1
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Boeglin WE, Stec DF, Noguchi S, Calcutt MW, Brash AR. The Michael addition of thiols to 13-oxo-octadecadienoate (13-oxo-ODE) with implications for LC-MS analysis of glutathione conjugation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107293. [PMID: 38636660 PMCID: PMC11109300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated fatty acid ketones with αβ,γδ conjugation are susceptible to Michael addition of thiols, with unresolved issues on the site of adduction and precise structures of the conjugates. Herein we reacted 13-keto-octadecadienoic acid (13-oxo-ODE or 13-KODE) with glutathione (GSH), N-acetyl-cysteine, and β-mercaptoethanol and identified the adducts. HPLC-UV analyses indicated none of the products exhibit a conjugated enone UV chromophore, a result that conflicts with the literature and is relevant to the mass spectral interpretation of 1,4 versus 1,6 thiol adduction. Aided by the development of an HPLC solvent system that separates the GSH diastereomers and thus avoids overlap of signals in proton NMR experiments, we established the two major conjugates are formed by 1,6 addition of GSH at the 9-carbon of 13-oxo-ODE with the remaining double bond α to the thiol in the 10,11 position. N-acetyl cysteine reacts similarly, while β-mercaptoethanol gives equal amounts of 1,4 and 1,6 addition products. Equine glutathione transferase catalyzed 1,6 addition of GSH to the two major diastereomers in 44:56 proportions. LC-MS in positive ion mode gives a product ion interpreted before as evidence of 1,4-thiol adduction, whereas here we find this ion using the authentic 1,6 adduct. LC-MS with negative ion APCI gave a fragment selective for 1,4 adduction. These results clarify the structures of thiol conjugates of a prototypical unsaturated keto-fatty acid and have relevance to the application of LC-MS for the structural analysis of keto-fatty acid glutathione conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Donald F Stec
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Saori Noguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M Wade Calcutt
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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2
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Liening S, Fischer J, Jagusch H, Pohnert G, Höcker O, Neusüß C, Werz O, Scriba GKE, Garscha U. 12-Oxo-10-glutathionyl-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid (TOG 10), a novel glutathione-containing eicosanoid generated via the 12-lipoxygenase pathway in human platelets. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 152:106480. [PMID: 33172790 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biologically active glutathione (GSH) conjugates of oxygenated fatty acids comprise a group of pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. While arachidonic acid (AA)-derived conjugates, as the cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) and eoxins (EXs) have pro-inflammatory properties, conjugates in tissue regeneration (CTRs) biosynthesized from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exhibit pro-resolving activity. Human platelets express abundant amounts of platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase (pt12-LOX) and leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4S). However, the only two described GSH conjugates formed by platelets are the AA-derived cys-LTs and the recently reported maresin CTRs (MCTRs). While cys-LTs are biosynthesized in a transcellular mechanism via the action of 5-LOX and LTC4S, MCTR1 is formed by 12-LOX and a yet unidentified GSH S-transferase (GST). Here, we present a novel GSH conjugate formed from AA via the 12-LOX pathway in human platelets. The 12-oxo-glutathione adduct, 12-oxo-10-glutathionyl-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid (TOG10), was identified by mass spectrometry using positive electrospray ionization. The structural proposal is supported by fragmentation data of the labeled metabolite obtained after incubation of deuterated AA (AA-d8). In platelets as well as in HEK293 cells stably expressing pt12-LOX, TOG10 biosynthesis was inhibited by the 12-LOX inhibitor ML-355 (5 μM), which confirms the involvement of pt12-LOX. Interestingly, TOG10 was formed independently of LTC4S in platelets. This is in accordance with the observation that the conjugate was also generated by AA-stimulated HEK_12-LOX cells in absence of LTC4S. Nevertheless, TOG10 can also be formed by LTC4S as the biosynthesis in HEK_12-LOX_LTC4S cells was reduced by the specific LTC4S inhibitor TK04a. In summary, TOG10 was identified as a new AA-derived GSH conjugate generated in human platelets via the action of pt12-LOX in combination with a GST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Liening
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Jana Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743, Jena, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald University, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Hans Jagusch
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Oliver Höcker
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, D-73430, Aalen, Germany.
