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Fischer AAM, Robertson HB, Kong D, Grimm MM, Grether J, Groth J, Baltes C, Fliegauf M, Lautenschläger F, Grimbacher B, Ye H, Helms V, Weber W. Engineering Material Properties of Transcription Factor Condensates to Control Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells and Mice. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311834. [PMID: 38573961 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Phase separation of biomolecules into condensates is a key mechanism in the spatiotemporal organization of biochemical processes in cells. However, the impact of the material properties of biomolecular condensates on important processes, such as the control of gene expression, remains largely elusive. Here, the material properties of optogenetically induced transcription factor condensates are systematically tuned, and probed for their impact on the activation of target promoters. It is demonstrated that transcription factors in rather liquid condensates correlate with increased gene expression levels, whereas stiffer transcription factor condensates correlate with the opposite effect, reduced activation of gene expression. The broad nature of these findings is demonstrated in mammalian cells and mice, as well as by using different synthetic and natural transcription factors. These effects are observed for both transgenic and cell-endogenous promoters. The findings provide a novel materials-based layer in the control of gene expression, which opens novel opportunities in optogenetic engineering and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A M Fischer
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hanah B Robertson
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Deqiang Kong
- Synthetic Biology and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Merlin M Grimm
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Grether
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Karlstraße 6-11, 88400, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Johanna Groth
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Baltes
- Department of Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Manfred Fliegauf
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Department of Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung e.V., Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Haifeng Ye
- Synthetic Biology and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Volkhard Helms
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Campus D2 2, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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2
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Sharma M, Suratannon N, Leung D, Baris S, Takeuchi I, Samra S, Yanagi K, Rosa Duque JS, Benamar M, Del Bel KL, Momenilandi M, Béziat V, Casanova JL, van Hagen PM, Arai K, Nomura I, Kaname T, Chatchatee P, Morita H, Chatila TA, Lau YL, Turvey SE. Human germline gain-of-function in STAT6: from severe allergic disease to lymphoma and beyond. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:138-153. [PMID: 38238227 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-6 is a transcription factor central to pro-allergic immune responses, although the function of human STAT6 at the whole-organism level has long remained unknown. Germline heterozygous gain-of-function (GOF) rare variants in STAT6 have been recently recognized to cause a broad and severe clinical phenotype of early-onset, multi-system allergic disease. Here, we provide an overview of the clinical presentation of STAT6-GOF disease, discussing how dysregulation of the STAT6 pathway causes severe allergic disease, and identifying possible targeted treatment approaches. Finally, we explore the mechanistic overlap between STAT6-GOF disease and other monogenic atopic disorders, and how this group of inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) powerfully inform our fundamental understanding of common human allergic disease.
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3
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Tamari M, Del Bel KL, Ver Heul AM, Zamidar L, Orimo K, Hoshi M, Trier AM, Yano H, Yang TL, Biggs CM, Motomura K, Shibuya R, Yu CD, Xie Z, Iriki H, Wang Z, Auyeung K, Damle G, Demircioglu D, Gregory JK, Hasson D, Dai J, Chang RB, Morita H, Matsumoto K, Jain S, Van Dyken S, Milner JD, Bogunovic D, Hu H, Artis D, Turvey SE, Kim BS. Sensory neurons promote immune homeostasis in the lung. Cell 2024; 187:44-61.e17. [PMID: 38134932 PMCID: PMC10811756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines employ downstream Janus kinases (JAKs) to promote chronic inflammatory diseases. JAK1-dependent type 2 cytokines drive allergic inflammation, and patients with JAK1 gain-of-function (GoF) variants develop atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma. To explore tissue-specific functions, we inserted a human JAK1 GoF variant (JAK1GoF) into mice and observed the development of spontaneous AD-like skin disease but unexpected resistance to lung inflammation when JAK1GoF expression was restricted to the stroma. We identified a previously unrecognized role for JAK1 in vagal sensory neurons in suppressing airway inflammation. Additionally, expression of Calcb/CGRPβ was dependent on JAK1 in the vagus nerve, and CGRPβ suppressed group 2 innate lymphoid cell function and allergic airway inflammation. Our findings reveal evolutionarily conserved but distinct functions of JAK1 in sensory neurons across tissues. This biology raises the possibility that therapeutic JAK inhibitors may be further optimized for tissue-specific efficacy to enhance precision medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tamari
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1058471, Japan; Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan
| | - Kate L Del Bel
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Aaron M Ver Heul
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lydia Zamidar
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Keisuke Orimo
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan
| | - Masato Hoshi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anna M Trier
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ting-Lin Yang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Catherine M Biggs
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Kenichiro Motomura
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan
| | - Rintaro Shibuya
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chuyue D Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zili Xie
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hisato Iriki
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kelsey Auyeung
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gargi Damle
- Tisch Cancer Institute Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing (BiNGS) Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Skin Biology and Disease Resource-based Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Deniz Demircioglu
- Tisch Cancer Institute Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing (BiNGS) Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Skin Biology and Disease Resource-based Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jill K Gregory
- Digital and Technology Partners, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dan Hasson
- Tisch Cancer Institute Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing (BiNGS) Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Skin Biology and Disease Resource-based Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jinye Dai
- Department of Pharmacological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rui B Chang
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Allen Discovery Center for Neuroimmune Interactions, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hideaki Morita
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven Van Dyken
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing (BiNGS) Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Allen Discovery Center for Neuroimmune Interactions, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Center for Nutrition and Inflammation, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Brian S Kim
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Allen Discovery Center for Neuroimmune Interactions, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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4
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Chen K, Ochs HD, Allenspach EJ. STAT6 joins the gain-of-function club. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:53-55. [PMID: 37192684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Chen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash
| | - Hans D Ochs
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash
| | - Eric J Allenspach
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash.
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5
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Sharma M, Leung D, Momenilandi M, Jones LC, Pacillo L, James AE, Murrell JR, Delafontaine S, Maimaris J, Vaseghi-Shanjani M, Del Bel KL, Lu HY, Chua GT, Di Cesare S, Fornes O, Liu Z, Di Matteo G, Fu MP, Amodio D, Tam IYS, Chan GSW, Sharma AA, Dalmann J, van der Lee R, Blanchard-Rohner G, Lin S, Philippot Q, Richmond PA, Lee JJ, Matthews A, Seear M, Turvey AK, Philips RL, Brown-Whitehorn TF, Gray CJ, Izumi K, Treat JR, Wood KH, Lack J, Khleborodova A, Niemela JE, Yang X, Liang R, Kui L, Wong CSM, Poon GWK, Hoischen A, van der Made CI, Yang J, Chan KW, Rosa Duque JSD, Lee PPW, Ho MHK, Chung BHY, Le HTM, Yang W, Rohani P, Fouladvand A, Rokni-Zadeh H, Changi-Ashtiani M, Miryounesi M, Puel A, Shahrooei M, Finocchi A, Rossi P, Rivalta B, Cifaldi C, Novelli A, Passarelli C, Arasi S, Bullens D, Sauer K, Claeys T, Biggs CM, Morris EC, Rosenzweig SD, O’Shea JJ, Wasserman WW, Bedford HM, van Karnebeek CD, Palma P, Burns SO, Meyts I, Casanova JL, Lyons JJ, Parvaneh N, Nguyen ATV, Cancrini C, Heimall J, Ahmed H, McKinnon ML, Lau YL, Béziat V, Turvey SE. Human germline heterozygous gain-of-function STAT6 variants cause severe allergic disease. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221755. [PMID: 36884218 PMCID: PMC10037107 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) is a transcription factor that plays a central role in the pathophysiology of allergic inflammation. We have identified 16 patients from 10 families spanning three continents with a profound phenotype of early-life onset allergic immune dysregulation, widespread treatment-resistant atopic dermatitis, hypereosinophilia with esosinophilic gastrointestinal disease, asthma, elevated serum IgE, IgE-mediated food allergies, and anaphylaxis. The cases were either sporadic (seven kindreds) or followed an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern (three kindreds). All patients carried monoallelic rare variants in STAT6 and functional studies established their gain-of-function (GOF) phenotype with sustained STAT6 phosphorylation, increased STAT6 target gene expression, and TH2 skewing. Precision treatment with the anti-IL-4Rα antibody, dupilumab, was highly effective improving both clinical manifestations and immunological biomarkers. This study identifies heterozygous GOF variants in STAT6 as a novel autosomal dominant allergic disorder. We anticipate that our discovery of multiple kindreds with germline STAT6 GOF variants will facilitate the recognition of more affected individuals and the full definition of this new primary atopic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehul Sharma
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daniel Leung
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mana Momenilandi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lauren C.W. Jones
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lucia Pacillo
- Dept. of System Medicine, Pediatric Chair, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Academic Dept. of Pediatrics (DPUO), Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alyssa E. James
- Translational Allergic Immunopathology Unit, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jill R. Murrell
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Selket Delafontaine
- Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Pediatric Immunodeficiencies Division, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jesmeen Maimaris
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Dept. of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Maryam Vaseghi-Shanjani
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kate L. Del Bel
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Henry Y. Lu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dept. of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gilbert T. Chua
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Allergy Centre, Union Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Silvia Di Cesare
- Dept. of System Medicine, Pediatric Chair, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Oriol Fornes
