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Meuten TK, Dean GA, Thamm DH. Review: The PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal transduction pathway in canine cancer. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:339-356. [PMID: 37905509 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231207021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumors in dogs and humans share many similar molecular and genetic features, incentivizing a better understanding of canine neoplasms not only for the purpose of treating companion animals, but also to facilitate research of spontaneously developing tumors with similar biologic behavior and treatment approaches in an immunologically competent animal model. Multiple tumor types of both species have similar dysregulation of signal transduction through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB; AKT), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), collectively known as the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. This review aims to delineate the pertinent aspects of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in health and in tumor development. It will then present a synopsis of current understanding of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in important canine cancers and advancements in targeted inhibitors of this pathway.
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Heurtebize MA, Faillie JL. Drug-induced hyperglycemia and diabetes. Therapie 2024; 79:221-238. [PMID: 37985310 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced hyperglycemia and diabetes have negative and potentially serious health consequences but can often be unnoticed. METHODS We reviewed the literature searching Medline database for articles addressing drug-induced hyperglycemia and diabetes up to January 31, 2023. We also selected drugs that could induce hyperglycemia or diabetes according official data from drug information databases Thériaque and Micromedex. For each selected drug or pharmacotherapeutic class, the mechanisms of action potentially involved were investigated. For drugs considered to be at risk of hyperglycemia or diabetes, disproportionality analyses were performed using data from the international pharmacovigilance database VigiBase. In order to detect new pharmacovigilance signals, additional disproportionality analyses were carried out for drug classes with more than 100 cases reported in VigiBase, but not found in the literature or official documents. RESULTS The main drug classes found to cause hyperglycemia are glucocorticoids, HMG-coA reductase inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers, antipsychotics, fluoroquinolones, antiretrovirals, antineoplastic agents and immunosuppressants. The main mechanisms involved are alterations in insulin secretion and sensitivity, direct cytotoxic effects on pancreatic cells and increases in glucose production. Pharmacovigilance signal were found for a majority of drugs or pharmacological classes identified as being at risk of diabetes or hyperglycemia. We identified new pharmacovigilance signals with drugs not known to be at risk according to the literature or official data: phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists, sodium oxybate, biphosphonates including alendronic acid, digoxin, sartans, linosipril, diltiazem, verapamil, and darbepoetin alpha. Further studies will be needed to confirm these signals. CONCLUSIONS The risks of induced hyperglycemia vary from one drug to another, and the underlying mechanisms are multiple and potentially complex. Clinicians need to be vigilant when using at-risk drugs in order to detect and manage these adverse drug reactions. However, it is to emphasize that the benefits of appropriately prescribed treatments most often outweigh their metabolic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne Heurtebize
- CHU de Montpellier, Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Faillie
- CHU de Montpellier, Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, 34000 Montpellier, France; IDESP, Université de Montpellier, Inserm, 34295 Montpellier, France.
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Chang YC, Chan MH, Yang YF, Li CH, Hsiao M. Glucose transporter 4: Insulin response mastermind, glycolysis catalyst and treatment direction for cancer progression. Cancer Lett 2023; 563:216179. [PMID: 37061122 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The glucose transporter family (GLUT) consists of fourteen members. It is responsible for glucose homeostasis and glucose transport from the extracellular space to the cell cytoplasm to further cascade catalysis. GLUT proteins are encoded by the solute carrier family 2 (SLC2) genes and are members of the major facilitator superfamily of membrane transporters. Moreover, different GLUTs also have their transporter kinetics and distribution, so each GLUT member has its uniqueness and importance to play essential roles in human physiology. Evidence from many studies in the field of diabetes showed that GLUT4 travels between the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles (GLUT4-storage vesicles, GSVs) and that the PI3K/Akt pathway regulates this activity in an insulin-dependent manner or by the AMPK pathway in response to muscle contraction. Moreover, some published results also pointed out that GLUT4 mediates insulin-dependent glucose uptake. Thus, dysfunction of GLUT4 can induce insulin resistance, metabolic reprogramming in diverse chronic diseases, inflammation, and cancer. In addition to the relationship between GLUT4 and insulin response, recent studies also referred to the potential upstream transcription factors that can bind to the promoter region of GLUT4 to regulating downstream signals. Combined all of the evidence, we conclude that GLUT4 has shown valuable unknown functions and is of clinical significance in cancers, which deserves our in-depth discussion and design compounds by structure basis to achieve therapeutic effects. Thus, we intend to write up a most updated review manuscript to include the most recent and critical research findings elucidating how and why GLUT4 plays an essential role in carcinogenesis, which may have broad interests and impacts on this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Chan
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiu Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Paccosi E, Balzerano A, Proietti-De-Santis L. Interfering with the Ubiquitin-Mediated Regulation of Akt as a Strategy for Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032809. [PMID: 36769122 PMCID: PMC9917864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt modulates the functions of numerous substrates, many of them being involved in cell proliferation and growth, metabolism, angiogenesis, resistance to hypoxia and migration. Akt is frequently deregulated in many types of human cancers, its overexpression or abnormal activation being associated with the increased proliferation and survival of cancer cells. A promising avenue for turning off the functionality of Akt is to either interfere with the K63-linked ubiquitination that is necessary for Akt membrane recruitment and activation or increase the K48-linked polyubiquitination that aims to target Akt to the proteasome for its degradation. Recent evidence indicates that targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system is effective for certain cancer treatments. In this review, the functions and roles of Akt in human cancer will be discussed, with a main focus on molecules and compounds that target various elements of the ubiquitination processes that regulate the activation and inactivation of Akt. Moreover, their possible and attractive implications for cancer therapy will be discussed.
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Li S, Feng F, Deng Y. Resveratrol Regulates Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Diabetic Rats by Inhibition of PDK1/AKT Phosphorylation and HIF-1α Expression. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:1063-1074. [PMID: 37090841 PMCID: PMC10115207 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s403893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the underlying mechanism of the anti-diabetic effect of resveratrol (RSV) on regulating glycolipid metabolism in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods Male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups. Two groups were fed a high-fat diet and intraperitoneally injected with STZ (35 mg/kg), with one group also treated with RSV (30 mg/kg/d), and the third, control group was fed a normal diet. After 12 weeks, blood lipid levels and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were assessed. Histopathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. The protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) was assessed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence, and the proteins level of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1), phosphorylated-PDK1 (p-PDK1), phosphorylated-protein kinase B (p-AKT), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in the liver were analyzed by Western blotting. The mRNA levels of Hif-1α, Glut1 and Ldlr in the liver were determined by RT-qPCR. Results RSV treatment significantly reduced liver/body weight ratio (L/W, P < 0.05), FBG (P < 0.01) and serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC, P < 0.05), triglycerides (TG, P < 0.01) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C, P < 0.05) in diabetic rats. RSV also improved diabetic symptoms, attenuated liver steatosis and increased liver glycogen accumulation. RSV treatment significantly downregulated the proteins expression of p-PDK1 and p-AKT (P < 0.01) and the levels of HIF-1α (P < 0.05) and GLUT1 (P < 0.01), while significantly upregulating the level of LDLR (P < 0.05). Conclusion RSV was effective in improving glycolipid metabolism in diabetic rats, probably by inhibiting the PDK1/AKT/HIF-1α pathway and regulation of its downstream target levels. These findings may provide new insight into the mechanism of action of RSV in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuzhen Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yanhui Deng, Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 183 West Zhongshan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510630, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 020 62784810, Email
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Yadav Y, Dey CS. PP2Cα positively regulates neuronal insulin signalling and aggravates neuronal insulin resistance. FEBS J 2022; 289:7561-7581. [PMID: 35810470 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PP2Cα is one of the newly identified isoforms of metal-dependent protein phosphatases (PPM). The role of this phosphatase in neuronal insulin signalling is completely unknown. In the present study, we show insulin-mediated rapid upregulation of a protein of the insulin signalling cascade, PP2Cα, in mouse N2a cells and human SH-SY5Y cells. By contrast, such PP2Cα upregulation is not observed in insulin-resistant conditions despite insulin stimulation. Here, we report that, under insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant conditions, the translation of PP2Cα was regulated by insulin through c-Jun N-terminal kinase. PP2Cα in turn dephosphorylated a novel inhibitory site of insulin receptor substrate-1 at Ser522 and AMP-activated protein kinase, hence positively regulating neuronal insulin signalling and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Yadav
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
