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Liu S, Madiai F, Hackshaw KV, Allen CE, Carl J, Huschart E, Karanfilov C, Litsky A, Hickey CJ, Marcucci G, Huja S, Agarwal S, Yu J, Caligiuri MA, Wu LC. The large zinc finger protein ZAS3 is a critical modulator of osteoclastogenesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17161. [PMID: 21390242 PMCID: PMC3048431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mice deficient in the large zinc finger protein, ZAS3, show postnatal increase in bone mass suggesting that ZAS3 is critical in the regulation of bone homeostasis. Although ZAS3 has been shown to inhibit osteoblast differentiation, its role on osteoclastogenesis has not been determined. In this report we demonstrated the role of ZAS3 in bone resorption by examining the signaling mechanisms involved in osteoclastogenesis. Methodology/Principal Findings Comparison of adult wild-type and ZAS3 knockout (ZAS3−/−) mice showed that ZAS3 deficiency led to thicker bones that are more resistant to mechanical fracture. Additionally, ZAS3−/− bones showed fewer osteoclasts and inefficient M-CSF/sRANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis ex vivo. Utilizing RAW 264.7 pre-osteoclasts, we demonstrated that overexpression of ZAS3 promoted osteoclastogenesis and the expression of crucial osteoclastic molecules, including phospho-p38, c-Jun, NFATc1, TRAP and CTSK. Contrarily, ZAS3 silencing by siRNA inhibited osteoclastogenesis. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that ZAS3 associated with TRAF6, the major receptor associated molecule in RANK signaling. Furthermore, EMSA suggested that nuclear ZAS3 could regulate transcription by binding to gene regulatory elements. Conclusion/Significance Collectively, the data suggested a novel role of ZAS3 as a positive regulator of osteoclast differentiation. ZAS3 deficiency caused increased bone mass, at least in part due to decreased osteoclast formation and bone resorption. These functions of ZAS3 were mediated via activation of multiple intracellular targets. In the cytoplasmic compartment, ZAS3 associated with TRAF6 to control NF-kB and MAP kinase signaling cascades. Nuclear ZAS3 acted as a transcriptional regulator for osteoclast-associated genes. Additionally, ZAS3 activated NFATc1 required for the integration of RANK signaling in the terminal differentiation of osteoclasts. Thus, ZAS3 was a crucial molecule in osteoclast differentiation, which might potentially serve as a target in the design of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of bone diseases related to increased osteoclast activity such as postmenopausal osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Francesca Madiai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kevin V. Hackshaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Carl E. Allen
- Molecular and Cellular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joseph Carl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Emily Huschart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chris Karanfilov
- Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alan Litsky
- Department of Orthopaedics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Hickey
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sarandeep Huja
- Division of Orthodontics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sudha Agarwal
- Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Division of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Caligiuri
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lai-Chu Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Koshelev YA, Georgiev GP, Kibardin AV. Functions of protein MTS1 (S100A4) in normal and tumor cells. RUSS J GENET+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795408020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Wu LC, Goettl VM, Madiai F, Hackshaw KV, Hussain SRA. Reciprocal regulation of nuclear factor kappa B and its inhibitor ZAS3 after peripheral nerve injury. BMC Neurosci 2006; 7:4. [PMID: 16409637 PMCID: PMC1361774 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NF-kappaB binds to the kappaB motif to regulate transcription of genes involved in growth, immunity and inflammation, and plays a pivotal role in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines after nerve injuries. The zinc finger protein ZAS3 also binds to the kappaB or similar motif. In addition to competition for common DNA sites, in vitro experiments have shown that ZAS3 can inhibit NF-kappaB via the association with TRAF2 to inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. However, the physiological significance of the ZAS3-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB has not been demonstrated. The purpose of this study is to characterize ZAS3 proteins in nervous tissues and to use spinal nerve ligation, a neuropathic pain model, to demonstrate a functional relationship between ZAS3 and NF-kappaB. RESULTS Immunohistochemical experiments show that ZAS3 is expressed in specific regions of the central and peripheral nervous system. Abundant ZAS3 expression is found in the trigeminal ganglion, hippocampal formation, dorsal root ganglia, and motoneurons. Low levels of ZAS3 expressions are also found in the cerebral cortex and in the grey matter of the spinal cord. In those nervous tissues, ZAS3 is expressed mainly in the cell bodies of neurons and astrocytes. Together with results of Western blot analyses, the data suggest that ZAS3 protein isoforms with differential cellular distribution are produced in a cell-specific