| | - Christian Neusüß
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, D-73430, Aalen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743, Jena, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald University, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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3
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Liening S, Romp E, Werz O, Scriba GK, Garscha U. Liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry analysis of glutathione conjugates of oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 144:106350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Maddipati KR, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Chaemsaithong P, Zhou SL, Xu Z, Tarca AL, Kusanovic JP, Gomez R, Chaiyasit N, Honn KV. Lipidomic analysis of patients with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity reveals up-regulation of leukotriene B4. FASEB J 2016; 30:3296-3307. [PMID: 27312808 PMCID: PMC5024690 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600583r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive lipids derived from the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids are important mediators of the inflammatory response. Labor per se is considered a sterile inflammatory process. Intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI) due to microorganisms (i.e., intra-amniotic infection) or danger signals (i.e., sterile IAI) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of preterm labor and clinical chorioamnionitis at term. Early and accurate diagnosis of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) requires analysis of amniotic fluid (AF). It is possible that IAI caused by microorganisms is associated with a stereotypic lipidomic profile, and that analysis of AF may help in the identification of patients with this condition. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the fatty acyl lipidome of AF by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry from patients in spontaneous labor at term and preterm gestations. We report that the AF concentrations of proinflammatory lipid mediators of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway are significantly higher in MIAC than in cases of sterile IAI. These results suggest that the concentrations of 5-lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and leukotriene B4 in particular could serve as potential biomarkers of MIAC. This finding could have important implications for the rapid identification of patients who may benefit from anti-microbial treatment.-Maddipati, K. R., Romero, R., Chaiworapongsa ,T., Chaemsaithong, P., Zhou, S.-L., Xu, Z., Tarca, A. L., Kusanovic, J. P., Gomez, R., Chaiyasit, N., Honn, K. V. Lipidomic analysis of patients with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity reveals up-regulation of leukotriene B4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Rao Maddipati
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Lipidomics Core Facility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA;
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Piya Chaemsaithong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sen-Lin Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Lipidomics Core Facility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Zhonghui Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Center for Research and Innovation in Maternal-Fetal Medicine (CIMAF), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sótero del Río Hospital, Santiago, Chile Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and
| | - Ricardo Gomez
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and Center for Perinatal Diagnosis (CEDIP), Research and Academic Innovations, Hospital Clínico La Florida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noppadol Chaiyasit
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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5
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Powell WS, Rokach J. Biosynthesis, biological effects, and receptors of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxo-ETEs) derived from arachidonic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:340-55. [PMID: 25449650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid can be oxygenated by a variety of different enzymes, including lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P450s, and can be converted to a complex mixture of oxygenated products as a result of lipid peroxidation. The initial products in these reactions are hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HpETEs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). Oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxo-ETEs) can be formed by the actions of various dehydrogenases on HETEs or by dehydration of HpETEs. Although a large number of different HETEs and oxo-ETEs have been identified, this review will focus principally on 5-oxo-ETE, 5S-HETE, 12S-HETE, and 15S-HETE. Other related arachidonic acid metabolites will also be discussed in less detail. 5-Oxo-ETE is synthesized by oxidation of the 5-lipoxygenase product 5S-HETE by the selective enzyme, 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase. It actions are mediated by the selective OXE receptor, which is highly expressed on eosinophils, suggesting that it may be important in eosinophilic diseases such as asthma. 5-Oxo-ETE also appears to stimulate tumor cell proliferation and may also be involved in cancer. Highly selective and potent OXE receptor antagonists have recently become available and could help to clarify its pathophysiological role. The 12-lipoxygenase product 12S-HETE acts by the GPR31 receptor and promotes tumor cell proliferation and metastasis and could therefore be a promising target in cancer therapy. It may also be involved as a proinflammatory mediator in diabetes. In contrast, 15S-HETE may have a protective effect in cancer. In addition to GPCRs, higher concentration of HETEs and oxo-ETEs can activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and could potentially regulate a variety of processes by this mechanism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada.
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
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6
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Powell WS, Rokach J. The eosinophil chemoattractant 5-oxo-ETE and the OXE receptor. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:651-65. [PMID: 24056189 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
5-Oxo-ETE (5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) is formed from the 5-lipoxygenase product 5-HETE (5S-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase (5-HEDH). The cofactor NADP(+) is a limiting factor in the synthesis of 5-oxo-ETE because of its low concentrations in unperturbed cells. Activation of the respiratory burst in phagocytic cells, oxidative stress, and cell death all dramatically elevate both intracellular NADP(+) levels and 5-oxo-ETE synthesis. 5-HEDH is widely expressed in inflammatory, structural, and tumor cells. Cells devoid of 5-lipoxygenase can synthesize 5-oxo-ETE by transcellular biosynthesis using inflammatory cell-derived 5-HETE. 5-Oxo-ETE is a chemoattractant for neutrophils, monocytes, and basophils and promotes the proliferation of tumor cells. However, its primary target appears to be the eosinophil, for which it is a highly potent chemoattractant. The actions of 5-oxo-ETE are mediated by the highly selective OXE receptor, which signals by activating various second messenger pathways through the release of the βγ-dimer from Gi/o proteins to which it is coupled. Because of its potent effects on eosinophils, 5-oxo-ETE may be an important mediator in asthma, and, because of its proliferative effects, may also contribute to tumor progression. Selective OXE receptor antagonists, which are currently under development, could be useful therapeutic agents in asthma and other allergic diseases.
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Key Words
- 12-HHT
- 12-hydroxy-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid
- 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid
- 5,12-diHETE
- 5,15-diHETE
- 5-HEDH
- 5-HEPE
- 5-HETE
- 5-HETrE
- 5-HODE
- 5-HpETE
- 5-LO
- 5-Lipoxygenase
- 5-Oxo-ETE
- 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase
- 5-lipoxygenase
- 5-oxo-12-HETE
- 5-oxo-12S-hydroxy-6E,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5-oxo-15-HETE
- 5-oxo-15S-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5-oxo-20-HETE
- 5-oxo-20-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid
- 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z-eicosatrienoic acid
- 5-oxo-6E,8Z-octadecadienoic acid
- 5-oxo-7-glutathionyl factor-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid
- 5-oxo-EPE
- 5-oxo-ETE
- 5-oxo-ETrE
- 5-oxo-ODE
- 5S,12S-dihydroxy-6E,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5S,15S-dihydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5S-hydroperoxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5S-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid
- 5S-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5S-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z-eicosatrienoic acid
- 5S-hydroxy-6E,8Z-octadecadienoic acid
- 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid
- 5Z,8Z,11Z-eicosatrienoic acid
- 5Z,8Z-octadecadienoic acid
- Asthma
- Chemoattractants
- DHA
- ECL
- EPA
- Eosinophils
- FOG(7)
- G protein-coupled receptor
- GPCR
- Inflammation
- LT
- LXA(4)
- Mead acid
- PAF
- PI3K
- PLC
- PMA
- PUFA
- Sebaleic acid
- StAR
- eosinophil chemotactic lipid
- leukotriene
- lipoxin A(4)
- phorbol myristate acetate
- phosphoinositide-3 kinase
- phospholipase C
- platelet-activating
- polyunsaturated fatty acid
- steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
- uPAR
- urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada.