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Fan C, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Zhao X, Teng J. Phloretin enhances autophagy by impairing AKT activation and inducing JNK-Beclin-1 pathway activation. Exp Mol Pathol 2022; 127:104814. [PMID: 35878674 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Phloretin is a type of dihydrochalcone that is primarily found in apples and has been reported to possess various potent biological activities, such as anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Our previous study has shown that phloretin induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma. In this study, we found that phloretin induced autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells by decreasing p-AKT and p-mTOR levels in the AKT/mTOR pathway and increasing the activation of JNK, the phosphorylation of c-Jun and the expression of Beclin-1. Moreover, the upregulation of Beclin-1 was decreased by SP600125 or a siRNA against c-Jun. Furthermore, SP600125 and siRNAs against c-Jun and Beclin-1 inhibited phloretin-induced autophagy. In addition, inhibition of phloretin-induced autophagy by cotreatment with phloretin and 3-MA decreased phloretin-induced cytotoxicity to SH-SY5Y cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that the AKT/mTOR pathway and JNK-mediated Beclin-1 expression are involved in phloretin-induced autophagy. Phloretin can be used to protect neurons during phloretin treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghe Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Junfang Teng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Targeting metabolism to overcome cancer drug resistance: A promising therapeutic strategy for diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Drug Resist Updat 2022; 61:100822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Suteau V, Bukasa-Kakamba J, Virjogh-Cenciu B, Adenis A, Sabbah N, Drak Alsibai K. Pathological Significance of GLUT-1 Expression in Breast Cancer Cells in Diabetic and Obese Patients: The French Guiana Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020437. [PMID: 35053598 PMCID: PMC8774256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study describes the clinical, histological, and molecular features of breast cancer in French Guiana, and characterizes the expression of the tumor metabolic marker GLUT-1 in breast cancers cells in diabetic and obese patients compared to a control group. This study reveals an overall overexpression of GLUT-1 in 60% of invasive breast carcinomas and in all medullary pattern and carcinoma in situ lesions. Our results highlight the potential role of GLUT-1 as a tumor metabolic prognostic marker and also as an interesting target therapy, independently of patient metabolic disorder. Abstract The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is higher in French Guiana compared to mainland France. These metabolic disorders are associated with an increased risk of cancer. One of the factors involved is hyperinsulinemia that promotes the action of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1). The objective of this study is to characterize the expression of GLUT-1 in breast cancers cells in diabetic and obese patients compared to those who are not and to describe the clinical and histological prognostic factors of breast cancer in this population. We conducted a monocentric study including patients with breast cancer diagnosed between 2014 and 2020. Patients were classified into three groups: diabetes, obesity, and control group. The GLUT-1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In total, 199 patients were included in this study. The median age was 53.5 years, and the median tumor size was 2.8 cm. Luminal A was the most frequent molecular type (58.1%), followed by the triple-negative type (19.9%). The breast cancer in our population was characterized by a younger age at diagnosis, more aggressive molecular types, and larger tumor size. Thus, we suggest the advancement of the age of breast cancer screening in this territory. A total of 144 patients (31 diabetes, 22 obese, and 91 control group) were included for the study of GLUT-1 expression. Overexpression of GLUT-1 was observed in 60.4% of cases and in all carcinoma in situ lesions. GLUT-1 overexpression was associated with more aggressive cancers. This overexpression is correlated with high histological grade, high proliferation index, and aggressive molecular types. Our study found no difference in GLUT-1 expression between the diabetic or obese patients and the control group. These results highlight the potential role of GLUT-1 as a tumor metabolic prognostic marker and also as an interesting target therapy, independently of patient metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Suteau
- Department of Pathology, Cayenne Hospital Center André Rosemon, F-97306 Cayenne, French Guiana;
| | - John Bukasa-Kakamba
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Cayenne Hospital Center André Rosemon, F-97306 Cayenne, French Guiana; (J.B.-K.); (N.S.)
| | - Beatrice Virjogh-Cenciu
- Department of Medicine, Hôpital de jour Adults, Cayenne Hospital Center André Rosemon, F-97306 Cayenne, French Guiana;
| | - Antoine Adenis
- Clinical Investigation Center Antilles French Guiana (CIC INSERM 1424), Cayenne Hospital Center André Rosemon, F-97306 Cayenne, French Guiana;
| | - Nadia Sabbah
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Cayenne Hospital Center André Rosemon, F-97306 Cayenne, French Guiana; (J.B.-K.); (N.S.)
| | - Kinan Drak Alsibai
- Department of Pathology, Cayenne Hospital Center André Rosemon, F-97306 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Center of Biological Resources (CRB Amazonie), Cayenne Hospital Center André Rosemon, F-97306 Cayenne, French Guiana
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +594-594395231
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Dowling CM, Zhang H, Chonghaile TN, Wong KK. Shining a light on metabolic vulnerabilities in non-small cell lung cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188462. [PMID: 33130228 PMCID: PMC7836022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer which contributes to essential processes required for cell survival, growth, and proliferation. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer and its genomic classification has given rise to the design of therapies targeting tumors harboring specific gene alterations that cause aberrant signaling. Lung tumors are characterized with having high glucose and lactate use, and high heterogeneity in their metabolic pathways. Here we review how NSCLC cells with distinct mutations reprogram their metabolic pathways and highlight the potential metabolic vulnerabilities that might lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catríona M Dowling
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Hua Zhang
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Tríona Ní Chonghaile
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Gherardelli C, Cisternas P, Gutiérrez J, Martinez M, Inestrosa NC. Andrographolide restores glucose uptake in rat hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 2020; 157:1222-1233. [PMID: 33124061 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral glucose hypometabolism is a common pathophysiological characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases. This metabolic dysfunction includes alterations in glucose transport from the blood into the neurons by the facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs). Several studies suggest that metabolic disturbances precede clinical symptoms and correlate with disease progression. Some groups have started to explore the use of therapeutic strategies that target decreased cerebral glucose metabolism to promote its availability. We selected Andrographolide (Andro), a natural product obtained from Andrographis paniculate that has both anti-hyperglycemic and anti-diabetic effects. Although it was shown to promote glucose uptake in vivo, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the acute effects of Andro on glucose transport and metabolism using primary rat hippocampal neuronal cultures. Our results showed that Andro enhances neuronal glucose uptake and stimulates glucose metabolism by inducing GLUT3 and 4 expression in neurons, as well as by promoting glycolysis. We also observed that Andro-mediated effects depend on the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), one of the central regulators of glucose metabolism. Our studies open the possibility to use Andro as a drug to restore glucose levels in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Gherardelli
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joel Gutiérrez
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Milka Martinez
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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Jakson I, Ujvari D, Brusell Gidlöf S, Lindén Hirschberg A. Insulin regulation of solute carrier family 2 member 1 (glucose transporter 1) expression and glucose uptake in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells: an in vitro study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:117. [PMID: 33218355 PMCID: PMC7679983 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1; previously known as glucose transporter 1), is the most abundant glucose transporter in human endometrium and is up-regulated during decidualization, whereas high insulin may have a negative impact on this process. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of insulin on the expression of SLC2A1 and glucose uptake in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells. METHODS We induced in vitro decidualization of endometrial stromal cells obtained from regularly menstruating healthy non-obese women. The cells were treated with increasing concentrations of insulin, and the involvement of the transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) was evaluated using a FOXO1 inhibitor. SLC2A1 mRNA levels were measured by Real-Time PCR and protein levels were evaluated by immunocytochemistry. Glucose uptake was estimated by an assay quantifying the cellular uptake of radioactive glucose. One-way ANOVA, Dunnett's multiple comparisons test and paired t-test were used to determine the statistical significance of the results. RESULTS We found that insulin dose-dependently decreased SLC2A1 mRNA levels and decreased protein levels of SLC2A1 in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells. Transcriptional inactivation of FOXO1 seems to explain at least partly the down-regulation of SLC2A1 by insulin. Glucose uptake increased upon decidualization, whereas insulin treatment resulted in a slight inhibition of the glucose uptake, although not significant for all insulin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate an impairment of decidualization by high concentrations of insulin. Future studies will determine the clinical significance of our results for endometrial function and decidualization in women with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivika Jakson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska vägen 37A, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Women's Health Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dorina Ujvari
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska vägen 37A, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Brusell Gidlöf
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska vägen 37A, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sirolimus and mTOR Inhibitors: A Review of Side Effects and Specific Management in Solid Organ Transplantation. Drug Saf 2020; 42:813-825. [PMID: 30868436 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-019-00810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR inhibitors) are used as antiproliferative immunosuppressive drugs and have many clinical applications in various drug combinations. Experience in transplantation studies has been gained regarding the side effect profile of these drugs and the potential benefits and limitations compared with other immunosuppressive agents. This article reviews the adverse effects of mTOR inhibitors in solid organ transplantation, with special attention given to mechanisms hypothesized to cause adverse events and their management strategies.
