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Abdelfadiel E, Gunta R, Villuri BK, Afosah DK, Sankaranarayanan NV, Desai UR. Designing Smaller, Synthetic, Functional Mimetics of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Allosteric Modulators of Coagulation Factors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4503-4531. [PMID: 37001055 PMCID: PMC10108365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are arguably the most diverse collection of natural products. Unfortunately, this bounty of structures remains untapped. Decades of research has realized only one GAG-like synthetic, small-molecule drug, fondaparinux. This represents an abysmal output because GAGs present a frontier that few medicinal chemists, and even fewer pharmaceutical companies, dare to undertake. GAGs are heterogeneous, polymeric, polydisperse, highly water soluble, synthetically challenging, too rapidly cleared, and difficult to analyze. Additionally, GAG binding to proteins is not very selective and GAG-binding sites are shallow. This Perspective attempts to transform this negative view into a much more promising one by highlighting recent advances in GAG mimetics. The Perspective focuses on the principles used in the design/discovery of drug-like, synthetic, sulfated small molecules as allosteric modulators of coagulation factors, such as antithrombin, thrombin, and factor XIa. These principles will also aid the design/discovery of sulfated agents against cancer, inflammation, and microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsamani
I. Abdelfadiel
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Rama Gunta
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Bharath Kumar Villuri
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Daniel K. Afosah
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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Protective Effects of a synthetic glycosaminoglycan mimetic (OTR4132) in a rat immunotoxic lesion model of septohippocampal cholinergic degeneration. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:107-130. [PMID: 35254602 PMCID: PMC8979900 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Using a partial hippocampal cholinergic denervation model, we assessed the effects of the RGTA® named OTR4132, a synthetic heparan-mimetic biopolymer with neuroprotective/neurotrophic properties. Long-Evans male rats were injected with the cholinergic immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin into the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca (0.37 µg); vehicle injections served as controls. Immediately after surgery, OTR4132 was injected into the lateral ventricles (0.25 µg/5 µl/rat) or intramuscularly (1.5 mg/kg). To determine whether OTR4132 reached the lesion site, some rats received intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intramuscular (I.M.) injections of fluorescent OTR4132. Rats were sacrificed at 4, 10, 20, or 60 days post-lesion (DPL). Fluorescein-labeled OTR4132 injected ICV or I.M. was found in the lesion from 4 to 20 DPL. Rats with partial hippocampal cholinergic denervation showed decreases in hippocampal acetylcholinesterase reaction products and in choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in the medial septum. These lesions were the largest at 10 DPL and then remained stable until 60 DPL. Both hippocampal acetylcholinesterase reaction products and choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in the medial septum effects were significantly attenuated in OTR4132-treated rats. These effects were not related to competition between OTR4132 and 192 IgG-saporin for the neurotrophin receptor P75 (p75NTR), as OTR4132 treatment did not alter the internalization of Cy3-labelled 192 IgG. OTR4132 was more efficient at reducing the acetylcholinesterase reaction products and choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons than a comparable heparin dose used as a comparator. Using the slice superfusion technique, we found that the lesion-induced decrease in muscarinic autoreceptor sensitivity was abolished by intramuscular OTR4132. After partial cholinergic damage, OTR4132 was able to concentrate at the brain lesion site possibly due to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier and to exert structural and functional effects that hold promises for neuroprotection/neurotrophism.
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Steinmetzer T, Pilgram O, Wenzel BM, Wiedemeyer SJA. Fibrinolysis Inhibitors: Potential Drugs for the Treatment and Prevention of Bleeding. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1445-1472. [PMID: 31658420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperfibrinolytic situations can lead to life-threatening bleeding, especially during cardiac surgery. The approved antifibrinolytic agents such as tranexamic acid, ε-aminocaproic acid, 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, and aprotinin were developed in the 1960s without the structural insight of their respective targets. Crystal structures of the main antifibrinolytic targets, the lysine binding sites on plasminogen's kringle domains, and plasmin's serine protease domain greatly contributed to the structure-based drug design of novel inhibitor classes. Two series of ligands targeting the lysine binding sites have been recently described, which are more potent than the most-widely used antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid. Furthermore, four types of promising active site inhibitors of plasmin have been developed: tranexamic acid conjugates targeting the S1 pocket and primed sites, substrate-analogue linear homopiperidylalanine-containing 4-amidinobenzylamide derivatives, macrocyclic inhibitors addressing nonprimed binding regions, and bicyclic 14-mer SFTI-1 analogues blocking both, primed and nonprimed binding sites of plasmin. Furthermore, several allosteric plasmin inhibitors based on heparin mimetics have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Oliver Pilgram
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Benjamin M Wenzel
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Simon J A Wiedemeyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
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The Effect of a Synthetic Heparan Sulfate on the Healing of Colonic Anastomoses. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:1078062. [PMID: 28620413 PMCID: PMC5460427 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1078062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mimetic compound OTR4120 may replace endogenous-degraded heparan sulfates that normally maintain the bioactivity of growth factors that are important for tissue repair. Herein, we investigated the effect of OTR4120 on the healing of normal colonic anastomoses. Methods We evaluated the following two treatment groups of male Sprague Dawley rats (220–256 g): control-treated colonic anastomoses (n = 25) and OTR4120-treated colonic anastomoses (n = 25). We resected 10 mm of the left colon and then applied either saline alone (control) or OTR4120 (100 μg/mL) in saline to the colonic ends before an end-to-end single-layer anastomosis was constructed and again on the anastomosis before the abdomen and skin were closed. Results On postoperative day 3, the anastomotic breaking strengths were 1.47 ± 0.32 N (mean ± SD) in the control group and 1.52 ± 0.27 N in the OTR4120-treated animals (P = 0.622). We also found that the hydroxyproline concentration (indicator of collagen) in the anastomotic wounds did not differ (P = 0.571) between the two groups. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that a single local application of OTR4120 intraoperatively did not increase the biomechanical strength of colonic anastomoses at the critical postoperative day 3 when the anastomoses are the weakest.
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Afosah DK, Al-Horani RA, Sankaranarayanan NV, Desai UR. Potent, Selective, Allosteric Inhibition of Human Plasmin by Sulfated Non-Saccharide Glycosaminoglycan Mimetics. J Med Chem 2017; 60:641-657. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Afosah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Rami A. Al-Horani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
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Plasmin regulation through allosteric, sulfated, small molecules. Molecules 2015; 20:608-24. [PMID: 25569517 PMCID: PMC6272155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmin, a key serine protease, plays a major role in clot lysis and extracellular matrix remodeling. Heparin, a natural polydisperse sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is known to allosterically modulate plasmin activity. No small allosteric inhibitor of plasmin has been discovered to date. We screened an in-house library of 55 sulfated, small glycosaminoglycan mimetics based on nine distinct scaffolds and varying number and positions of sulfate groups to discover several promising hits. Of these, a pentasulfated flavonoid-quinazolinone dimer 32 was found to be the most potent sulfated small inhibitor of plasmin (IC50 = 45 μM, efficacy = 100%). Michaelis-Menten kinetic studies revealed an allosteric inhibition of plasmin by these inhibitors. Studies also indicated that the most potent inhibitors are selective for plasmin over thrombin and factor Xa, two serine proteases in coagulation cascade. Interestingly, different inhibitors exhibited different levels of efficacy (40%–100%), an observation alluding to the unique advantage offered by an allosteric process. Overall, our work presents the first small, synthetic allosteric plasmin inhibitors for further rational design.