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Hammond VJ, Morgan AH, Lauder S, Thomas CP, Brown S, Freeman BA, Lloyd CM, Davies J, Bush A, Levonen AL, Kansanen E, Villacorta L, Chen YE, Porter N, Garcia-Diaz YM, Schopfer FJ, O'Donnell VB. Novel keto-phospholipids are generated by monocytes and macrophages, detected in cystic fibrosis, and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41651-66. [PMID: 23060450 PMCID: PMC3516716 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.405407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
12/15-Lipoxygenases (LOXs) in monocytes and macrophages generate novel phospholipid-esterified eicosanoids. Here, we report the generation of two additional families of related lipids comprising 15-ketoeicosatetraenoic acid (KETE) attached to four phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs). The lipids are generated basally by 15-LOX in IL-4-stimulated monocytes, are elevated on calcium mobilization, and are detected at increased levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from cystic fibrosis patients (3.6 ng/ml of lavage). Murine peritoneal macrophages generate 12-KETE-PEs, which are absent in 12/15-LOX-deficient mice. Inhibition of 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase prevents their formation from exogenous 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-PE in human monocytes. Both human and murine cells also generated analogous hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid-PEs. The electrophilic reactivity of KETE-PEs is shown by their Michael addition to glutathione and cysteine. Lastly, both 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-PE and 15-KETE-PE activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ reporter activity in macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, we demonstrate novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-activating oxidized phospholipids generated enzymatically by LOX and 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase in primary monocytic cells and in a human Th2-related lung disease. The lipids are a new family of bioactive mediators from the 12/15-LOX pathway that may contribute to its known anti-inflammatory actions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Hammond
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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Mesaros C, Blair IA. Targeted chiral analysis of bioactive arachidonic Acid metabolites using liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metabolites 2012; 2:337-65. [PMID: 24957514 PMCID: PMC3901208 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A complex structurally diverse series of eicosanoids arises from the metabolism of arachidonic acid. The metabolic profile is further complicated by the enantioselectivity of eicosanoid formation and the variety of regioisomers that arise. In order to investigate the metabolism of arachidonic acid in vitro or in vivo, targeted methods are advantageous in order to distinguish between the complex isomeric mixtures that can arise by different metabolic pathways. Over the last several years this targeted approach has become more popular, although there are still relatively few examples where chiral targeted approaches have been employed to directly analyze complex enantiomeric mixtures. To efficiently conduct targeted eicosanoid analyses, LC separations are coupled with collision induced dissociation (CID) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Product ion profiles are often diagnostic for particular regioisomers. The highest sensitivity that can be achieved involves the use of selected reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry (SRM/MS); whereas the highest specificity is obtained with an SRM transitions between an intense parent ion, which contains the intact molecule (M) and a structurally significant product ion. This review article provides an overview of arachidonic acid metabolism and targeted chiral methods that have been utilized for the analysis of the structurally diverse eicosanoids that arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementina Mesaros
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan.
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10
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Grant GE, Rubino S, Gravel S, Wang X, Patel P, Rokach J, Powell WS. Enhanced formation of 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid by cancer cells in response to oxidative stress, docosahexaenoic acid and neutrophil-derived 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:822-8. [PMID: 21393477 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) product 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), which is a potent chemoattractant for myeloid cells, is known to promote the survival of prostate cancer cells. In the present study, we found that PC3 prostate cancer cells and cell lines derived from breast (MCF7) and lung (A-427) cancers contain 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase (5-HEDH) activity and have the ability to synthesize 5-oxo-ETE from its precursor 5S-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) when added as an exogenous substrate. H(2)O(2) strongly stimulated the synthesis of 5-oxo-ETE and induced dramatic increases in the levels of both glutathione disulfide and NADP(+). The effects of H(2)O(2) on 5-oxo-ETE and NADP(+) were blocked by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), indicating that this effect was mediated by the glutathione reductase-dependent generation of NADP(+), the cofactor required by 5-HEDH. 5-Oxo-ETE synthesis was also stimulated by agents that have cytotoxic effects on tumor cells, including 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid, tamoxifen and MK-886. Because PC3 cells have only modest 5-LO activity compared with inflammatory cells, we investigated their ability to contribute to the transcellular biosynthesis of 5-oxo-ETE from neutrophil-derived 5-HETE. Stimulation of neutrophils with arachidonic acid and calcium ionophore in the presence of PC3 cells led to a large and selective increase in 5-oxo-ETE synthesis compared with controls in which PC3 cell 5-oxo-ETE synthesis was selectively blocked by pretreatment with NEM. The ability of prostate tumor cells to synthesize 5-oxo-ETE may contribute to tumor cell proliferation as well as the influx of inflammatory cells, which may further induce cell proliferation through the release of cytokines. 5-Oxo-ETE may be an attractive target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail E Grant
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626 St Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2X 2P2
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11
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Arachidonic acid promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transition in mammary epithelial cells MCF10A. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 89:476-88. [PMID: 20207443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies and animal models suggest an association between high levels of dietary fat intake and an increased risk of breast cancer. Cancer progression requires the development of metastasis, which is characterized by an increase in cell motility and invasion. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process, by which epithelial cells are transdifferentiated to a more mesenchymal state. A similar process takes place during tumor progression, when carcinoma cells stably or transiently lose epithelial polarities and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. Arachidonic acid (AA) is a fatty acid that mediates cellular processes, such as cell survival, angiogenesis, chemotaxis, mitogenesis, migration and apoptosis. However, the role of AA on the EMT process in human mammary epithelial cells remains to be studied. We demonstrate here that AA promotes an increase in vimentin and N-cadherin expression, MMP-9 secretion, a decrease in E-cadherin junctional levels, and the activation of FAK, Src and NF-kappaB in MCF10A cells. Furthermore, AA also promotes cell migration in an Src kinase activity-dependent fashion. In conclusion, our results demonstrate, for the first time, that AA promotes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transition in MCF10A human mammary non-tumorigenic epithelial cells.