manner. Further, neuropathic pain confirmed by persistent mechanical allodynia was manifested in rats seven days after L5 and L6 lumbar spinal nerve ligation. Changes in gene expression, including a decrease in ZAS3 and an increase in the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB were observed in dorsal root ganglion ipsilateral to the ligation when compared to the contralateral side. CONCLUSION ZAS3 is expressed in nervous tissues involved in cognitive function and pain modulation. The down-regulation of ZAS3 after peripheral nerve injury may lead to activation of NF-kappaB, allowing Wallerian regeneration and induction of NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression, including pro-inflammatory cytokines. We propose that reciprocal changes in the expression of ZAS3 and NF-kappaB might generate neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Chu Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, OH 43210, USA
| | - Virginia M Goettl
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Ohio State University, OH 43210, USA
| | - Francesca Madiai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kevin V Hackshaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, OH 43210, USA
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Fujii H, Gabrielson E, Takagaki T, Ohtsuji M, Ohtsuji N, Hino O. Frequent down-regulation of HIVEP2 in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 91:103-12. [PMID: 15868437 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-004-5779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The HIVEP2 gene, located on 6q23-q24, belongs to a family of genes that encodes large zinc fingers containing transcription factor proteins. Although this gene has been implicated in the regulation of immune responses and cellular proliferation, its functions are largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated HIVEP2 gene abnormalities in microdissected breast cancer tissue. For real-time quantitational RT-PCR analysis of paired normal and tumor tissues, mRNA levels were down-regulated to a maximum of 96%. The overall median expression level in breast cancer (33 cases) was significantly lower than that in normal breast tissue (normalized median value of 4.49 versus 17.68; p < 0.0001). Through full-length 5'-RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) analysis, we identified multiple exons in the 5'-untranslated regions with multiple transcriptional start sites, four of which were located in a large CpG island. No tissue- or cancer-specific usage patterns for the transcription start sites were identified by multiplex RT-PCR analysis. Only faint methylation was detected in the 5' region of the island in normal cells and breast cancer tissue, indicating physiological, aging and no tumor-specific methylation. Mutation screening showed only germline polymorphisms. Thus, down-regulation of the HIVEP2 genes frequently occurs and may be one of the genetic events responsible for breast cancer, and their transcription may be regulated by complex mechanisms involving interactions with other factors and/or by other genetic/epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Fujii
- Department of Pathology II, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Lawson WE, Polosukhin VV, Zoia O, Stathopoulos GT, Han W, Plieth D, Loyd JE, Neilson EG, Blackwell TS. Characterization of fibroblast-specific protein 1 in pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 171:899-907. [PMID: 15618458 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200311-1535oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Because fibroblasts produce collagen and other extracellular matrix components that are deposited during tissue fibrosis, defining the behavior of these cells is critical to understanding the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases. We investigated the utility of fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1), a member of the calmodulin S100 troponin C superfamily, for identifying lung fibroblasts in a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by intratracheal administration of bleomycin. Protein and mRNA expression of FSP1 was minimal in untreated lungs, but increased by 1 week after bleomycin administration and remained increased at 2 and 3 weeks after treatment. By immunohistochemistry, the number of FSP1(+) cells increased in a dose-dependent manner in the lungs after bleomycin treatment. Colocalization of alpha1 procollagen and FSP1 in interstitial cells demonstrated that FSP1(+) fibroblasts contribute to the deposition of collagen after bleomycin administration. In primary lung cell cultures, lung fibroblasts, but not macrophages or type II alveolar epithelial cells, expressed FSP1. FSP1 also identified fibroblasts in lung biopsy specimens from patients with documented usual interstitial pneumonitis. Therefore, FSP1 is an improved marker for lung fibroblasts that could be useful for investigating the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Lawson
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, T-1217 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA