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Al-Horani RA, Desai UR. Recent advances on plasmin inhibitors for the treatment of fibrinolysis-related disorders. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:1168-1216. [PMID: 24659483 PMCID: PMC8788159 DOI: 10.1002/med.21315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that plasmin is involved in a number of physiological processes in addition to its key role in fibrin cleavage. Plasmin inhibition is critical in preventing adverse consequences arising from plasmin overactivity, e.g., blood loss that may follow cardiac surgery. Aprotinin was widely used as an antifibrinolytic drug before its discontinuation in 2008. Tranexamic acid and ε-aminocaproic acid, two small molecule plasmin inhibitors, are currently used in the clinic. Several molecules have been designed utilizing covalent, but reversible, chemistry relying on reactive cyclohexanones, nitrile warheads, and reactive aldehyde peptidomimetics. Other major classes of plasmin inhibitors include the cyclic peptidomimetics and polypeptides of the Kunitz and Kazal-type. Allosteric inhibitors of plasmin have also been designed including small molecule lysine analogs that bind to plasmin's kringle domain(s) and sulfated glycosaminoglycan mimetics that bind to plasmin's catalytic domain. Plasmin inhibitors have also been explored for resolving other disease states including cell metastasis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and embryo implantation. This review highlights functional and structural aspects of plasmin inhibitors with the goal of advancing their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Al-Horani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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RGTA-based matrix therapy in severe experimental corneal lesions: safety and efficacy studies. J Fr Ophtalmol 2013; 36:740-7. [PMID: 23958066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Corneal alteration potentially leading to ulceration remains a major health concern in ocular surface diseases. A treatment that would improve both the quality and speed of healing and control the inflammation would be of great interest. Regenerating agents (RGTAs) have been shown to stimulate wound healing and modulate undesired fibrosis in various in vivo systems. We investigated the effects of RGTA-OTR4120(®) in a rabbit corneal model in order to assess its potential use in ocular surface diseases. First, we assessed its safety for 7 and 28 days using the Draize test criteria in healthy rabbit eyes; then, we investigated the effect of a single dose (50μl, 5μg) in an alkali-burned cornea model. Daily follow-up of clinical signs of healing was scored, and histology was performed at D7. RGTA was well tolerated; no signs of ocular irritation were observed. In the corneal alkali-burn model, non-RGTA-treated eyes showed inflammatory clinical signs, and histology confirmed a loss of superficial corneal layers with epithelial disorganization, neovascularization and infiltration of inflammatory cells. When compared to NaCl control, RGTA treatment appeared effective in reducing clinical signs of inflammation, enhancing re-epithelialization, and improving histological patterns: edema, fibrosis, neovascularization and inflammation. Three to four layers of epithelial cells were already organized, stroma was virtually unvascularized and keratocytes well implanted in parallel collagen fibers with an overall reorganization similar to normal cornea. RGTA appears to be a promising agent for controlling ocular surface inflammation and promoting corneal healing and was well tolerated. This study offers preclinical information and supports the findings of other (compassionate or pilot) studies conducted in patients with various ocular surface diseases.
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Tong M, Tuk B, Shang P, Hekking IM, Fijneman EMG, Guijt M, Hovius SER, van Neck JW. Diabetes-impaired wound healing is improved by matrix therapy with heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan mimetic OTR4120 in rats. Diabetes 2012; 61:2633-41. [PMID: 22721969 PMCID: PMC3447910 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing in diabetes is frequently impaired, and its treatment remains a challenge. We tested a therapeutic strategy of potentiating intrinsic tissue regeneration by restoring the wound cellular environment using a heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan mimetic, OTR4120. The effect of OTR4120 on healing of diabetic ulcers was investigated. Experimental diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Seven weeks after induction of diabetes, rats were ulcerated by clamping a pair of magnet disks on the dorsal skin for 16 h. After magnet removal, OTR4120 was administered via an intramuscular injection weekly for up to 4 weeks. To examine the effect of OTR4120 treatment on wound heal-ing, the degree of ulceration, inflammation, angiogenesis, and collagen synthesis were evaluated. We found that OTR4120 treatment significantly reduced the degree of ulceration and the time of healing. These effects were associated with reduced neutrophil infiltration and macrophage accumulation and enhanced angiogenesis. OTR4120 treatment also increased the collagen content with an increase of collagen type I biosynthesis and reduction of collagen type III biosynthesis. Moreover, restoration of the ulcer biomechanical strength was significantly enhanced after OTR4120 treatment. This study shows that matrix therapy with OTR4120 improves diabetes-impaired wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Frank L, Lebreton-Decoster C, Godeau G, Coulomb B, Jozefonvicz J. Effect of a dextran derivative associated with TGF-β1 or FGF-2 on dermal fibroblast behaviour in dermal equivalents. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 15:1463-80. [PMID: 15648575 DOI: 10.1163/1568562042368040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dextran derivatives that mimic the action of heparin have been shown to protect heparin-binding growth factors, such as Transforming Growth Factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LS21 DMCBSu, a dextran derivative which contains methylcarboxylate, benzylamide and sulfate groups, both by itself and when combined with TGF-beta1 and FGF-2, on the behaviour of fibroblasts. Two systems were assessed: a monolayer culture and three-dimensional collagenous matrices (dermal equivalent). Polymeric biomaterial LS21 DMCBSu and LS21 DMCBSu associated with either TGF-beta1 or FGF-2, were added to the monolayer culture on day 3. After 7 days of culture the number of cells was determined. Two treatments were carried out on the dermal equivalents: 9 days of treatment from day 0 to day 9 of culture and 9 days of treatment from day 21 to day 30 of culture for the premature and the mature dermal equivalents respectively. In the monolayer culture, the bioactive polymer produced a slight increase in fibroblast growth (10% with 10 microg/ml of LS21 DMCBSu) and promoted the stimulating effect of the growth factors on cell growth. In the premature dermal equivalents growth was stimulated by 20% when 10 microg/ml LS21 DMCBSu was added. The dextran derivative mixed with TGF-beta1 slightly inhibited the growth effect of the growth factor in the dermal equivalents. The functionalized dextran with FGF-2 enhanced the stimulating effect of the growth factor in the premature dermal equivalent. A significant increase in cell growth was observed with the fibroblasts treated with the FGF-2 LS21 DMCBSu mixture and FGF-2 (51% and 40%, respectively). However, none of the described treatments affected the cell growth in the mature dermal equivalent. Furthermore, the dextran derivative had no effect on dermal contraction under these experimental conditions (3D culture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Frank
- Laboratoire de Recherches sur les Macromolécules, CNRS FRE 2314, Université Paris 13, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
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Martin R, Chantepie S, Chapuis J, Le-Duc A, Maftah A, Papy-Garcia D, Laude H, Petit JM, Gallet PF. Variation in Chst8 gene expression level affects PrPC to PrPSc conversion efficiency in prion-infected Mov cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:587-91. [PMID: 21982770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of the endogenous cellular prion protein to an abnormally folded isoform is a hallmark of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. It occurs when a misfolded prion protein contacts the cellular PrP. Among the molecular partners suggested to be involved in the misfolding process, the glycosaminoglycans seem to be good candidates. The present study was aimed to examine a possible link between PrP conversion efficiency and transcript level of Chst8 gene that encodes the carbohydrate N-acetylgalactosamine 4-O-sulfotransferase 8. Mov cells expressing ovine PrP were transfected with shRNA directed against Chst8 transcripts. Resulting clones were characterized for their Chst8 and Prnp transcript levels, and for their content in sulfated glycosaminoglycans, more particularly sulfated chondroitins. Unexpectedly, the decreased amount of Chst8 transcript induced an increase of the chondroitin sulfate percentage among total GAGs, with an increased amount of 4-O-sulfation of GalNAc residues. Upon to infection by a sheep prion, a slight amount of PrP(Sc) was observed, which rapidly disappeared upon subpassaging. Together, these findings indicate that the Chst8 transcript level affects the glycosaminoglycan environment of the cellular prion protein, and as a consequence its ability for conversion into PrP(Sc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Martin
- INRA, UMR1061 Génétique Moléculaire Animale - Université de Limoges, 87060 Limoges, France
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Matrix Therapy with RGTA OTR4120 Improves Healing Time and Quality in Hairless Rats with Deep Second-Degree Burns. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127:541-550. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e318200a910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vieira ML, Atzingen MV, Oliveira TR, Oliveira R, Andrade DM, Vasconcellos SA, Nascimento ALTO. In vitro identification of novel plasminogen-binding receptors of the pathogen Leptospira interrogans. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11259. [PMID: 20582320 PMCID: PMC2889836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a multisystem disease caused by pathogenic strains of the genus Leptospira. We have reported that Leptospira are able to bind plasminogen (PLG), to generate active plasmin in the presence of activator, and to degrade purified extracellular matrix fibronectin. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have now cloned, expressed and purified 14 leptospiral recombinant proteins. The proteins were confirmed to be surface exposed by immunofluorescence microscopy and were evaluated for their ability to bind plasminogen (PLG). We identified eight as PLG-binding proteins, including the major outer membrane protein LipL32, the previously published rLIC12730, rLIC10494, Lp29, Lp49, LipL40 and MPL36, and one novel leptospiral protein, rLIC12238. Bound PLG could be converted to plasmin by the addition of urokinase-type PLG activator (uPA), showing specific proteolytic activity, as assessed by its reaction with the chromogenic plasmin substrate, D-Val-Leu-Lys 4-nitroanilide dihydrochloride. The addition of the lysine analog 6-aminocaproic acid (ACA) inhibited the protein-PLG interaction, thus strongly suggesting the involvement of lysine residues in plasminogen binding. The binding of leptospiral surface proteins to PLG was specific, dose-dependent and saturable. PLG and collagen type IV competed with LipL32 protein for the same binding site, whereas separate binding sites were observed for plasma fibronectin. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE PLG-binding/activation through the proteins/receptors on the surface of Leptospira could help the bacteria to specifically overcome tissue barriers, facilitating its spread throughout the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Vieira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina V. Atzingen
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rosane Oliveira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel M. Andrade
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio A. Vasconcellos
- Laboratorio de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L. T. O. Nascimento
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Charef S, Tulliez M, Esmilaire L, Courty J, Papy-Garcia D. Toxicological evaluation of RGTA OTR4120, a heparan sulfate mimetic. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1965-8. [PMID: 20452387 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate mimetic polymers promotes tissue repair when injected locally in doses of 1-2mg/kg by various routes. These biopolymers, have been extensively studied for their diverse biological activities. However, there is no detailed report investigating the toxicity of OTR4120. In this study, the acute and subchronic (30 days) toxicity of varying levels of OTR4120 was investigated in mice after intraperitoneal administration. The results showed that no significant toxicological changes were observed when 50mg/kg body weight per day OTR4120 was administered to mice. But when the dose was increased to 60 and 70 mg/kg body weight per day, the clotting time was significantly prolonged. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were reduced female and male at dose 70 mg/kg body weight per day. These blood biochemistry data suggest that OTR4120 have a hepatoprotective effect. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the no adverse effect level of OTR4120 is 50 mg/kg body weight per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Charef
- Laboratoire CRRET/CNRS UMR 7149, Université Paris 12 val de Marne, PRES Paris Est, 61, Avenue du Général de Gaulle 94010, Créteil Cedex, France.
