialeu Pouadjeu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O.Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Basile Nganmegne Piégang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O.Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Zacharie Sando
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.
| | - Benedict James Kolber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
| | - Kevin John Tidgewell
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
| | - Télesphore Benoît Nguelefack
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O.Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
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Wang W, Shen M, Sun K, Wang Y, Wang X, Jin X, Xu J, Ding L, Sun X. Aminoguanidine reverses cognitive deficits and activation of cAMP/CREB/BDNF pathway in mouse hippocampus after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Brain Inj 2018; 32:1858-1865. [PMID: 30346862 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1537513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE We aim to study the effects of chronic aminoguanidine (AG) administration on learning and memory impairment after TBI and explore the potential mechanism involved in this process. RESEARCH DESIGN Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into 6 groups: Control, TBI + Veh, TBI+ AG (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, i.p.). METHODS AND PROCEDURES Then, we measured cyclicadenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) content, phosphorylated form of cAMP-response element binding protein (p-CREB) level, iNOS, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and postsynaptic density-93/95 (PSD-93/95) expression in hippocampus. The learning and memory abilities were assessed using Morris water maze and step-down test. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The results demonstrate that TBI induced down-regulation of BDNF, loss of PSD-93/95, learning and memory deficits with down-regulation of cAMP content and p-CREB/CREB ratio. Administration of AG (200 and 400 mg/kg) reversed TBI induced down-regulation of BDNF and PSD-93/95, up-regulated the cAMP content and p-CREB/CREB ratio, which resulted in improvement of learning and memory ability. CONCLUSIONS We suspect that AG (200 and 400 mg/kg) might reverse TBI-induced selective loss of postsynaptic proteins and learning and memory deficits with the activation of cAMP/CREB/BDNF signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Wang
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Mingyang Shen
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Kun Sun
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yanping Wang
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Lianshu Ding
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
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Qiang X, Liotta AS, Shiloach J, Gutierrez JC, Wang H, Ochani M, Ochani K, Yang H, Rabin A, LeRoith D, Lesniak MA, Böhm M, Maaser C, Kannengiesser K, Donowitz M, Rabizadeh S, Czura CJ, Tracey KJ, Westlake M, Zarfeshani A, Mehdi SF, Danoff A, Ge X, Sanyal S, Schwartz GJ, Roth J. New melanocortin-like peptide of E. coli can suppress inflammation via the mammalian melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R): possible endocrine-like function for microbes of the gut. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2017; 3:31. [PMID: 29152323 PMCID: PMC5684143 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-017-0039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
E. coli releases a 33 amino acid peptide melanocortin-like peptide of E. coli (MECO-1) that is identical to the C-terminus of the E. coli elongation factor-G (EF-G) and has interesting similarities to two prominent mammalian melanocortin hormones, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). Note that MECO-1 lacks HFRW, the common pharmacophore of the known mammalian melanocortin peptides. MECO-1 and the two hormones were equally effective in severely blunting release of cytokines (HMGB1 and TNF) from macrophage-like cells in response to (i) endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) or (ii) pro-inflammatory cytokine HMGB-1. The in vitro anti-inflammatoty effects of MECO-1 and of alpha-MSH were abrogated by (i) antibody against melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) and by (ii) agouti, an endogenous inverse agonist of MC1R. In vivo MECO-1 was even more potent than alpha-MSH in rescuing mice from death due to (i) lethal doses of LPS endotoxin or (ii) cecal ligation and puncture, models of sterile and infectious sepsis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Qiang
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
| | | | | | | | - Haichao Wang
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Mahendar Ochani
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Kanta Ochani
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Huan Yang
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Aviva Rabin
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Donowitz
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Christopher J. Czura
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
| | - Mark Westlake
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Aida Zarfeshani
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Syed F. Mehdi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Ann Danoff
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Xueliang Ge
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Suparna Sanyal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
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8
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Iman V, Mohan S, Abdelwahab SI, Karimian H, Nordin N, Fadaeinasab M, Noordin MI, Noor SM. Anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of girinimbine isolated from Murraya koenigii. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 11:103-121. [PMID: 28096658 PMCID: PMC5207336 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s115135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Therapy that directly targets apoptosis and/or inflammation could be highly effective for the treatment of cancer. Murraya koenigii is an edible herb that has been traditionally used for cancer treatment as well as inflammation. Here, we describe that girinimbine, a carbazole alkaloid isolated from M. koenigii, induced apoptosis and inhibited inflammation in vitro as well as in vivo. Induction of apoptosis in human colon cancer cells (HT-29) by girinimbine revealed decreased cell viability in HT-29, whereas there was no cytotoxic effect on normal colon cells. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, nuclear condensation, cell permeability, and cytochrome c translocation in girinimbine-treated HT-29 cells demonstrated involvement of mitochondria in apoptosis. Early-phase apoptosis was shown in both acridine orange/propidium iodide and annexin V results. Girinimbine treatment also resulted in an induction of G0/G1 phase arrest which was further corroborated with the upregulation of two cyclin-dependent kinase proteins, p21 and p27. Girinimbine treatment activated apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway by activation of caspases 3 and 9 as well as cleaved caspases 3 and 9 which ended by triggering the execution pathway. Moreover, apoptosis was confirmed by downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax in girinimbine-treated cells. In addition, the key tumor suppressor protein, p53, was seen to be considerably upregulated upon girinimbine treatment. Induction of apoptosis by girinimbine was also evidenced in vivo in zebrafish embryos, with results demonstrating significant distribution of apoptotic cells in embryos after a 24-hour treatment period. Meanwhile, anti-inflammatory action was evidenced by the significant dose-dependent girinimbine inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma-induced cells along with significant inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B translocation from the cytoplasm to nucleus in stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Girinimbine was also shown to have considerable antioxidant activity whereby 20 μg/mL of girinimbine was equivalent to 82.17±1.88 μM of Trolox. In mice with carrageenan-induced peritonitis, oral pretreatment with girinimbine helped limit total leukocyte migration (mainly of neutrophils), and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) in the peritoneal fluid. These findings strongly suggest that girinimbine could act as a chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic agent by inducing apoptosis while suppressing inflammation. There is a potential for girinimbine to be further investigated for its applicability in treating early stages of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venoos Iman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hamed Karimian
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noraziah Nordin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Suzita Mohd Noor
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Yan K, Gao LN, Cui YL, Zhang Y, Zhou X. The cyclic AMP signaling pathway: Exploring targets for successful drug discovery (Review). Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3715-23. [PMID: 27035868 PMCID: PMC4838136 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During development of disease, complex intracellular signaling pathways regulate an intricate series of events, including resistance to external toxins, the secretion of cytokines and the production of pathological phenomena. Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is a nucleotide that acts as a key second messenger in numerous signal transduction pathways. cAMP regulates various cellular functions, including cell growth and differentiation, gene transcription and protein expression. This review aimed to provide an understanding of the effects of the cAMP signaling pathway and the associated factors on disease occurrence and development by examining the information from a new perspective. These novel insights aimed to promote the development of novel therapeutic approaches and aid in the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Yan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Gao
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Lu Cui
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
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Imamura K, Asai M, Sugamoto K, Matsumoto T, Yamasaki Y, Kamei I, Hattori T, Kishimoto M, Niisaka S, Kubo M, Nishiyama K, Yamasaki M. Suppressing effect of cordycepin on the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1021-5. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1008977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we focused on the anti-inflammatory effect of cordycepin, 3′-deoxyadenosine. Cordycepin potently suppressed nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in an adenosine receptor-independent manner. In addition, inhibitors for adenosine kinase and nucleoside transporter abrogated the action of cordycepin. Thus, we considered that intracellular metabolism cordycepin is important for the anti-inflammatory effect of cordycepin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Imamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Momoko Asai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomoko Matsumoto
- Center for Collaborative Research & Community Cooperation, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamasaki
- Center of Community Organization, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kamei
- Department of Forest and Environmental Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Seiji Niisaka
- Agriculture Division, Shinseikosan.Co., Ltd, Miyakonojo, Japan
| | - Masaomi Kubo
- Agriculture Division, Shinseikosan.Co., Ltd, Miyakonojo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nishiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masao Yamasaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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11