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Dept. of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zhongyi Liu
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- Academic Dept. of Pediatrics (DPUO), Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maggie P. Fu
- Dept. of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Genome Science and Technology Program, Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Donato Amodio
- Academic Dept. of Pediatrics (DPUO), Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Issan Yee San Tam
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Joshua Dalmann
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Robin van der Lee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Dept. of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Géraldine Blanchard-Rohner
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Unit of Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of General Pediatrics, Dept. of Woman, Child, and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Susan Lin
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Quentin Philippot
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Phillip A. Richmond
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jessica J. Lee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Genome Science and Technology Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Allison Matthews
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Dept. of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Seear
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alexandra K. Turvey
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rachael L. Philips
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Terri F. Brown-Whitehorn
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J. Gray
- Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kosuke Izumi
- Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James R. Treat
- Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen H. Wood
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin Lack
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asya Khleborodova
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Xingtian Yang
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Kui
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christina Sze Man Wong
- Dept. of Medicine, Divison of Dermatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grace Wing Kit Poon
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jing Yang
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Koon Wing Chan
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jaime Sou Da Rosa Duque
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pamela Pui Wah Lee
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marco Hok Kung Ho
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Virtus Medical, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brian Hon Yin Chung
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huong Thi Minh Le
- Pediatric Center, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Wanling Yang
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Fouladvand
- Pediatrics, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Hassan Rokni-Zadeh
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Miryounesi
- Dept. of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Dept. of System Medicine, Pediatric Chair, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Dept. of System Medicine, Pediatric Chair, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- DPUO, Research Unit of Infectivology and Pediatrics Drugs Development, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Rivalta
- Dept. of System Medicine, Pediatric Chair, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Academic Dept. of Pediatrics (DPUO), Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Cifaldi
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Passarelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Arasi
- Allergy Unit, Area of Translational Research in Pediatric Specialities, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Dominique Bullens
- Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy Division, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kate Sauer
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Division, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge, Brugge, Belgium
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Division, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Claeys
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology Division, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Catherine M. Biggs
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Emma C. Morris
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Dept. of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - John J. O’Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wyeth W. Wasserman
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - H. Melanie Bedford
- Dept. of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Genetics Program, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clara D.M. van Karnebeek
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Depts. of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paolo Palma
- Dept. of System Medicine, Pediatric Chair, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Academic Dept. of Pediatrics (DPUO), Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Siobhan O. Burns
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Dept. of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Pediatric Immunodeficiencies Division, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Lyons
- Translational Allergic Immunopathology Unit, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nima Parvaneh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anh Thi Van Nguyen
- Dept. of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Division of Primary Immunodeficiency, Vietnam National Children’s Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Dept. of System Medicine, Pediatric Chair, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Jennifer Heimall
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hanan Ahmed
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Yu Lung Lau
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart E. Turvey
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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6
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Intestinal Epithelial STAT6 Activation Rescues the Defective Anti-Helminth Responses Caused by Ogt Deletion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911137. [PMID: 36232438 PMCID: PMC9569950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) proliferation and differentiation is crucial for maintaining mucosa homeostasis and the response to helminth infection. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), an enzyme catalyzing the transfer of GlcNAc from the donor substrate UDP-GlcNAc onto acceptor proteins, has been proposed to promote intestinal epithelial remodeling for helminth expulsion by modifying and activating epithelial STAT6, but whether the IEC intrinsic OGT-STAT6 axis is involved in anti-helminth responses has not been tested in vivo. Here, we show that the inducible deletion of Ogt in IECs of adult mice leads to reduced tuft and goblet cell differentiation, increased crypt cell proliferation, and aberrant Paneth cell localization. By using a mouse model with concurrent Ogt deletion and STAT6 overexpression in IECs, we provide direct in vivo evidence that STAT6 acts downstream of OGT to control tuft and goblet cell differentiation in IECs. However, epithelial OGT regulates crypt cell proliferation and Paneth cell differentiation in a STAT6-independent pathway. Our results verify that protein O-GlcNAcylation in IECs is crucial for maintaining epithelial homeostasis and anti-helminthic type 2 immune responses.
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7
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Sirtuin 6 maintains epithelial STAT6 activity to support intestinal tuft cell development and type 2 immunity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5192. [PMID: 36057627 PMCID: PMC9440928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) differentiation is crucial for both homeostasis and the response to helminth infection. SIRT6 belongs to the NAD+-dependent deacetylases and has established diverse roles in aging, metabolism and disease. Here, we report that IEC Sirt6 deletion leads to impaired tuft cell development and type 2 immunity in response to helminth infection, thereby resulting in compromised worm expulsion. Conversely, after helminth infection, IEC SIRT6 transgenic mice exhibit enhanced epithelial remodeling process and more efficient worm clearance. Mechanistically, Sirt6 ablation causes elevated Socs3 expression, and subsequently attenuated tyrosine 641 phosphorylation of STAT6 in IECs. Notably, intestinal epithelial overexpression of constitutively activated STAT6 (STAT6vt) in mice is sufficient to induce the expansion of tuft and goblet cell linage. Furthermore, epithelial STAT6vt overexpression remarkedly reverses the defects in intestinal epithelial remodeling caused by Sirt6 ablation. Our results reveal a novel function of SIRT6 in regulating intestinal epithelial remodeling and mucosal type 2 immunity in response to helminth infection. Host defense against helminth infection is mediated by mucosal type 2 immunity. Using gain- and loss-of-function mouse models, and mouse intestinal organoids, Xiong et al. show that SIRT6 modulates tuft and goblet cell expansion in intestinal epithelium by activating STAT6 to maintain type 2 mucosal immunity in response to helminth infection.
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8
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Metwali A, Winckler S, Urban JF, Kaplan MH, Ince MN, Elliott DE. Helminth-induced regulation of T-cell transfer colitis requires intact and regulated T cell Stat6 signaling in mice. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:433-444. [PMID: 33067820 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Infection with parasitic worms (helminths) alters host immune responses and can inhibit pathogenic inflammation. Helminth infection promotes a strong Th2 and T regulatory response while suppressing Th1 and Th17 function. Th2 responses are largely dependent on transcriptional programs directed by Stat6-signaling. We examined the importance of intact T cell Stat6 signaling on helminth-induced suppression of murine colitis that results from T cell transfer into immune-deficient mice. Colonization with the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri resolves WT T cell transfer colitis. However, if the transferred T cells lack intact Stat6 then helminth exposure failed to attenuate colitis or suppress MLN T cell IFN-γ or IL17 production. Loss of Stat6 signaling resulted in decreased IL10 and increased IFN-γ co-expression by IL-17+ T cells. We also transferred T cells from mice with constitutive T cell expression of activated Stat6 (Stat6VT). These mice developed a severe eosinophilic colitis that also was not attenuated by helminth infection. These results show that T cell expression of intact but regulated Stat6 signaling is required for helminth infection-associated regulation of pathogenic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Metwali
- Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Administration Health Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sarah Winckler
- Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Administration Health Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, H.B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M Nedim Ince
- Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Administration Health Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - David E Elliott
- Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Administration Health Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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9
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Haase P, Mokada-Gopal L, Radtke D, Voehringer D. Modulation of the humoral immune response by constitutively active STAT6 expression in murine B cells. Eur J Immunol 2019; 50:558-567. [PMID: 31803941 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor STAT6 regulates gene expression in response to IL-4 and IL-13. To further investigate how activated STAT6 modulates B cells development and function in vivo, we characterized mice that express a constitutively active version specifically in B cells. CD19Cre_STAT6vt mice show spontaneous phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT6 in B cells. About 80 genes were more than twofold up- or downregulated in splenic B cells from CD19Cre_STAT6vt as compared to control mice. B cell development, tissue localization, and populations of follicular and marginal zone B cells, B1 B cells, GC B cells, and plasma cells (PCs) appeared to be normal. However, the number of IgE+ and IgG1+ GC B cells and PCs as well as serum IgE and IgG1 levels were increased in CD19Cre_STAT6vt mice. Infection with Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus associated with high levels of TNF and IFN-γ did not prevent the development of a significantly increased IgE and IgG1 response against the virus in CD19Cre_STAT6vt mice. These results suggest that prolonged STAT6 activation during chronic allergic inflammation may result in IgE responses during subsequent viral or bacterial infection that could further stimulate mast cell activation even in the absence of the initial allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Haase