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Neff AM, Yu J, Taylor RN, Bagchi IC, Bagchi MK. Insulin Signaling Via Progesterone-Regulated Insulin Receptor Substrate 2 is Critical for Human Uterine Decidualization. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5636817. [PMID: 31748790 PMCID: PMC6986554 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Decidualization, the process by which fibroblastic human endometrial stromal cells (HESC) differentiate into secretory decidual cells, is a critical event during the establishment of pregnancy. It is dependent on the steroid hormone progesterone acting through the nuclear progesterone receptor (PR). Previously, we identified insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) as a factor that is directly regulated by PR during decidualization. IRS2 is an adaptor protein that functionally links receptor tyrosine kinases, such as insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), and their downstream effectors. IRS2 expression was induced in HESC during in vitro decidualization and siRNA-mediated downregulation of IRS2 transcripts resulted in attenuation of this process. Further use of siRNAs targeted to IR or IGF1R transcripts showed that downregulation of IR, but not IGF1R, led to impaired decidualization. Loss of IRS2 transcripts in HESC suppressed phosphorylation of both ERK1/2 and AKT, downstream effectors of insulin signaling, which mediate gene expression associated with decidualization and regulate glucose uptake. Indeed, downregulation of IRS2 resulted in reduced expression and membrane localization of the glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4, resulting in lowered glucose uptake during stromal decidualization. Collectively, these data suggest that the PR-regulated expression of IRS2 is necessary for proper insulin signaling for controlling gene expression and glucose utilization, which critically support the decidualization process to facilitate pregnancy. This study provides new insight into the mechanisms by which steroid hormone signaling intersects with insulin signaling in the uterus during decidualization, which has important implications for pregnancy complications associated with insulin resistance and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Neff
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Robert N Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Indrani C Bagchi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Correspondence: Milan K. Bagchi, PhD, Deborah Paul Professor, Director, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 534 Burrill Hall, 407 S Goodwin, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801. E-mail:
| | - Milan K Bagchi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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15
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Revathidevi S, Munirajan AK. Akt in cancer: Mediator and more. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:80-91. [PMID: 31173856 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Akt is a serine/threonine kinase and it participates in the key role of the PI3K signaling pathway. The Akt can be activated by a wide range of growth signals and the biochemical mechanisms leading to Akt activation are well defined. Once activated, Akt modulates the function of many downstream proteins involved in cellular survival, proliferation, migration, metabolism, and angiogenesis. The Akt is a central node of many signaling pathways and it is frequently deregulated in many types of human cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of Akt function and its role in the hallmarks of human cancer. We also discussed various mechanisms of Akt dysregulation in cancers, including epigenetic modifications like methylation, post-transcriptional non-coding RNAs-mediated regulation, and the overexpression and mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaramoorthy Revathidevi
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arasambattu Kannan Munirajan
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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16
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Papa S, Choy PM, Bubici C. The ERK and JNK pathways in the regulation of metabolic reprogramming. Oncogene 2018; 38:2223-2240. [PMID: 30487597 PMCID: PMC6398583 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most tumor cells reprogram their glucose metabolism as a result of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors, leading to the constitutive activation of signaling pathways involved in cell growth. This metabolic reprogramming, known as aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect, allows tumor cells to sustain their fast proliferation and evade apoptosis. Interfering with oncogenic signaling pathways that regulate the Warburg effect in cancer cells has therefore become an attractive anticancer strategy. However, evidence for the occurrence of the Warburg effect in physiological processes has also been documented. As such, close consideration of which signaling pathways are beneficial targets and the effect of their inhibition on physiological processes are essential. The MAPK/ERK and MAPK/JNK pathways, crucial for normal cellular responses to extracellular stimuli, have recently emerged as key regulators of the Warburg effect during tumorigenesis and normal cellular functions. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the roles of the ERK and JNK pathways in controlling the Warburg effect in cancer and discuss their implication in controlling this metabolic reprogramming in physiological processes and opportunities for targeting their downstream effectors for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Papa
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Laboratory, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, UK.
| | - Pui Man Choy
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Laboratory, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, UK.,Department of Research & Development, hVIVO PLC, Biopark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | - Concetta Bubici
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Division of Biosciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK. .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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17
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Dong Y, Eskandari R, Ray C, Granlund KL, Santos-Cunha LD, Miloushev VZ, Tee SS, Jeong S, Aras O, Chen YB, Cheng EH, Hsieh JJ, Keshari KR. Hyperpolarized MRI Visualizes Warburg Effects and Predicts Treatment Response to mTOR Inhibitors in Patient-Derived ccRCC Xenograft Models. Cancer Res 2018; 79:242-250. [PMID: 30459151 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ever-changing tumor microenvironment constantly challenges individual cancer cells to balance supply and demand, presenting tumor vulnerabilities and therapeutic opportunities. Everolimus and temsirolimus are inhibitors of mTOR (mTORi) approved for treating metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). However, treatment outcome varies greatly among patients. Accordingly, administration of mTORi in mRCC is diminishing, which could potentially result in missing timely delivery of effective treatment for select patients. Here, we implemented a clinically applicable, integrated platform encompassing a single dose of [1-13C] pyruvate to visualize the in vivo effect of mTORi on the conversion of pyruvate to lactate using hyperpolarized MRI. A striking difference that predicts treatment benefit was demonstrated using two preclinical models derived from patients with clear cell RCC (ccRCC) who exhibited primary resistance to VEGFRi and quickly succumbed to their diseases within 6 months after the diagnosis of metastasis without receiving mTORi. Our findings suggest that hyperpolarized MRI could be further developed to personalize kidney cancer treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate MRI as a tool for accurately assessing the clinical success of mTOR inhibition in patients with ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Dong
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Roozbeh Eskandari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Chelsea Ray
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kristin L Granlund
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lidia Dos Santos-Cunha
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Vesselin Z Miloushev
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sui Seng Tee
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sangmoo Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Omer Aras
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ying-Bei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - James J Hsieh
- Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The leading cause of death in both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal transplant patients is cardiovascular events. Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTx-DM), which is a major cardiovascular risk factor, is a metabolic disorder that affects 5.5-60.2% of renal allograft recipients by 1-year posttransplant (PTx). PTx-DM has been associated with a negative impact on patient and graft outcomes and survival. RECENT FINDINGS Individuals who develop PTx-DM are usually prone to this condition prior to and/or after developing CKD. Genetic factors, obesity, inflammation, medications and CKD all are risk factors for PTx-diabetes mellitus. The path to development of disease continues PTx frequently augmented by the use of diabetogenic maintenance immunosuppressive and some nonimmunosuppressive medications. These risk factors are usually associated with an increase in insulin resistance, a decrease in insulin gene expression and/or β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. SUMMARY Some new anti-diabetes mellitus medications may help to improve the overall outcome; however, there is a real need for developing a preventive strategy. Identifying and targeting PTx-DM risk factors may help to guide the development of an effective programme. This could include the adoption of nondiabetogenic immunosuppressive protocols for high-risk patients.