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Lau E, Margolis RU. Inhibitors of slit protein interactions with the heparan sulphate proteoglycan glypican-1: potential agents for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 37:417-21. [PMID: 19843094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The heparan sulphate proteoglycan glypican-1 is a major high-affinity ligand of the Slit proteins. 2. Messenger RNA for both Slit-2 and glypican-1 is strongly upregulated and coexpressed in the reactive astrocytes of injured adult brain, suggesting a possible function of Slit proteins and glypican-1 in the adult central nervous system as significant components of the inhibitory environment that prevents axonal regeneration after injury. 3. Based on the hypothesis that adverse effects on axonal regeneration may be due to a glypican-Slit complex or the retention of glypican-binding C-terminal proteolytic processing fragments of Slit at the injury site, we used ELISA to examine a number of small molecules and low molecular weight heparin analogues for their ability to inhibit glypican-Slit interactions. 4. Our studies have led to the identification of several potent inhibitors with a favourable therapeutic profile that can now be tested in a spinal cord injury model. Among the most promising of these are a low molecular weight heparin produced by periodate oxidation and having no significant anticoagulant activity, the chemically sulphonated yeast-derived phosphomannan PI-88 and a number of randomly derivatized water-soluble sulphated dextrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Friand V, Haddad O, Papy-Garcia D, Hlawaty H, Vassy R, Hamma-Kourbali Y, Perret GY, Courty J, Baleux F, Oudar O, Gattegno L, Sutton A, Charnaux N. Glycosaminoglycan mimetics inhibit SDF-1/CXCL12-mediated migration and invasion of human hepatoma cells. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1511-24. [PMID: 19717493 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that the CXC-chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12 induces proliferation, migration, and invasion of the Huh7 human hepatoma cells through its G-protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 and that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are involved in these events. Here, we demonstrate by surface plasmon resonance that the chemokine binds to GAG mimetics obtained by grafting carboxylate, sulfate or acetate groups onto a dextran backbone. We also demonstrate that chemically modified dextrans inhibit SDF-1/CXCL12-mediated in vitro chemotaxis and anchorage-independent cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. The binding of GAG mimetics to the chemokine and their effects in modulating the SDF-1/CXCL12 biological activities are mainly related to the presence of sulfate groups. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of enzymes involved in heparan sulfate biosynthesis, such as exostosin-1 and -2 or N-deacetylase N-sulfotransferases remained unchanged, but heparanase mRNA and protein expressions in Huh7 cells were decreased upon GAG mimetic treatment. Moreover, decreasing heparanase-1 mRNA levels by RNA interference significantly reduced SDF-1/CXCL12-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) phosphorylation. Therefore, we suggest that GAG mimetic effects on SDF-1/CXCL12-mediated hepatoma cell chemotaxis may rely on decreased heparanase expression, which impairs SDF-1/CXCL12's signaling. Altogether, these data suggest that GAG mimetics may compete with cellular heparan sulfate chains for the binding to SDF-1/CXCL12 and may affect heparanase expression, leading to reduced SDF-1/CXCL12 mediated in vitro chemotaxis and growth of hepatoma cells.
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17
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Mangoni M, Yue X, Morin C, Violot D, Frascogna V, Tao Y, Opolon P, Castaing M, Auperin A, Biti G, Barritault D, Vozenin-Brotons MC, Deutsch E, Bourhis J. Differential effect triggered by a heparan mimetic of the RGTA family preventing oral mucositis without tumor protection. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 74:1242-50. [PMID: 19545790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral mucositis is a common side effect induced by radio/chemotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer. Although it dramatically impairs patient quality of life, no efficient and safe therapeutic solution is available today. Therefore, we investigated the protective efficacy of a new heparan mimetic biopolymer, RGTA-OTR4131, used alone or in combination with amifostine, for oral mucositis and simultaneously evaluated its effect on tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND MATERIALS A single dose of 16.5 Gy was selectively delivered to the snout of mice, and the effects of OTR4131 or amifostine-OTR4131 were analyzed by macroscopic scoring and histology. The effect of OTR4131 administration on tumor growth was then investigated in vitro and in xenograft models using two cell lines (HEP-2 and HT-29). RESULTS Amifostine and OTR4131 significantly decreased the severity and duration of lip mucosal reactions. However, amifostine has to be administered before irradiation, whereas the most impressive protection was obtained when OTR4131 was injected 24 h after irradiation. In addition, OTR4131 was well tolerated, and the combination of amifostine and OTR4131 further enhanced mucosal protection. At the tumor level, OTR4131 did not modify HEP-2 cell line clonogenic survival in vitro or protect xenografted tumor cells from radiotherapy. Of interest, high doses of OTR4131 significantly decreased clonogenic survival of HT-29 cells. CONCLUSIONS RGTAs-OTR4131 is a well-tolerated, natural agent that effectively reduces radio-induced mucositis without affecting tumor sensitivity to irradiation. This suggests a possible transfer into the clinic for patients' benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mangoni
- Laboratoire UPRES EA 2710, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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18
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Yue XL, Lehri S, Li P, Barbier-Chassefière V, Petit E, Huang QF, Albanese P, Barritault D, Caruelle JP, Papy-Garcia D, Morin C. Insights on a new path of pre-mitochondrial apoptosis regulation by a glycosaminoglycan mimetic. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:770-81. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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19
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Tjwa M, Moura R, Moons L, Plaisance S, De Mol M, Jansen S, Dewerchin M, Verfaillie C, Carmeliet P. Fibrinolysis-independent role of plasmin and its activators in the haematopoietic recovery after myeloablation. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:4587-95. [PMID: 19210287 PMCID: PMC4515073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinases have been implicated in the mobilization of haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from the bone marrow (BM). Here, we report the involvement of the plasminogen (Plg) system in the haematopoietic recovery following chemotherapy. By using gene-deficient mice, we found that plasmin and its activators tPA and uPA play a role in the haematopoietic recovery upon delivery of the cytotoxic agent 5-fluoro-uracil (5-FU). The impaired haematopoietic recovery of Plg-deficient (Plg−/−) mice after 5-FU was not rescued by depletion of fibrinogen, indicating that it was not due to defective fibrinolysis. Instead, loss of Plg impaired breakdown of fibronectin, VCAM-1 and laminin-BM matrix proteins involved in adhesion of HPCs to their BM microenvironment and in transendothelial migration of HPCs. These findings provide novel insights in how plasmin regulates haematopoietic recovery upon cytotoxic myeloablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Tjwa
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Tong M, Zbinden MM, Hekking IJM, Vermeij M, Barritault D, van Neck JW. RGTA OTR 4120, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan mimetic, increases wound breaking strength and vasodilatory capability in healing rat full-thickness excisional wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 16:294-9. [PMID: 18318813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2008.00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ReGeneraTing Agents (RGTAs), a family of polymers engineered to protect and stabilize heparin-binding growth factors, have been shown to promote tissue repair and regeneration. In this study, the effects of one of these polymers, RGTA OTR4120, on healing of full-thickness excisional wounds in rats were investigated. Two 1.5 cm diameter circular full-thickness excisional wounds were created on the dorsum of a rat. After creation of the wounds, RGTA OTR4120 was applied. The progress of healing was assessed quantitatively by evaluating the wound closure rate, vasodilatory capability, and wound breaking strength. The results showed a triple increase of the local vascular response to heat provocation in the RGTA OTR4120-treated wounds as compared with vehicle-treated wounds. On days 14 and 79 after surgery, the wounds treated with RGTA OTR4120 gained skin strength 12% and 48% of the unwounded skin, respectively, and displayed a significantly increased gain in skin strength when compared with control animals. These results raise the possibility of efficacy of RGTA OTR4120 in accelerating surgically cutaneous wound healing by enhancing the wound breaking strength and improving the microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tong
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Vercoutter-Edouart AS, Dubreucq G, Vanhoecke B, Rigaut C, Renaux F, Dahri-Correia L, Lemoine J, Bracke M, Michalski JC, Correia J. Enhancement of PDGF-BB mitogenic activity on human dermal fibroblasts by biospecific dextran derivatives. Biomaterials 2008; 29:2280-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Étude pilote d’un nouvel agent de thérapie matricielle (RGTA OTR4120®) dans les ulcères de cornée et les dystrophies cornéennes rebelles. J Fr Ophtalmol 2008; 31:465-71. [DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(08)72462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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de Paz JL, Noti C, Böhm F, Werner S, Seeberger PH. Potentiation of fibroblast growth factor activity by synthetic heparin oligosaccharide glycodendrimers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:879-87. [PMID: 17719487 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a highly sulfated polysaccharide that regulates a variety of cellular processes by interaction with a host of proteins. We report the preparation of synthetic heparin oligosaccharide glycodendrimers and their use as heparin mimetics to regulate heparin-protein interactions. The multivalent display of sugar epitopes mimics the naturally occurring glycans found on cell surfaces and enhances their binding capacity. Binding of the heparin dendrimers to basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) was analyzed using heparin microarray experiments and surface plasmon resonance measurements on gold chips. Heparin-coated dendrimers bind FGF-2 significantly more effectively than monovalent heparin oligosaccharides. Dendrimer 1, which displays multiple copies of the sulfated hexasaccharide (GlcNSO(3)[6-OSO(3)]-IdoA[2-OSO(3)])3, was employed to promote FGF-2-mediated mitogen-activated kinase activation, demonstrating the utility of glycodendrimers to modulate heparin-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L de Paz