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Degraaf AJ, Zasłona Z, Bourdonnay E, Peters-Golden M. Prostaglandin E2 reduces Toll-like receptor 4 expression in alveolar macrophages by inhibition of translation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:242-50. [PMID: 24601788 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0495oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) represent the first line of innate immune defense in the lung. AMs use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense pathogens. The best studied PRR is Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, which detects LPS from gram-negative bacteria. The lipid mediator prostaglandin (PG)E2 dampens AM immune responses by inhibiting the signaling events downstream of PRRs. We examined the effect of PGE2 on TLR4 expression in rat AMs. Although PGE2 did not reduce the mRNA levels of TLR4, it decreased TLR4 protein levels. The translation inhibitor cycloheximide reduced TLR4 protein levels with similar kinetics as PGE2, and its effects were not additive with those of the prostanoid, suggesting that PGE2 inhibits TLR at the translational level. The action of PGE2 could be mimicked by the direct stimulator of cAMP formation, forskolin, and involved E prostanoid receptor 2 ligation and cAMP-dependent activation of unanchored type I protein kinase A. Cells pretreated with PGE2 for 24 hours exhibited decreased TNF-α mRNA and protein levels in response to LPS stimulation. Knockdown of TLR4 protein by small interfering RNA to the levels achieved by PGE2 treatment likewise decreased TNF-α mRNA and protein in response to LPS, establishing the functional significance of this PGE2 effect. We provide the first evidence of a lipid mediator acting through its cognate G protein-coupled receptor to affect PRR translation. Because PGE2 is produced in abundance at sites of infection, its inhibitory effects on AM TLR4 expression have important implications for host defense in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Juliette Degraaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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12
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Rentsendorj O, D'Alessio FR, Pearse DB. Phosphodiesterase 2A is a major negative regulator of iNOS expression in lipopolysaccharide-treated mouse alveolar macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:907-15. [PMID: 25063878 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0314-152r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PDE2A is a dual-function PDE that is stimulated by cGMP to hydrolyze cAMP preferentially. In a two-hit model of ALI, we found previously that PDE2A decreased lung cAMP, up-regulated lung iNOS, and exacerbated ALI. Recent data suggest that macrophage iNOS expression contributes to ALI but later, promotes lung-injury resolution. However, macrophage iNOS is increased by cAMP, suggesting that PDE2A could negatively regulate macrophage iNOS expression. To test this, we examined the effects of manipulating PDE2A expression and function on LPS-induced iNOS expression in a mouse AM cell line (MH-S) and primary mouse AMs. In MH-S cells, LPS (100 ng/ml) increased PDE2A expression by 15% at 15 min and 50% at 6 h before decreasing at 24 h and 48 h. iNOS expression appeared at 6 h and remained increased 48 h post-LPS. Compared with control Ad, Ad.PDE2A-shRNA enhanced LPS-induced iNOS expression further by fourfold, an effect mimicked by the PDE2A inhibitor BAY 60-7550. Adenoviral PDE2A overexpression or treatment with ANP decreased LPS-induced iNOS expression. ANP-induced inhibition of iNOS was lost by knocking down PDE2A and was not mimicked by 8-pCPT-cGMP, a cGMP analog that does not stimulate PDE2A activity. Finally, we found that in primary AMs from LPS-treated mice, PDE2A knockdown also increased iNOS expression, consistent with the MH-S cell data. We conclude that increased AM PDE2A is an important negative regulator of macrophage iNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otgonchimeg Rentsendorj
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Franco R D'Alessio
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David B Pearse
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Kim KA, Shin HH, Choi SK, Choi HS. Corn Silk Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 in Murine Macrophages. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 69:1848-53. [PMID: 16244433 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of murine macrophages with corn silk induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 with secretion of PGE2. Expression of COX-2 was inhibited by pyrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), and increased DNA binding by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), indicating that COX-2 induction proceeds also via the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. A specific inhibitor of COX-2 decreased the expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) stimulated by corn silk. PGE2 elevated the expression level of iNOS, probably via EP2 and EP4 receptors on the surface of the macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung A Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Korea
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Choudhari AS, Raina P, Deshpande MM, Wali AG, Zanwar A, Bodhankar SL, Kaul-Ghanekar R. Evaluating the anti-inflammatory potential of Tectaria cicutaria L. rhizome extract in vitro as well as in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:215-222. [PMID: 23993910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The rhizome of Tectaria cicutaria has been used in the folklore system of Indian traditional medicine (Ayurveda) for the treatment of various disorders such as rheumatic pain, chest complaints, burns, sprain, poisonous bites, tonsilitis, toothache, gum complaints, cuts and wounds. The present work has for the first time tried to elucidate the anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous extract of Tectaria cicutaria rhizome (TCRaq) in vitro as well as in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-inflammatory potential of TCRaq was analyzed in vivo in carrageenan induced rat paw edema model. Serum antioxidant status in TCRaq-treated as well as untreated control rodents was measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. In vitro experiments for analyzing the anti-inflammatory potential of TCRaq were performed on murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. Analysis of nitric oxide release in RAW 264.7 cells was done by Griess reaction. RT-PCR and western blotting experiment was performed to analyze the expression of iNOS. Expression of COX-2 and NFκB proteins was evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS TCRaq significantly reduced the paw volume in Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 200mg/kg body weight, which was comparable with the standard diclofenac treatment. The rats treated with TCRaq showed a significant increase in the serum antioxidant levels compared to the untreated control animals. TCRaq was able to reduce the nitric oxide (NO) levels in RAW 264.7 cells that had been stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in iNOS expression at mRNA and protein level. Interestingly, TCRaq was found to decrease the expression of COX-2 as well as the nuclear translocation of NFκB in RAW 264.7 cells. CONCLUSION Our study signifies the anti-inflammatory potential of Tectaria cicutaria and scientifically validates its traditional use in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Choudhari
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune-411043, Maharashtra, India
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15
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Li X, Peng F, Xie C, Wu W, Han X, Chen L. (E)-3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)prop-2-en-1-one ameliorates the collagen-arthritis via blocking ERK/JNK and NF-κB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:1125-33. [PMID: 24135236 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous report has shown a natural pyranochalcones-derived compound, (E)-3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (5b), that exerted protection against carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and adjuvant-induced arthritis. In this study, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model was used to further examine the anti-arthritic effects of 5b in vivo; the underlying molecular mechanisms of action were also investigated using a murine monocytic cell line, RAW264.7 cells. Here we showed that oral administration of 5b (20mg/kg) significantly suppressed the progression of arthritis. Improvement in disease severity was accompanied by inhibition of CD68-positive cells in knee joint and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum. In vitro, 5b suppressed expressions of iNOS, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β as well as productions of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages. This compound also significantly suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activation, including phosphorylation of I-κB, degradation of I-κB, and nuclear translocation of p65 and p50. Treatment with 5b also blocked LPS-induced expression of TLR4 remarkably, suppressed degradation of IRAKs and phosphorylations of JNK and ERK, but had little effect to p38 kinase activation. These findings indicated that 5b might be a therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis, and exerted an anti-inflammatory effect mainly through mediating TLR4, NF-κB and ERK/JNK signaling pathways in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Lehmann JS, Fouts DE, Haft DH, Cannella AP, Ricaldi JN, Brinkac L, Harkins D, Durkin S, Sanka R, Sutton G, Moreno A, Vinetz JM, Matthias MA. Pathogenomic inference of virulence-associated genes in Leptospira interrogans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2468. [PMID: 24098822 PMCID: PMC3789758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a globally important, neglected zoonotic infection caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Since genetic transformation remains technically limited for pathogenic Leptospira, a systems biology pathogenomic approach was used to infer leptospiral virulence genes by whole genome comparison of culture-attenuated Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai with its virulent, isogenic parent. Among the 11 pathogen-specific protein-coding genes in which non-synonymous mutations were found, a putative soluble adenylate cyclase with host cell cAMP-elevating activity, and two members of a previously unstudied ∼15 member paralogous gene family of unknown function were identified. This gene family was also uniquely found in the alpha-proteobacteria Bartonella bacilliformis and Bartonella australis that are geographically restricted to the Andes and Australia, respectively. How the pathogenic Leptospira and these two Bartonella species came to share this expanded gene family remains an evolutionary mystery. In vivo expression analyses demonstrated up-regulation of 10/11 Leptospira genes identified in the attenuation screen, and profound in vivo, tissue-specific up-regulation by members of the paralogous gene family, suggesting a direct role in virulence and host-pathogen interactions. The pathogenomic experimental design here is generalizable as a functional systems biology approach to studying bacterial pathogenesis and virulence and should encourage similar experimental studies of other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Lehmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Murata T, Kohno S, Ito C, Itoigawa M, Sugiura A, Hikita K, Kaneda N. Inhibitory effect of carbazolequinone derivatives on lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ-induced nitric oxide production in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1204-13. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to examine the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of our synthesized carbazolequinone derivatives on nitric oxide (NO) production in activated macrophages.