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19
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Turner MC, Player DJ, Martin NR, Akam EC, Lewis MP. The effect of chronic high insulin exposure upon metabolic and myogenic markers in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells and myotubes. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5686-5695. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Turner
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise MedicineLoughborough UniversityLeicestershireUnited Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Player
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise MedicineLoughborough UniversityLeicestershireUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal ScienceDivision of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonStanmoreMiddlesexUnited Kingdom
| | - Neil R.W. Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise MedicineLoughborough UniversityLeicestershireUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C. Akam
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise MedicineLoughborough UniversityLeicestershireUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise MedicineLoughborough UniversityLeicestershireUnited Kingdom
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20
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Masson JJR, Murphy AJ, Lee MKS, Ostrowski M, Crowe SM, Palmer CS. Assessment of metabolic and mitochondrial dynamics in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in virologically suppressed HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183931. [PMID: 28854263 PMCID: PMC5576743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism plays a fundamental role in supporting the growth, proliferation and effector functions of T cells. We investigated the impact of HIV infection on key processes that regulate glucose uptake and mitochondrial biogenesis in subpopulations of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from 18 virologically-suppressed HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART; median CD4+ cell count: 728 cells/μl) and 13 HIV seronegative controls. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were also analysed in total CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Among HIV+/cART individuals, expression of glucose transporter (Glut1) and mitochondrial density were highest within central memory and naïve CD4+ T cells, and lowest among effector memory and transitional memory T cells, with similar trends in HIV-negative controls. Compared to HIV-negative controls, there was a trend towards higher percentage of circulating CD4+Glut1+ T cells in HIV+/cART participants. There were no significant differences in mitochondrial dynamics between subject groups. Glut1 expression was positively correlated with mitochondrial density and MMP in total CD4+ T cells, while MMP was also positively correlated with ROS production in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Our study characterizes specific metabolic features of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in HIV-negative and HIV+/cART individuals and will invite future studies to explore the immunometabolic consequences of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J. R. Masson
- James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Man K. S. Lee
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matias Ostrowski
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biome´dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA. Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Suzanne M. Crowe
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Clovis S. Palmer
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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21
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Hatem-Vaquero M, Griera M, García-Jerez A, Luengo A, Álvarez J, Rubio JA, Calleros L, Rodríguez-Puyol D, Rodríguez-Puyol M, De Frutos S. Peripheral insulin resistance in ILK-depleted mice by reduction of GLUT4 expression. J Endocrinol 2017; 234:115-128. [PMID: 28490443 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of insulin resistance is characterized by the impairment of glucose uptake mediated by glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). Extracellular matrix changes are induced when the metabolic dysregulation is sustained. The present work was devoted to analyze the possible link between the extracellular-to-intracellular mediator integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and the peripheral tissue modification that leads to glucose homeostasis impairment. Mice with general depletion of ILK in adulthood (cKD-ILK) maintained in a chow diet exhibited increased glycemia and insulinemia concurrently with a reduction of the expression and membrane presence of GLUT4 in the insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues compared with their wild-type littermates (WT). Tolerance tests and insulin sensitivity indexes confirmed the insulin resistance in cKD-ILK, suggesting a similar stage to prediabetes in humans. Under randomly fed conditions, no differences between cKD-ILK and WT were observed in the expression of insulin receptor (IR-B) and its substrate IRS-1 expressions. The IR-B isoform phosphorylated at tyrosines 1150/1151 was increased, but the AKT phosphorylation in serine 473 was reduced in cKD-ILK tissues. Similarly, ILK-blocked myotubes reduced their GLUT4 promoter activity and GLUT4 expression levels. On the other hand, the glucose uptake capacity in response to exogenous insulin was impaired when ILK was blocked in vivo and in vitro, although IR/IRS/AKT phosphorylation states were increased but not different between groups. We conclude that ILK depletion modifies the transcription of GLUT4, which results in reduced peripheral insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, suggesting ILK as a molecular target and a prognostic biomarker of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Hatem-Vaquero
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Griera
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Andrea García-Jerez
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Luengo
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Julia Álvarez
- Endocrinology and Nutrition DepartmentHospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Rubio
- Endocrinology and Nutrition DepartmentHospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Calleros
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Puyol
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Foundation and Nephrology DepartmentHospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Puyol
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Sergio De Frutos
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
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23
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Abstract
Oncogenic PIK3CA mutations are found in a significant fraction of human cancers, but therapeutic inhibition of PI3K has only shown limited success in clinical trials. To understand how mutant PIK3CA contributes to cancer cell proliferation, we used genome scale loss-of-function screening in a large number of genomically annotated cancer cell lines. As expected, we found that PIK3CA mutant cancer cells require PIK3CA but also require the expression of the TCA cycle enzyme 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH). To understand the relationship between oncogenic PIK3CA and OGDH function, we interrogated metabolic requirements and found an increased reliance on glucose metabolism to sustain PIK3CA mutant cell proliferation. Functional metabolic studies revealed that OGDH suppression increased levels of the metabolite 2-oxoglutarate (2OG). We found that this increase in 2OG levels, either by OGDH suppression or exogenous 2OG treatment, resulted in aspartate depletion that was specifically manifested as auxotrophy within PIK3CA mutant cells. Reduced levels of aspartate deregulated the malate-aspartate shuttle, which is important for cytoplasmic NAD+ regeneration that sustains rapid glucose breakdown through glycolysis. Consequently, because PIK3CA mutant cells exhibit a profound reliance on glucose metabolism, malate-aspartate shuttle deregulation leads to a specific proliferative block due to the inability to maintain NAD+/NADH homeostasis. Together these observations define a precise metabolic vulnerability imposed by a recurrently mutated oncogene.