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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24
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Ouidja MO, Petit E, Kerros ME, Ikeda Y, Morin C, Carpentier G, Barritault D, Brugère-Picoux J, Deslys JP, Adjou K, Papy-Garcia D. Structure-activity studies of heparan mimetic polyanions for anti-prion therapies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:95-100. [PMID: 17826736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polysulfated molecules, as the family of heparan mimetics (HMs) and pentosan polysulfate, are considered among the more promising drugs used in experimental models of prion diseases. Regardless of their therapeutic potential, structure-function studies on these polyanions are still missing. Here, we report the syntheses of a library of HMs of different molecular sizes, containing various sulfation and carboxylation levels, and substituted or not by different hydrophobic cores. The HMs capacities to inhibit the accumulation of PrPres in chronically infected cells (ScGT1-7) and their PrPc binding abilities were examined. Our results showed that an optimal size and sulfation degree are needed for optimum activity, that incorporation of hydrophobic moieties increases compounds efficacy and that the presence of carboxymethyl moieties decreases it. These structural features should be considered on the modelling of polyanionic compounds for optimum anti-prion activities and for advancing in the understanding the mechanisms involved in their biological actions.
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25
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Charef S, Petit E, Barritault D, Courty J, Caruelle JP. Effects on coagulation of a synthetic heparan mimetic given intraperitoneally or orally. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 83:1024-1031. [PMID: 17584894 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OTR4120, which belongs to a family of heparan sulfate-mimetic polymers, promotes tissue repair when injected locally in doses of a few micrograms. As OTR4120 is a sulfated polysaccharide, we investigated its possible role on the coagulation cascade. We used both in vitro and in vivo assays. Increases in clotting times (thrombin time, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time) occurred with OTR4120 in doses at least 10 times lower than heparin. OTR4120 dose-dependently inhibited the biological activity of thrombin and bound thrombin with an affinity of 14 +/- 2 nM. SDS-PAGE showed that OTR4120 induced the formation of covalently linked complexes between antithrombin III or heparin cofactor II and thrombin. OTR4120 induced anticoagulant effects, and antithrombin activity was greatest 90 min after intraperitoneal injection. No bleeding or significant platelet count changes occurred with doses smaller than 55 mg/kg. Interestingly, orally administered OTR4120 crossed the gastrointestinal barrier and, in a dose of 70 mg/kg, induced significant ex vivo antithrombotic activity in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Charef
- Laboratoire de Recherches sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires UMR CNRS 7149, Université Paris Val de Marne, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil CEDEX, France
| | | | | | - José Courty
- Laboratoire de Recherches sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires UMR CNRS 7149, Université Paris Val de Marne, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil CEDEX, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Caruelle
- Laboratoire de Recherches sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires UMR CNRS 7149, Université Paris Val de Marne, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil CEDEX, France
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26
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Garcia-Filipe S, Barbier-Chassefiere V, Alexakis C, Huet E, Ledoux D, Kerros ME, Petit E, Barritault D, Caruelle JP, Kern P. RGTA OTR4120, a heparan sulfate mimetic, is a possible long-term active agent to heal burned skin. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 80:75-84. [PMID: 16958049 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Burn-related skin fibrosis leads to loss of tissue function and hypertrophic scar formation with damaging consequences for the patient. There is therefore a great need for an efficient agent to treat burned skin. We report that ReGeneraTing Agent (RGTA) reduces burn-induced skin alteration. The tissue-regenerating effect of RGTA OTR4120 was evaluated after 1-6 days and after 10 months in a rat skin burn model. This effect was also examined in vitro using fibroblasts isolated from control and 6-day-old burned skins. We measured production of dermal collagen I, III, and V and activities of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9). Ratio of collagen III over collagen I production increased 6 days after the burn, because of a decrease in collagen I production. After 10 months, ratio of collagen III over collagen I in burn sites was still increased compared with control skin, because of an increase in collagen III production. Both abnormalities were corrected by OTR4120. OTR4120 increased pro- and active MMP-2 and MMP-9, compared with healthy and burned controls and therefore accelerated remodeling. Similar data were obtained with cultured fibroblasts from healthy and burned skins. OTR4120 enhanced healing in short- and long-term after burns, reducing the formation of fibrotic tissue, and then represents a potential agent to improve burned skin healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Garcia-Filipe
- Laboratoire CRRET/CNRS UMR 7149, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Paris 12 Val de Marne, Avenue du Général de Gaulle 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
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27
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Spencer JL, Stone PJ, Nugent MA. New insights into the inhibition of human neutrophil elastase by heparin. Biochemistry 2006; 45:9104-20. [PMID: 16866356 DOI: 10.1021/bi060338r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the normal feedback mechanism of injury and repair in the lung, fragmented heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) from damaged extracellular matrix and cells are believed to interact with elastases to limit their activity. An imbalance in the HSPG-elastase response may play an important role in situations where uncontrolled lung injury leads to diseases such as emphysema. To gain insight into this complex process of heparin and heparan sulfate regulation of elastases, an experimental study was undertaken to resolve the mechanism and structural requirements of heparin inhibition of human neutrophil elastase (HNE). Kinetic analyses were completed using in vitro assays with synthetic and insoluble elastin substrates in the presence of HNE and various heparin preparations (14-15 kDa; 17-19 kDa), heparin-derived oligosaccharides (4-22 saccharides), and chemically modified heparins (2-O-, 6-O-, O-, and N-desulfated). Results showed that heparin inhibits HNE by a tight-binding, hyperbolic, competitive mechanism, contrary to previous reports in the literature. A minimum length of at least 12-14 saccharides is required for inhibition, after which inhibitory activity increases with chain length (or molecular mass). Although all N- and O-sulfate groups contribute to inhibition, 2-O-sulfate groups are less critical than either N- or 6-O-sulfate groups, indicating that inhibitory activity is dependent upon the heparin fine structure. Molecular-docking simulations support the kinetic results and provide a plausible model for the size requirement, whereby positively charged, clamp-like regions at the ends of the interdomain crevice (elastase fold) are used by heparin to bridge the active site and inhibit activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean L Spencer
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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28
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Rouet V, Meddahi-Pellé A, Miao HQ, Vlodavsky I, Caruelle JP, Barritault D. Heparin‐like synthetic polymers, named RGTAs, mimic biological effects of heparinin vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 78:792-7. [PMID: 16741978 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A family of biopolymers engineered to protect and stabilize heparin binding growth factors (HBGFs) show remarkable properties as wound healing agents in several in vivo tissue repair models to the extend that damaged tissues would recover almost its initial aspect and properties. These polymers where named RGTA for regenerating agents and proposed to act in vivo by enhancing the bioavailability of HBGFs at the site of the injury. To provide support for this hypothesis, we studied interaction of RGTA with FGF-2, taken as the paradigm of HBGFs, and its high- and low-affinity receptors as well as its ability to inhibit heparanase activity. We show that RGTA is comparable to heparin as it favors FGF-2 binding to FGFR-1 and FGF-2 dimerization and potentiates FGF-2-induced mitogenic activity. Furthermore, we show that RGTA inhibits the release of FGF-2 from its extracellular matrix storage sites by heparanase. Our data provide new evidence to support that RGTA may act in vivo both by enhancing HBGF activity and preserving HBGF availability by protecting the matrix low affinity heparan sulfates from rapid heparanase degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Rouet
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaire (CRRET), UMR 7149, Université Paris XII-Val de Marne, 61 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
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29
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Barritault D, Caruelle JP. Les agents de régénération (ou RGTAs) : une nouvelle approche thérapeutique. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2006; 64:135-44. [PMID: 16568015 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4509(06)75306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RGTAs, or ReGeneraTing Agents constitute a new class of medicinal substance that enhance both speed and quality of tissue healing and leading in some case to a real tissue regenerating process. RGTAs consist of chemically engineered polymers adapted to interact with and protect against proteolytic degradation of cellular signaling proteins known as growth factors, cytokines, interleukins, colony stimulating factors, chemokines, neurotrophic factors etc. Indeed almost all these proteins of cellular communication are naturally stored in the extra cellular matrix interacting specifically with the heparan sulfates or HS. After tissue injury of any cause, cells die liberating glycanases and proteases inducing first HS degradation then liberation of the cytokines which in turn are susceptible to degradation as they are no longer protected. By replacing the natural HS, RGTAs will protect cytokines from proteolyses as they are liberated from the matrix compartment matter in the wound. This spatio-temporal selective protection of cytokines results in a preservation of the natural endogenous signaling of a tissue and is reflected by spectacular tissue regeneration or by a very greatly improved tissue repair. These observations indicate that mammals have an unexpected ability to regenerate and that RGTA helps to reveal this capacity. The aim of OTR3 is to develop RGTA into a drug to treat specific tissue lesions.