Methods
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with carbazolequinone derivatives. The NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in cell culture supernatants fractions were measured by Greiss and ELISA assay, respectively. The expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was assessed by the real-time RT-PCR method. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation was detected by an NF-κB-dependent luciferase reporter assay.
Key findings
Our synthesized carbazolequinone derivatives (7-methoxy-2-methylcarbazole-1,4-quinone, 6-methoxy-2-methylcarbazole-1,4-quinone and 6-chloro-2-methylcarbazole-1,4-quinone) significantly inhibited LPS/IFN-γ-induced NO production and iNOS expression in RAW264.7 cells. They also inhibited the LPS/IFN-γ-mediated induction of COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. In addition, the LPS/IFN-γ-induced transcription activity of NF-κB was attenuated. Using the RAW264.7-tsAM5NE co-culture system, we found that these carbazolequinone derivatives protected neuronally differentiated tsAM5NE cells from NO-induced cell death by inhibiting the production of NO.
Conclusions
These results suggest that the three carbazolequinone derivatives inhibit LPS/IFN-γ-induced NO production via iNOS and COX-2 downregulation due to NF-κB inhibition. Therefore, these three carbazolequinone derivatives may be useful for developing a new drug against NO-mediated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiyasu Murata
- Department of Analytical Neurobiology, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Susumu Kohno
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ito
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masataka Itoigawa
- School of Sport and Health Science, Tokai Gakuen University, Tempaku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sugiura
- Department of Analytical Neurobiology, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Hikita
- Department of Analytical Neurobiology, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Kaneda
- Department of Analytical Neurobiology, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya, Japan
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18
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What is behind the non-antibiotic properties of minocycline? Pharmacol Res 2012; 67:18-30. [PMID: 23085382 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Minocycline is a second-generation, semi-synthetic tetracycline that has been in use in therapy for over 30 years for its antibiotic properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It displays antibiotic activity due to its ability to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria and thus inhibit protein synthesis. More recently, it has been described to exert a variety of biological actions beyond its antimicrobial activity, including anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, inhibition of proteolysis, as well as suppression of angiogenesis and tumor metastasis, which have been confirmed in different experimental models of non-infectious diseases. There are also many studies that have focused on the mechanisms involved in these non-antibiotic properties of minocycline, including anti-oxidant activity, inhibition of several enzyme activities, inhibition of apoptosis and regulation of immune cell activation and proliferation. This review summarizes the current findings in this topic, mainly focusing on the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of minocycline.
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Jang HJ, Kim YM, Tsoyi K, Park EJ, Lee YS, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Joe Y, Chung HT, Chang KC. Ethyl pyruvate induces heme oxygenase-1 through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by depletion of glutathione in RAW 264.7 cells and improves survival in septic animals. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:878-89. [PMID: 22369644 PMCID: PMC3392619 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the molecular mechanism by which ethyl pyruvate (EP) induces heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in RAW 264.7 cells and its effect on survival rate in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced wild-type (WT) and HO-1 knockout (HO-1(-/-)) septic mice. RESULTS EP induced HO-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was mediated through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling cascade in RAW 264.7 cells. EP significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release in RAW 264.7 cells. The inhibitory effect of EP on LPS-stimulated iNOS expression and HMGB1 release was reversed by transfection with siHO-1RNA in RAW 264.7 cells, but EP failed to reduce them in HO-1(-/-) peritoneal macrophages treated with LPS. Moreover, treatment of cells with glutathione ethyl ester (GSH-Et), SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), siHO-1, or p38-siRNA transfection inhibited anti-inflammatory effect of EP. Interestingly, both HO-1 induction and phosphorylation of p38 by EP were reversed by GSH-Et, and antioxidant redox element-luciferase activity by EP was reversed by SB203580 in LPS-activated cells. EP increased survival and decreased serum HMGB1 in CLP-WT mice, whereas it did not increase survival or decrease circulating HMGB1 in HO-1(-/-) CLP-mice. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Our work provides new insights into the understanding the molecular mechanism by showing that EP induces HO-1 through a p38 MAPK- and NRF2-dependent pathway by decreasing GSH cellular levels. We conclude that EP inhibits proinflammatory response to LPS in macrophages and increases survival in CLP-induced septic mice by upregulation of HO-1 level, in which p38 MAPK and Nrf2 play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jin Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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Tunctan B, Sari AN, Kacan M, Unsal D, Buharalioglu CK, Sahan-Firat S, Korkmaz B, Falck JR, Malik KU. NS-398 reverses hypotension in endotoxemic rats: contribution of eicosanoids, NO, and peroxynitrite. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 104-105:93-108. [PMID: 22975359 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that inhibition of vasodilator prostanoids, PGI2 and PGE2, and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, NS-398, restores blood pressure as a result of increased systemic and renal levels of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in endotoxemic rats. The aim of this study was to further investigate the effects of NS-398 on the changes in expression and/or activity of COX-2, cytochrome P450 4A1 (CYP4A1), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and peroxynitrite formation in serum, renal, cardiac, and/or vascular tissues of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats. LPS (10mg/kg, i.p.)-induced decrease in blood pressure was associated with increased protein levels of COX-2, iNOS, and nitrotyrosine in kidney, heart, thoracic aorta, and superior mesenteric artery. The activities of COX-2 and iNOS as well as levels of PGI2, PGE2, and nitrotyrosine were also increased in the systemic circulation and renal, cardiac, and vascular tissues of LPS-treated rats. In contrast, renal, cardiac, and vascular CYP4A1 protein expression as well as systemic and tissue levels of 20-HETE were decreased in endotoxemic rats. These effects of LPS, except COX-2 protein expression, were prevented by NS-398 (10 mg/kg, i.p.), given 1h after injection of LPS. These data suggest that COX-2-derived vasodilator prostanoids, PGI2 and PGE2, produced during endotoxemia increase iNOS protein expression and activity as well as peroxynitrite formation resulting in decreased CYP4A1 protein expression and 20-HETE synthesis. Taken together, we concluded that an increase in 20-HETE levels associated with a decrease in the production of vasodilator prostanoids and NO participates in the effect of NS-398 to prevent hypotension in the rat model of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Tunctan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
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Borner T, Pinkernell S, Lutz TA, Riediger T. Lipopolysaccharide inhibits ghrelin-excited neurons of the arcuate nucleus and reduces food intake via central nitric oxide signaling. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:867-79. [PMID: 22465682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces anorexia and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc). Peripheral administration of the iNOS inhibitor 1400 W counteracts the anorectic effects of LPS. Here we investigated the role of central NO signaling in LPS anorexia. In electrophysiological studies we tested whether 1400 W counteracts the iNOS-dependent inhibition of Arc neurons triggered by in vivo or in vitro stimulation with LPS. We used the hormone ghrelin as a functional reference stimulus because ghrelin is known to activate orexigenic Arc neurons. Further, we investigated whether in vitro LPS stimulation induces an iNOS-mediated formation of the second messenger cGMP. Since the STAT1 pathway contributes to the regulation of iNOS expression we investigated whether LPS treatment induces STAT1 phosphorylation in the Arc. Finally we tested the effect of intracerebroventricular injection of 1400 W on LPS-induced anorexia. Superfusion with 1400 W (10(-4) M) increased neuronal activity in 37% of neurons in Arc slices from LPS treated (100 μg/kg ip) but not from saline treated rats. Similarly, 1400 W excited 45% of Arc neurons after in vitro stimulation with LPS (100 ng/ml). In both approaches, a considerable percentage of 1400 W sensitive neurons were excited by ghrelin (10(-8)M; 50% and 75%, respectively). In vitro stimulation with LPS induced cGMP formation in the Arc, which was blocked by co-incubation with 1400 W. LPS treatment elicited a pSTAT1 response in the Arc of mice. Central 1400 W injection (4 μg/rat) attenuated LPS-induced anorexia and counteracted the LPS-dependent decrease in respiratory quotient and energy expenditure. In conclusion, the current findings substantiate a role of central iNOS dependent NO formation in LPS-induced effects on eating and energy homeostasis. A pharmacological blockade of NO formation might be a therapeutic approach to ameliorate disease-related anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Borner