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24
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Xi S, Zhao M, Wang S, Ma L, Wang S, Cong X, Gjerset RA, Fitzgerald RC, Huang Y. IRES-Mediated Protein Translation Overcomes Suppression by the p14ARF Tumor Suppressor Protein. J Cancer 2017; 8:1082-1088. [PMID: 28529622 PMCID: PMC5436262 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES elements) have attracted interest in cancer gene therapy because they can be used in the design of gene transfer vectors that provide bicistronic co-expression of two transgene products under the control of a single promoter. Unlike cellular translation of most mRNAs, a process that requires a post-translational 5' modification of the mRNA known as the cap structure, IRES-mediated translation is independent of the cap structure. The cellular conditions that may intervene to modulate IRES-mediated, cap-independent versus cap-dependent translation, however, remain poorly understood, although they could be critical to the choice of gene transfer vectors. Here we have compared the effects of the p14ARF (Alternate Reading Frame) tumor suppressor, a translational suppressor frequently overexpressed in cancer, on cap-dependent translation versus cap-independent translation from the EMCV viral IRES often used in bicistronic gene transfer vectors. We find that ectopic overexpression of p14ARF suppresses endogenous and ectopic cap-dependent protein translation, consistent with other studies. However, p14ARF has little or no effect on transgene translation initiated within an IRES element. This suggests that transgenes placed downstream of an IRES element will retain efficient translation of their gene products in the presence of high levels of ectopic or endogenous p14ARF, a finding that could be particularly relevant to therapeutic gene therapy strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego CA, USA
| | - Si Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Ma
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shensen Wang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xianling Cong
- China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruth A. Gjerset
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego CA, USA
| | | | - Yinghui Huang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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25
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Norouzzadeh M, Amiri F, Saboor-Yaraghi AA, Shemirani F, Kalikias Y, Sharifi L, Seyyedsalehi MS, Mahmoudi M. Does Resveratrol Improve Insulin Signalling in HepG2 Cells? Can J Diabetes 2017; 41:211-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Yoshida K, Imamura CK, Hara K, Mochizuki M, Tanigawara Y. Effect of everolimus on the glucose metabolic pathway in mouse skeletal muscle cells (C2C12). Metabolomics 2017; 13:98. [PMID: 28781589 PMCID: PMC5501892 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-017-1236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Everolimus selectively inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and exerts an antineoplastic effect. Metabolic disturbance has emerged as a common and unique side effect of everolimus. OBJECTIVES We used targeted metabolomic analysis to investigate the effects of everolimus on the intracellular glycometabolic pathway. METHODS Mouse skeletal muscle cells (C2C12) were exposed to everolimus for 48 h, and changes in intracellular metabolites were determined by capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. mRNA abundance, protein expression and activity were measured for enzymes involved in glycometabolism and related pathways. RESULTS Both extracellular and intracellular glucose levels increased with exposure to everolimus. Most intracellular glycometabolites were decreased by everolimus, including those involved in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, whereas no changes were observed in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Everolimus suppressed mRNA expression of enzymes related to glycolysis, downstream of mTOR signaling enzymes and adenosine 5'-monophosphate protein kinases. The activity of key enzymes involved in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway were decreased by everolimus. These results show that everolimus impairs glucose utilization in intracellular metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The present metabolomic analysis indicates that everolimus impairs glucose metabolism in muscle cells by lowering the activities of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Yoshida
- Division for Evaluation and Analysis of Drug Information, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Chiyo K. Imamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Kanako Hara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Mayumi Mochizuki
- Division for Evaluation and Analysis of Drug Information, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanigawara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
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27
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Shimura T. Targeting the AKT/cyclin D1 pathway to overcome intrinsic and acquired radioresistance of tumors for effective radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 93:381-385. [PMID: 27910734 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1257832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy (RT) is a powerful tool in the treatment of cancer, having the advantage of preserving normal tissues. Clinical outcomes of RT are significantly improved by technological advances, enabling increased radiation doses directed very specifically to a tumor. However, tumor radioresistance remains a major impediment to effective RT. We have shown that human tumor cells surviving after repeated exposure to fractionated radiation (FR) of X-rays for 1 month have acquired radioresistance through constitutive activation of AKT and downstream cyclin D1 nuclear retention. Tumor radioresistance is also proposed to be an intrinsic characteristic of cancer stem cells (CSC), whose efficient DNA repair is thought to confer this phenotype. We have isolated radioresistant CD133-positive cells following exposure to long-term FR. These cells exhibited the CSC phenotype with activation of the AKT/cyclin D1 pathway. In this review, I summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor radioresistance and propose a strategy for overcoming radioresistance by targeting the AKT/cyclin D1 pathway. CONCLUSION Two different mechanisms: acquired radioresistance of surviving tumor cells after RT and intrinsic radioresistance of CSC are associated with tumor radioresistance. Inhibition of the AKT pathway results in radiosensitization of both types of tumor radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimura
- a Department of Environmental Health , National Institute of Public Health , Minami, Wako , Saitama , Japan
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Wenes M, Shang M, Di Matteo M, Goveia J, Martín-Pérez R, Serneels J, Prenen H, Ghesquière B, Carmeliet P, Mazzone M. Macrophage Metabolism Controls Tumor Blood Vessel Morphogenesis and Metastasis. Cell Metab 2016; 24:701-715. [PMID: 27773694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) acquire angiogenic and immunosuppressive properties. Yet it remains unknown if metabolic changes influence these functions. Here, we argue that hypoxic TAMs strongly upregulate the expression of REDD1, a negative regulator of mTOR. REDD1-mediated mTOR inhibition hinders glycolysis in TAMs and curtails their excessive angiogenic response, with consequent formation of abnormal blood vessels. Accordingly, REDD1 deficiency in TAMs leads to the formation of smoothly aligned, pericyte-covered, functional vessels, which prevents vessel leakiness, hypoxia, and metastases. Mechanistically, highly glycolytic REDD1-deficient TAMs outcompete endothelial cells for glucose usage that thwarts vascular hyperactivation and promotes the formation of quiescent vascular junctions. Tuning down glycolysis in REDD1 knockout TAMs re-establishes abnormal angiogenesis and metastases. On this basis, we prove that the anti-tumor effect of mTOR inhibitors is partly countered by the deleterious outcome of these drugs on TAMs. Our data provide a functional link between TAM metabolism and tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Wenes
- Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Min Shang
- Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mario Di Matteo
- Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jermaine Goveia
- Lab of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Lab of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rosa Martín-Pérez
- Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jens Serneels
- Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Prenen
- Department of Digestive Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Metabolomics Expertise Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Metabolomics Expertise Center, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Lab of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Lab of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Strub GM, Kirsh AL, Whipple ME, Kuo WP, Keller RB, Kapur RP, Majesky MW, Perkins JA. Endothelial and circulating C19MC microRNAs are biomarkers of infantile hemangioma. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e88856. [PMID: 27660822 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common vascular tumor of infancy, and it uniquely regresses in response to oral propranolol. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of vascular development and are dysregulated in many disease processes, but the role of miRNAs in IH growth has not been investigated. We report expression of C19MC, a primate-specific megacluster of miRNAs expressed in placenta with rare expression in postnatal tissues, in glucose transporter 1-expressing (GLUT-1-expressing) IH endothelial cells and in the plasma of children with IH. Tissue or circulating C19MC miRNAs were not detectable in patients having 9 other types of vascular anomalies or unaffected children, identifying C19MC miRNAs as the first circulating biomarkers of IH. Levels of circulating C19MC miRNAs correlated with IH tumor size and propranolol treatment response, and IH tissue from children treated with propranolol or from children with partially involuted tumors contained lower levels of C19MC miRNAs than untreated, proliferative tumors, implicating C19MC miRNAs as potential drivers of IH pathogenesis. Detection of C19MC miRNAs in the circulation of infants with IH may provide a specific and noninvasive means of IH diagnosis and identification of candidates for propranolol therapy as well as a means to monitor treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham M Strub
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew L Kirsh
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark E Whipple
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Winston P Kuo
- Laboratory for Innovative Translational Technologies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Predicine Inc., Hayward, California, USA
| | - Rachel B Keller
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raj P Kapur
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital (SCH), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark W Majesky
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jonathan A Perkins
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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30
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Buti S, Leonetti A, Dallatomasina A, Bersanelli M. Everolimus in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: an evidence-based review of its place in therapy. CORE EVIDENCE 2016; 11:23-36. [PMID: 27621699 PMCID: PMC5012611 DOI: 10.2147/ce.s98687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, and its pathogenesis is strictly related to altered cellular response to hypoxia, in which mTOR signaling pathway is implicated. Everolimus, an mTOR serine/threonine kinase inhibitor, represents a therapeutic option for the treatment of advanced RCC. Aim The objective of this article is to review the evidence for the treatment of metastatic RCC with everolimus. Evidence review Everolimus was approved for second- and third-line therapy in patients with advanced RCC according to the results of a Phase III pivotal trial that demonstrated a benefit in median progression-free survival of ~2 months compared to placebo after failure of previous lines of therapy, of which at least one was an anti-VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). The role of this drug in first-line setting has been investigated in Phase II trials, with no significant clinical benefit, even in combination with bevacizumab. Everolimus activity in non-clear cell RCC is supported by two randomized Phase II trials that confirmed the benefit in second-line setting but not in first line. Recently, two randomized Phase III trials (METEOR and CheckMate 025) demonstrated the inferiority of everolimus in second-line setting compared to the TKI cabozantinib and to the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab, respectively. Moreover, a recent Phase II study demonstrated a significant benefit for the second-line combination treatment with everolimus plus lenvatinib (a novel TKI) in terms of progression-free survival and overall survival compared to the single-agent everolimus. Basing on preclinical data, the main downstream effectors of mTOR cascade, S6RP and its phosphorylated form, could be good predictive biomarkers of response to everolimus. The safety profile of the drug is favorable, with a good cost-effectiveness compared to second-line sorafenib or axitinib, and no significant impact on the quality of life of treated patients has been found. Conclusion Everolimus still represents a current standard of treatment for RCC progressive to previous treatment lines with VEGFR-TKI. The evidence about two new molecules, cabozantinib and nivolumab, successfully tested head-to-head with everolimus in recently published Phase III trials, will determine the shift of everolimus to the third-line setting and subsequent lines of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alice Dallatomasina
- Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Khanom R, Nguyen CTK, Kayamori K, Zhao X, Morita K, Miki Y, Katsube KI, Yamaguchi A, Sakamoto K. Keratin 17 Is Induced in Oral Cancer and Facilitates Tumor Growth. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161163. [PMID: 27512993 PMCID: PMC4981360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin subtypes are selectively expressed depending on the cell type. They not only provide structural support, but regulate the metabolic processes and signaling pathways that control the growth of the epithelium. KRT17 (keratin 17) is induced in the regenerative epithelium and acts on diverse signaling pathways. Here, we demonstrate that KRT17 is invariably and permanently induced in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), as revealed by immunohistochemistry and cDNA microarray analysis. Two representative OSCC cell lines; KRT17-weakly expressing Ca9-22 and KRT17-highly expressing HSC3 were used to establish KRT17-overexpressing Ca9-22 and KRT17-knockdown HSC3 cells. Analysis of these cells revealed that KRT17 promoted cell proliferation and migration by stimulating the Akt/mTOR pathway. KRT17 also upregulated the expression of SLC2A1 (solute carrier family 2 member 1/Glut1) and glucose uptake. To further investigate the effect of KRT17 on tumorigenesis, KRT17-knockout HSC3 cells were established and were transplanted to the cephalic skin of nude mice. The tumors that developed from KRT17-knockout HSC3 cells had a lower Ki-67 labeling index and were significantly smaller compared to the controls. These results indicate that KRT17 stimulates the Akt/mTOR pathway and glucose uptake, thereby facilitating tumor growth. We could not confirm the relationship between KRT17 and SFN (stratifin) in the cells examined in this study. However, our study reinforces the concept that the cellular properties of cancer are regulated by a series of molecules similar to those found in wound healing. In OSCC, KRT17 acts as a pathogenic keratin that facilitates tumor growth through the stimulation of multiple signaling pathways, highlighting the importance of KRT17 as a multifunctional promoter of tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Keratin-17/genetics
- Keratin-17/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Khanom
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program, “International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Disease”, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chi Thi Kim Nguyen
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kou Kayamori
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Morita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Miki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program, “International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Disease”, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Katsube
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Human Care, Tohto College of Health Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program, “International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Disease”, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Tran Q, Lee H, Park J, Kim SH, Park J. Targeting Cancer Metabolism - Revisiting the Warburg Effects. Toxicol Res 2016; 32:177-93. [PMID: 27437085 PMCID: PMC4946416 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
After more than half of century since the Warburg effect was described, this atypical metabolism has been standing true for almost every type of cancer, exhibiting higher glycolysis and lactate metabolism and defective mitochondrial ATP production. This phenomenon had attracted many scientists to the problem of elucidating the mechanism of, and reason for, this effect. Several models based on oncogenic studies have been proposed, such as the accumulation of mitochondrial gene mutations, the switch from oxidative phosphorylation respiration to glycolysis, the enhancement of lactate metabolism, and the alteration of glycolytic genes. Whether the Warburg phenomenon is the consequence of genetic dysregulation in cancer or the cause of cancer remains unknown. Moreover, the exact reasons and physiological values of this peculiar metabolism in cancer remain unclear. Although there are some pharmacological compounds, such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose, dichloroacetic acid, and 3-bromopyruvate, therapeutic strategies, including diet, have been developed based on targeting the Warburg effect. In this review, we will revisit the Warburg effect to determine how much scientists currently understand about this phenomenon and how we can treat the cancer based on targeting metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quangdon Tran
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seon-Hwan Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Wang R, Solt LA. Metabolism of murine TH 17 cells: Impact on cell fate and function. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:807-16. [PMID: 26893133 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An effective adaptive immune response relies on the ability of lymphocytes to rapidly act upon a variety of insults. In T lymphocytes, this response includes cell growth, clonal expansion, differentiation, and cytokine production, all of which place a significant energy burden on the cell. Recent evidence shows that T-cell metabolic reprogramming is an essential component of the adaptive immune response and specific metabolic pathways dictate T-cell fate decisions, including the development of TH 17 versus T regulatory (Treg) cells. TH 17 cells have garnered significant attention due to their roles in the pathology of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Attempts to characterize TH 17 cells have demonstrated that they are highly dynamic, adjusting their function to environmental cues, which dictate their metabolic program. In this review, we highlight recent data demonstrating the impact of cellular metabolism on the TH 17/Treg balance and present factors that mediate TH 17-cell metabolism. Some examples of these include the differential impact of the mTOR signaling complexes on T-helper-cell differentiation, hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) promotion of glycolysis to favor TH 17-cell development, and ACC1-dependent de novo fatty acid synthesis favoring TH 17-cell development over Treg cells. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic options and the implications of modulating TH 17-cell metabolism for the treatment of TH 17-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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Nahmias A, Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Salmon A, Gross DJ. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with transformation to insulinoma: an unusual presentation of a rare disease. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2015; 2015:150032. [PMID: 26113980 PMCID: PMC4477235 DOI: 10.1530/edm-15-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 35% of the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are functional, the most common of which is an insulinoma. Rarely can initially nonfunctioning tumor undergo biological transformation to a hormone-secreting tumor with subsequent changes in the clinical picture. We present here three unique patients with long-standing pNETs who developed life-threatening hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia along with tumor progression. In two of the patients, everolimus (Afinitor) was administered in an attempt to control both tumor growth and hypoglycemia. In two cases everolimus therapy resulted in the abolishment of hypoglycemia and induced significant tumor regression; however these beneficial responses were transient. These cases highlight the exceptional ability of pNETs to change biological behavior in parallel with disease progression. Our experience concurs with recently published studies demonstrating the utility of everolimus for the control of both hypoglycemia and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Nahmias
- Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg
- Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Asher Salmon
- Department of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Kiryat Hadassah , Jerusalem, POB 12000 , 91120, Israel
| | - David J Gross
- Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel
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Ariaans G, de Jong S, Gietema J, Lefrandt J, de Vries E, Jalving M. Cancer-drug induced insulin resistance: Innocent bystander or unusual suspect. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:376-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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36
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Bhattacharya B, Low SHH, Soh C, Kamal Mustapa N, Beloueche-Babari M, Koh KX, Loh J, Soong R. Increased drug resistance is associated with reduced glucose levels and an enhanced glycolysis phenotype. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3255-67. [PMID: 24597478 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The testing of anticancer compounds in vitro is usually performed in hyperglycaemic cell cultures, although many tumours and their in vivo microenvironments are hypoglycaemic. Here, we have assessed, in cultures of tumour cells, the effects of reduced glucose levels on resistance to anticancer drugs and investigated the underlying cellular mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH PIK3CA mutant (AGS, HGC27), and wild-type (MKN45, NUGC4) gastric cancer cells were cultured in high-glucose (HG, 25 mM) or low-glucose (LG, 5 mM) media and tested for sensitivity to two cytotoxic compounds, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and carboplatin, the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, PI103 and the mTOR inhibitor, Ku-0063794. KEY RESULTS All cells had increased resistance to 5-FU and carboplatin when cultured in LG compared with HG conditions despite having similar growth and cell cycle characteristics. On treatment with PI103 or Ku-0063794, only the PIK3CA mutant cells displayed increased resistance in LG conditions. The PIK3CA mutant LG cells had selectively increased p-mTOR, p-S6, p-4EBP1, GLUT1 and lactate production, and reduced reactive oxygen species, consistent with increased glycolysis. Combination analysis indicated PI103 and Ku-0063794 were synergistic in PIK3CA mutant LG cells only. Synergism was accompanied by reduced mTOR signalling and increased autophagy. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Hypoglycaemia increased resistance to cytotoxic agents, especially in tumour cells with a high dependence on glycolysis. Dual inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR pathway may be able to attenuate such hypoglycaemia-associated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bhattacharya
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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38
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AKT-mediated enhanced aerobic glycolysis causes acquired radioresistance by human tumor cells. Radiother Oncol 2014; 112:302-7. [PMID: 25150637 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cellular radioresistance is a major impediment to effective radiotherapy. Here, we demonstrated that long-term exposure to fractionated radiation conferred acquired radioresistance to tumor cells due to AKT-mediated enhanced aerobic glycolysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two human tumor cell lines with acquired radioresistance were established by long-term exposure to fractionated radiation with 0.5 Gy of X-rays. Glucose uptake was inhibited using 2-deoxy-D-glucose, a non-metabolizable glucose analog. Aerobic glycolysis was assessed by measuring lactate concentrations. Cells were then used for assays of ROS generation, survival, and cell death as assessed by annexin V staining. RESULTS Enhanced aerobic glycolysis was shown by increased glucose transporter Glut1 expression and a high lactate production rate in acquired radioresistant cells compared with parental cells. Inhibiting the AKT pathway using the AKT inhibitor API-2 abrogated these phenomena. Moreover, we found that inhibiting glycolysis with 2-deoxy-D-glucose suppressed acquired tumor cell radioresistance. CONCLUSIONS Long-term fractionated radiation confers acquired radioresistance to tumor cells by AKT-mediated alterations in their glucose metabolic pathway. Thus, tumor cell metabolic pathway is an attractive target to eliminate radioresistant cells and improve radiotherapy efficacy.