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30
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Lallam-Laroye C, Escartin Q, Zlowodzki AS, Barritault D, Caruelle JP, Baroukh B, Saffar JL, Colombier ML. Periodontitis destructions are restored by synthetic glycosaminoglycan mimetic. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 79:675-83. [PMID: 16832824 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis are bacterium-driven inflammatory diseases that destroy tooth-supporting tissues whose complete restoration is not currently possible. RGTA, a new class of agents, have this capacity in an animal model. Periodontitis was induced in hamsters and, starting 8 weeks later, injected RG1503, a glycosaminoglycan synthesized from a 40 kDa dextran behaving like a heparan sulfate mimetic (1.5 mg kg(-1) w(-1)) or saline for 8 weeks. The three periodontium compartments were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and morphometry. The gingival extracellular matrix disorganized by inflammation was restoring under treatment. The collagen network was repaired and resumed its previous organization. Fibrillin-1 expression was restored so that the elastic network rebuilt at a distance from the pocket and began to reconstruct near the pocket. Apoptotic cell numbers were decreased in the pocket epithelium, and more so in the infiltrated connective tissue. The continuity and the thickness of the basement membrane were restored and testified normalization of epithelium connective tissue interaction. The amount of alveolar bone increased around the first molar, and the interradicular bone was rebuilt. The root cementum was thickened and the number of proliferating cells in the periodontal ligament was increased close to the cementum. RG1503 treatment induces potent anabolic reactions in the extracellular matrices of the different tissues of the periodontium and recruitment of progenitors. In particular, the cell proliferation close to the root surface suggests the reformation of a functional attachment apparatus. These results demonstrate that RG1503 reverses the degenerative changes induced by inflammation and favors the conditions of a regenerative process. Thus, RGTA, a known matrix component mimetic and protector, may be considered as a new therapeutic tool to regenerate the tissues destroyed by periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lallam-Laroye
- Laboratoire Réparations et Remodelages Oro-Faciaux, EA 2496, Faculté de Chirurgie, Université Paris-Descartes, Dentaire, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France
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31
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Papy-Garcia D, Barbier-Chassefière V, Rouet V, Kerros ME, Klochendler C, Tournaire MC, Barritault D, Caruelle JP, Petit E. Nondegradative Sulfation of Polysaccharides. Synthesis and Structure Characterization of Biologically Active Heparan Sulfate Mimetics. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma048485p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Horonchik L, Tzaban S, Ben-Zaken O, Yedidia Y, Rouvinski A, Papy-Garcia D, Barritault D, Vlodavsky I, Taraboulos A. Heparan sulfate is a cellular receptor for purified infectious prions. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:17062-7. [PMID: 15668247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500122200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions replicate in the host cell by the self-propagating refolding of the normal cell surface protein, PrP(C), into a beta-sheet-rich conformer, PrP(Sc). Exposure of cells to prion-infected material and subsequent endocytosis can sometimes result in the establishment of an infected culture. However, the relevant cell surface receptors have remained unknown. We have previously shown that cellular heparan sulfates (HS) are involved in the ongoing formation of scrapie prion protein (PrP(Sc)) in chronically infected cells. Here we studied the initial steps in the internalization of prions and in the infection of cells. Purified prion "rods" are arguably the purest prion preparation available. The only proteinaceous component of rods is PrP(Sc). Mouse neuroblastoma N2a, hypothalamus GT1-1, and Chinese hamster ovary cells efficiently bound both hamster and mouse prion rods (at 4 degrees C) and internalized them (at 37 degrees C). Treating cells with bacterial heparinase III or chlorate (a general inhibitor of sulfation) strongly reduced both binding and uptake of rods, whereas chondroitinase ABC was inactive. These results suggested that the cell surface receptor of prion rods involves sulfated HS chains. Sulfated glycans inhibited both binding and uptake of rods, probably by competing with the binding of rods to cellular HS. Treatments that prevented endocytosis of rods also prevented the de novo infection of GT1-1 cells when applied during their initial exposure to prions. These results indicate that HS are an essential part of the cellular receptor used both for prion uptake and for cell infection. Cellular HS thus play a dual role in prion propagation, both as a cofactor for PrP(Sc) synthesis and as a receptor for productive prion uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Horonchik
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, and Department of Oncology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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33
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Zimowska M, Constantin B, Papy-Garcia D, Raymond G, Cognard C, Caruelle JP, Moraczewski J, Martelly I. Novel glycosaminoglycan mimetic (RGTA, RGD120) contributes to enhance skeletal muscle satellite cell fusion by increasing intracellular Ca2+ and calpain activity. J Cell Physiol 2005; 205:237-45. [PMID: 15887234 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are classes of molecules that play an important role in cellular processes. The use of GAG mimetics called regenerating agent (RGTA) represents a tool to investigate the effect of GAG moiety on cellular behavior. A first member of the RGTA family (RG1192), a dextran polymers with defined amounts of sulfate, carboxymethyl, as well as hydrophobic groups (benzylamide), was shown to stimulate skeletal muscle repair after damage and myoblast differentiation. To obtain a comprehensive insight into the mechanism of action of GAG mimetics, we investigated the effect on myoblast differentiation of a novel RGTA, named RGD120, which was devoid of hydrophobic substitution and had ionic charge similar to heparin. Myoblasts isolated from adult rat skeletal muscles and grown in primary cultures were used in this study. We found that chronic treatment with RGD120 increased the growth of adult myoblasts and induced their precocious fusion into myotubes in vitro. It also partially overcame the inhibitory effect of the calpain inhibitor N-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal (ALLN) on these events. Western blot and zymography analyses revealed that milli calpain was slightly increased by RGD120 chronic treatment. In addition, using fluorescent probes (Indo-1 and Boc-leu-met-MAC), we demonstrated that RGD120 added to prefusing myoblast cultures accelerates myoblast fusion into myotubes, induced an increase of cytosolic free calcium concentration, and concomitantly an increase of intracellular calpain protease activity. Altogether, these results suggested that the efficiency of RGD120 in stimulating myogenesis might be in part explained through its effect on calcium mobilization as well as on the calpain amount and activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calpain/analysis
- Calpain/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Extracts/pharmacology
- Cell Fusion
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fluorescence
- Glycosaminoglycans/chemistry
- Glycosaminoglycans/pharmacology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Molecular Mimicry
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/cytology
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/drug effects
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/cytology
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zimowska
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Warsaw University, Poland
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Lafont J, Blanquaert F, Colombier ML, Barritault D, Carueelle JP, Saffar JL. Kinetic study of early regenerative effects of RGTA11, a heparan sulfate mimetic, in rat craniotomy defects. Calcif Tissue Int 2004; 75:517-25. [PMID: 15654496 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-004-0012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that RGTA, a synthetic heparan sulfate mimetic, induces almost complete closure of craniotomy defects one month after surgery in adult rats. RGTA-treated wounds showed features suggesting unusual cell and matrix interactions reminiscent of developmental events. As healing success or failure is determined shortly after wounding, we examined early events in RGTA-treated wounds. Collagen plasters soaked in a solution of RGTA11 (1.5 Microg per piece) or saline (control) were implanted in rat craniotomy defects. Seven control and seven treated rats were killed daily from days 1 to 7 after surgery. The lesions and adjacent tissues were sampled and processed for morphometry. A layer of type III collagen along the dura mater (DM) thickened up to day 5 in RGTA-treated wounds (p < 0.05 vs day 1), but became thinner in control wounds. Alkaline phosphatase-positive osteoprogenitor cells were detected on day 1 in this layer. Their number increased, and they migrated toward the mid-sagittal sinus and to connective tissue adjacent to the sinus, where they aggregated and differentiated into osteoblasts, forming bone nodules on day 6. These features were not seen in control wounds. Angiogenesis was significantly enhanced in RGTA-treated wounds, especially near the sinus. In vitro, bovine bone endothelial (BBE) cell proliferation was inhibited by RGTA11 in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, RGTA11 strongly enhanced the effect of fibroblast growth factor-2 on BBE cell proliferation. These results show that RGTA11, possibly by interacting with heparin-binding growth factors, elicits vascular reactions accompanying the recruitment of a large pool of committed osteoprogenitors from the DM. The DM and the sinus appear to be important centers of organization for craniotomy defect healing. RGTA probably creates an environment that starts a program of directing healing towards bone formation and defect closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lafont