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Centre of Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hwang TL, Tang MC, Kuo LM, Chang WD, Chung PJ, Chang YW, Fang YC. YC-1 potentiates cAMP-induced CREB activation and nitric oxide production in alveolar macrophages. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 260:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Prostaglandin E2 restrains macrophage maturation via E prostanoid receptor 2/protein kinase A signaling. Blood 2012; 119:2358-67. [PMID: 22234697 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-08-374207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is a lipid mediator that acts by ligating 4 distinct G protein-coupled receptors, E prostanoid (EP) 1 to 4. Previous studies identified the importance of PGE(2) in regulating macrophage functions, but little is known about its effect on macrophage maturation. Macrophage maturation was studied in vitro in bone marrow cell cultures, and in vivo in a model of peritonitis. EP2 was the most abundant PGE(2) receptor expressed by bone marrow cells, and its expression further increased during macrophage maturation. EP2-deficient (EP2(-/-)) macrophages exhibited enhanced in vitro maturation compared with wild-type cells, as evidenced by higher F4/80 expression. An EP2 antagonist also increased maturation. In the peritonitis model, EP2(-/-) mice exhibited a higher percentage of F4/80(high)/CD11b(high) cells and greater expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) in both the blood and the peritoneal cavity. Subcutaneous injection of the PGE(2) analog misoprostol decreased M-CSFR expression in bone marrow cells and reduced the number of peritoneal macrophages in wild-type mice but not EP2(-/-) mice. The suppressive effect of EP2 ligation on in vitro macrophage maturation was mimicked by a selective protein kinase A agonist. Our findings reveal a novel role for PGE(2)/EP2/protein kinase A signaling in the suppression of macrophage maturation.
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Gerlo S, Kooijman R, Beck IM, Kolmus K, Spooren A, Haegeman G. Cyclic AMP: a selective modulator of NF-κB action. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3823-41. [PMID: 21744067 PMCID: PMC11114830 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for several decades that cyclic AMP (cAMP), a prototypical second messenger, transducing the action of a variety of G-protein-coupled receptor ligands, has potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory actions. These actions have been attributed in part to the ability of cAMP-induced signals to interfere with the function of the proinflammatory transcription factor Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-κB). NF-κB plays a crucial role in switching on the gene expression of a plethora of inflammatory and immune mediators, and as such is one of the master regulators of the immune response and a key target for anti-inflammatory drug design. A number of fundamental molecular mechanisms, contributing to the overall inhibitory actions of cAMP on NF-κB function, are well established. Paradoxically, recent reports indicate that cAMP, via its main effector, the protein kinase A (PKA), also promotes NF-κB activity. Indeed, cAMP actions appear to be highly cell type- and context-dependent. Importantly, several novel players in the cAMP/NF-κB connection, which selectively direct cAMP action, have been recently identified. These findings not only open up exciting new research avenues but also reveal novel opportunities for the design of more selective, NF-κB-targeting, anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gerlo
- VIB Department of Medical Protein Research, Ghent University (UGent), Albert Baertsoenkaai, Belgium.
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25
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Rim HK, Kim KY, Ryu JG, Song YH, Kim HH, Han JH, Jeong HJ, Kim HM. Alcohol-fermented soybean increases the expression of receptor-interacting protein 2 and IκB kinase β in mouse peritoneal macrophages. J Med Food 2011; 14:1181-9. [PMID: 21895414 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a useful component of traditional Korean medicine with well-documented health-promoting effects. We investigated the effects of alcohol-fermented soybean (AFS) on immune function. When AFS treatment was used in combination with recombinant interferon-γ (rIFN-γ), there was a marked cooperative induction of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in mouse peritoneal macrophages. AFS increased the expression of inducible NO synthase mRNA and protein in rIFN-γ-primed macrophages. Treating macrophages with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), decreased the synergistic effects of AFS. In addition, AFS in combination with rIFN-γ increased the phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase. However, AFS had no effect on phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by itself. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 or the JNK inhibitor SP600125 inhibited the AFS-induced NO and TNF-α production. When AFS was used in combination with rIFN-γ, there was a co-operative activation of NF-κB and receptor-interacting protein 2 (Rip2)/IκB kinase (IKK)-β. Our results indicate that AFS increases the production of NO and TNF-α through the activation of Rip2/IKK-β in rIFN-γ-primed macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Kun Rim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
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26
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Bakhteeva VT, Fedotov TM, Nikolaeva SD, Lavrova EA, Fok EM, Parnova RG. Regulatory interconnections of cyclooxygenase and inducible NO-Synthase in urinary bladder epithelial cells of the frog Rana temporaria under effect of bacterial stimuli. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209301101004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kim SH, Serezani CH, Okunishi K, Zaslona Z, Aronoff DM, Peters-Golden M. Distinct protein kinase A anchoring proteins direct prostaglandin E2 modulation of Toll-like receptor signaling in alveolar macrophages. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8875-83. [PMID: 21247892 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.187815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) direct a proinflammatory program in macrophages. One mediator whose generation is induced by TLR ligation is prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), which is well known to increase intracellular cAMP upon G protein-coupled receptor ligation. How PGE(2)/cAMP shapes the nascent TLR response and the mechanisms by which it acts remain poorly understood. Here we explored PGE(2)/cAMP regulation of NO production in primary rat alveolar macrophages stimulated with the TLR4 ligand LPS. Endogenous PGE(2) synthesis accounted for nearly half of the increment in NO production in response to LPS. The enhancing effect of PGE(2) on LPS-stimulated NO was mediated via cAMP, generated mainly upon ligation of the E prostanoid 2 receptor and acting via protein kinase A (PKA) rather than via the exchange protein activated by cAMP. Isoenzyme-selective cAMP agonists and peptide disruptors of protein kinase A anchoring proteins (AKAPs) implicated PKA regulatory subunit type I (RI) interacting with an AKAP in this process. Gene knockdown of potential RI-interacting AKAPs expressed in alveolar macrophages revealed that AKAP10 was required for PGE(2) potentiation of LPS-induced NO synthesis. AKAP10 also mediated PGE(2) potentiation of the expression of cytokines IL-10 and IL-6, whereas PGE(2) suppression of TNF-α was mediated by AKAP8-anchored PKA-RII. Our data illustrate the pleiotropic manner in which G protein-coupled receptor-derived cAMP signaling can influence TLR responses in primary macrophages and suggest that AKAP10 may coordinate increases in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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28
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Methyl galbanate, a novel inhibitor of nitric oxide production in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. J Nat Med 2011; 65:353-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-010-0505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang T, Feng Q. Nitric oxide and calcium signaling regulate myocardial tumor necrosis factor-α expression and cardiac function in sepsis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:92-104. [PMID: 20237583 DOI: 10.1139/y09-097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a proinflammatory cytokine, is a critical inducer of myocardial dysfunction in sepsis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the mechanisms through which TNF-alpha production is regulated in cardiomyocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a key pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in sepsis. These mechanisms include Nox2-containing NAD(P)H oxidase, phospholipase C (PLC)gamma1, and Ca2+ signaling pathways. Activation of these pathways increases TNF-alpha expression via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Conversely, activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) negatively regulates TNF-alpha production through inhibition of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activity. Interestingly, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) promotes TNF-alpha expression by enhancing p38 MAPK activation, whereas neuronal NOS (nNOS) inhibits TNF-alpha production by reducing Ca2+-dependent ERK1/2 activity. Therefore, the JNK1 and nNOS inhibitory pathways represent a "brake" that limits myocardial TNF-alpha expression in sepsis. Further understanding of these signal transduction mechanisms may lead to novel pharmacological therapies in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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30