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Böttcher C, Pollmann S. Plant oxylipins: plant responses to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid are governed by its specific structural and functional properties. FEBS J 2009; 276:4693-704. [PMID: 19663904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the most challenging questions in modern plant science is how plants regulate their morphological and developmental adaptation in response to changes in their biotic and abiotic environment. A comprehensive elucidation of the underlying mechanisms will help shed light on the extremely efficient strategies of plants in terms of survival and propagation. In recent years, a number of environmental stress conditions have been described as being mediated by signaling molecules of the oxylipin family. In this context, jasmonic acid, its biosynthetic precursor, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), and also reactive electrophilic species such as phytoprostanes play pivotal roles. Although our understanding of jasmonic acid-dependent processes and jasmonic acid signal-transduction cascades has made considerable progress in recent years, knowledge of the regulation and mode of action of OPDA-dependent plant responses is just emerging. This minireview focuses on recent work concerned with the elucidation of OPDA-specific processes in plants. In this context, aspects such as the differential recruitment of OPDA, either by de novo biosynthesis or by release from cyclo-oxylipin-galactolipids, and the conjugation of free OPDA are discussed.
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13
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Grant GE, Rokach J, Powell WS. 5-Oxo-ETE and the OXE receptor. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 89:98-104. [PMID: 19450703 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
5-Oxo-ETE is a product of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway that is formed by the oxidation of 5-HETE by 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase (5-HEDH). 5-HEDH is a microsomal NADP(+)-dependent enzyme that is highly selective for 5-HETE. 5-Oxo-ETE synthesis is regulated by intracellular NADP(+) levels and is dramatically increased under conditions that favor oxidation of NADPH to NADP(+) such as oxidative stress and the respiratory burst in phagocytic cells. 5-Oxo-ETE is a potent chemoattractant for eosinophils and has similar effects on neutrophils, basophils and monocytes. It elicits infiltration of eosinophils and, to a lesser extent, neutrophils into the skin after intradermal injection in humans. It also promotes the survival of tumor cells and has been shown to block the induction of apoptosis by 5-LO inhibitors. 5-Oxo-ETE acts by the G(i/o)-coupled OXE receptor, which was also known as TG1019, R527 and hGPCR48. Although the pathophysiological role of 5-oxo-ETE is not well understood, it may play important roles in asthma and allergic diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. The availability of a selective antagonist would help to clarify the role of 5-oxo-ETE and may be of therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail E Grant
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, QC, Canada
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14
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Spite M, Summers L, Porter TF, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A, Serhan CN. Resolvin D1 controls inflammation initiated by glutathione-lipid conjugates formed during oxidative stress. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:1062-73. [PMID: 19422383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammation is associated with oxidative stress and local generation of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes, such as 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE). In most tissues, HNE is readily conjugated with glutathione and presently it is unknown whether glutathionyl-HNE (GS-HNE) plays a functional role in inflammation. Here, we sought to determine whether GS-HNE is a mediator of oxidative stress-initiated inflammation and if its actions can be regulated by the anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediator, resolvin D1 (RvD1). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH GS-HNE was administered intraperitoneally to mice and peritoneal lavages were assessed for leukocyte infiltration and lipid mediators were targeted by mediator-lipidomics. RvD1 was administered to mice treated with GS-HNE and leukocyte infiltration was assessed in the peritoneum. Superoxide production and CD11b modulation were measured in isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes incubated with GS-HNE. KEY RESULTS GS-HNE (1-10 microg) evoked infiltration of Gr-1(+) leukocytes into the peritoneum to form an inflammatory exudate. With isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, GS-HNE stimulated both superoxide generation and CD11b expression. Among the lipid mediators, both cyclooxygenase- and lipoxygenase-derived pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, including prostaglandin E(2), leukotriene B(4) and cysteinyl leukotrienes, were generated in exudates of mice injected intraperitoneally with GS-HNE. RvD1, given i.v. in doses as low as 0.01-10.0 ng, sharply reduced GS-HNE-stimulated leukocyte infiltration ( approximately 30-70%). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Glutathione conjugates of HNE, derived during oxidative stress, are pro-inflammatory in vivo. RvD1 protects against this oxidative stress-initiated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Spite
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Dueckershoff K, Mueller S, Mueller MJ, Reinders J. Impact of cyclopentenone-oxylipins on the proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:1975-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Rubin P, Mollison KW. Pharmacotherapy of diseases mediated by 5-lipoxygenase pathway eicosanoids. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2007; 83:188-97. [PMID: 17481554 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory eicosanoids generated by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism are now known to have at least 6 receptors: OXE, which recognizes 5-HETE and 5-oxo-ETE; a putative receptor recognizing a potent 5-oxo-ETE metabolite, FOG(7); the LTB(4) receptors, BLT1 and BLT2; the cysteinyl leukotriene receptors, CysLT(1) and CysLT(2), which recognize leukotrienes LTC(4), LTD(4), LTE(4) and LTF(4). The 5-LO pathway is activated in many diseases and invokes inflammatory responses not affected by glucocorticoids, but therapy with selective BLT1 or CysLT(1) antagonists in asthma has met with variable success. Studies show that 5-LO pathway eicosanoids are not primary mediators in all cases of asthma, but may be especially important in severe persistent asthma, aspirin- and exercise-induced asthma, allergic rhinitis, COPD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, atherosclerosis, atopic dermatitis, acne and ischemia-related organ injury. These disorders appear to involve multiple 5-LO pathway eicosanoids and receptor subtypes, suggesting that inhibition of the pathway at the level of 5-LO may be necessary for maximal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rubin
- Critical Therapeutics, Inc., 60 Westview Street, Lexington, MA 02421, USA.