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiopathologie Crânio-Faciales, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris-5, 1 rue M. Arnoux, 92120, Montrouge, France
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35
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Petit E, Papy-Garcia D, Muller G, Courtois B, Caruelle JP, Courtois J. Controlled sulfatation of natural anionic bacterial polysaccharides can yield agents with specific regenerating activity in vivo. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:445-52. [PMID: 15003004 DOI: 10.1021/bm034257b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The regenerating activities of chemically modified anionic bacterial polysaccharides by O-sulfonation were investigated using a in vivo model of rat injured muscle regeneration. Glucuronan (GA), a linear homopolysaccharide of -->4)-beta-D-GlcpA-(1--> residues partially acetylated at the C-3 and/or the C-2 position, and glucoglucuronan (GGA), a linear heteropolysaccharide of -->3)-beta-D-GlcpA-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1--> residues were sulfated. SO3-DMF sulfatation complex provided polysaccharides with different sulfur contents, however, a depolymerization occurred because we did not use large excess of pyridine to obtain pure modified polysaccharides. A regenerating activity on injured extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles on rats was obtained with these two sulfated anionic polymers. The position of sulfate groups on glucoglucuronan (primary or secondary alcohol) seems to have no influence on the biological activity by opposition to the degree of sulfatation both for the glucuronans and the glucoglucuronans. The yield of acetate groups in the glucuronan polymer modulated the specific activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Petit
- Laboratoire des Glucides, Laboratoire des Polysaccharides Microbiens et Végétaux, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, 80025 Amiens Cedex, France.
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36
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Alexakis C, Strup C, Mestries P, Mathé D, Caruelle JP, Barritault D, Kern P. Regulation of the collagen phenotype expression of gamma-irradiated vascular smooth muscle cells by heparan mimetics (RGTA). J Biomed Mater Res A 2004; 70:594-602. [PMID: 15307164 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Restenosis is characterized by vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and accumulation of collagen III in a hypertrophic and disorganized extracellular matrix. Restenosis is prevented by antimitotic agents or irradiation but no significant progress has been made to control collagen expression deregulation. Previously, we have shown that a new family of biopolymers named RGTA (heparan mimetics elaborated by grafting on dextran of carboxylate, sulfate, and benzylamide units) stimulate in vivo tissue repair and reduce fibrosis in various models. Using VSMC in vitro (pig aortic VSMC irradiated with a 60Co source and labeled with [3H]Proline), we now show that gamma-irradiation reduced cell survival by 50% and collagen synthesis 6-fold with a major increase in the ratio of collagen III to collagen I biosynthesis taken as a fibrotic index. RGTA added to the cells enhanced their survival up to 80% and reduced collagen III/I ratio back to values found in normal vascular tissues. These results suggest that RGTA combined with gamma-radiation could be an efficient strategy against restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alexakis
- CRRET/CNRS FRE 2412, Faculté des Sciences de Créteil, Université Paris-12, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94010 Créteil Cedex, France
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Cauchard JH, Berton A, Godeau G, Hornebeck W, Bellon G. Activation of latent transforming growth factor beta 1 and inhibition of matrix metalloprotease activity by a thrombospondin-like tripeptide linked to elaidic acid. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:2013-22. [PMID: 15135298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Impaired wound healing and skin aging are characterized by neutral protease-mediated destruction of matrix macromolecules associated with disturbance in tissue repair. We synthesized a fatty acyl-peptide derivative at aims to simultaneously activate latent TGF-beta through its peptide domain, KFK, and inhibit MMPs through its lipophilic moiety, elaidic acid. Elaidyl-KFK as well as KFK were shown to activate LAP-TGF-beta both in vitro, using a solid phase assay with immobilized LAP-TGF-beta, and ex vivo using human dermal fibroblasts cultures. In both assays, as much as up to 10% of LAP-TGF-beta added could be recovered as active form. KQK, KQFK as well as their lipopeptide counterparts were inactive. Elaidyl-KFK-mediated LAP-TGF-beta activation led to up-regulation of collagen and TIMP-1 production and down regulation of PMA-induced MMP-1 expression in fibroblasts cultures. Those effects could be suppressed by supplementing cell culture medium with blocking TGF-beta antibody. Elaidyl-KFK inhibited MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-3, MMP-1, in vitro with IC(50) equal to 1.2, 1.0, 0.24 and 8.9 microM, respectively. Its ex vivo inhibitory capacity, as assessed using skin tissue sections, towards the elastin-degrading capacity of MMP-9 was even more pronounced. At a 1 microM concentration, the lipopeptide decreased by up to 80% enzyme activity. Thus, "Lipospondin," i.e. elaidyl-KFK might be considered as a promising model compound to prevent age-associated dermal alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Hubert Cauchard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMR 6198 CNRS, IFR-53 "Biomolecules", Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51095 Reims cedex, France
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38
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Alexakis C, Mestries P, Garcia S, Petit E, Barbier V, Papy-Garcia D, Sagot MA, Barritault D, Caruelle JP, Kern P. Structurally different RGTAs modulate collagen-type expression by cultured aortic smooth muscle cells via different pathways involving fibroblast growth factor-2 or transforming growth factor-beta1. FASEB J 2004; 18:1147-9. [PMID: 15132978 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1126fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have engineered polymers called ReGeneraTing Agents (RGTAs), which mimic the protecting and potentiating properties of heparan sulfates toward heparin-binding growth factors (HBGF). RGTAs have been shown to optimize cell growth and regulate collagen production in vitro. Here, we studied relationships between RGTA structure and collagen-type expression in aortic smooth muscle cells by using two RGTAs, the carboxylmethylsulfate dextran RG-1503 and the carboxylmethylsulfate dextran with added benzylamide RG-1192. RG-1192 specifically induced a fivefold decrease in collagen III synthesis. This effect was abolished by FGF-2 neutralizing antibody. RG-1192 and FGF-2 acted synergistically to decrease collagen III. RG-1192 was more effective than heparin in this process. RG-1192 increased the pericellular localization of FGF-2 and protected FGF-2 from proteolysis. Surface plasmon resonance analysis indicated a Kd of 15.7 nM for the RG-1192/FGF-2 interaction (10.6 nM for the heparin/FGF-2 interaction). The structurally different RG-1503 (without benzylamide) did not interact with FGF-2 and worked synergistically with TGF-beta1 to specifically induce a twofold increase in collagen V. RGTAs with different structures exert different modulating effects on the collagen phenotype. Selection of appropriate RGTAs, which had been shown to enhance in vivo tissue repair, may provide a mean of correcting collagen abnormalities in vascular disorders and more generally in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Alexakis
- CRRET/CNRS FRE 2412, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Paris 12, Créteil Cedex, France
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Huet E, Cauchard JH, Berton A, Robinet A, Decarme M, Hornebeck W, Bellon G. Inhibition of plasmin-mediated prostromelysin-1 activation by interaction of long chain unsaturated fatty acids with kringle 5. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:643-54. [PMID: 14757164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
C18 unsaturated fatty acids were here found to inhibit proMMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-3 activation by plasmin. This effect was suppressed by lysine ligand competitors, indicating that it was mediated by binding to kringle domains. Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated that oleic acid interacted to a similar extent with plasmin and kringle 5 (KD values of 3.4 x 10(-8) and 5.9 x 10(-8)M) while interaction with kringles 1-2-3 was 10-fold lower. Furthermore, oleic acid stimulated the amidolytic activity of plasmin and mini-plasmin, but not micro-plasmin. Oleic acid also enhanced u-PA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator)-mediated plasminogen activation over 50-fold. Taken together, these data indicate that inhibition of plasmin-induced proMMP-3 activation by unsaturated fatty acids was mediated through their preferential binding to kringle 5. The influence of elaidic acid on the plasmin/MMP-3/MMP-1 proteolytic cascade was assessed ex vivo. Exogenous addition of plasmin to dermal fibroblasts or supplementation of gingival fibroblast culture medium with plasminogen triggered this cascade. In both instances, elaidic acid totally abolished proMMP-3 and proMMP-1 activation. Additionally, a significant decrease in lattice retraction and collagen degradation in a range similar to that obtained with Batimastat was observed when human gingival fibroblasts were cultured in plasminogen-containing type I collagen gels, indicative of the dual influence of unsaturated fatty acids on MMP activation and activity. In conclusion, unsaturated fatty acids or molecules with similar structures could be attractive target for the development of natural pharmacological inhibitors directed against plasmin and/or MMPs in different pathological contexts such, skin UV irradiation, vascular diseases and tumour growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Huet