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Hong JW, Wu LC. Structural characterization of the gene encoding the large zinc finger protein ZAS3: implication to the origin of multiple promoters in eukaryotic genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1681:74-87. [PMID: 15627499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ZAS3 is a large zinc finger protein that regulates kappaB-mediated transcription and TNF-driven signal transduction pathway. Herein, we have characterized the mouse ZAS3 gene that spans 400 kb and splits into 16 exons. Four ZAS3 exons, ranging from 676 to 3956 nucleotides, are significantly larger than the average size of mammalian internal exons. Intron 10, when retained in mRNAs, encodes N-terminal DNA binding domain, called ZASN. As predicted from cDNAs, 5' untranslated region composed of the 2317 nucleotides is extremely long and contains upstream open reading frames, suggesting that translation initiation of ZAS3 transcripts by conventional cap-dependent ribosome scanning mechanism may be inefficient. Additionally, cDNA data analysis followed by reporter gene assays shows that the ZAS3 locus harbors two promoters that are 80 kb apart. The data suggest that the expression of ZAS3 is controlled by a combination of differential promoter usage, alternative splicing, and possible intergenic splicing. The distribution and degree of conservation of exons within the ZAS3 locus, together with the complex alternative splicing events and upstream open reading frame in 5' untranslated exons, lead us to speculate that multiple promoters of an eukaryotic gene might be residual traces of regulatory regions of other genes lost in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Woo Hong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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7
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Oukka M, Wein MN, Glimcher LH. Schnurri-3 (KRC) interacts with c-Jun to regulate the IL-2 gene in T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:15-24. [PMID: 14707112 PMCID: PMC1887724 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor is a key participant in the control of T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and effector function. In the immune system, AP-1 activity is highest in T cells, suggesting that a subset of T cell–specific coactivator proteins exist to selectively potentiate AP-1 function. Here, we describe that the expression of Schnurri-3, also known as κ recognition component (KRC), is induced upon T cell receptor signaling in T cells and functions to regulate the expression of the interleukin 2 (IL-2) gene. Overexpression of KRC in transformed and primary T cells leads to increased IL-2 production, whereas dominant-negative KRC, or loss of KRC protein in KRC-null mice, results in diminished IL-2 production. KRC physically associates with the c-Jun transcription factor and serves as a coactivator to augment AP-1–dependent IL-2 gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Oukka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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8
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Dürr U, Henningfeld KA, Hollemann T, Knöchel W, Pieler T. Isolation and characterization of theXenopusHIVEP gene family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:1135-44. [PMID: 15009192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The HIVEP gene family encodes for very large sequence-specific DNA binding proteins containing multiple zinc fingers. Three mammalian paralogous genes have been identified, HIVEP1, -2 and -3, as well as the closely related Drosophila gene, Schnurri. These genes have been found to directly participate in the transcriptional regulation of a variety of genes. Mammalian HIVEP members have been implicated in signaling by TNF-alpha and in the positive selection of thymocytes, while Schnurri has been shown to be an essential component of the TGF-beta signaling pathway. In this study, we describe the isolation of Xenopus HIVEP1, as well as partial cDNAs of HIVEP2 and -3. Analysis of the temporal and spatial expression of the XHIVEP transcripts during early embryogenesis revealed ubiquitous expression of the transcripts. Assays using Xenopus oocytes mapped XHIVEP1 domains that are responsible for nuclear export and import activity. The DNA binding specificity of XHIVEP was characterized using a PCR-mediated selection and gel mobility shift assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Dürr
- Abteilung Entwicklungsbiochemie, Universität Göttingen, Germany
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Hong JW, Allen CE, Wu LC. Inhibition of NF-kappaB by ZAS3, a zinc-finger protein that also binds to the kappaB motif. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:12301-6. [PMID: 14530385 PMCID: PMC218753 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2133048100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ZAS proteins are large zinc-finger transcriptional proteins implicated in growth, signal transduction, and lymphoid development. Recombinant ZAS fusion proteins containing one of the two DNA-binding domains have been shown to bind specifically to the kappaB motif, but the endogenous ZAS proteins or their physiological functions are largely unknown. The kappaB motif, GGGACTTTCC, is a gene regulatory element found in promoters and enhancers of genes involved in immunity, inflammation, and growth. The Rel family of NF-kappaB, predominantly p65.p50 and p50.p50, are transcription factors well known for inducing gene expression by means of interaction with the kappaB motif during acute-phase responses. A functional link between ZAS and NF-kappaB, two distinct families of kappaB-binding proteins, stems from our previous in vitro studies that show that a representative member, ZAS3, associates with TRAF2, an adaptor molecule in tumor necrosis factor signaling, to inhibit NF-kappaB activation. Biochemical and genetic evidence presented herein shows that ZAS3 encodes major kappaB-binding proteins in B lymphocytes, and that NF-kappaB is constitutively activated in ZAS3-deficient B cells. The data suggest that ZAS3 plays crucial functions in maintaining cellular homeostasis, at least in part by inhibiting NF-kappaB by means of three mechanisms: inhibition of nuclear translocation of p65, competition for kappaB gene regulatory elements, and repression of target gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Woo Hong