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17
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Davoine C, Falletti O, Douki T, Iacazio G, Ennar N, Montillet JL, Triantaphylidès C. Adducts of oxylipin electrophiles to glutathione reflect a 13 specificity of the downstream lipoxygenase pathway in the tobacco hypersensitive response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:1484-93. [PMID: 16500992 PMCID: PMC1435824 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.074690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The response to reactive electrophile species (RES) is now considered as part of the plant response to pathogen and insect attacks. Thanks to a previously established high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methodology, we have investigated the production of oxylipin RES adducts to glutathione (GSH) during the hypersensitive response (HR) of plants. We have observed that RES conjugation to GSH in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves is facile and nonspecific. In cryptogein-elicited tobacco leaves, we show that the oxylipin RES adducts to GSH are produced in correlation with GSH consumption, increase in glutathione S-transferase activity, and the appearance of the cell death symptoms. In this model, the adducts arise mainly from the downstream 13 lipoxygenase (LOX) metabolism, although the induced 9 LOX pathway leads massively to the accumulation of upstream metabolites. The main adducts were obtained from 2-hexenal and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. They accumulate transiently as 1-hexanol-3-GSH, a reduced adduct, and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid-GSH, respectively. RES conjugation does not initiate cell death but explains part of the GSH depletion that accompanies HR cell death. The nature of these GSH conjugates shows the key role played by the 13 LOX pathway in RES signaling in the tobacco HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Davoine
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Végétale, DSV-Département d'Ecophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie, CEA-Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul Lez Durance cedex, France
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18
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Dronadula N, Rizvi F, Blaskova E, Li Q, Rao GN. Involvement of cAMP-response element binding protein-1 in arachidonic acid-induced vascular smooth muscle cell motility. J Lipid Res 2005; 47:767-77. [PMID: 16382163 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500369-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their role in many vital cellular functions, arachidonic acid (AA) and its eicosanoid metabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including atherosclerosis and cancer. To understand the potential mechanisms by which these lipid molecules could influence the disease processes, particularly cardiovascular diseases, we studied AA's effects on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) motility and the role of cAMP-response element binding protein-1 (CREB-1) in this process. AA exerted differential effects on VSMC motility; at lower doses, it stimulated motility, whereas at higher doses, it was inhibitory. AA-induced VSMC motility requires its conversion via the lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways. AA stimulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in a time-dependent manner, and blockade of these serine/threonine kinases significantly attenuated AA-induced VSMC motility. In addition, AA stimulated CREB-1 phosphorylation and activity in a manner that was also dependent on its metabolic conversion via the LOX and COX pathways and the activation of ERKs and p38MAPK but not JNKs. Furthermore, suppression of CREB-1 activation inhibited AA-induced VSMC motility. 15(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and prostaglandin F2alpha, the 15-LOX and COX metabolites of AA, respectively, that are produced by VSMC at lower doses, were also found to stimulate motility in these cells. Together, these results suggest that AA induces VSMC motility by complex mechanisms involving its metabolism via the LOX and COX pathways as well as the ERK- and p38MAPK-dependent and JNK-independent activation of CREB-1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acid/metabolism
- Arachidonic Acid/pharmacology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Dinoprost/metabolism
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Genes, Reporter
- Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/metabolism
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagadhara Dronadula
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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19
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Davoine C, Douki T, Iacazio G, Montillet JL, Triantaphylidès C. Conjugation of keto fatty acids to glutathione in plant tissues. Characterization and quantification by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2005; 77:7366-72. [PMID: 16285687 DOI: 10.1021/ac051155y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Both biotic and abiotic stress activate the oxylipin pathway in plants. As reactive electrophile species (RES), some oxylipins are expected to bind cellular nucleophiles in a Michaël-type addition reaction. Using the HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry techniques, we have established the analytical basis for the investigation of oxylipin conjugation to glutathione (GSH) in plant extracts. The GSH adducts to the four keto fatty acid isomers issued from both linoleic and linolenic acids were first produced and their mass spectrometric features analyzed in the positive electrospray ionization mode. In all cases, the main fragmentation (MS2 mode) of the pseudomolecular ion leads to the neutral loss of a glutamyl moiety (-129 Da), affording an ion that gives structural information upon an additional fragmentation (MS3 mode). The glutamyl loss was confirmed by the analysis of other GSH adducts to oxylipin RES and appeared as being characteristic of GSH adducts. It is thus proposed to search GSH adducts in plant extracts by HPLC-MS/MS, using initially the neutral loss mode and then the MS2 mode to further characterize the identified compounds. This methodology was successfully applied to the analysis of GSH adducts upon infiltration into leaves of the four previous keto fatty acids at 5 mM, a concentration inducing cell death. The production of GSH adducts to oxylipin RES was observed for the first time in plant tissues. Furthermore, the levels of adduct production explain in part the observed GSH depletion. These results support the role of RES in altering protein activities and cellular redox balance of plant cells, via addition reactions to cellular nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Davoine
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Végétale, CEA/Cadarache, DSV-DEVM, Saint-Paul Lez Durance, France
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20
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Murphy RC, Barkley RM, Zemski Berry K, Hankin J, Harrison K, Johnson C, Krank J, McAnoy A, Uhlson C, Zarini S. Electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry of eicosanoids. Anal Biochem 2005; 346:1-42. [PMID: 15961057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Mail Stop 8303, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045-0511, USA.