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Allon N, Chapman S, Shalem Y, Brandeis R, Weissman BA, Amir A. Lipopolysaccharide induced protection against sulfur mustard cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 cells through generation of TNF-alpha. J Toxicol Sci 2010; 35:345-55. [PMID: 20519843 DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (HD), a very potent alkylating agent and lipopolysacchride (LPS), are both well characterized inflammatory factors. We have found that concomitant exposure of murine macrophage cells (RAW264.7) to LPS and HD induced protection against HD induced cytotoxicity. Both HD and LPS induce release of inflammatory markers in RAW264.7 cells. However, there are marked differences in the repertoire of inflammatory factors released by the two toxins: While exposure to HD, induced a dose-dependant death of these cells, no significant change in survival rate was observed following LPS (1-100 ng/ml) exposure. Additionally, LPS elicited a robust nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-alpha secretion whereas HD was practically ineffective. Both toxins increased PGE(2) secretion in a concentration dependent manner. Treatment of HD-exposed RAW264.7 cells with anti-inflammatory drugs such as dexamethazone (5 muM), voltaren (diclofenac) (8 muM) or doxycycline (5 muM), decreased the release of cytokines but had no effect on cell viability. Simultaneous application of LPS (100 ng/ml) and HD (20-100 muM) resulted in an amelioration of HD cytotoxicity. Adding the NO generator S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) or inhibiting NO production using L-N(G)-monomethyl Arginine, had no effect on cell viability. Moreover, addition of PGE(2) (20 ng/ml) failed to induce any changes in cell viability under basal or HD-induced toxicity. In contrast, TNF-alpha (20 ng/ml) provided remarkable protection against HD-induced cell death. These findings strongly suggest that LPS exerts its protective action against HD toxicity through the generation of TNF-alpha and may provide better understanding of the mechanism of cytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahum Allon
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel. nahuma@iibr,gov.il
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31
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Rajanbabu V, Pan CY, Lee SC, Lin WJ, Lin CC, Li CL, Chen JY. Tilapia hepcidin 2-3 peptide modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokines and inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha through cyclooxygenase-2 and phosphodiesterase 4D. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:30577-86. [PMID: 20675368 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.137935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide, tilapia hepcidin (TH) 2-3, belongs to the hepcidin family, and its antibacterial function has been reported. Here, we examined the TH2-3-mediated regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophages. The presence of TH2-3 in LPS-stimulated cells reduced the amount of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion. From a microarray, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and cytokine array studies, we showed down-regulation of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and the prostaglandin synthesis gene, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, by TH2-3. Studies with the COX-2-specific inhibitor, melaxicam, and with COX-2-overexpressing cells demonstrated the positive regulation of TNF-α and negative regulation of cAMP degradation-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4D by COX-2. In LPS-stimulated cells, TH2-3 acts like melaxicam and down-regulates COX-2 and up-regulates PDE4D. The reduction in intracellular cAMP by TH2-3 or melaxicam in LPS-stimulated cells supports the negative regulation of PDE4D by COX-2 and TH2-3. This demonstrates that the inhibition of COX-2 is among the mechanisms through which TH2-3 controls TNF-α release. At 1 h after treatment, the presence of TH2-3 in LPS-stimulated cells had suppressed the induction of pERK1/2 and prevented the LPS-stimulated nuclear accumulation of NF-κB family proteins of p65, NF-κB2, and c-Rel. In conclusion, TH2-3 inhibits TNF-α and other proinflammatory cytokines through COX-2-, PDE4D-, and pERK1/2-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Rajanbabu
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 262 Jiaushi, Taiwan
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32
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Gutiérrez-Venegas G, Bando-Campos CG. The flavonoids luteolin and quercetagetin inhibit lipoteichoic acid actions on H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1003-9. [PMID: 20685402 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dental focal infections are infections in the mouth that cause subsequent infection and symptoms in other parts of the body. Dental conditions such as periodontitis have been associated with coronary heart disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of flavonoids on activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members, protein kinase B (AKT), and IL-1 beta expression by rat heart embryonic (H9c2) cells upon stimulation with LTA. Pretreatment with four flavonoids, including quercetin, genistein, quercetagetin, and luteolin diminished LTA-induced ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and AKT phosphorylation and IL-1 beta gene expression. Our findings indicate that flavonoids interfere with LTA signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Gutiérrez-Venegas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
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33
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Fang EF, Lin P, Wong JH, Tsao SW, Ng TB. A lectin with anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, antitumor, and nitric oxide inducing activities from seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. extralong autumn purple bean. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:2221-9. [PMID: 20095617 DOI: 10.1021/jf903964u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lectins/hemagglutinins are a class of sugar-binding proteins which agglutinate cells and/or precipitate glycoconjugates. They occur widely in plants but manifest significant differences in activities, which means only a few of them own exploitable potentials. The objective of this study was to find and characterize a multifunctional plant lectin with high potential values in food chemistry and medicine. A 60-kDa lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Extralong Autumn Purple Bean (EAPL) was purified by liquid chromatography, and the sequence of its first 20 N-terminal amino acids was ANEIYFSFQRFNETNLILQR. It was galactose-specific and manifested hemagglutinating activity toward erythrocytes of rabbit, rat, mouse, and human ABO blood types. EAPL manifested anti-HIV-1-RT activity, and it could inhibit the proliferation of human tumor cells by inducing the production of apoptotic bodies. The nitric oxide-inducing activity of EAPL may find application in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Fei Fang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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34
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Tsia PL, Hu MK. Free radical scavenging and antioxidative activity of melatonin derivatives. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 55:1655-60. [PMID: 14738592 DOI: 10.1211/0022357022250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis and antioxidative properties of melatonin derivatives. Tryptamines and cysteinyl or mercaptopropionyl derivatives were deliberately condensed with coupling reagents to give melatonin derivatives 4a–d and 5a, b. The preliminary evaluation indicated that compound 4c showed improved scavenging activity compared with vitamin C (IC50 43 μm vs 65 μm, where IC50 is the concentration of the test compound that induced a change of 50% in absorbance during the 30 min observation) on diphenyl-p-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) tests. Derivative 5b, which possesses the thiolactyl moiety, showed moderate potency compared with melatonin (IC50 235 μm vs 690 μm) in the H2O2 scavenging test. Intriguingly, 4c displayed 2-fold more potency than melatonin (IC50 51 μm vs 125 μm) in scavenging NO in the macrophage model. These results suggested that the cysteinyl-conjugated derivative 4c may be a suitable lead to further optimize potent antioxidants for certain oxidative stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pen-Lin Tsia
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, 161 Minchuan East Road, Section 6, Taipei 114, Taiwan
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35