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK
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40
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Morvan FO, Baroukh B, Ledoux D, Caruelle JP, Barritault D, Godeau G, Saffar JL. An engineered biopolymer prevents mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil in hamsters. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:739-46. [PMID: 14742277 PMCID: PMC1602269 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucositis is a common, treatment-limiting, and costly side effect of cancer treatments whose biological underpinnings remain poorly understood. In this study, mucositis induced in hamsters by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was observed after cheek-pouch scarifications, with and without administration of RGTA (RG1503), a polymer engineered to mimic the protective effects of heparan sulfate. RG1503 had no effects on 5-FU-induced decreases in body weight, blood cell counts, or cheek-pouch and jejunum epithelium proliferation rates, suggesting absence of interference with the cytotoxic effects of 5-FU. Extensive mucositis occurred in all of the untreated animals, and consisted of severe damage to cheek pouch tissues (epithelium, underlying connective tissue, and muscle bundles). Only half of the RG1503-treated animals had mucositis, over a mean area 70% smaller than in the untreated animals. Basement membranes were almost completely destroyed in the untreated group but was preserved in the RG1503 group. RG1503 blunted or abolished the following 5-FU-induced effects: increases in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and plasmin, and decreases in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2. These data indicate that mucositis lesions are related to massive release of proteolytic enzymes and are improved by RG1503 treatment, this effect being ascribable in part to restoration of the MMP-TIMP balance. RG1503 given with cancer treatment might protect patients from mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric O Morvan
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiopathologie Crânio-Faciales, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris-5, Montrouge, France
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41
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Schonberger O, Horonchik L, Gabizon R, Papy-Garcia D, Barritault D, Taraboulos A. Novel heparan mimetics potently inhibit the scrapie prion protein and its endocytosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 312:473-9. [PMID: 14637161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During prion diseases the normal prion protein PrP(C) is refolded into an abnormal conformer PrP(Sc). We have studied the PrP(Sc) inhibiting activity of a library of synthetic heparan mimetic (HM) biopolymers. HMs are chemically derived dextrans obtained by successive substitutions with carboxymethyl, benzylamide, and sulfate groups on glucose residues. Some HMs eliminated PrP(Sc) from prion-infected cells after a 5 day course at 100 ng/ml and were 15 x potent than pentosan sulfate in this system. The anti-PrP(Sc) activity of HMs correlated with the degree of sulfation but was increased by benzylamidation. HMs did not reduce the synthesis of PrP(C) nor its attachment to lipid rafts, but instead blocked its conversion into PrP(Sc). The anti-PrP(Sc) HMs also prevented the uptake of prion rods by cultured cells. HMs may thus block the interaction of PrP(Sc) with a putative cellular receptor, possibly heparan sulfate. HMs provide an attractive chemical approach for the synthesis of TSE therapeutic and prophylactic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshrat Schonberger
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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42
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Escartin Q, Lallam-Laroye C, Baroukh B, Morvan FO, Caruelle JP, Godeau G, Barritault D, Saffar JL. A new approach to treat tissue destruction in periodontitis with chemically modified dextran polymers. FASEB J 2003; 17:644-51. [PMID: 12665477 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0708com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis are diseases of the supportive tissues of the teeth provoked by bacteria and characterized by gingival inflammation and bone destruction. We have developed a new strategy to repair tissues by administrating agents (RGTA) that mimic heparan sulfates by protecting selectively some of the growth factors naturally present within the injured tissue and interfering with inflammation. After periodontitis induction in hamsters, the animals were left untreated or received weekly i.m. injections of RGTA1507 at a dose of 100 microg/kg, 400 microg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, or 15 mg/kg for 4 wk. RGTA treatment significantly reduced gingival tissue inflammation, thickened the pocket epithelium by increasing cell proliferation, and enhanced collagen accumulation in the gingiva. A marked reduction in bone loss was observed, resulting from depression of osteoclasia and robust stimulation of bone formation at the dose of 1.5 mg/kg. RGTA treatment for 8 wk at this dose reversed macroscopic bone loss, sharply contrasting with the extensive bone destruction in the untreated animals. RGTA treatment decreased gelatinase A (MMP-2) and B (MMP-9) pro-forms in gingival tissues. Our data indicate that a 4 wk treatment dose-dependently attenuated gingival and bone manifestations of the disease, whereas a longer treatment restored alveolar bone close to controls. By modulating and coordinating host responses, RGTA has unique therapeutic properties and is a promising candidate for the treatment of human periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Escartin
- Laboratoire de Biologie et PhysioPathologie Crânio-Faciales, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université René Descartes (Paris-5), 92120 Montrouge, France
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Ledoux D, Merciris D, Barritault D, Caruelle JP. Heparin-like dextran derivatives as well as glycosaminoglycans inhibit the enzymatic activity of human cathepsin G. FEBS Lett 2003; 537:23-9. [PMID: 12606025 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Some synthetic dextran derivatives that mimic the action of heparin/heparan sulfate were previously shown to inhibit neutrophil elastase and plasmin. Here we report that these derivatized dextrans also inhibit cathepsin G (CatG). Dextran containing carboxymethyl and benzylamide groups (RG1150) as well as those containing carboxymethyl, sulfate and benzylamide groups (RG1192), were the most efficient inhibitors of CatG activity. RG1192 and RG1150 bind CatG with a K(i) of 0.11 and 0.17 nM, respectively, while carboxymethylated sulfated dextran (RG1503) as well as heparin, heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate bind CatG with a 7- to 30-fold lower affinity. Variation of K(i) with ionic strength indicates that ionic interactions account for 26% of the RG1503-CatG binding energy, while binding of RG1192 or RG1150 to CatG is mainly governed by non-electrostatic interactions. This, together with the fact that these compounds both protect fibronectin and laminin against CatG-mediated degradation, suggest that specific dextran derivatives can contribute to the regulation of CatG activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Ledoux
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires, CNRS FRE-2412, Université Paris XII, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000 Créteil, France
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Meddahi A, Brée F, Papy-Garcia D, Gautron J, Barritault D, Caruelle JP. Pharmacological studies of RGTA(11), a heparan sulfate mimetic polymer, efficient on muscle regeneration. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2002; 62:525-31. [PMID: 12221700 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.10283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
RGTA is a family of chemically modified polymers that have been engineered to mimic the properties of heparan sulfates towards heparin binding growth factors. In vivo, RGTA stimulated tissue repair and protection when injected at the site of an injury. These properties have been reported in various models, suggesting a potential interest for therapeutic uses as a general tissue repair agent. We have focused our interest on RGTA(11), a dextran derivative that was shown to enhance, after a unique and local administration, muscle regeneration after total crushing. We first show that a single RGTA(11) systemic administration can be as efficient as a local injection for stimulating muscle regeneration. Using an H(3)-labeled RGTA(11) we have measured some pharmacokinetic parameters. Distribution volume was 51.81 mL, clearance was about 2 mL/min, and half-life was 94 min, giving a total elimination time of 11 h. We also demonstrate that RGTA(11) remains detectable in the body only after tissue injury. It was detected by autoradiography in the crushed muscle just after injury and remained at least for a week. These results provide a rational explanation for the long lasting effect of a single local or systemic injection of RGTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Meddahi
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), UPRESA CNRS 7053, Université Paris XII-Val de Marne, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil, France
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45