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39
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Nakaya M, Xiao Y, Zhou X, Chang JH, Chang M, Cheng X, Blonska M, Lin X, Sun SC. Inflammatory T cell responses rely on amino acid transporter ASCT2 facilitation of glutamine uptake and mTORC1 kinase activation. Immunity 2014; 40:692-705. [PMID: 24792914 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine has been implicated as an immunomodulatory nutrient, but how glutamine uptake is mediated during T cell activation is poorly understood. We have shown that naive T cell activation is coupled with rapid glutamine uptake, which depended on the amino acid transporter ASCT2. ASCT2 deficiency impaired the induction of T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells and attenuated inflammatory T cell responses in mouse models of immunity and autoimmunity. Mechanistically, ASCT2 was required for T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated activation of the metabolic kinase mTORC1. We have further shown that TCR-stimulated glutamine uptake and mTORC1 activation also required a TCR signaling complex composed of the scaffold protein CARMA1, the adaptor molecule BCL10, and the paracaspase MALT1. This function was independent of IKK kinase, a major downstream target of the CARMA1 complex. These findings highlight a mechanism of T cell activation involving ASCT2-dependent integration of the TCR signal and a metabolic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Nakaya
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jae-Hoon Chang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030, USA; College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyoung Chang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xuhong Cheng
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marzenna Blonska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Kelly CJ, Hussien K, Fokas E, Kannan P, Shipley RJ, Ashton TM, Stratford M, Pearson N, Muschel RJ. Regulation of O2 consumption by the PI3K and mTOR pathways contributes to tumor hypoxia. Radiother Oncol 2014; 111:72-80. [PMID: 24631147 PMCID: PMC4070024 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway are currently in clinical trials. In addition to antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects, these agents also diminish tumor hypoxia. Since hypoxia is a major cause of resistance to radiotherapy, we sought to understand how it is regulated by PI3K/mTOR inhibition. METHODS Whole cell, mitochondrial, coupled and uncoupled oxygen consumption were measured in cancer cells after inhibition of PI3K (Class I) and mTOR by pharmacological means or by RNAi. Mitochondrial composition was assessed by immunoblotting. Hypoxia was measured in spheroids, in tumor xenografts and predicted with mathematical modeling. RESULTS Inhibition of PI3K and mTOR reduced oxygen consumption by cancer cell lines is predominantly due to reduction of mitochondrial respiration coupled to ATP production. Hypoxia in tumor spheroids was reduced, but returned after removal of the drug. Murine tumors had increased oxygenation even in the absence of average perfusion changes or tumor necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the PI3K/mTOR pathway substantially reduces mitochondrial oxygen consumption thereby reducing tumor hypoxia. These alterations in tumor hypoxia should be considered in the design of clinical trials using PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, particularly in conjunction with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Kelly
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Kamila Hussien
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanouil Fokas
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Pavitra Kannan
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Thomas M Ashton
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Stratford
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ruth J Muschel
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK.
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Chautard E, Ouédraogo ZG, Biau J, Verrelle P. Role of Akt in human malignant glioma: from oncogenesis to tumor aggressiveness. J Neurooncol 2014; 117:205-15. [PMID: 24477623 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gathering evidence has revealed that Akt signaling pathway plays an important role in glioma progression and aggressiveness. Among Akt kinases the most studied, Akt1, has been involved in many cellular processes that are in favor of cell malignancy. More recently, the actions of the two other isoforms, Akt2 and Akt3 have emerged in glioma. After a description of Akt pathway activation, we will explore the role of each isoform in malignant glioma that strengthens the current preclinical and clinical studies evaluating the impact of Akt pathway targeting in glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Chautard
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA7283 CREaT, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France,
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42
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Stall R, Ramos J, Kent Fulcher F, Patel YM. Regulation of myosin IIA and filamentous actin during insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Exp Cell Res 2013; 322:81-8. [PMID: 24374234 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin stimulated glucose uptake requires the colocalization of myosin IIA (MyoIIA) and the insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) at the plasma membrane for proper GLUT4 fusion. MyoIIA facilitates filamentous actin (F-actin) reorganization in various cell types. In adipocytes F-actin reorganization is required for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. What is not known is whether MyoIIA interacts with F-actin to regulate insulin-induced GLUT4 fusion at the plasma membrane. To elucidate the relationship between MyoIIA and F-actin, we examined the colocalization of MyoIIA and F-actin at the plasma membrane upon insulin stimulation as well as the regulation of this interaction. Our findings demonstrated that MyoIIA and F-actin colocalized at the site of GLUT4 fusion with the plasma membrane upon insulin stimulation. Furthermore, inhibition of MyoII with blebbistatin impaired F-actin localization at the plasma membrane. Next we examined the regulatory role of calcium in MyoIIA-F-actin colocalization. Reduced calcium or calmodulin levels decreased colocalization of MyoIIA and F-actin at the plasma membrane. While calcium alone can translocate MyoIIA it did not stimulate F-actin accumulation at the plasma membrane. Taken together, we established that while MyoIIA activity is required for F-actin localization at the plasma membrane, it alone is insufficient to localize F-actin to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Stall
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 312 Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - Joseph Ramos
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 312 Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - F Kent Fulcher
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 312 Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - Yashomati M Patel
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 312 Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA.
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Traditional chinese medicine tang-luo-ning ameliorates sciatic nerve injuries in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:989670. [PMID: 24288572 PMCID: PMC3830865 DOI: 10.1155/2013/989670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes associated with high disability rate and low quality of life. Tang-Luo-Ning (TLN) is an effective traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of DPN. To illustrate the underlying neural protection mechanisms of TLN, the effect of TLN on electrophysiology and sciatic nerve morphology was investigated in a model of streptozotocin-induced DPN, as well as the underlying mechanism. Sciatic motor nerve conduction velocity and digital sensory nerve conduction velocity were reduced in DPN and were significantly improved by TLN or α-lipoic acid at 10 and 20 weeks after streptozotocin injection. It was demonstrated that TLN intervention for 20 weeks significantly alleviated pathological injury as well as increased the phosphorylation of ErbB2, Erk, Bad (Ser112), and the mRNA expression of neuregulin 1 (Nrg1), GRB2-associated binding protein 1 (Gab1), and mammalian target of rapamycin (Mtor) in injured sciatic nerve. These novel therapeutic properties of TLN to promote Schwann cell survival may offer a promising alternative medicine for the patients to delay the progression of DPN. The underlying mechanism may be that TLN exerts neural protection effect after sciatic nerve injury through Nrg1/ErbB2→Erk/Bad Schwann cell survival signaling pathway.