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Yoshida LS, Kawada T, Irie K, Yuda Y, Himi T, Ikemoto F, Takano-Ohmuro H. Shikonin Directly Inhibits Nitric Oxide Synthases: Possible Targets That Affect Thoracic Aorta Relaxation Response and Nitric Oxide Release From RAW 264.7 Macrophages. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 112:343-51. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09340fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Sosroseno W, Bird PS, Seymour GJ. Nitric oxide production by a human osteoblast cell line stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:50-5. [PMID: 19121070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Human osteoblasts induced by inflammatory stimuli express an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide stimulates the production of nitric oxide (NO) by a human osteoblast-like cell line (HOS cells). METHODS Cells were stimulated directly with A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide or pretreated with the following l-NIL (an iNOS inhibitor), anti-CD14, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), or TLR4 antibody before stimulation with A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide. The role of the cyclic nucleotides was assessed by pretreating the cells with the following; ODQ (a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor); SQ22536 (an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor); db-cAMP (a cyclic adenosine monophosphate analog); br-cGMP (a cyclic guanosine monophosphate analog); forskolin (an adenylyl cyclase activator), IBMX [a non-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor], or KT5720 [a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor]. The cells were also preincubated with genistein [a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor], bisindolylmaleimide [a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor], BPB [a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor], and NDGA (a lipoxygenase inhibitor). The iNOS activity and nitrite production in the cell cultures were determined spectrophotometrically. RESULTS The results showed that A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide stimulated both iNOS activity and nitrite production by HOS cells; this was reduced by l-NIL, anti-CD14, or anti-TLR4 antibody, SQ22536, KT5720, genistein, bisindolylmaleimde, BPB, and NDGA, but was enhanced by db-cAMP, IBMX, and forskolin. CONCLUSION These results therefore suggest that A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide may induce the production of NO by HOS cells via a CD14-TLR4 molecule complex, a cAMP-PKA pathway, as well as by a PTK, PKC, PLA2, and lipoxygenase-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sosroseno
- School of Dentistry, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia.
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Singh J, Khan M, Singh I. Silencing of Abcd1 and Abcd2 genes sensitizes astrocytes for inflammation: implication for X-adrenoleukodystrophy. J Lipid Res 2008; 50:135-47. [PMID: 18723473 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800321-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a metabolic disorder arising from a mutation/deletion in the ABCD1 gene, leading to a defect in the peroxisomal adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP), which inhibits the oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Thus, these VLCFAs accumulate. In a cerebral form of ALD (cALD), VLCFA accumulation induces neuroinflammation that leads to loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin, which ultimately shortens the lifespan. To establish a relationship between the metabolic disease and inflammatory disease induction, we document that small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of Abcd1 (ALDP) and Abcd2 [adrenoleukodystrophy-related protein (ALDRP)] genes in mice primary astrocyte cultures resulted in accumulation of VLCFA and induction of an inflammatory response characteristic of human cALD. Correction of the metabolic defect using monoenoic FAs in Abcd1/Abcd2-silenced cultured astrocytes decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase and inflammatory cytokine expression, suggesting a link between VLCFA accumulation and inflammation. The inflammatory response was found to be mediated by transcription factors NF-kappaB, AP-1, and C/EBP in Abcd1/Abcd2-silenced mouse primary astrocytes. Although mechanisms of VLCFA-mediated induction of the inflammatory response have been investigated here in vitro, the in vivo mediators remain elusive. Our data represent the first study to suggest a direct link between the accumulation of VLCFA and the induction of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Serezani CH, Ballinger MN, Aronoff DM, Peters-Golden M. Cyclic AMP: master regulator of innate immune cell function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:127-32. [PMID: 18323530 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0091tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was the original "second messenger" to be discovered. Its formation is promoted by adenylyl cyclase activation after ligation of G protein-coupled receptors by ligands including hormones, autocoids, prostaglandins, and pharmacologic agents. Increases in intracellular cAMP generally suppress innate immune functions, including inflammatory mediator generation and the phagocytosis and killing of microbes. The importance of the host cAMP axis in regulating antimicrobial defense is underscored by the fact that microbes have evolved virulence-enhancing strategies that exploit it. Many clinical situations that predispose to infection are associated with increases in cAMP, and therapeutic strategies to interrupt cAMP generation or actions have immunostimulatory potential. This article reviews the anatomy of the cAMP axis, the mechanisms by which it controls phagocyte immune function, microbial strategies to dysregulate it, and its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Serezani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health, System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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39
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Kanayama M, Yamaguchi S, Shibata T, Shibata N, Kobayashi M, Nagai R, Arai H, Takahashi K, Uchida K. Identification of a serum component that regulates cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in cooperation with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:24166-74. [PMID: 17581812 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703212200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a disorder of lipid metabolism as well as a chronic inflammatory disease. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible isoform responsible for high levels of prostaglandin production during inflammation and immune responses, mediates a variety of biological actions involved in vascular pathophysiology. We have previously shown that COX-2 gene expression is dramatically induced by a lipid-derived endogenous electrophile, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) (Kumagai, T., Matsukawa, N., Kaneko, Y., Kusumi, Y., Mitsumata, M., and Uchida, K. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 48389-48396). In the present study, based on the finding that HNE induced COX-2 expression only in the serum-containing media, we characterized a serum component essential for the HNE-induced COX-2 induction and found that low density lipoprotein (LDL) that had been denatured by freeze-thawing or oxidized LDL might be involved in the COX-2 induction. Moreover, we characterized the cellular events triggered by the combined stimulus of HNE and oxidized LDL and established that COX-2 induction is regulated by two sets of signaling mechanisms, one for the up-regulation of the scavenger receptor CD36 by HNE and one for the CD36-mediated COX induction by oxidized LDL. These findings represent a demonstration of a link between lipoprotein modification and activation of the inflammatory potential of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Kanayama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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40
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Kang YJ, Wingerd BA, Arakawa T, Smith WL. Cyclooxygenase-2 gene transcription in a macrophage model of inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8111-22. [PMID: 17114486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.8111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections involving LPS-bearing, Gram-negative bacteria can lead to acute inflammation and septic shock. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective COX-2 inhibitors, is importantly involved in these responses. We examined the dynamics of COX-2 gene expression in RAW264.7 murine macrophages treated with LPS as a model for COX-2 gene expression during inflammation. We established, using Northern blotting, nuclear run-on assays, and RT-PCR, that COX-2 transcriptional activation continues for at least 12 h after LPS treatment and involves at least three phases. Previous studies with murine macrophages identified an NF-kappaB site, a C/EBP site, and a cAMP response element-1 (CRE-1) as cis-acting elements in the COX-2 promoter. We identified three additional functional elements including a second CRE (CRE-2), an AP-1 site, and an E-box that overlaps CRE-1. The E-box mediates transcriptional repression whereas the other cis-elements are activating. Using electrophoretic mobility supershift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we cataloged binding to each functional cis element and found them occupied to varying extents and by different transcription factors during the 12 h following LPS treatment. This suggests that the cis elements and their cognate transcription factors participate in a sequential, coordinated regulation of COX-2 gene expression during an inflammatory response. In support of this concept, we found, using inhibitors of Jun kinase and NF-kappaB p50 nuclear localization, that COX-2 gene transcription was completely dependent on phospho-c-Jun plus p50 at 6 h after LPS treatment but was only partially dependent on the combination of these factors at later treatment times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Joo Kang