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21
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Hosoi T, Sugikawa E, Chikada A, Koguchi Y, Ohnuki T. TG1019/OXE, a Gαi/o-protein-coupled receptor, mediates 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid-induced chemotaxis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:987-95. [PMID: 16039985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified a Galpha(i/o)-protein-coupled receptor (TG1019/OXE) using 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) as its ligand. We investigated signal transduction from TG1019 following stimulation with 5-oxo-ETE and role of TG1019 in 5-oxo-ETE-induced chemotaxis, using Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing TG1019 (CHO/TG1019 cells). 5-Oxo-ETE induced intracellular calcium mobilization and rapid activation of MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways in CHO/TG1019 cells. CHO/TG1019 cells stimulated with 5-oxo-ETE and other eicosanoids exhibited chemotaxis with efficacies related to agonistic activity of each eicosanoid for TG1019. Pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin, a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor (U73122) or a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002), markedly suppressed 5-oxo-ETE-induced chemotaxis, whereas pretreatment with a MEK inhibitor (PD98059) had no significant effect on the chemotaxis. Our results show that TG1019 mediates 5-oxo-ETE-induced chemotaxis and that signals from TG1019 are transduced via Galpha(i/o) protein to PLC/calcium mobilization, MEK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt, among which PLC and PI3K would play important roles in the chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hosoi
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd., 2-50 Kawagishi-2-chome, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
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22
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O'Flaherty JT, Rogers LC, Paumi CM, Hantgan RR, Thomas LR, Clay CE, High K, Chen YQ, Willingham MC, Smitherman PK, Kute TE, Rao A, Cramer SD, Morrow CS. 5-Oxo-ETE analogs and the proliferation of cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1736:228-36. [PMID: 16154383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
MDA-MB-231, MCF7, and SKOV3 cancer cells, but not HEK-293 cells, expressed mRNA for the leukocyte G protein-coupled 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoate (ETE) OXE receptor. 5-Oxo-ETE, 5-oxo-15-OH-ETE, and 5-HETE stimulated the cancer cell lines but not HEK-293 cells to mount pertussis toxin-sensitive proliferation responses. Their potencies in eliciting this response were similar to their known potencies in activating leukocytes and OXE receptor-transfected cells. However, high concentrations of 5-oxo-ETE and 5-oxo-15-OH-ETE, but not 5-HETE, arrested growth and caused apoptosis in all four cell lines; these responses were pertussis toxin-resistant. The same high concentrations of the oxo-ETEs but again not 5-HETE also activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma. Pharmacological studies indicated that this activation did not mediate their effects on proliferation. These results are the first to implicate the OXE receptor in malignant cell growth and to show that 5-oxo-ETEs activate cell death programs as well as PPARgamma independently of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T O'Flaherty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27156, USA.
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23
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Stamatiou PB, Chan CC, Monneret G, Ethier D, Rokach J, Powell WS. 5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid Stimulates the Release of the Eosinophil Survival Factor Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor from Monocytes. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:28159-64. [PMID: 15136573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401537200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases such as asthma are characterized by tissue eosinophilia induced by the combined effects of chemoattractants and cytokines. Lipid mediators are a major class of endogenous chemoattractants, among which 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) is the most potent for human eosinophils. In this study, we investigated the effects of 5-oxo-ETE on eosinophil survival by flow cytometry. We found that this compound could promote eosinophil survival in the presence of small numbers of contaminating monocytes, but not in their absence. The conditioned medium from monocytes treated for 24 h with 5-oxo-ETE also strongly promoted eosinophil survival, whereas the medium from vehicle-treated monocytes had no effect. An antibody against the granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) completely blocked the response of eosinophils to the conditioned medium from 5-oxo-ETE-treated monocytes, whereas an antibody against interleukin-5 had no effect. Furthermore, 5-oxo-ETE stimulated the release of GM-CSF from cultured monocytes in amounts compatible with eosinophil survival activity, with a maximal effect being observed after 24 h. This effect was concentration-dependent and could be observed at concentrations in the picomolar range. 5-Oxo-ETE and leukotriene B(4) had similar effects on GM-CSF release at low concentrations, but 5-oxo-ETE induced a much stronger response at concentrations of 10 nm or higher. This is the first report that 5-oxo-ETE can induce the release of any cytokine, suggesting that it could be an important mediator in allergic and other inflammatory diseases due both to its chemoattractant properties and to its potent effects on the synthesis of the survival factor GM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota B Stamatiou
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
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24
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Bowers R, Cool C, Murphy RC, Tuder RM, Hopken MW, Flores SC, Voelkel NF. Oxidative stress in severe pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 169:764-9. [PMID: 14701708 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200301-147oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) occurs in a primary or "unexplained" form and in a group of secondary forms associated with a number of diseases. Because the lung tissue from patients with severe PH demonstrates complex vascular lesions, which contain inflammatory cells, we wondered whether the lung tissue from patients with severe PH was "under oxidative stress." We used immunohistochemistry to localize nitrotyrosine and 8-hydroxy guanosine in the lung tissue sections from patients with primary and secondary PH. In some lung tissue extracts, the eicosanoid metabolites 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, leukotriene B4 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), 12-HETE, and 15-HETE were measured using mass spectroscopy, and superoxide dismutase amount and activity were measured. Nitrotyrosine expression was ubiquitous in all PH lungs, and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid and HETE levels were elevated in the lungs of patients with severe PH but not in those lungs that were from the patients with severe PH treated chronically with prostacyclin. We conclude that indeed the lungs from patients with severe PH are under oxidative stress and that chronic prostacyclin infusion has an antiinflammatory effect on the lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bowers