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Systemic and nonrenal adverse effects occurring in renal transplant patients treated with mTOR inhibitors. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:403280. [PMID: 24151517 PMCID: PMC3789319 DOI: 10.1155/2013/403280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTOR-I), sirolimus and everolimus, are immunosuppressive drugs largely used in renal transplantation. The main mechanism of action of these drugs is the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a regulatory protein kinase involved in lymphocyte proliferation. Additionally, the inhibition of the crosstalk among mTORC1, mTORC2, and PI3K confers the antineoplastic activities of these drugs. Because of their specific pharmacological characteristics and their relative lack of nephrotoxicity, these inhibitors are valid option to calcineurine inhibitors (CNIs) for maintenance immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients with chronic allograft nephropathy. However, as other immunosuppressive drugs, mTOR-I may induce the development of several adverse effects that need to be early recognized and treated to avoid severe illness in renal transplant patients. In particular, mTOR-I may induce systemic nonnephrological side effects including pulmonary toxicity, hematological disorders, dysmetabolism, lymphedema, stomatitis, cutaneous adverse effects, and fertility/gonadic toxicity. Although most of the adverse effects are dose related, it is extremely important for clinicians to early recognize them in order to reduce dosage or discontinue mTOR-I treatment avoiding the onset and development of severe clinical complications.
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Panigrahi R, Hazari S, Chandra S, Chandra PK, Datta S, Kurt R, Cameron CE, Huang Z, Zhang H, Garry RF, Balart LA, Dash S. Interferon and ribavirin combination treatment synergistically inhibit HCV internal ribosome entry site mediated translation at the level of polyribosome formation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72791. [PMID: 24009705 PMCID: PMC3751885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been treated with the combination of interferon alpha (IFN-α) and ribavirin (RBV) for over a decade, the mechanism of antiviral synergy is not well understood. We aimed to determine the synergistic antiviral mechanisms of IFN-α and RBV combination treatment using HCV cell culture. METHODS The antiviral efficacy of IFN-α, RBV alone and in combination was quantitatively measured using HCV infected and replicon cell culture. Direct antiviral activity of these two drugs at the level of HCV internal ribosome entry site (IRES) mediated translation in Huh-7 cell culture was investigated. The synergistic antiviral effect of IFN-α and RBV combination treatment was verified using both the CalcuSyn Software and MacSynergy Software. RESULTS RBV combination with IFN-α efficiently inhibits HCV replication cell culture. Our results demonstrate that IFN-α, interferon lambda (IFN-λ) and RBV each inhibit the expression of HCV IRES-GFP and that they have a minimal effect on the expression of GFP in which the translation is not IRES dependent. The combination treatments of RBV along with IFN-α or IFN-λ were highly synergistic with combination indexes <1. We show that IFN-α treatment induce levels of PKR and eIF2α phosphorylation that prevented ribosome loading of the HCV IRES-GFP mRNA. Silencing of PKR expression in Huh-7 cells prevented the inhibitory effect of IFN-α on HCV IRES-GFP expression. RBV also blocked polyribosome loading of HCV-IRES mRNA through the inhibition of cellular IMPDH activity, and induced PKR and eIF2α phosphorylation. Knockdown of PKR or IMPDH prevented RBV induced HCV IRES-GFP translation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated both IFN-α and RBV inhibit HCV IRES through prevention of polyribosome formation. The combination of IFN-α and RBV treatment synergistically inhibits HCV IRES translation via using two different mechanisms involving PKR activation and depletion of intracellular guanosine pool through inhibition of IMPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Panigrahi
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sidhartha Hazari
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sruti Chandra
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Partha K. Chandra
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sibnarayan Datta
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ramazan Kurt
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, United States of America
| | - Zhuhui Huang
- Hepatitis Research Program, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Micribiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Luis A. Balart
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Srikanta Dash
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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A contemporary update on rates and management of toxicities of targeted therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39:388-401. [PMID: 23317510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To provide an updated review of adverse events associated with sunitinib, pazopanib, bevacizumab, temsirolimus, axitinib, everolimus and sorafenib and their management. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a PubMed and Cochrane-based review of side effects associated with the seven agents including product monographs to provide an outline of treatment measures aiming to reduce their toxicities. Subject and outcome of interest, design type, sample size, pertinence and quality, and detail of reporting were the indicators of manuscript quality. RESULTS All targeted therapies cause adverse events. Most adverse events may be prevented or tested before they escalate to severe levels. CONCLUSION Prevention, early recognition, and prompt management of side effects are of key importance and avoid unnecessary dose reductions, which may undermine treatment efficacy.
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PTEN in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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48
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Deblon N, Bourgoin L, Veyrat-Durebex C, Peyrou M, Vinciguerra M, Caillon A, Maeder C, Fournier M, Montet X, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Foti M. Chronic mTOR inhibition by rapamycin induces muscle insulin resistance despite weight loss in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2325-40. [PMID: 22014210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE mTOR inhibitors are currently used as immunosuppressants in transplanted patients and as promising anti-cancer agents. However, new-onset diabetes is a frequent complication occurring in patients treated with mTOR inhibitors such as rapamycin (Sirolimus). Here, we investigated the mechanisms associated with the diabetogenic effects of chronic Sirolimus administration in rats and in in vitro cell cultures. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Sirolimus was administered to rats fed either a standard or high-fat diet for 21 days. Metabolic parameters were measured in vivo and in ex vivo tissues. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by glucose tolerance tests and euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamps. Rapamycin effects on glucose metabolism and insulin signalling were further evaluated in cultured myotubes. KEY RESULTS Sirolimus induced a decrease in food intake and concomitant weight loss. It also induced specific fat mass loss that was independent of changes in food intake. Despite these beneficial effects, Sirolimus-treated rats were glucose intolerant, hyperinsulinaemic and hyperglycaemic, but not hyperlipidaemic. The euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp measurements showed skeletal muscle is a major site of Sirolimus-induced insulin resistance. At the molecular level, long-term Sirolimus administration attenuated glucose uptake and metabolism in skeletal muscle by preventing full insulin-induced Akt activation and altering the expression and translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane. In rats fed a high-fat diet, these metabolic defects were exacerbated, although Sirolimus-treated animals were protected from diet-induced obesity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, our data demonstrate that the diabetogenic effect of chronic rapamycin administration is due to an impaired insulin action on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Deblon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ward PS, Thompson CB. Signaling in control of cell growth and metabolism. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:a006783. [PMID: 22687276 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells require growth-factor-receptor-initiated signaling to proliferate. Signal transduction not only initiates entry into the cell cycle, but also reprograms cellular metabolism. This instructional metabolic reprogramming is critical if the cell is to fulfill the anabolic and energetic requirements that accompany cell growth and division. Growth factor signaling mediated by the PI3K/Akt pathway plays a major role in regulating the cellular uptake of glucose, as well as the incorporation of this glucose carbon into lipids for membrane synthesis. Tyrosine-kinase-based regulation of key glycolytic enzymes such as pyruvate kinase also plays a critical role directing glucose carbon into anabolic pathways. In addition, the Myc transcription factor and mTOR kinase regulate the uptake and utilization of amino acids for protein and nucleic acid synthesis, as well as for the supply of intermediates to the mitochondrial Krebs cycle. However, the relationship between cellular signaling and metabolism is not unidirectional. Cells, by sensing levels of intracellular metabolites and the status of key metabolic pathways, can exert feedback control on signal transduction networks through multiple types of metabolite-derived protein modifications. These mechanisms allow cells to coordinate growth and division with their metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Ward
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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50
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Chen JQ, Russo J. Dysregulation of glucose transport, glycolysis, TCA cycle and glutaminolysis by oncogenes and tumor suppressors in cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:370-84. [PMID: 22750268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A common set of functional characteristics of cancer cells is that cancer cells consume a large amount of glucose, maintain high rate of glycolysis and convert a majority of glucose into lactic acid even in the presence of oxygen compared to that of normal cells (Warburg's Effects). In addition, cancer cells exhibit substantial alterations in several energy metabolism pathways including glucose transport, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glutaminolysis, mitochondrial respiratory chain oxidative phosphorylation and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). In the present work, we focused on reviewing the current knowledge about the dysregulation of the proteins/enzymes involved in the key regulatory steps of glucose transport, glycolysis, TCA cycle and glutaminolysis by several oncogenes including c-Myc and hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and tumor suppressor, p53, in cancer cells. The dysregulation of glucose transport and energy metabolism pathways by oncogenes and lost functions of the tumor suppressors have been implicated as important biomarkers for cancer detection and as valuable targets for the development of new anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qiang Chen
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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