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lavanya Mokada-Gopal
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Radtke
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Schubart C, Krljanac B, Otte M, Symowski C, Martini E, Günther C, Becker C, Daniel C, Voehringer D. Selective expression of constitutively activated STAT6 in intestinal epithelial cells promotes differentiation of secretory cells and protection against helminths. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:413-424. [PMID: 30446727 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) constitute an important barrier between host and pathogen. Immune mechanisms that provide protection against gastrointestinal helminths often require IL-4Rα-induced activation of STAT6-regulated genes in IECs. However, it is not known whether STAT6 activation in IECs enhances protective immunity against helminths. Furthermore, the regulation of proliferation and differentiation processes of the intestinal epithelium by IEC-intrinsic STAT6 signaling remains unclear. To address these questions, we generated mice with specific expression of a constitutively active version of STAT6 in IECs. These VillinCre_STAT6vt mice show accumulation of secretory IECs, increased proliferation of IECs and lengthening of the small intestine. They rapidly expelled Nippostrongylus brasiliensis worms even in the absence of T cells. Furthermore, primary infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus resulted in larval trapping in the submucosa and the fecundity of adult worms was severely impaired. Our results reveal an important IEC-intrinsic role of STAT6-regulated genes for intestinal homeostasis and protective immunity against helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schubart
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Branislav Krljanac
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuel Otte
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Symowski
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Martini
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Nephropathology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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11
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DaSilva-Arnold SC, Thyagarajan A, Seymour LJ, Yi Q, Bradish JR, Al-Hassani M, Zhou H, Perdue NJ, Nemeth V, Krbanjevic A, Serezani APM, Olson MR, Spandau DF, Travers JB, Kaplan MH, Turner MJ. Phenotyping acute and chronic atopic dermatitis-like lesions in Stat6VT mice identifies a role for IL-33 in disease pathogenesis. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:197-207. [PMID: 29368135 PMCID: PMC6198812 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Stat6VT mouse model of atopic dermatitis (AD) is induced by T-cell-specific expression of a constitutively active form of the protein signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6). Although AD-like lesions are known to develop in Stat6VT mice, this study was designed to determine if these mice develop acute and chronic phases of disease similar to humans. To address this, AD-like lesions from Stat6VT mice were harvested at two different timepoints relative to their onset. Lesions harvested within 1 week after development were defined as acute lesions, and those present for 1 month or more were defined as chronic lesions. Acute and chronic AD-like lesions from Stat6VT mice exhibited histologic findings and cytokine expression patterns similar to acute and chronic AD lesions in humans. Further analysis revealed increased levels of interleukin (IL)-33 transcripts in AD-like lesions compared to Stat6VT nonlesional and wild-type skin controls. Immunofluorescence also revealed increased numbers of IL-33+ keratinocytes in Stat6VT lesional skin and localized IL-33+ keratinocytes to a keratin 5+ subset. Furthermore, AD-like disease was more severe in IL-33-deficient Stat6VT mice compared to IL-33-sufficient Stat6VT mice. These studies suggest that Stat6VT mice can serve as a model of acute and chronic AD and that IL-33 may attenuate inflammation in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia C DaSilva-Arnold
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Anita Thyagarajan
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Leroy J Seymour
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Qiaofang Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Joshua R Bradish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mohammed Al-Hassani
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Hongming Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Nikolajs J Perdue
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Val Nemeth
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Aleksandar Krbanjevic
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ana P M Serezani
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Matthew R Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Dan F Spandau
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Travers
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Matthew J Turner
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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12
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Han M, Ji X, Li G, Sang N. NO 2 inhalation enhances asthma susceptibility in a rat model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27843-27854. [PMID: 28986735 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a major air pollutant. Epidemiologic studies have found that NO2 exposure is associated with an increased risk of asthma. Nevertheless, the potential molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of NO2 inhalation on the occurrence of allergic airway inflammation and its underlying mechanisms. Firstly, male Wistar rats were exposed to 2 and 5 mg/m3 NO2 (28 days, 5 h/day). The results showed that NO2 exposure could induce pulmonary inflammatory response, mucus formation, and Th1/Th2 imbalance in the lung of normal rats, resulting in allergic asthma-like features. Secondly, male Wistar rats were exposed to 5 mg/m3 NO2 (42 days, 5 h/day), sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA), challenged with aerosolized OVA, and characterized in asthma models. Results showed that NO2 exposure aggravated lung inflammation in the OVA-sensitized rats, accompanied by the increase in inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus hypersecretion, and collagen deposition. Furthermore, NO2 exposure promoted the increase in the expression of mucin gene (MUC5AC) and pro-inflammatory factors [interleukin (IL)-1β, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and IL-6] as well as serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) production. Taken together, we established that NO2 exposure promotes allergic airway inflammation and increases the asthma susceptibility. The underlying mechanisms involve the promotion of activation of interleukin-4/signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (IL-4/STAT6) pathway [IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) α, janus kinase (JAK) 1, JAK 3, and STAT6] and related transcription factor [T cell-specific protein-tyrosine kinase (Lck), extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)]. In particular, the imbalance of Th1/Th2 cell differentiation [IL-4, interferon (IFN)-γ, GATA-binding protein-3 (GATA-3), and T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet)] plays a pivotal role in NO2-induced inflammatory responses. These findings may provide a better understanding of mechanism of NO2-associated respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Han
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaotong Ji
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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13
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Sehra S, Serezani APM, Ocaña JA, Travers JB, Kaplan MH. Mast Cells Regulate Epidermal Barrier Function and the Development of Allergic Skin Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1429-1437. [PMID: 27021404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by infiltration of eosinophils, T helper cells, and mast cells. The role of mast cells in atopic dermatitis is not completely understood. To define the effects of mast cells on skin biology, we observed that mast cells regulate the homeostatic expression of epidermal differentiation complex and other skin genes. Decreased epidermal differentiation complex gene expression in mice that genetically lack mast cells (Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice) is associated with increased uptake of protein antigens painted on the skin by dendritic cells (DCs) compared with similarly treated wild-type mice, suggesting a protective role for mast cells in exposure to nominal environmental allergens. To test this further, we crossed Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice with signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (i.e., Stat6) VT transgenic mice that develop spontaneous atopic dermatitis-like disease that is dependent on T helper cell 2 cytokines and is associated with high serum concentrations of IgE. We observed that Stat6VT × Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice developed more frequent and more severe allergic skin inflammation than Stat6VT transgenic mice that had mast cells. Together, these studies suggest that mast cells regulate epidermal barrier function and have a potential protective role in the development of atopic dermatitis-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Sehra
- Department of Pediatrics and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ana P M Serezani
- Department of Pediatrics and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jesus A Ocaña
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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14
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Vento-Tormo R, Company C, Rodríguez-Ubreva J, de la Rica L, Urquiza JM, Javierre BM, Sabarinathan R, Luque A, Esteller M, Aran JM, Álvarez-Errico D, Ballestar E. IL-4 orchestrates STAT6-mediated DNA demethylation leading to dendritic cell differentiation. Genome Biol 2016; 17:4. [PMID: 26758199 PMCID: PMC4711003 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of cytokines in establishing specific transcriptional programmes in innate immune cells has long been recognized. However, little is known about how these extracellular factors instruct innate immune cell epigenomes to engage specific differentiation states. Human monocytes differentiate under inflammatory conditions into effector cells with non-redundant functions, such as dendritic cells and macrophages. In this context, interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) drive dendritic cell differentiation, whereas GM-CSF alone leads to macrophage differentiation. RESULTS Here, we investigate the role of IL-4 in directing functionally relevant dendritic-cell-specific DNA methylation changes. A comparison of DNA methylome dynamics during differentiation from human monocytes to dendritic cells and macrophages identified gene sets undergoing dendritic-cell-specific or macrophage-specific demethylation. Demethylation is TET2-dependent and is essential for acquiring proper dendritic cell and macrophage identity. Most importantly, activation of the JAK3-STAT6 pathway, downstream of IL-4, is required for the acquisition of the dendritic-cell-specific demethylation and expression signature, following STAT6 binding. A constitutively activated form of STAT6 is able to bypass IL-4 upstream signalling and instruct dendritic-cell-specific functional DNA methylation changes. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first description of a cytokine-mediated sequence of events leading to direct gene-specific demethylation in innate immune cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Vento-Tormo
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carlos Company
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Present address: Bioinformatics Core, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Ubreva
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lorenzo de la Rica
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Present address: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma, Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.