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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41
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Saja K, Chatterjee U, Chatterjee BP, Sudhakaran PR. Activation dependent expression of MMPs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells involves protein kinase A. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 296:185-92. [PMID: 17043752 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte/Macrophages are integral cellular components of inflammation. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) produced by these cells play a crucial role in every aspect of inflammation. Results of the investigations on activation dependent upregulation of MMPs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in culture using different lectins as an in vitro model system to mimic inflammatory monocytes are presented. Under normal physiological conditions the monocytes produced only very low amount of MMPs in an indomethacin insensitive PG/cAMP independent manner. Zymographic analysis and ELISA showed that treatment of monocyte with lectins like concanavalin A (ConA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Artocarpus lakoocha agglutinin (ALA) caused upregulation of MMPs and the maximum effect was produced by ALA. ALA significantly upregulated MMP-9 in a concentration and time dependent manner. Immunoblot analysis and RT-PCR confirmed ALA mediated upregulation of MMP-9 production. Inhibition of ALA effect by indomethacin and reversal of the indomethacin effect by Bt(2)cAMP indicated involvement of cAMP dependent signaling pathway. Further support for the prostaglandin mediated effect was obtained by the upregulation of cyclooxygenase by ALA. H-89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA), inhibited the expression of MMP-9 indicating that ALA mediated upregulation of MMP-9 is mediated through PKA pathway. Increase in MMP production and increase in cyclooxygenase activity and inhibition of the effect of ALA on MMP production by indomethacin suggested that the ALA activated monocytes in culture can be used as an in vitro model system to study the intracellular signaling process involved in the mediation of inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saja
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 581, Kerala, India
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Mukhopadhyay S, Das S, Williams EA, Moore D, Jones JD, Zahm DS, Ndengele MM, Lechner AJ, Howlett AC. Lipopolysaccharide and cyclic AMP regulation of CB(2) cannabinoid receptor levels in rat brain and mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 181:82-92. [PMID: 17045344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CB(2) cannabinoid receptors exist in immune cells including macrophages. Affinity-purified antibodies against the CB(2) receptor identified a 45 kDa protein in rat brain, human tonsil and rat and mouse microglia, but not mouse N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells. Intracerebroventricular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased immunoreactive CB(2) receptors in brain membranes detected by Western blot. LPS increased immunodetectable CB(2) receptors in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages, and this was partially attenuated by cyclohexamide or the protein kinase A and C inhibitors H8 and bis-indolylmaleimide. Forskolin or dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased CB(2) receptor immunoreactivity, suggesting the involvement of the cyclic AMP-protein kinase A-Cyclic AMP response element pathway in the regulation of CB(2) receptor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Mukhopadhyay
- Neuroscience of Drug Abuse Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
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43
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Zanata SM, Luvizon AC, Batista DF, Ikegami CM, Pedrosa FO, Souza EM, Chaves DFS, Caron LF, Pelizzari JV, Laurindo FRM, Nakao LS. High levels of active quiescin Q6 sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) are selectively present in fetal serum. Redox Rep 2006; 10:319-23. [PMID: 16438804 DOI: 10.1179/135100005x83699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The participation of thiol-oxidoreductases such as thioredoxin during implantation, embryogenesis and fetal development has been extensively studied. Here, we analyzed the expression of the thioredoxin superfamily enzyme quiescin Q6/sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) during development. Results show that QSOX is present in fetal bovine serum (4 months' gestation), but its levels decrease with time after birth (from P1 to P60). We also demonstrate that a sulfhydryl oxidase activity correlates with QSOX expression in such sera, suggesting a putative role in the redox modulation of developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Zanata
- Department of Basic Pathology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Chen BC, Liao CC, Hsu MJ, Liao YT, Lin CC, Sheu JR, Lin CH. Peptidoglycan-induced IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 macrophages is mediated by cyclooxygenase-2, PGE2/PGE4 receptors, protein kinase A, I kappa B kinase, and NF-kappa B. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:681-93. [PMID: 16785567 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the signaling pathway involved in IL-6 production caused by peptidoglycan (PGN), a cell wall component of the Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, in RAW 264.7 macrophages. PGN caused concentration- and time-dependent increases in IL-6, PGE(2), and cAMP production. PGN-mediated IL-6 production was inhibited by a nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor (indomethacin), a selective COX-2 inhibitor (NS398), a PGE(2) (EP2) antagonist (AH6809), a PGE(4) (EP4) antagonist (AH23848), and a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor (KT5720), but not by a nonselective NO synthase inhibitor (N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester). Furthermore, PGE(2), an EP2 agonist (butaprost), an EP2/PGE(3) (EP3)/EP4 agonist (misoprostol), and misoprostol in the presence of AH6809 all induced IL-6 production, whereas an EP1/EP3 agonist (sulprostone) did not. PGN caused time-dependent activations of IkappaB kinase alphabeta (IKKdbeta) and p65 phosphorylation at Ser(276), and these effects were inhibited by NS398 and KT5720. Both PGE(2) and 8-bromo-cAMP also caused IKKdbeta kinase alphabeta phosphorylation. PGN resulted in two waves of the formation of NF-kappaB-specific DNA-protein complexes. The first wave of NF-kappaB activation occurred at 10-60 min of treatment, whereas the later wave occurred at 2-12 h of treatment. The PGN-induced increase in kappaB luciferase activity was inhibited by NS398, AH6809, AH23848, KT5720, a protein kinase C inhibitor (Ro31-8220), and a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580). These results suggest that PGN-induced IL-6 production involves COX-2-generated PGE(2), activation of the EP2 and EP4 receptors, cAMP formation, and the activation of PKA, protein kinase C, p38 MAPK, IKKdbeta, kinase alphabeta, p65 phosphorylation, and NF-kappaB. However, PGN-induced NO release is not involved in the signaling pathway of PGN-induced IL-6 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Chang Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Technology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Kondomerkos DJ, Kalamidas SA, Kotoulas OB. Effects of cyclic AMP-elevating hormones and autacoids on LPS-activated rat peritoneal, bronchoalveolar and hepatic (Kupffer) macrophages. Cell Biochem Funct 2006; 24:245-56. [PMID: 15655807 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal, bronchoalveolar and hepatic (Kupffer) macrophages activated in vitro by endotoxin, exhibit alterations in nitric oxide production when certain hormones or other biologically active agents (autacoids) are present in the culture medium. They also show changes in acid beta-glucuronidase activities and morphological changes concerning cell size and general appearance. Agents known to elevate the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP, e.g. adrenalin, prostaglandin E2 and dopamine, increase the nitric oxide production in all three types of macrophage. The addition of H-89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A, abolishes the increase in nitric oxide production. Adrenalin also increases the extracellular activity of beta-glucuronidase. The results of this work suggest that cyclic AMP-elevating hormones and autacoids affect the functions of endotoxin-activated macrophages, such as the production of nitric oxide and the activity of acid beta-glucuronidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios J Kondomerkos