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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10
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Allen CE, Muthusamy N, Weisbrode SE, Hong JW, Wu LC. Developmental anomalies and neoplasia in animals and cells deficient in the large zinc finger protein KRC. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 35:287-98. [PMID: 12378523 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The large zinc finger protein KRC binds to the signal sequences of V(D)J recombination and the kappaB motif. Disruption of KRC expression in cell lines resulted in increased cell proliferation, anchorage independence of growth, and uncoupling of nuclear division and cell division. In this report, the function of KRC was studied in a RAG2-deficient blastocyst complementation animal model. KRC-deficient embryonic stem cells were generated by homologous recombination and were introduced into RAG2(-/-) blastocysts to generate KRC(-/-);RAG2(-/-) chimeric mice. The lymphoid compartments of chimeras examined at 5 weeks of age were developed, suggesting that KRC is not essential for V(D)J recombination development. However, by 6 months of age, there was a marked deficit in CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes in the chimeras, suggesting that KRC may be involved in T-lymphocyte survival. Additionally, one chimera developed anomalies, including postaxial polydactyly, hydronephrosis, and an extragonadal malignant teratoma. DNA analysis showed that the teratoma was derived from KRC(-/-) embryonic stem cells. The teratoma had compound tissue organization and was infiltrated with B lymphocytes. Subsequently, several immortalized KRC-deficient cell lines were established from the teratoma. In this study, growth anomalies and neoplasia were observed in animals and cells deficient in KRC, and other studies have shown allelic loss occurring at the chromosomal region of the human KRC counterpart in various tumors. We propose that KRC may be a previously unidentified tumor-suppresser gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Allen
- Program of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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11
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Allen CE, Mak CH, Wu LC. The kappa B transcriptional enhancer motif and signal sequences of V(D)J recombination are targets for the zinc finger protein HIVEP3/KRC: a site selection amplification binding study. BMC Immunol 2002; 3:10. [PMID: 12193271 PMCID: PMC122077 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2002] [Accepted: 08/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ZAS family is composed of proteins that regulate transcription via specific gene regulatory elements. The amino-DNA binding domain (ZAS-N) and the carboxyl-DNA binding domain (ZAS-C) of a representative family member, named kappaB DNA binding and recognition component (KRC), were expressed as fusion proteins and their target DNA sequences were elucidated by site selection amplification binding assays, followed by cloning and DNA sequencing. The fusion proteins-selected DNA sequences were analyzed by the MEME and MAST computer programs to obtain consensus motifs and DNA elements bound by the ZAS domains. RESULTS Both fusion proteins selected sequences that were similar to the kappaB motif or the canonical elements of the V(D)J recombination signal sequences (RSS) from a pool of degenerate oligonucleotides. Specifically, the ZAS-N domain selected sequences similar to the canonical RSS nonamer, while ZAS-C domain selected sequences similar to the canonical RSS heptamer. In addition, both KRC fusion proteins selected oligonucleoties with sequences identical to heptamer and nonamer sequences within endogenous RSS. CONCLUSIONS The RSS are cis-acting DNA motifs which are essential for V(D)J recombination of antigen receptor genes. Due to its specific binding affinity for RSS and kappaB-like transcription enhancer motifs, we hypothesize that KRC may be involved in the regulation of V(D)J recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chi-ho Mak
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lai-Chu Wu
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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12
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Hicar MD, Robinson ML, Wu LC. Embryonic expression and regulation of the large zinc finger protein KRC. Genesis 2002; 33:8-20. [PMID: 12001065 DOI: 10.1002/gene.10084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