| | - José M Urquiza
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Biola M Javierre
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Present address: Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
| | - Radhakrishnan Sabarinathan
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana Luque
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep M Aran
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damiana Álvarez-Errico
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Esteban Ballestar
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Glosson NL, Bruns HA, Kaplan MH. Wheezing and itching: The requirement for STAT proteins in allergic inflammation. JAKSTAT 2014; 1:3-12. [PMID: 24058746 PMCID: PMC3670132 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.19086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of allergic inflammation requires the orchestration of gene expression from the inflamed tissue and from the infiltrating immune cells. Since many of the cytokines that promote allergic inflammation signal through hematopoietin family receptors, the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) family have obligate roles in pro-allergic cytokine-induced gene regulation in multiple cell types. In this review, we summarize work defining the contribution of each of the STAT family members to the development of allergic inflammation, using data from mouse models of allergic inflammation, studies on patient samples and correlations with single nucleotide polymorphisms in STAT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Glosson
- Department of Pediatrics; Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA
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16
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Ritz O, Rommel K, Dorsch K, Kelsch E, Melzner J, Buck M, Leroy K, Papadopoulou V, Wagner S, Marienfeld R, Brüderlein S, Lennerz JK, Möller P. STAT6-mediated BCL6 repression in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL). Oncotarget 2014; 4:1093-102. [PMID: 23852366 PMCID: PMC3759668 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) is characterized by aberrant activation of JAK/STAT-signaling resulting in constitutive presence of phosphorylated STAT6 (pSTAT6). In primary PMBL samples pSTAT6 is only expressed in a sub-population of lymphoma cells in a pattern that is reminiscent of that of the BCL6 oncogene. Double-fluorescence staining was carried out to determine the association between these two proteins in ten primary PMBL cases and three available PMBL cell line models. Surprisingly, only a minute fraction of double-positive nuclei was observed, while each sample contained considerable fractions of single-positive pSTAT6 and BCL6 nuclei. The intratumoral coexistence of BCL6+/pSTAT6− and BCL6−/pSTAT6+ subpopulations suggests a negative interaction between these factors. In silico screening of the STAT6 /BCL6 promoters for DNA consensus binding sites identified five STAT-binding-sites in the BCL6 promoter. We confirmed STAT6 binding to the BCL6 promoter in vitro and in vivo by band shift / super shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitations. Using BCL6 luciferase reporter assays, depletion of STAT6 by siRNA, and ectopic overexpression of a constitutive active STAT6 mutant, we proved that pSTAT6 is sufficient to transcriptionally repress BCL6. Recently developed small molecule inhibitors 79-6 and TG101348 that increases BCL6 target gene expression and decreases pSTAT6 levels, respectively, demonstrate that a combined targeting results in additive efficacy regarding their negative effect on cell viability. The delineated pSTAT6-mediated molecular repression mechanism links JAK/STAT to BCL6-signaling in PMBL and may carry therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ritz
- Institute of Pathology, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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17
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He C, Ryan AJ, Murthy S, Carter AB. Accelerated development of pulmonary fibrosis via Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase-induced alternative activation of macrophages. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20745-57. [PMID: 23720777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.410720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages not only initiate and accentuate inflammation after tissue injury, but they are also involved in resolution and repair. This difference in macrophage activity is the result of a differentiation process to either M1 or M2 phenotypes. M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory and have microbicidal and tumoricidal activity, whereas the M2 macrophages are involved in tumor progression and tissue remodeling and can be profibrotic in certain conditions. Because mitochondrial Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD)-mediated H2O2 is crucial for development of pulmonary fibrosis, we hypothesized that Cu,Zn-SOD modulated the macrophage phenotype. In this study, we demonstrate that Cu,Zn-SOD polarized macrophages to an M2 phenotype, and Cu,Zn-SOD-mediated H2O2 levels modulated M2 gene expression at the transcriptional level by redox regulation of a critical cysteine in STAT6. Furthermore, overexpression of Cu,Zn-SOD in mice resulted in a profibrotic environment and accelerated the development of pulmonary fibrosis, whereas polarization of macrophages to the M1 phenotype attenuated pulmonary fibrosis. Taken together, these observations provide a novel mechanism of Cu,Zn-SOD-mediated and Th2-independent M2 polarization and provide a potential therapeutic target for attenuating the accelerated development of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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18
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Qiu R, Yang Y, Zhao H, Li J, Xin Q, Shan S, Liu Y, Dang J, Yu X, Gong Y, Liu Q. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 directly regulates human ORMDL3 expression. FEBS J 2013; 280:2014-26. [PMID: 23461825 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Orosomucoid-like 3 (ORMDL3) has been associated with asthma and a series of autoimmune disorders, and is involved in endoplasmic reticulum-mediated inflammatory responses. However, its clinical significance and the molecular mechanism underlying its expression are still largely unclear. To elucidate the mechanisms of human ORMDL3 transcriptional regulation, we cloned a 1.5 kb genomic DNA fragment containing the putative promoter region and evaluated its transcriptional activity in a luciferase reporter system by deletion analysis. We identified a 68 bp region that functions as a minimal promoter. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that the -64 to -56 bp region contained a signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) binding site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that STAT6 bound to its binding site within the ORMDL3 promoter. STAT6 over-expression or knockdown trans-activated or trans-inhibited, respectively, the ORMDL3 promoter containing the STAT6-binding motif. Treatment with interleukins 4 or 13 increased ORMDL3 promoter activity as well as endogenous ORMDL3 expression. Immunoprecipitation and ChIP/Re-ChIP assays revealed that STAT6 and p300 exist in the same protein complex that binds to the ORMDL3 promoter. Our study confirmed that STAT6 plays important roles in regulating the expression of human ORMDL3 by directly binding to the promoter region, which may shed light on a possible role in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfang Qiu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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19
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Tofukuji S, Kuwahara M, Suzuki J, Ohara O, Nakayama T, Yamashita M. Identification of a new pathway for Th1 cell development induced by cooperative stimulation with IL-4 and TGF-β. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4846-57. [PMID: 22504655 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 plays an important role in the induction of Th2 and Th9 cells, as well as in the inhibition of Th1 cell generation. We show that a combination of IL-4 and TGF-β augments the development of Th1 cells that express CD103 (CD103(+) Th1 cells) if IFN-γ is present. The T-box-containing transcription factor eomesodermin (Eomes) is preferentially expressed in CD103(+) Th1 cells and is involved in IFN-γ production. The induction of T-bet during early T cell activation is essential for the formation of the active chromatin at both the Eomes and IFN-γ gene loci. TGF-β is required for the induction of Eomes and CD103, as well as the inhibition of Th2 cytokine expression. In addition, IL-4 induces Eomes transcription through activation of the Stat6-signaling pathway. IFN-γ-producing CD103(+) Th1 cells are detected in the intraepithelial lymphocytes of normal mice, and their numbers significantly decrease in Tbet- and Stat6-deficient mice. To our knowledge, these results represent the first molecular mechanism of IL-4/TGF-β-dependent augmentation of Th1 cell generation and raise the possibility that IL-4 and TGF-β simultaneously enhance the Th1 cell-mediated immune responses under certain cytokine conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Tofukuji
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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20
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Byrne AM, Goleva E, Chouiali F, Kaplan MH, Hamid QA, Leung DY. Induction of GITRL expression in human keratinocytes by Th2 cytokines and TNF-α: implications for atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:550-9. [PMID: 22417213 PMCID: PMC3306062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor-related protein ligand (GITRL), a ligand for the T cell co-stimulatory molecule GITR, is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in chemokine production. The expression of GITRL in skin inflammation remains unknown. OBJECTIVES This study investigated cytokine regulation of keratinocyte GITRL expression. METHODS Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor expression was evaluated in cytokine-treated human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK)s, murine PAM 212 cell line, murine and human skin explants by real time PCR, flow cytometry and immunostaining. Functional responses to GITR fusion protein were examined by real time PCR and ELISA. GITRL expression in AD and psoriasis was studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Skin biopsies from STAT6VT transgenic mice, which develop spontaneous atopic skin inflammation, were found by immunofluoresence, to have increased keratinocyte GITRL expression. Exposure to Th2 cytokines augmented GITRL mRNA expression in the murine PAM 212 keratinocytic cell line and murine skin explants. In contrast, GITRL mRNA and protein expression was only increased in HEKs and human skin explants in the presence of the combination of TNF-α and Th2 cytokines. A synergistic effect of Th2 cytokines and GITR fusion protein on production of CCL17, the Th2 chemokine, by murine keratinocytes was demonstrated. Immunohistochemical staining showed that acute AD lesions have increased expression of GITRL compared with normal skin, chronic AD lesions and psoriatic plaques. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our studies demonstrate that GITRL expression is augmented by Th2 cytokines and TNF-α in keratinocytes. Increased GITRL expression in acute AD skin lesions is shown. This observation suggests a link between cytokine-regulated keratinocyte GITRL expression and its role in inflammatory responses in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aideen M. Byrne
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health,1400 Jackson Street Denver, CO 80206 USA
| | - Elena Goleva
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health,1400 Jackson Street Denver, CO 80206 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, 13123 East 16 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Fazila Chouiali
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montréal, Québéc CANADA
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Qutayba A. Hamid
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montréal, Québéc CANADA
| | - Donald Y.M. Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health,1400 Jackson Street Denver, CO 80206 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, 13123 East 16 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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21