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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Cytryńska M, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Jakubowicz T. Studies on the role of protein kinase A in humoral immune response of Galleria mellonella larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 52:744-53. [PMID: 16730743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) activity was detected in the fat body of Galleria mellonella larvae by a non-radioactive method using a specific peptide substrate-kemptide. The enzyme activity was stimulated by cAMP and its analogues: BzcMP, 8-Chl-cAMP and 8-Br-cAMP in concentrations of 1-4muM. Cyclic GMP was not effective in PKA activation. A two-fold increase in PKA activity was detected in the fat body of G. mellonella LPS-challenged larvae. Selective, membrane-permeable PKA inhibitors, H89 and Rp-8-Br-cAMPS, inhibited protein kinase A activity in the fat body of G. mellonella larvae in vitro and in vivo. The inhibition of PKA activity in vivo was correlated with a considerable lowering of haemolymph antibacterial activity and a decrease in lysozyme content in the fat body of immune challenged larvae. The use of phospho-motif antibodies recognising PKA phosphorylation consensus site allowed identification of four potential PKA phosphorylation substrates of 79, 45, 40 and 36kDa in G. mellonella fat body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Invertebrate Immunology, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Bagley KC, Abdelwahab SF, Tuskan RG, Lewis GK. Cholera toxin indirectly activates human monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro through the production of soluble factors, including prostaglandin E(2) and nitric oxide. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:106-15. [PMID: 16426007 PMCID: PMC1356627 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.13.1.106-115.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) is a potent adjuvant that activates dendritic cells (DC) by increasing intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. In vivo and in vitro, very small amounts of CT induce potent adjuvant effects and activate DC. We hypothesized that DC intoxicated by CT may release factors that enhance their own maturation and induce the maturation of toxin-free bystander DC. Through the use of mixed cultures and transwell cultures, we found that human monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) pulsed with CT or other cAMP-elevating agonists induce the maturation of bystander DC. Many DC agonists including CT increase the production of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and nitric oxide (NO). For this reason, we determined whether the actions of PGE(2) or NO are involved in the maturation of MDDC induced by CT or dibutyryl-cAMP (d-cAMP). We found that blocking the production of PGE(2) or blocking prostaglandin receptors inhibited MDDC maturation induced by CT and d-cAMP. Likewise, sequestering NO or blocking the downstream actions of NO resulted in the inhibition of MDDC maturation induced by CT and d-cAMP. These results indicate that endogenously produced factors including PGE(2) and NO contribute to the maturation of DC induced by CT and that these factors participate in bystander DC maturation. The results of this study may help explain why bacterial toxins that elevate cAMP are such potent adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Bagley
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, University of Maryland--Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Osawa Y, Lee HT, Hirshman CA, Xu D, Emala CW. Lipopolysaccharide-induced sensitization of adenylyl cyclase activity in murine macrophages. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 290:C143-51. [PMID: 16120652 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00171.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
LPS is known to modulate macrophage responses during sepsis, including cytokine release, phagocytosis, and proliferation. Although agents that elevate cAMP reverse LPS-induced macrophage functions, whether LPS itself modulates cAMP and whether LPS-induced decreases in proliferation are modulated via a cAMP-dependent pathway are not known. Murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) were treated with LPS in the presence or absence of inhibitors of prostaglandin signaling, protein kinases, CaM, Giproteins, and NF-κB translocation or transcription/translation. LPS effects on CaMKII phosphorylation and the expression of relevant adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoforms were measured. LPS caused a significant dose (5–10,000 ng/ml)- and time (1–8 h)-dependent increase in forskolin-stimulated AC activity that was abrogated by pretreatment with SN50 (an NF-κB inhibitor), actinomycin D, or cycloheximide, indicating that the effect is mediated via NF-κB-dependent transcription and new protein synthesis. Furthermore, LPS decreased the phosphorylation state of CaMKII, and pretreatment with a CaM antagonist attenuated the LPS-induced sensitization of AC. LPS, cAMP, or PKA activation each independently decreased macrophage proliferation. However, inhibition of NF-κB had no effect on LPS-induced decreased proliferation, indicating that LPS-induced decreased macrophage proliferation can proceed via PKA-independent signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings indicate that LPS induces sensitization of AC activity by augmenting the stimulatory effect of CaM and attenuating the inhibitory effect of CaMKII on isoforms of AC that are CaMK sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Osawa
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Univ., 630 W. 168th St., P&S Box 46, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Chang YC, Li PC, Chen BC, Chang MS, Wang JL, Chiu WT, Lin CH. Lipoteichoic acid-induced nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages is mediated by cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2, protein kinase A, p38 MAPK, and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways. Cell Signal 2005; 18:1235-43. [PMID: 16289764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell wall component of the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, nitric oxide (NO) release, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. This study was carried out to further investigate the roles of COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LTA-induced iNOS expression and NO release in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with LTA caused a time-dependent increase in PGE2 release. LTA-induced iNOS expression and NO release were inhibited by a non-selective COX inhibitor (indomethacin), a selective COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398), an adenylyl cyclase (AC) inhibitor (dideoxyadenosine, DDA), and a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor (KT-5720). Furthermore, both PGE2 and the direct PKA activator, dibutyryl-cAMP, also induced iNOS expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Stimulation of RAW 264.7 macrophages with LTA, PGE2, and dibutyryl-cAMP all caused p38 MAPK activation in a time-dependent manner. LTA-mediated p38 MAPK activation was inhibited by indomethacin, NS-398, and SB 203580, but not by PD 98059. The PGE2-mediated p38 MAPK activation was inhibited by DDA, KT-5720, and SB 203580, but not by PD 98059. LTA caused time-dependent activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-specific DNA-protein complex formation. The LTA-induced increase in kappaB-luciferase activity was inhibited by indomethacin, NS-398, KT-5720, and a dominant negative mutant of p38 alphaMAPK (p38 alphaMAPK DN). These results suggest that LTA-induced iNOS expression and NO release involve COX-2-generated PGE2 production, and AC, PKA, p38 MAPK, and NF-kappaB activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yau-Chong Chang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Taipei Medical University, Wang Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mun HS, Aosai F, Norose K, Piao LX, Fang H, Akira S, Yano A. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates tolerance in macrophages stimulated with Toxoplasma gondii-derived heat shock protein 70. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4634-42. [PMID: 16040976 PMCID: PMC1201250 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.4634-4642.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal macrophages (PMs) from toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice were responsive to recombinant Toxoplasma gondii-derived heat shock protein 70 (rTgHSP70) and natural TgHSP70 (nTgHSP70) in NO release, but those from TLR2-, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-, and interleukin-1R-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4)-deficient mice were not. Polymyxin B did not inhibit PM activation by TgHSP70 and nTgHSP70 from WT and TLR4-deficient mice, while it inhibited PM activation by lipopolysaccharide. Pretreatment of PMs from WT but not from TLR4-deficient mice with rTgHSP70 resulted in suppression of NO release on restimulation with rTgHSP70. Similarly, pretreatment of PMs from WT but not TLR4-deficient mice with nTgHSP70 resulted in suppression of NO release on restimulation with nTgHSP70. Polymyxin B did not inhibit rTgHSP70- and nTgHSP70-induced tolerance of PMs from TLR4-deficient mice. Furthermore, PMs from WT mice increased suppressor of cytokine-signaling-1 (SOCS-1) expression after restimulation with rTgHSP70, while those from TLR4-deficient mice did not. Phosphorylation of JNK and I-kappaBalpha occurred in rTgHSP70-induced tolerance of PMs from TLR4-deficient mice, but not in that from WT mice. These data indicated that TgHSP70 signaling mechanisms were mediated by TLR2, MyD88, and IRAK4, but not by TLR4. On the other hand, signaling of TgHSP70-induced tolerance was mediated by TLR4, and the expression of SOCS-1 suppressed the TLR2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Seong Mun
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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