KRC fusion proteins bind to the kappaB enhancer motif and to the signal sequences of V(D)J recombination. Here we have characterized endogenous KRC in mouse embryos and lymphoma cell lines. Starting from midgestation, neuronal- and lymphoid-restricted expression of KRC was observed from the dorsal root ganglia, trigeminal ganglion, thymus, and cerebral cortex. Several B-cell lines produced an alternatively spliced KRC transcript of 4.5 kb and a 115-kDa DNA-binding protein isoform. Additionally, that KRC transcript was induced by lipopolysaccharide, a potent activator of cells in immunity and inflammation. In genetic-engineered B cells stably transfected with inducible expression vectors for the recombination activating genes RAG1, RAG2, or both, the avidity of KRC to DNA was markedly decreased when RAG1 and RAG2 were overexpressed. We hypothesize that KRC may function in developing thymocytes and neurons, where its role might be transcription regulation or DNA recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Hicar
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus 43210, USA
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Mazzucchelli L. Protein S100A4: too long overlooked by pathologists? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:7-13. [PMID: 11786392 PMCID: PMC1867142 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Abstract
A ZAS gene encodes a large protein with two separate C2H2 zinc finger pairs that independently bind to specific DNA sequences, including the kappaB motif. Three paralogous mammalian genes, ZAS1, ZAS2, and ZAS3, and a related Drosophila gene, Schnurri, have been cloned and characterized. The ZAS genes encode transcriptional proteins that activate or repress the transcription of a variety of genes involved in growth, development, and metastasis. In addition, ZAS3 associates with a TNF receptor-associated factor to inhibit NF-kappaB- and JNK/ SAPK-mediated signaling of TNF-alpha. Genetic experiments show that ZAS3 deficiency leads to proliferation of cells and tumor formation in mice. The data suggest that ZAS3 is important in controlling cell growth, apoptosis, and inflammation. The potent vasoactive hormone endothelin and transcription factor AP2 gene families also each consist of three members. The ZAS, endothelin, and transcription factor AP2 genes form several linkage groups. Knowledge of the chromosomal locations of these genes provides valuable clues to the evolution of the vertebrate genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Chu Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus 43210, USA.
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Cohn MA, Hjelmsø I, Wu LC, Guldberg P, Lukanidin EM, Tulchinsky EM. Characterization of Sp1, AP-1, CBF and KRC binding sites and minisatellite DNA as functional elements of the metastasis-associated mts1/S100A4 gene intronic enhancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:3335-46. [PMID: 11504871 PMCID: PMC55845 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.16.3335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2001] [Revised: 06/29/2001] [Accepted: 06/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mts1/S100A4 gene encodes a small acidic calcium-binding protein that is expressed in a cell-specific manner in development, tumorigenesis and certain tissues of adult mice. A composite enhancer that is active in murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells was previously identified in the first intron of the mts1/S100A4 gene. Here we present a detailed analysis of the structure and function of this enhancer in the Mts1/S100A4-expressing CSML100 and non-expressing CSML0 mouse adenocarcinoma cell lines. In CSML100 cells the enhancer activity is composed of at least six cis-elements interacting with Sp1 and AP-1 family members and CBF/AML/PEBP2 and KRC transcription factors. In addition, a minisatellite-like DNA sequence significantly contributes to the enhancer activity via interaction with abundant proteins, which likely have been described previously under the name minisatellite-binding proteins. Extensive mutational analysis of the mts1/S100A4 enhancer revealed a cooperative function of KRC and the factors binding minisatellite DNA. This is the first example of an enhancer where two nuclear factors earlier implicated in different recombination processes cooperate to activate transcription. In Mts1/S100A4-negative CSML0 cells the strength of the enhancer was 7- to 12.5-fold lower compared to that in CSML100 cells, when referred to the activities of three viral promoters. In CSML0 cells the enhancer could be activated by exogenous AP-1 and CBF transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Cohn
- Department of Molecular Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Biology, The Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Smirnov AS, Ruzov AS, Budanov AV, Prokhortchouk AV, Ivanov AV, Prokhortchouk EB. High constitutive level of NF-kappaB is crucial for viability of adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8:621-30. [PMID: 11536013 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2000] [Revised: 12/11/2000] [Accepted: 02/01/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of cells exhibit low nuclear level of NF-kappaB. However, in some cell lines and tissues aberrantly activated NF-kappaB is playing an important role in cell motility, growth control and survival. Here we describe the result of decrease of constitutive NF-kappaB level in different adenocarcinoma cell lines. Treatment of mouse adenocarcinoma cell line CSML-100 with both synthetic (TPCK or PDTC) or natural (I(kappaB)-alpha) NF-kappaB inhibitors caused apoptotic death. Low doses of TPCK were harmless for CSML100 cells but sensitized them to TNF-induced apoptosis. Death of CSML100 cells in the presence of high concentration TPCK was not accompanied with significant changes in c-myc activity but strongly correlated with rapid decrease in p53 level. Thus, mutual behavior p53 and NF-kappaB represented a unique feature of TPCK-induced apoptosis in CSML-100 adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Smirnov