- Pulmonary Hypertension Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver 80262, USA
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25
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Abstract
LTC(4) synthase conjugates LTA(4) with glutathione (GSH) to form LTC(4), the parent compound of the cysteinyl leukotrienes. LTC(4) synthase is a membrane protein that functions as a non-covalent homodimer of two 18-kDa polypeptides. The enzymatic activity of LTC(4) synthase is augmented by Mg(2+) and inhibited by Co(2+) and the FLAP inhibitor MK-886. The K(m) and V(max) values of human LTC(4) synthase are 3.6 microM and 1.3 micromol/mg/min for LTA(4) and 1.6 mM and 2.7 micromol/mg/min for GSH, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence and the predicted secondary structure of LTC(4) synthase share significant homology to FLAP, mGST-2, and mGST-3. Site-directed mutagenesis of LTC(4) synthase suggests that Arg-51 is involved in opening the epoxide ring of LTA(4) and Tyr-93 in GSH thiolate anion formation during catalytic conjugation. LTC(4) synthase is a TATA-less gene whose transcription involved both cell- and non-specific regulatory elements. LTC(4) synthase gene disrupted mice grow normally, and are attenuated for innate and adaptive immune inflammatory permeability responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing K Lam
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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26
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Zarini S, Murphy RC. Biosynthesis of 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid from 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid in the murine macrophage. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:11190-6. [PMID: 12547823 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208496200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) is a metabolite of arachidonic acid shown to possess important biological activities within different cell types. In the neutrophil, a specific NADP(+)-dependent dehydrogenase utilizes 5-lipoxygenase-derived 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5(S)-HETE) as the required substrate. In the present study, 5-hydroperoxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HpETE), rather than 5-HETE, was found to be the biosynthetic precursor of 5-oxo-ETE in the murine macrophage. The macrophage was not able to convert 5-HETE into 5-oxo-ETE even when preincubated with phorbol ester or with other lipid hydroperoxides. The factor responsible for the conversion of 5-HpETE into 5-oxo-ETE was found predominantly in the cytosolic fraction of the macrophage, with an approximate molecular weight of 50,000-60,000, as assessed by size exclusion chromatography. Formation of 5-oxo-ETE was rapid and the catalytic protein was found to have an apparent K(m) of 5.3 microM for the eicosanoid. Furthermore, the protein could efficiently utilize 5(R,S)-HpETE as substrate and was heat and protease labile. This novel pathway of 5-oxo-ETE biosynthesis in the murine macrophage was consistent with reduction of a 5-hydroperoxy group to an intermediate alkoxy radical that could be subsequently oxidized to the 5-oxo product. Such a mechanism would enable racemic 5-HpETE, derived from free radical oxidation of arachidonic acid, to be efficiently converted into this potent chemotactic eicosanoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Zarini
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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27
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Griffiths WJ. Tandem mass spectrometry in the study of fatty acids, bile acids, and steroids. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2003; 22:81-152. [PMID: 12820273 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, the mass spectrometry of lipids has evolved to become one of the most mature techniques in biomolecule analysis. Many volatile and non-polar lipids are directly amenable to analysis by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), a technique that combines the unsurpassed separation properties of gas-chromatography with the sensitivity and selectivity of electron ionization mass spectrometry. Less volatile and/or thermally labile lipids can be analyzed by GC-MS, following appropriate sample derivatization. However, many complex lipids are not readily analyzed by GC-MS, and it is these molecules that are the subject of the current review. Since the early 1970s, there have been three outstanding developments in mass spectrometry that are particularly appropriate in lipid analysis; i.e., the introduction of (i) fast atom bombardment (FAB); (ii) electrospray (ES); and (iii) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The FAB and ES ionization techniques will be discussed in relation to MS/MS, and examples of their application in biochemical studies will be presented. The review will concentrate on the analysis of fatty acids, bile acids, steroid conjugates, and neutral steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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28
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Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a major cellular antioxidant, which can conjugate chemically reactive, electrophilic molecules and thus, prevent unwanted reactions with important cell constituents. A large number of electrophilic eicosanoids, in particular alpha/beta-unsaturated ketones, are synthesized during arachidonic acid oxidative metabolism which can participate in the Michael addition reaction with GSH catalyzed by the GSH-S-transferase (GST) family. The structures of these adducts have been determined primarily using mass spectrometry techniques in the past after degradation to volatile products, but more recently by electrospray ionization. GSH-adducts have been observed with molecules synthesized through the 5-lipoxygenase (LTB4, LTC4, and 5-oxo-ETE), 12-lipoxygenase (hepoxilin A3), 15-lipoxygenase (13-oxo-ODE), PGH synthase (PGA1, PGA2, PGD2, PGE2, and PGJ2), and cytochrome P450-epoxygenase (14,15-EET) pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. It has also been demonstrated that these oxyeicosanoid GSH-adducts do not represent just inactivation products, but they can both retain (GSH-adduct of hepoxilin A3) or show novel biological activities (LTC4 and FOG7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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29