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Tomita K, Caramori G, Ito K, Sano H, Lim S, Oates T, Cosio B, Chung KF, Tohda Y, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM. STAT6 expression in T cells, alveolar macrophages and bronchial biopsies of normal and asthmatic subjects. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2012; 9:5. [PMID: 22401596 PMCID: PMC3364916 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Asthma is characterised by increased numbers of Th2-like cells in the airways and IgE secretion. Generation of Th2 cells requires interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 acting through their specific receptors and activating the transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6). STAT6 knockout mice fail to produce IgE, airway hyperresponsiveness and bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophilia after allergen sensitisation, suggesting a critical role for STAT6 in allergic responses. Methods We have investigated the expression of STAT6 in peripheral blood T-lymphocytes, alveolar macrophages and bronchial biopsies from 17 normal subjects and 18 mild-moderate steroid-naïve stable asthmatic patients. Results STAT6 expression was variable and was detected in T-lymphocytes, macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells from all subjects with no difference between normal and stable asthmatic subjects. Conclusions STAT6 expression in different cells suggests that it may be important in regulating the expression of not only Th2-like cytokines in T cells of man, but may also regulate STAT-inducible genes in alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Tomita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Section of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, UK
| | - Kazuhiro Ito
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, UK
| | - Hiroyuki Sano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sam Lim
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, UK
| | - Timothy Oates
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, UK
| | - Borja Cosio
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, UK
| | - K Fan Chung
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, UK
| | - Yuji Tohda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, UK
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, UK
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22
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Park K, Park JH, Yang WJ, Lee JJ, Song MJ, Kim HP. Transcriptional activation of theIL31gene by NFAT and STAT6. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 91:245-57. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0111020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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23
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DaSilva SC, Sahu RP, Konger RL, Perkins SM, Kaplan MH, Travers JB. Increased skin barrier disruption by sodium lauryl sulfate in mice expressing a constitutively active STAT6 in T cells. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 304:65-71. [PMID: 21959772 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic, chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects 10-20% of children and 1-3% of adults worldwide. Recent studies have indicated that the ability of Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) to regulate skin barrier function may be a predisposing factor for AD development. The present studies examined the ability of increased Th2 activity to affect cutaneous barrier function in vivo and epidermal thickening. Mice that express a constitutively active Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 (STAT6VT) have increased Th2 cells and a predisposition to allergic inflammation were used in these studies, they demonstrate that topical treatment with the irritant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) caused increased transepidermal water loss and epidermal thickening in STAT6VT mice over similarly treated wild-type mice. The proliferation marker Ki-67 was increased in the epidermis of STAT6VT compared to the wild-type mice. However, these differences do not appear to be linked to the addition of an irritant as control-treated STAT6VT skin also exhibited elevated Ki-67 levels, suggesting that the increased epidermal thickness in SLS-treated STAT6VT mice is primarily driven by epidermal cell hypertrophy rather than an increase in cellular proliferation. Our results suggest that an environment with increased Th2 cytokines results in abnormal responses to topical irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia C DaSilva
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA
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24
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Onodera A, Yamashita M, Endo Y, Kuwahara M, Tofukuji S, Hosokawa H, Kanai A, Suzuki Y, Nakayama T. STAT6-mediated displacement of polycomb by trithorax complex establishes long-term maintenance of GATA3 expression in T helper type 2 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2493-506. [PMID: 20956546 PMCID: PMC2964576 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) and trithorax group (TrxG) complexes exert opposing effects on the maintenance of the transcriptional status of the developmentally regulated Hox genes. In this study, we show that activation of STAT6 induces displacement of the PcG complex by the TrxG complex at the upstream region of the gene encoding GATA3, a transcription factor essential for T helper type 2 (Th2) cell differentiation. Once Th2 cells differentiate, TrxG complex associated with the TrxG component Menin binds to the whole GATA3 gene locus, and this binding is required for the long-term maintenance of expression of GATA3 and Th2 cytokine. Thus, STAT6-mediated displacement of PcG by the TrxG complex establishes subsequent STAT6-independent maintenance of GATA3 expression in Th2 cells via the recruitment of the Menin-TrxG complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Onodera
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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25
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Crane ED, Stephenson N, Haffner C, Bruns HA. Active immune response protects Stat6VT transgenic mice from developing a lymphoproliferative disorder. Immunobiology 2009; 215:579-85. [PMID: 19822376 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stat6 is a transcription factor that regulates important cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and survival through mediating IL-4 and IL-13 signaling. Importantly, increasing evidence indicates of a role for Stat6 in lymphoproliferative disorders. Mice expressing a constitutively active form of Stat6 (Stat6VT) primarily in T lymphocytes were generated, and it has been recently described that a small percentage (approximately 5%) of these mice develop a spontaneous lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) resulting in dramatic splenomegaly and altered splenic cell populations. Here, we report that Stat6VT mice housed in a non-pathogen-free environment have an increased incidence (37%) of the LPD. Additionally, examination of the expression of Stat6-regulated genes known to have roles in tumorigenesis demonstrated that there appears to be no one genetic alteration common to lymphocytes from Stat6VT/LPD mice. Interestingly, however, uniform exposure to antigen via immunization resulted in complete abrogation of the LPD in Stat6VT mice.
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26
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Yu M, Moreno JL, Stains JP, Keegan AD. Complex regulation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression by interleukin 4 (IL-4): IL-4 indirectly suppresses receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-mediated TRAP expression but modestly induces its expression directly. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:32968-79. [PMID: 19801646 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.001016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) inhibits receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation and functional activity in a STAT6-dependent manner. IL-4 down-regulates expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in mature osteoclasts. To determine whether IL-4 regulates TRAP promoter activity, RAW264.7 cells were transfected with a TRAP promoter-luciferase reporter. Treatment with IL-4 alone modestly enhanced TRAP luciferase activity. However, IL-4 suppressed the ability of RANKL to up-regulate TRAP-luciferase activity, suggesting that IL-4 has multiple effects on TRAP transcription. IL-4 also reduced the RANKL-induced association of RNA polymerase II with the TRAP gene in osteoclasts. The TRAP promoter contains a STAT6-binding motif, and STAT6 bound to the endogenous TRAP promoter after IL-4 treatment. To determine the impact of STAT6 binding, we transfected cells with STAT6VT, a constitutively active STAT6 mutant. STAT6VT alone up-regulated TRAP-luciferase activity; this effect was abrogated by mutating the STAT6 binding site in the minimal TRAP promoter. STAT6VT did not inhibit the potent up-regulation of TRAP promoter activity caused by overexpression of NFATc1, PU.1, and microphthalmia transcription factor, downstream targets of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and RANKL. IL-4 down-regulated the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 in mature osteoclasts. Knockdown of NFATc1 by short interfering RNA caused TRAP expression to be down-regulated, and ectopic expression of NFATc1 abrogated the IL-4-induced down-regulation of TRAP. These results suggest that STAT6 plays two distinct roles in TRAP expression. The IL-4-induced activation of STAT6 mediates suppression of the RANKL-induced TRAP promoter activity indirectly by inhibiting NFATc1 expression. However, in the absence of RANKL and osteoclast differentiation, STAT6 binds the TRAP promoter after IL-4 treatment and directly enhances TRAP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Pillemer BB, Qi Z, Melgert B, Oriss TB, Ray P, Ray A. STAT6 activation confers upon T helper cells resistance to suppression by regulatory T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 183:155-63. [PMID: 19535633 PMCID: PMC2754746 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted characteristics of T regulatory cells (Tregs) that underlie their suppressive function. However, mechanisms that override their suppressive function in the context of an adaptive immune response are not well understood. In the lungs of mice undergoing allergic inflammation, appreciable numbers of Tregs were identified that possessed suppressive function when assayed ex vivo. We investigated whether the Th2-promoting cytokine IL-4 played a permissive role that superseded Treg function, thereby allowing the development of allergic inflammation. IL-4 signaling via the IL-4Ralpha-STAT6 axis was required to maintain Foxp3 expression in Tregs and promote their proliferation. However, the results of both in vivo experiments involving adoptive transfer of Tregs into Ag-sensitized vs naive animals and in vitro suppression assays performed with or without exogenous IL-4 showed the ability of IL-4 to compromise Treg-mediated suppression. Use of retrovirally expressed, constitutively active STAT6 revealed that the underlying mechanism was not IL-4-mediated dysfunction of Tregs but involved the resistance of Th cells to Treg-mediated suppression that would permit the development of an adaptive immune response. Our data suggest that infectious tolerance, mediated by membrane-bound TGF-beta expressed by Tregs, is compromised by the competing effects of IL4-induced signaling in naive CD4(+) Th cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Knock-In Techniques
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/physiology
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/metabolism
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/pathology
- STAT6 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT6 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- STAT6 Transcription Factor/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan B.L. Pillemer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zengbiao Qi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbro Melgert
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy B. Oriss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Prabir Ray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Recurrent mutations of the STAT6 DNA binding domain in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2009; 114:1236-42. [PMID: 19423726 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-209759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) is a separate entity of aggressive B-cell lymphoma, characterized by a constitutive activation of janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway, also observed in Hodgkin lymphoma. Although many cancers exhibit constitutive JAK-STAT pathway activation, mutations of STAT genes have not been reported in neoplasms. Here, we show that MedB-1 PMBL-derived and L1236 Hodgkin-derived cell lines and 20 of 55 (36%) PMBL cases harbor heterozygous missense mutations in STAT6 DNA binding domain, whereas no mutation was found in 25 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma samples. In 3 cases, somatic origin was indicated by the absence of the mutations in the nontumoral tissue. The pattern of STAT6 mutations was different from the classical features of somatic hypermutations. The mutant STAT6 proteins showed a decreased DNA binding ability in transfected HEK cells, but no decrease in expression of STAT6 canonical target genes was observed in PMBL cases with a mutated STAT6 gene. Although the oncogenic properties of STAT6 mutant proteins remain to be determined, their recurrent selection in PMBL strongly argues for their involvement in the pathogenesis of this aggressive B-cell lymphoma.