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Papy-Garcia D, Barbosa I, Duchesnay A, Saadi S, Caruelle JP, Barritault D, Martelly I. Glycosaminoglycan mimetics (RGTA) modulate adult skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation in vitro. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2002; 62:46-55. [PMID: 12124786 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.10192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Muscle regeneration occurs through the activation of satellite cells, which are stimulated to proliferate and to fuse into myofibers that will reconstitute the damaged muscle. We have previously reported that a family of new compounds called "regenerating agents" (RGTAs), which are polymers engineered to mimic heparan sulfates, stimulate in vivo tissue repair. One of these agents, RG1192, a dextran derivative substituted by CarboxyMethyl, Benzylamide, and Sulfate (noted CMBS, RGTA type), was shown to improve greatly the regeneration of rat skeletal muscle after severe crushing, denervation, and acute ischemia. In vitro, these compounds mimic the protecting and stabilizing properties of heparin or heparan sulfates toward heparin-binding growth factors (HBGFs). We hypothesized that RGTA could act by increasing the bioavailability of some HBGF involved in myoblast growth and thus asked whether RGTA would alter the ability of satellite cells to proliferate. Its effect was tested on primary cultures of rat satellite cells. The RG1192 stimulated the proliferation of satellite cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. It appeared to be as efficient as natural glycosaminoglycans (GAGs; heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, or keratan sulfate) in stimulating satellite cell proliferation but was about 100 times more efficient than heparin. RG1192 stimulated satellite cell proliferation by increasing the potency of fibroblast growth factor 2 and scatter factor-hepatocyte growth factor. It also partially restored myoblast proliferation of satellite cells with chlorate-induced hyposulfation. Taken together, our results explain to some extent the improving effect of RGTA with a CMBS structure, such as the RG1192, on muscle regeneration in vivo by providing support for the hypothesis that RGTA may act by increasing the potency of some HBGFs during the proliferation phase of the regenerating muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Papy-Garcia
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires-UPRES A 7053, Faculté de Sciences et Technologie, Université Paris XII, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94 010 Créteil Cedex, France
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46
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Shaked Y, Engelstein R, Gabizon R. The binding of prion proteins to serum components is affected by detergent extraction conditions. J Neurochem 2002; 82:1-5. [PMID: 12091459 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As many GPI anchored proteins, PrP(C) and its abnormal conformer PrP(Sc), are inserted into membrane microdomains known as rafts. Upon raft disruption, PrP(C) becomes soluble, while PrP(Sc) aggregates into insoluble structures. It was recently published that, as opposed to PrP(C), PrP(Sc), as well as its protease resistant core PrP27-30, can bind specifically to plasminogen and other serum components. These findings were suggested to have important physiological implications in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) diagnosis and pathogenesis. In this work, we show that the binding of PrP(Sc) or PrP 27-30 to serum proteins occurs only at specific detergent combinations, in which disease associated PrPs are present in aggregated structures. At detergent conditions in which rafts are intact, it is actually PrP(C.) that binds to blood proteins, albeit not directly, but through neighboring rafts components. Our results therefore indicate that the binding of PrP(Sc) to blood components has no physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Shaked
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
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Meddahi A, Alexakis C, Papy D, Caruelle JP, Barritault D. Heparin-like polymer improved healing of gastric and colic ulceration. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2002; 60:497-501. [PMID: 11920675 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A family of chemically substituted biopolymers has been developed to protect and stabilize heparin binding growth factors and was shown to enhance tissue repair in various in vivo models. One of these compounds, a dextran derivative named RGTA11, was tested for its ability to treat acute gastritis and colic ulceration models induced by ethanol and acid. RGTA was not efficient in reducing nor in protecting against gastric acidic secretion compared to EGF. Ethanol gastritis measured by the alteration score of the injured mucosa was reduced by 56% with the oral administration of RGTA at doses of 100 microg/kg (p < 0.01). A similar effect was obtained by PGE2 at a similar dose. Alterations of the colic mucosa were reduced after 72 h by 75% after oral administration of RGTA11. RGTA presents both anti-inflammatory and tissue repair activities mediated by growth factor protection. These two properties would be beneficial for digestive ulcer treatment. The results presented here provide evidence for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Meddahi
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance et la Regénération Tissulaires (CRRET), UPRESA CNRS 7053, Université Paris XII-Val de Marne, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil, France
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Abstract
We have compiled a comprehensive list of the articles published in the year 2000 that describe work employing commercial optical biosensors. Selected reviews of interest for the general biosensor user are highlighted. Emerging applications in areas of drug discovery, clinical support, food and environment monitoring, and cell membrane biology are emphasized. In addition, the experimental design and data processing steps necessary to achieve high-quality biosensor data are described and examples of well-performed kinetic analysis are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Zimowska M, Szczepankowska D, Streminska W, Papy D, Tournaire MC, Gautron J, Barritault D, Moraczewski J, Martelly I. Heparan sulfate mimetics modulate calpain activity during rat Soleus muscle regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2001; 188:178-87. [PMID: 11424084 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regenerates after injury. Tissue remodelling, which takes place during muscle regeneration, is a complex process involving proteolytic enzymes. It is inferred that micro and milli calpains are involved in the protein turnover and structural adaptation associated with muscle myolysis and reconstruction. Using a whole-crush injured skeletal muscle, we previously have shown that in vivo muscle treatment with synthetic heparan sulfate mimetics, called RGTAs (for ReGeneraTing Agents), greatly accelerates and improves muscle regeneration after crushing. This effect was particularly striking in the case of the slow muscle Soleus that otherwise would be atrophied. Therefore, we used this regeneration model to study milli and micro calpain expressions in the regenerating Soleus muscle and to address the question of a possible effect of RGTAs treatment on calpain levels. Micro and milli calpain contents increased by about five times to culminate at days 7 and 14 after crushing respectively, thus during the phases of fibre reconstruction and reinnervation. After 64 days of regeneration, muscles still displayed higher levels of both calpains than an intact uninjured muscle. Milli calpain detected by immunocytochemistry was shown in the cytoplasm whereas micro calpain was in both nuclei and cytoplasm in small myofibres but appeared almost exclusively in nuclei of more mature fibres. Interestingly, the treatment of muscles with RGTA highly reduced the increase of both milli and micro calpain contents in Soleus regenerating muscles. These results suggest that the improvement of muscle regeneration induced by RGTA may be partly mediated by minimising the consequences of calpain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zimowska
- Deparment of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
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Alexakis C, Guettoufi A, Mestries P, Strup C, Mathé D, Barbaud C, Barritault D, Caruelle JP, Kern P. Heparan mimetic regulates collagen expression and TGF-beta1 distribution in gamma-irradiated human intestinal smooth muscle cells. FASEB J 2001; 15:1546-54. [PMID: 11427486 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0756com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced intestinal fibrosis is characterized by collagen accumulation, a process in which TGF-beta1 plays a key role. We analyzed the effects of gamma radiation on collagen expression and TGF-beta1 distribution in human intestinal smooth muscle cells (HISM). We investigated the activity of a carboxymethylated and sulfated dextran (RG-1503), exhibiting antifibrotic properties and promoting in vivo intestinal tissue repair, on irradiated HISM. After (60)Co irradiation (10 Gy), HISM were labeled with [(3)H] proline (+/-RG-1503). Radiolabeled collagen I, III, and V were quantified by SDS-PAGE. TGF-beta1 was quantified by ELISA in culture medium, pericellular and intracellular compartments. Irradiation induced a specific 2.85-fold increase in collagen III production by HISM. Collagen V decreased by 80% 72 h after irradiation. Pericellular TGF-beta1 was increased (up to twofold) in irradiated HISM. RG-1503 added before or after irradiation reversed both mRNA and protein levels of collagen III and V to control values. RG-1503 decreased the amount of TGF-beta1 in the cell layer below the control values. Irradiation of HISM induced the development of a fibrotic phenotype in terms of collagen production and TGF-beta1 distribution. The antifibrotic RG-1503 restored HISM physiological characteristics and may represent a promising therapeutic approach for radiation-induced intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alexakis
- CRRET/CNRS UPRESA 7053, Faculté des Sciences de Créteil, Université PARIS-12, France
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