- Group of Transcriptional Control and Oncogenesis, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 34/5, 117334 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Iwano M, Fischer A, Okada H, Plieth D, Xue C, Danoff TM, Neilson EG. Conditional abatement of tissue fibrosis using nucleoside analogs to selectively corrupt DNA replication in transgenic fibroblasts. Mol Ther 2001; 3:149-59. [PMID: 11237671 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive tissue fibrosis can compromise epithelial function resulting in organ failure. Appreciating evidence suggests that fibroblasts provide fibrogenic collagens during such injury. We further tested this notion by attempting to reduce the physiologic consequences of organ fibrosis through the selective killing of fibroblasts at sites of injury. Here, we report the conditional reduction of tissue fibroblasts using the coding sequence for herpesvirus thymidine kinase (DeltaTK) put under the control of a cell-specific promoter from the gene encoding fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1). Transgenic fibroblasts from mice carrying FSP1.DeltaTK minigenes expressed thymidine kinase concordantly with native FSP1 and, compared to transgenic epithelium, were selectively susceptible to the lethal effects of nucleoside analogs either in culture or during experimental renal fibrosis. The numbers of fibroblasts in fibrogenic kidney tissue were reduced on exposure to nucleoside analogs as was the degree of type I collagen deposition and the extent of fibrosis. Fibroblast reduction following the stress of DNA chain termination highlights the important contribution of cell division during fibrogenesis. Our findings convey a proof of principle regarding the importance of FSP1(+) fibroblasts in fibrosis as well as providing a new approach to treating the relentless scarification of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwano
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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18
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Hicar MD, Liu Y, Allen CE, Wu LC. Structure of the human zinc finger protein HIVEP3: molecular cloning, expression, exon-intron structure, and comparison with paralogous genes HIVEP1 and HIVEP2. Genomics 2001; 71:89-100. [PMID: 11161801 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the cloning and characterization of HIVEP3, the newest member in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer-binding protein family that encodes large zinc finger proteins and regulates transcription via the kappaB enhancer motif. The largest open reading frame of HIVEP3 contains 2406 aa. and is approximately 80% identical to the mouse counterpart. The HIVEP3 gene is located in the chromosomal region 1p34 and is at least 300 kb with 10 exons. RNA studies show that multiple HIVEP3 transcripts are differentially expressed and regulated. Additionally, transcription termination occurs in the ultimate exon, exon 10, or in exon 6. Therefore, HIVEP3 may produce protein isoforms that contain or exclude the carboxyl DNA binding domain and the leucine zipper by alternative RNA splicing and differential polyadenylation. Sequence homologous to HIVEP3 exon 6 is not found in mouse nor are the paralogous genes HIVEP1 and HIVEP2. Zoo-blot analysis suggests that sequences homologous to the human exon 6 are present only in primates and cow. Therefore, a foreign DNA harboring a termination exon likely was inserted into the HIVEP3 locus relatively recently in evolution, resulting in the acquisition of novel gene regulatory mechanisms as well as the generation of structural and functional diversity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Brain/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cosmids
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Exons
- Expressed Sequence Tags
- Gene Library
- Humans
- Introns
- Mice
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligonucleotide Probes/metabolism
- Open Reading Frames
- Phylogeny
- Poly A/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
- Transcription Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Zinc Fingers
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hicar
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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19
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Allen CE, Wu LC. Downregulation of KRC induces proliferation, anchorage independence, and mitotic cell death in HeLa cells. Exp Cell Res 2000; 260:346-56. [PMID: 11035930 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.5029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The large zinc finger protein KRC regulates transcription of target genes via the kappaB gene enhancer element. As an attempt to investigate the cellular function of KRC, we have established cell lines stably transfected with KRC expression vectors. Introduction of a vector directing expression of a transcript antisense to KRC mRNAs in several mammalian cell lines resulted in accelerated proliferation. Furthermore, in HeLa cells, downregulation of KRC conferred anchorage-independent growth and promoted cell cycle progression without an intervening cytokinesis, culminating in the formation of multinucleated giant cells. Ultimately these cells died.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Allen
- Program of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
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