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Hadjur S, Bruno L, Hertweck A, Cobb BS, Taylor B, Fisher AG, Merkenschlager M. IL4 blockade of inducible regulatory T cell differentiation: the role of Th2 cells, Gata3 and PU.1. Immunol Lett 2008; 122:37-43. [PMID: 19046990 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Naive CD4 T cells differentiate into functionally distinct T helper (Th) cells subsets or into regulatory T (Treg) cells in response to the cytokine milieu in which they encounter antigen. A recurring theme in post-thymic CD4 T cell differentiation is the cross-regulation of lineage choice by cytokines and transcription factors that are expressed in alternative lineages. For example, TGFbeta induces the de novo expression of the Treg cell signature transcription factor Foxp3, but iTreg differentiation is blocked by high concentrations of the Th2 cytokine IL4. However, whether IL4 can antagonise Foxp3 induction in more physiological settings remains to be addressed. Here we use a co-culture system to demonstrate that IL4 provided by Th2 cells in vitro is sufficient to block Foxp3 induction in naive CD4 T cells. In addition, we find that Foxp3 induction is efficiently blocked not only by the Th2 transcription factor Gata3, but also by PU.1, which is transiently induced during Th2 differentiation. These data suggest that iTreg differentiation may be affected by the polarity of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Hadjur
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Sehra S, Bruns HA, Ahyi ANN, Nguyen ET, Schmidt NW, Michels EG, von Bülow GU, Kaplan MH. IL-4 is a critical determinant in the generation of allergic inflammation initiated by a constitutively active Stat6. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3551-9. [PMID: 18292582 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 is required for the pathogenesis of atopic diseases and immune regulation. Stat6 is critical for IL-4-induced gene expression and Th cell differentiation. Recently, we have generated mice expressing a mutant Stat6 (Stat6VT) under control of the CD2 locus control region that is transcriptionally active independent of IL-4 stimulation. To determine whether active Stat6 in T cells is sufficient to alter immune regulation in vivo, we mated Stat6VT transgenic mice to IL-4-deficient mice. Stat6VT expression in IL-4-deficient lymphocytes was sufficient to alter lymphocyte homeostasis and promote Th2 differentiation in vitro. HyperTh2 levels in Stat6 transgenic mice correlated with an atopic phenotype that manifested as blepharitis and pulmonary inflammation with a high level of eosinophilic infiltration. In the absence of endogenous IL-4, Stat6VT transgenic mice were protected from allergic inflammation. Thus, in mice with hyperTh2 immune responses in vivo, IL-4 is a critical effector cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Sehra
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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32
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A STAT6 gene polymorphism is associated with high infection levels in urinary schistosomiasis. Genes Immun 2008; 9:195-206. [PMID: 18273035 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Th2-mediated immunity is critical for human defence against schistosome, and susceptibility to infection is controlled by a major genetic locus, mapped on the 5q31-q33 region comprising the genes IL4, IL5 and IL13. We have reported an association between the rs1800925 polymorphism in the IL13 promoter and infection levels in a Dogon population (693 subjects in Ségué and 148 in Boul), where Schistosoma haematobium is endemic. In the same population, we investigated whether other polymorphisms in genes involved in type 2 cytokine immune response could affect susceptibility to schistosome infection. By logistic regression analysis, we found an association between a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the STAT6 gene (rs324013) and infection levels (P=0.04). We confirmed this association in analyses restricted to subjects under 20 years age and living in Boul, the village with the highest levels of infection (P=0.005). We detected an additive effect of the rs324013 and rs1800925 polymorphisms (P=0.011). These SNPs were not strongly correlated with any other tested markers surrounding the two genes. Furthermore, electrophoretic mobility shift assay has shown that both polymorphisms affect transcription factor binding. These results are consistent with the Th2 cytokine pathway enhancing resistance to schistosome infection in humans.
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Kaplan MH, Sehra S, Chang HC, O'Malley JT, Mathur AN, Bruns HA. Constitutively active STAT6 predisposes toward a lymphoproliferative disorder. Blood 2007; 110:4367-9. [PMID: 17878403 PMCID: PMC2234780 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-06-098244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is critical for IL-4 and IL-13 responses, and necessary for the normal development of Th2 cells. We previously generated mice that express a constitutively active STAT6 (STAT6VT) under control of the CD2 locus control region, which directs expression to the T-cell compartment. We now describe that a small proportion of these mice (~5%) develop a spontaneous lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) that results in dramatic splenomegaly. The cell populations observed in the LPD spleens can be divided into 2 categories, those that are composed of mixed lineage cells and those that are predominantly T cells with a phenotype similar to that in autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) patients. These data suggest that while active STAT6 is not a transforming factor, expression in T cells predisposes toward the development of lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Cortes JR, Perez-G M, Rivas MD, Zamorano J. Kaempferol Inhibits IL-4-Induced STAT6 Activation by Specifically Targeting JAK3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3881-7. [PMID: 17785825 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 is involved in several human diseases including allergies, autoimmunity, and cancer. Its effects are mainly mediated through the transcription factor STAT6. Therefore, investigation of compounds that regulate STAT6 activation is of great interest for these diseases. Natural polyphenols are compounds reported to have therapeutic properties in diseases involving IL-4 and STAT6. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of these compounds in the activation of this transcription factor. We found that in hemopoietic cells from human and mouse origin, some flavonoids were able to inhibit the activation of STAT6 by IL-4. To identify molecular mechanisms, we focused on kaempferol, the compound that showed the greatest inhibitory effect with the lowest cell toxicity. Treatment of cells with kaempferol did not affect activation of Src kinase by IL-4 but did prevent the phosphorylation of JAK1 and JAK3. Further enzymatic analysis demonstrated that kaempferol blocked the in vitro phosphorylation activity of JAK3 without affecting JAK1, suggesting that it specifically targeted JAK3 activity. Accordingly, kaempferol had no effect on STAT6 activation in nonhemopoietic cell lines lacking JAK3, supporting its selective inhibition of IL-4 responses through type I receptors expressing JAK3 but not type II lacking this kinase. The inhibitory effect of kaempferol was also observed in IL-2 but not IL-3-mediated responses and correlated with the inhibition of MLC proliferation. These findings reveal the potential use of kaempferol as a tool for selectively controlling cell responses to IL-4 and, in general, JAK3-dependent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Cortes
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital San Pedro de Alcantara, Caceres, Spain
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Zhu J, Xia B, Guo Q, Cheng H, Li J, Ye M, Hu Z, Zhang X, Tan J. Distribution of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 gene G2964A polymorphism in Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21:1854-7. [PMID: 17074026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) gene is located on chromosome 12q13.3-14.1 just within the IBD2 region and is a key transcription factor involved in interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13-mediated Th2 response. The aim of the present study was to determine distribution of the STAT6 gene polymorphism in Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis. METHODS The G2964A polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region of the STAT6 gene was studied in 84 unrelated Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis and 176 healthy controls by PCR and the amplification created restriction site method. The results were then compared with those from a Dutch study published previously. RESULT Significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of the STAT6 G2964A polymorphism were not found between patients with ulcerative colitis and healthy controls. Subgroups of the patients with ulcerative colitis classified according to the age at onset, sex and location of disease did not differ significantly in the distribution of this polymorphism. However, the genotypes (P < 0.0001, chi-squared = 75.332) and allele frequencies (P < 0.0001, odds ratio = 4.298, 95% confidence interval = 3.070-6.018) were significantly different between the Chinese and Dutch populations. CONCLUSION The STAT6 G2964A polymorphism is not involved in the genetic susceptibility to ulcerative colitis in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, China
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Lamla T, Hoerer S, Bauer MMT. Screening for soluble expression constructs using cell-free protein synthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2006; 39:111-21. [PMID: 16616775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The SH2 domain of STAT6 was chosen to test the in vitro protein synthesis as a screening tool. Goal of the screening was to obtain constructs which produce soluble protein in E. coli. The expression of 70 different constructs using an E. coli based cell-free system revealed two constructs, which give partly soluble protein. The introduction of two mutations, which had been suggested by a structural based alignment of 20 different SH2 domains lead to increased solubility. The expression of both constructs in E. coli followed by an affinity and size exclusion chromatography resulted in milligram quantities of highly purified protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lamla
- Department of Lead Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach/Riss, Germany.
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Bruns HA, Kaplan MH. The role of constitutively active Stat6 in leukemia and lymphoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2006; 57:245-53. [PMID: 16213149 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) are a family of transcription factors that regulate a broad range of cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and survival, in a large variety of cell types. Because of their regulation of diverse cellular functions, their aberrant activation is frequently associated with disease development, particularly oncogenic diseases. Much evidence exists to suggest that STAT proteins play a significant role in cellular transformation. However, which STAT proteins and to what extent they cause transformation and subsequent disease progression are topics currently being investigated. In this review, we will report on the findings concerning the involvement of Stat6 in the development of lymphoma and leukemia. Mounting evidence, in both patients and mouse models, supports a model where Stat6 is not a mere bystander, but rather, plays an active role in promoting a transformed phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Bruns
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, 2000 West University Avenue CL 121, Muncie, IN 47306, USA.