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Willott E, Hallberg CA, Tran HQ. Influence of calcium on Manduca sexta plasmatocyte spreading and network formation. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 49:187-202. [PMID: 11921077 DOI: 10.1002/arch.10019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plasmatocytes are a class of insect hemocytes important in the cellular defense response. In some species, they are phagocytic, protecting the insect from smaller pathogens. In many insects, they work in concert with other hemocytes (particularly other plasmatocytes and granular cells) to form nodules and to encapsulate foreign material. To perform these functions, plasmatocytes attach to, spread on, and surround suitable targets. Because of their importance, because we had previously observed that prolonged incubation of hemocytes in solutions containing the divalent cation chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) inhibited plasmatocyte spreading, and because of the importance of divalent cations in many immune-related functions, we investigated the effect of calcium and magnesium on spreading of plasmatocytes from fifth instar Manduca sexta larvae. On glass slides, plasmatocytes spread more quickly and elongated in Grace's medium containing 5 mM calcium, compared to calcium-free medium. In the presence of calcium, plasmatocyte adhesion, spreading, and network formation were not visibly different in magnesium-free and magnesium-containing Grace's medium. Using immunomicroscopy with a monoclonal antibody specific for plasmatocytes, we measured the length and width of plasmatocytes incubated with several different concentrations of calcium. Plasmatocyte length positively correlated with calcium concentration to 5 mM (maximum concentration tested and approximately the hemolymph concentration). Mean plasmatocyte width was less in 0 and 5 mM calcium than in 0.05 or 0.5 mM calcium. On plastic, hemocytes survived longer than on glass (they survived beyond 24 h) and, in 5 mM calcium, formed an extensive network readily visible by phase-contrast microscopy. This network was never as extensive in the absence of calcium. Network formation in the absence of magnesium, but presence of calcium, resembled network formation in standard Grace's medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Willott
- Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, Tucson 85721-0036, USA.
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30
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Hevko JM, Murphy RC. Formation of murine macrophage-derived 5-oxo-7-glutathionyl-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (FOG7) is catalyzed by leukotriene C4 synthase. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:7037-43. [PMID: 11748223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108942200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Oxo-7-glutathionyl-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (FOG(7)), a biologically active glutathione (GSH) adduct of the eicosanoid 5-oxo-eicosatrienoic acid (5-oxoETE), is the major metabolite formed within the murine peritoneal macrophage. The conjugation of GSH to electrophilic 5-oxoETE in vitro was found to be catalyzed by both soluble glutathione S-transferase and membrane-bound leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) synthase. The cytosolic glutathione S-transferase-catalyzed products were not biologically active; however, the adduct formed from recombinant LTC(4) synthase had identical mass spectrometric properties and biological activity to the macrophage-derived FOG(7). The biosynthesis of FOG(7) in the macrophage was inhibited by MK-886, a known inhibitor of LTC(4) synthase, suggesting that this nuclear membrane-bound enzyme might be responsible for GSH conjugation to 5-oxoETE in the intact cell. Subcellular fractionation revealed that the microsomal fraction from the murine macrophage contained the enzyme responsible for FOG(7) biosynthesis. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of LTC(4) synthase in the microsomal fraction that did not catalyze conjugation of GSH to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, indicating an absence of microsomal glutathione S- transferase activity. These results suggest that LTC(4) synthase, thought to be specific for the conjugation of GSH to LTA(4), can also recognize 5-oxoETE as an electrophilic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hevko
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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31
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Abstract
Recently, known eosinophil functions have been extended considerably: previously the cells were thought to have an exclusive role in the release of cytotoxic mediators; now they are known to have roles in antigen presentation and immunoregulation through the release of cytokines. Although questionable, animal models indicate a rather beneficial role of eosinophils in parasitic infections but a detrimental one, together with other cells, in allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dombrowicz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U547, Institut Pasteur de Lille 1, Rue du Professeur Calmette BP245, 59019 Cedex, Lille, France
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Hevko JM, Murphy RC. Electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry of cysteinyl eicosanoids: leukotriene C4 and FOG7. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2001; 12:763-771. [PMID: 11444597 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(01)00256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes, LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4, and the recently described cysteinyl eicosanoid, 5-oxo-7-glutathionyl-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (FOG7) have been analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. Both [M-H]- and [M+H]+ ions were produced by electrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation of these molecular ion species were studied using both an ion trap and a triple quadrupole instrument. Product ion spectra obtained were characteristic of the structure of the cysteinyl leukotrienes and mechanisms of ion formation were investigated by using deuterium-labeled analogs. The product ion spectrum obtained following collision-induced dissociation of the [M-H]- anion from FOG7 was devoid of significant structural information and further studies of collision activation of the [M+H]+ spectrum were therefore examined. Positive ion MS3 spectra obtained in the ion trap from the gamma-glutamate cleavage products of FOG7 and its derivative (d7-FOG7) afforded an abundant ion not observed in spectra generated from the cysteinyl leukotrienes. Formation of this fragment ion likely occurred via a McLafferty-type rearrangement to afford cleavage of the C6-C7 bond adjacent to the sulfur atom and was valuable for the identification of the structure of FOG7 and defining the biosynthetic pathway as a 1,4-Michael addition of glutathione to 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE).
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hevko
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Efficient total synthesis of 5-oxo-6(E),8(Z),11(Z),14(Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), a potent proinflammatory autacoid. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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