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Nabeshima Y, Hiragun T, Morita E, Mihara S, Kameyoshi Y, Hide M. IL-4 modulates the histamine content of mast cells in a mast cell/fibroblast co-culture through a Stat6 signaling pathway in fibroblasts. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:6653-8. [PMID: 16298365 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, such as the induction of IgE synthesis and the development of mast cells. To further understand the effect of IL-4 on mast cells in skin, we utilized a mast cell/fibroblast co-culture system as an in vitro model of dermal mast cells. IL-4 induced mast cell growth in the culture with fibroblasts. Immunoblot analysis revealed that IL-4 activated Stat6 in both mast cells and fibroblasts. The over-expression of dominant-negative Stat6 in fibroblasts in the presence of IL-4 decreased the histamine content per mast cell, but not the number of mast cells. In contrast, the over-expression of constitutively-active Stat6 in fibroblasts increased the histamine content per mast cell, indicating that the activation of Stat6 in fibroblasts supports the maturation of mast cells co-cultured with fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Nabeshima
- Department of Dermatology, Programs for Biomedical Research, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Hirayama T, Dai S, Abbas S, Yamanaka Y, Abu-Amer Y. Inhibition of inflammatory bone erosion by constitutively active STAT-6 through blockade of JNK and NF-kappaB activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:2719-29. [PMID: 16142755 DOI: 10.1002/art.21286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE NF-kappaB and JNK signaling pathways play key roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis. Both factors are also activated in response to osteoclastogenic factors, such as RANKL and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Inflammatory arthritis and bone erosion subside in the presence of antiinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4). We have previously shown that IL-4 inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro through inhibition of NF-kappaB and JNK activation in a STAT-6-dependent manner. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential of constitutively active STAT-6 to arrest the activation of NF-kappaB and JNK and to subsequently ameliorate the bone erosion associated with inflammatory arthritis in mice. METHODS Inflammatory arthritis was induced in wild-type and STAT-6-null mice by intraperitoneal injection of arthritis-eliciting serum derived from K/BxN mice. Bone erosion was assessed in the joints by histologic and immunostaining techniques. Cell-permeable Tat-STAT-6 fusion proteins were administered intraperitoneally. Cells were isolated from bone marrow and from joints for the JNK assay, the DNA-binding assays (electrophoretic mobility shift assays), and for in vitro osteoclastogenesis. RESULTS Activation of NF-kappaB and JNK in vivo was increased in extracts of cells retrieved from the joints of arthritic mice. Cell-permeable, constitutively active STAT-6 (i.e., STAT-6-VT) was effective in blocking NF-kappaB and JNK activation in RANKL-treated osteoclast progenitors. More importantly, STAT-6-VT protein significantly inhibited the in vivo activation of NF-kappaB and JNK, attenuated osteoclast recruitment in the inflamed joints, and decreased bone destruction. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the administration of STAT-6-VT presents a novel approach to the alleviation of bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhisa Hirayama
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Takatori H, Nakajima H, Kagami SI, Hirose K, Suto A, Suzuki K, Kubo M, Yoshimura A, Saito Y, Iwamoto I. Stat5a Inhibits IL-12-Induced Th1 Cell Differentiation through the Induction of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4105-12. [PMID: 15778369 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, we have shown that Th2 cell differentiation is diminished but Th1 cell differentiation is increased in Stat5a-deficient (Stat5a(-/-)) CD4(+) T cells. In the present study, we clarified the molecular mechanisms of Stat5a-mediated Th cell differentiation. We found that enhanced Th1 cell differentiation and the resultant IFN-gamma production played a dominant inhibitory role in the down-regulation of IL-4-induced Th2 cell differentiation of Stat5a(-/-) CD4(+) T cells. We also found that IL-12-induced Stat4 phosphorylation and Th1 cell differentiation were augmented in Stat5a(-/-) CD4(+) T cells. Importantly, the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)3, a potent inhibitor of IL-12-induced Stat4 activation, was decreased in Stat5a(-/-) CD4(+) T cells. Moreover, a reporter assay showed that a constitutively active form of Stat5a but not Stat6 activated the SOCS3 promoter. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Stat5a binds to the SOCS3 promoter in CD4(+) T cells. Finally, the retrovirus-mediated expression of SOCS3 restored the impaired Th cell differentiation of Stat5a(-/-) CD4(+) T cells. These results suggest that Stat5a forces the Th1/Th2 balance toward a Th2-type by preventing IL-12-induced Th1 cell differentiation through the induction of SOCS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takatori
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba City, Japan
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Lee DU, Rao A. Molecular analysis of a locus control region in the T helper 2 cytokine gene cluster: a target for STAT6 but not GATA3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16010-5. [PMID: 15507491 PMCID: PMC528768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407031101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The linked IL-4 and IL-13 cytokine genes, which are activated and silenced in T helper (Th) 2 and Th1 cells, respectively, are flanked by the equivalently expressed RAD50 and KIF3A genes. A scan of DNase I hypersensitivity and DNA methylation across approximately 100 kb of the KIF3A/IL-4/IL-13/RAD50 cluster revealed differences in chromatin structure between Th1 and Th2 cells at the 3' end of the RAD50 gene, a region previously shown to contain a locus control region (LCR) regulating Th2-specific expression of IL-4 and IL-13. Naive CD4 T cells did not exhibit any DNase I hypersensitivity in this region, but stimulation under either Th1 or Th2 conditions caused rapid development of three hypersensitive sites. An additional hypersensitive site developed rapidly only under Th2 conditions, through a mechanism dependent on signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) but not GATA3. Our data point to a physical separation in the actions of STAT6 and its downstream effector GATA3 during Th2 differentiation: STAT6 directly remodels the RAD50 LCR, whereas GATA3 acts only in the vicinity of the IL-4 gene. We suggest that the RAD50 LCR has a complex and dual role in Th1 and Th2 differentiation, communicating early T cell antigen receptor and cytokine signals to the IL-4/IL-13 locus in both differentiating cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong U Lee
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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42
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Peisong G, Yamasaki A, Mao XQ, Enomoto T, Feng Z, Gloria-Bottini F, Bottini E, Shirakawa T, Sun D, Hopkin JM. An asthma-associated genetic variant of STAT6 predicts low burden of ascaris worm infestation. Genes Immun 2004; 5:58-62. [PMID: 14735150 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Th-2 immune mechanisms are involved in the pathology of asthma and in the protective immune response to parasitic worms. Common upregulating genetic variants of Th-2 immune signalling are risk factors for asthma, and we tested whether they may confer a counteradvantage in protecting against parasitic worms. We examined the intensity of infection by the parasitic worm, Ascaris lumbricoides, by microsopic counting of ascaris eggs in the stool of 614 schoolchildren from an area of endemic ascaris infection in China. We investigated the relationship between the intensity of ascaris infection and common, asthma-associated genetic variants of Th-2 and Th-1 immune signalling. Ascaris egg counts per gram of stool (epg), mean 1068 epg, ranged from barely detectable (<240 epg) to heavy (approximately 9600 epg) in a skewed distribution. Logistic regression, after exploratory discriminant analysis, showed a major association between a common genetic variant of the 3'-UTR regulatory elements of the signal transducer and transactivating factor (STAT6) (P=0.0002) and egg counts, at the 77 th centile. Linear regression after log transformation of egg counts confirmed a highly significant association with this STAT6 variant (P=0.001). Thus, a common, asthma-associated, genetic variant of the pivotal transduction and transactivating factor for Th-2 immune signalling, STAT6, predicts increased resistance to ascaris worm infection. The evolution of enhanced resistance to parasitic worm infection, through human genetic variation in Th-2 immune signalling, may represent one origin for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Peisong
- Experimental Medicine Unit, The Clinical School, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea, UK
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43
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Travagli J, Letourneur M, Bertoglio J, Pierre J. STAT6 and Ets-1 Form a Stable Complex That Modulates Socs-1 Expression by Interleukin-4 in Keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:35183-92. [PMID: 15199062 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403223200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Supressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 is selectively and rapidly induced by appropriate agonists and modulates cytokine responses by interfering with the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak/STAT) pathway. On the basis of the observation that interleukin (IL)-4 up-regulates Socs-1 in the keratinocyte HaCaT cell line, we investigated which sequences of the 5'-Socs-1 gene are responsive to IL-4. We therefore have cloned the 5'-flanking region of this gene, and by promoter analysis we identified a functional IL-4-responsive element located at nucleotide (-684/-570) upstream from the transcription initiation site, whose presence and integrity are necessary to ensure IL-4 responsiveness. This element contains three STAT6 and one Ets consensus binding sequences of which specific mutations abolished IL-4 responsiveness either partially or totally. We also report that Ets-1 physically interacted with STAT6. Exogenous expression of Ets-1 in conjunction with STAT6 activation strongly inhibited expression of a Socs-1 promoter-luciferase reporter. Collectively, our data demonstrated the involvement of STAT6 and Ets, via a composite DNA element, in the IL-4 regulation of Socs-1 gene expression in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Travagli
- INSERM U461, Faculté de pharmacie, 5 Rue J. B. Clément, 92296-Chatenay-Malabry, France
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Deveikaite V, Fila C, Laurencikiene J, Klein E, Kihlström A, Lilja G, Ekström ES, Severinson E. Differential activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 in B cells from allergic children and their non-allergic siblings. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:576-82. [PMID: 15080810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The germline (GL) epsilon promoter is regulated by IL-4 and is essential for class switching to IgE. IL-4-induced gene expression is largely mediated through activation of latent transcription factor STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6). OBJECTIVE We investigated whether increased levels of IgE in allergic individuals may be associated with alteration in the level or activation of STAT6 and subsequent increase in GL epsilon promoter activity. METHODS Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and Western blotting assays were used to investigate the level of expression and activation of STAT6 in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cell lines from children with birch pollen allergy and their non-allergic siblings. The activity of the GL epsilon promoter was tested in a transient transfection assay. RESULTS STAT6 was expressed at the same level in all B cell lines tested. In two out of five sibling pairs STAT6 was activated by IL-4 more efficiently in the allergic individuals but in the three other pairs the opposite was found. In transient transfections, no difference in IL-4-induced GL epsilon promoter function was detected, although basal promoter activity varied between allergic and healthy siblings in two out of five pairs. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that upon IL-4 signalling STAT6 transcription factor activation differs in B cells from different individuals. Although we did not find any association between STAT6 activation and allergy, we do not exclude a possibility that stronger activation of this transcription factor is associated with an expression of allergic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Deveikaite
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Gillespie SR, DeMartino RR, Zhu J, Chong HJ, Ramirez C, Shelburne CP, Bouton LA, Bailey DP, Gharse A, Mirmonsef P, Odom S, Gomez G, Rivera J, Fischer-Stenger K, Ryan JJ. IL-10 Inhibits FcεRI Expression in Mouse Mast Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:3181-8. [PMID: 14978125 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
FcepsilonRI expression and function is a central aspect of allergic disease. Using bone marrow-derived mouse mast cell populations, we have previously shown that the Th2 cytokine IL-4 inhibits FcepsilonRI expression and function. In the current study we show that the Th2 cytokine IL-10 has similar regulatory properties, and that it augments the inhibitory effects of IL-4. FcepsilonRI down-regulation was functionally significant, as it diminished inflammatory cytokine production and IgE-mediated FcepsilonRI up-regulation. IL-10 and IL-4 reduced FcepsilonRI beta protein expression without altering the alpha or gamma subunits. The ability of IL-4 and IL-10 to alter FcepsilonRI expression by targeting the beta-chain, a critical receptor subunit known to modulate receptor expression and signaling, suggests the presence of a Th2 cytokine-mediated homeostatic network that could serve to both initiate and limit mast cell effector function.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Drug Synergism
- Immunoglobulin E/physiology
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Subunits/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Subunits/biosynthesis
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgE/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, IgE/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgE/genetics
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila R Gillespie
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Bailey DP, Kashyap M, Mirmonsef P, Bouton LA, Domen J, Zhu J, Dessypris EN, Ryan JJ. Interleukin-4 elicits apoptosis of developing mast cells via a Stat6-dependent mitochondrial pathway. Exp Hematol 2004; 32:52-9. [PMID: 14725901 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2003.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the effects of interleukin-4 and signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)-6 on IL-3+SCF-induced mast cell development. PATIENTS AND METHODS Unseparated mouse bone marrow cells were cultured in IL-3+SCF, giving rise to mast cells and monocytes/macrophages. The addition of IL-4, the use of Stat6-deficient bone marrow cells, and expression of a constitutively active Stat6 mutant were employed to assess the effects of IL-4 and Stat6 on cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation. Bax-deficient and bcl-2 transgenic bone marrow cells were used to assess the importance of the mitochondria in IL-4-mediated effects. RESULTS IL-4 elicited apoptosis and limited the cell cycle progression of developing bone marrow cells, without affecting cell differentiation. Apoptosis required that IL-4 be present during the first 8 days of the 21-day culture period. Cell death correlated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Accordingly, IL-4-mediated apoptosis was inhibited by Bax deletion or bcl-2 overexpression. Lastly, Stat6 activation was both necessary and sufficient to inhibit cell survival. CONCLUSION IL-4 exerts potent apoptotic effects on developing mast cells and monocyte/macrophages through mitochondrial damage and Stat6 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Bailey
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. 23284-2012, USA
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Chong HJ, Andrew Bouton L, Bailey DP, Wright H, Ramirez C, Gharse A, Oskeritzian C, Xia HZ, Zhu J, Paul WE, Kepley C, Schwartz LB, Ryan JJ. IL-4 selectively enhances FcgammaRIII expression and signaling on mouse mast cells. Cell Immunol 2003; 224:65-73. [PMID: 14609572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2003.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fc receptors for IgG (FcgammaR) are widely expressed in the hematopoietic system and mediate a variety of inflammatory responses. There are two functional classes of FcgammaR, activation and inhibitory receptors. Since IgG immune complexes (IgG IC) bind each class with similar affinity, co-expression of these receptors leads to their co-ligation. Thus, expression levels of this antagonistic pair play a critical role in determining the cellular response. Murine mast cells co-express the activation receptor FcgammaRIII and the inhibitory receptor FcgammaRIIb and can be activated by IgG IC. Mast cell activation contributes to allergic and other inflammatory diseases-particularly those in which IgG IC may play important roles. Using mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells, we report that IL-4 selectively increases FcgammaRIII expression without altering FcgammaRIIb. This enhanced expression could be induced by Stat6 activation alone, and appeared to be mediated in part by increased FcgammaRIIIalpha protein synthesis without significant changes in transcription. The increase in FcgammaRIII expression was functionally significant, as it was matched by enhanced FcgammaR-mediated degranulation and cytokine production. Selective regulation of mast cell FcgammaR by interleukin-4 could alter inflammatory IgG responses and subsequently disease severity and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hey Jin Chong
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2012, USA
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Suzuki K, Nakajima H, Ikeda K, Maezawa Y, Suto A, Takatori H, Saito Y, Iwamoto I. IL-4-Stat6 signaling induces tristetraprolin expression and inhibits TNF-alpha production in mast cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 198:1717-27. [PMID: 14638848 PMCID: PMC2194141 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20031701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has revealed that mast cell–derived tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) plays a critical role in a number of inflammatory responses by recruiting inflammatory leukocytes. In this paper, we investigated the regulatory role of interleukin 4 (IL-4) in TNF-α production in mast cells. IL-4 inhibited immunoglobulin E–induced TNF-α production and neutrophil recruitment in the peritoneal cavity in wild-type mice but not in signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (Stat6)–deficient mice. IL-4 also inhibited TNF-α production in cultured mast cells by a Stat6-dependent mechanism. IL-4–Stat6 signaling induced TNF-α mRNA destabilization in an AU-rich element (ARE)–dependent manner, but did not affect TNF-α promoter activity. Furthermore, IL-4 induced the expression of tristetraprolin (TTP), an RNA-binding protein that promotes decay of ARE-containing mRNA, in mast cells by a Stat6-dependent mechanism, and the depletion of TTP expression by RNA interference prevented IL-4–induced down-regulation of TNF-α production in mast cells. These results suggest that IL-4–Stat6 signaling induces TTP expression and, thus, destabilizes TNF-α mRNA in an ARE-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Lin CC, Chou CM, Hsu YL, Lien JC, Wang YM, Chen ST, Tsai SC, Hsiao PW, Huang CJ. Characterization of two mosquito STATs, AaSTAT and CtSTAT. Differential regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding activity by lipopolysaccharide treatment and by Japanese encephalitis virus infection. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:3308-17. [PMID: 14607839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309749200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two mosquito STATs, AaSTAT and CtSTAT, have been cloned from Aedes albopictus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes, respectively. These two STATs are more similar to those of Drosophila, Anopheles, and mammalian STAT5 in the DNA binding and Src homology 2 domains. The mRNA transcripts are expressed at all developmental stages, and the proteins are present predominantly at the pupal and adult stages in both mosquitoes. Stimulation with lipopolysaccharide resulted in an increase of tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding activity of AaSTAT and CtSTAT as well as an increase of luciferase activity of a reporter gene containing Drosophila STAT binding motif in mosquito C6/36 cells. After being infected with Japanese encephalitis virus, nuclear extracts of C6/36 cells revealed a decrease of tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding activity of AaSTAT which could be restored by sodium orthovanadate treatment. Taking all of the data together, this is the first report to clone and characterize two mosquito STATs with 81% identity and to demonstrate a different response of tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding of these two STATs by lipopolysaccharide treatment and by Japanese encephalitis virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Chi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
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Bruns HA, Schindler U, Kaplan MH. Expression of a constitutively active Stat6 in vivo alters lymphocyte homeostasis with distinct effects in T and B cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:3478-87. [PMID: 12646608 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 is a critical cytokine in the regulation of immune responses and genesis of atopy. Engagement of the IL-4R activates multiple signaling pathways, including the transcription factor Stat6. Stat6-deficient mice demonstrate the importance of this factor in lymphocyte proliferation, gene expression, and Th cell differentiation. Recently, a mutant Stat6 (Stat6VT) was generated that is transcriptionally active independent of IL-4 stimulation. To determine the ability of a constitutively active Stat6 to mimic IL-4-stimulated responses, we have generated transgenic mice expressing Stat6VT under control of the CD2 locus control region, restricting expression to lymphoid populations. The phenotype of Stat6VT transgenic mice is similar, but not identical, to IL-4 transgenic mice, suggesting a critical role for Stat6-independent signaling pathways in the generation of some IL-4 responses in vivo. The expression of a constitutively active Stat6 in vivo increases surface expression of IL-4-induced genes and increases serum levels of IgG1 and IgE, compared with nontransgenic mice. Stat6VT expression increases Th2 differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Stat6VT expression also dramatically alters homeostasis of peripheral lymphocyte populations resulting in decreased CD3(+) cells and increased B220(+) cells, compared with nontransgenic littermates. Altered T and B cell populations correlate with an activated phenotype and increased cell death in transgenic T cell, but not B cell, populations. Together these results suggest that expression of a constitutively active Stat6 has distinct effects on B and T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Bruns
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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