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Chen P, Liu R, Huang M, Zhu J, Wei D, Castellino FJ, Dang G, Xie F, Li G, Cui Z, Liu S, Zhang Y. A unique combination of glycoside hydrolases in Streptococcus suis specifically and sequentially acts on host-derived αGal-epitope glycans. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10638-10652. [PMID: 32518157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by many bacterial pathogens rely on their ability to degrade host glycans by producing glycoside hydrolases (GHs). Here, we discovered a conserved multifunctional GH, SsGalNagA, containing a unique combination of two family 32 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM), a GH16 domain and a GH20 domain, in the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis 05ZYH33. Enzymatic assays revealed that the SsCBM-GH16 domain displays endo-(β1,4)-galactosidase activity specifically toward the host-derived αGal epitope Gal(α1,3)Gal(β1,4)Glc(NAc)-R, whereas the SsGH20 domain has a wide spectrum of exo-β-N-acetylhexosaminidase activities, including exo-(β1,3)-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity, and employs this activity to act in tandem with SsCBM-GH16 on the αGal-epitope glycan. Further, we found that the CBM32 domain adjacent to the SsGH16 domain is indispensable for SsGH16 catalytic activity. Surface plasmon resonance experiments uncovered that both CBM32 domains specifically bind to αGal-epitope glycan, and together they had a KD of 3.5 mm toward a pentasaccharide αGal-epitope glycan. Cell-binding and αGal epitope removal assays revealed that SsGalNagA efficiently binds to both swine erythrocytes and tracheal epithelial cells and removes the αGal epitope from these cells, suggesting that SsGalNagA functions in nutrient acquisition or alters host signaling in S. suis Both binding and removal activities were blocked by an αGal-epitope glycan. SsGalNagA is the first enzyme reported to sequentially act on a glycan containing the αGal epitope. These findings shed detailed light on the evolution of GHs and an important host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinlu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Dong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Francis J Castellino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.,W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Guanghui Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ziyin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Watanabe S, Sakurai T, Nakamura S, Miyoshi K, Sato M. The Combinational Use of CRISPR/Cas9 and Targeted Toxin Technology Enables Efficient Isolation of Bi-Allelic Knockout Non-Human Mammalian Clones. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1075. [PMID: 29617297 PMCID: PMC5979347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genome editing systems such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease (CRISPR/Cas9) have facilitated genomic modification in mammalian cells. However, most systems employ transient treatment with selective drugs such as puromycin to obtain the desired genome-edited cells, which often allows some untransfected cells to survive and decreases the efficiency of generating genome-edited cells. Here, we developed a novel targeted toxin-based drug-free selection system for the enrichment of genome-edited cells. Cells were transfected with three expression vectors, each of which carries a guide RNA (gRNA), humanized Cas9 (hCas9) gene, or Clostridium perfringens-derived endo-β-galactosidase C (EndoGalC) gene. Once EndoGalC is expressed in a cell, it digests the cell-surface α-Gal epitope, which is specifically recognized by BS-I-B₄ lectin (IB4). Three days after transfection, these cells were treated with cytotoxin saporin-conjugated IB4 (IB4SAP) for 30 min at 37 °C prior to cultivation in a normal medium. Untransfected cells and those weakly expressing EndoGalC will die due to the internalization of saporin. Cells transiently expressing EndoGalC strongly survive, and some of these surviving clones are expected to be genome-edited bi-allelic knockout (KO) clones due to their strong co-expression of gRNA and hCas9. When porcine α-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene, which can synthesize the α-Gal epitope, was attempted to be knocked out, 16.7% and 36.7% of the surviving clones were bi-allelic and mono-allelic knockout (KO) cells, respectively, which was in contrast to the isolation of clones in the absence of IB4SAP treatment. Namely, 0% and 13.3% of the resulting clones were bi-allelic and mono-allelic KO cells, respectively. A similar tendency was seen when other target genes such as DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 2 and transforming growth factor-β receptor type 1 gene were targeted to be knocked out. Our results indicate that a combination of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and targeted toxin technology using IB4SAP allows efficient enrichment of genome-edited clones, particularly bi-allelic KO clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Watanabe
- Animal Genome Research Unit, Division of Animal Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Basic Research Division for Next-Generation Disease Models and Fundamental Technology, Research Center for Next Generation Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Kazuchika Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
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Sato M, Miyoshi K, Nakamura S, Ohtsuka M, Sakurai T, Watanabe S, Kawaguchi H, Tanimoto A. Efficient Generation of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer-Competent Porcine Cells with Mutated Alleles at Multiple Target Loci by Using CRISPR/Cas9 Combined with Targeted Toxin-Based Selection System. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122610. [PMID: 29207527 PMCID: PMC5751213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent advancement in genome editing such a CRISPR/Cas9 system has enabled isolation of cells with knocked multiple alleles through a one-step transfection. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been frequently employed as one of the efficient tools for the production of genetically modified (GM) animals. To use GM cells as SCNT donor, efficient isolation of transfectants with mutations at multiple target loci is often required. The methods for the isolation of such GM cells largely rely on the use of drug selection-based approach using selectable genes; however, it is often difficult to isolate cells with mutations at multiple target loci. In this study, we used a novel approach for the efficient isolation of porcine cells with at least two target loci mutations by one-step introduction of CRISPR/Cas9-related components. A single guide (sg) RNA targeted to GGTA1 gene, involved in the synthesis of cell-surface α-Gal epitope (known as xenogenic antigen), is always a prerequisite. When the transfected cells were reacted with toxin-labeled BS-I-B4 isolectin for 2 h at 37 °C to eliminate α-Gal epitope-expressing cells, the surviving clones lacked α-Gal epitope expression and were highly expected to exhibit induced mutations at another target loci. Analysis of these α-Gal epitope-negative surviving cells demonstrated a 100% occurrence of genome editing at target loci. SCNT using these cells as donors resulted in the production of cloned blastocysts with the genotype similar to that of the donor cells used. Thus, this novel system will be useful for SCNT-mediated acquisition of GM cloned piglets, in which multiple target loci may be mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Kazuchika Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Basic Research Division for Next-Generation Disease Models and Fundamental Technology, Research Center for Next Generation Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Animal Genome Research Unit, Division of Animal Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Akihide Tanimoto
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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Fan S, Zhang H, Chen X, Lu L, Xu L, Xiao M. Cloning, characterization, and production of three α-l-fucosidases fromClostridium perfringensATCC 13124. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 56:347-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuquan Fan
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, and Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Huaqin Zhang
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, and Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, and Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Lili Lu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, and Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, and Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Min Xiao
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, and Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology; Shandong University; Jinan China
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Sato M, Inada E, Saitoh I, Matsumoto Y, Ohtsuka M, Miura H, Nakamura S, Sakurai T, Watanabe S. A combination of targeted toxin technology and the piggyBac-mediated gene transfer system enables efficient isolation of stable transfectants in nonhuman mammalian cells. Biotechnol J 2014; 10:143-53. [PMID: 25345906 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of cells harboring exogenous DNA is typically achieved by the introduction of plasmids, but its efficiency remains still low. In this study, we developed a novel strategy to obtain stable transfectants efficiently. Porcine embryonic fibroblasts were transfected with two plasmids: (i) pTransIEnd, which comprises the ubiquitous promoter, the piggyBac (PB) transposase gene, an internal ribosomal entry site, the Clostridium perfringens-derived endo-β-galactosidase C (EndoGalC) gene, and a poly(A) tail and (ii) a PB-based plasmid, termed pT-EGFP, which contains enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression unit flanked by PB acceptor sites. The PB transposase can accelerate the chromosomal integration of transposon vectors. EndoGalC expression results in removal of a cell surface α-Gal epitope, which is specifically recognized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia isolectin-B4 (IB4). Four days after transfection, cells were treated with IB4SAP (IB4 conjugated to saporin, which eliminates any α-Gal epitope-expressing cells) for a short period, followed by standard culture for approximately 10 days. Several colonies emerged, most of which were positive for EGFP expression and lacked TransIEnd. These results indicated that the proposed approach is useful and efficient for obtaining stable transfectants without the use of drug-resistance genes, and offers a novel route for gene manipulation in cultured nonhuman mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Zeyland J, Gawrońska B, Juzwa W, Jura J, Nowak A, Słomski R, Smorąg Z, Szalata M, Woźniak A, Lipiński D. Transgenic pigs designed to express human α-galactosidase to avoid humoral xenograft rejection. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:293-303. [PMID: 23780397 PMCID: PMC3720986 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The use of animals as a source of organs and tissues for xenotransplantation can overcome the growing shortage of human organ donors. However, the presence of xenoreactive antibodies in humans directed against swine Gal antigen present on the surface of xenograft donor cells leads to the complement activation and immediate xenograft rejection as a consequence of hyperacute reaction. To prevent hyperacute rejection, it is possible to change the swine genome by a human gene modifying the set of donor’s cell surface proteins. The gene construct pGal-GFPBsd containing the human gene encoding α-galactosidase enzyme under the promoter of EF-1α elongation factor ensuring systemic expression was introduced by microinjection into a male pronucleus of the fertilised porcine oocyte. As a result, the founder male pig was obtained with the transgene mapping to chromosome 11p12. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed and the Southern analysis confirmed transgene integration estimating the approximate number of transgene copies as 16. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a reduction in the level of epitope Gal on the cell surface of cells isolated from F0 and F1 transgenic animals. The complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay showed increased viability of the transgenic cells in comparison with the wild-type, which confirmed the protective influence of α-galactosidase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznan, Poland.
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Sato M, Akasaka E, Saitoh I, Ohtsuka M, Nakamura S, Sakurai T, Watanabe S. Targeted toxin-based selectable drug-free enrichment of Mammalian cells with high transgene expression. BIOLOGY 2013; 2:341-55. [PMID: 24832665 PMCID: PMC4009860 DOI: 10.3390/biology2010341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Almost all transfection protocols for mammalian cells use a drug resistance gene for the selection of transfected cells. However, it always requires the characterization of each isolated clone regarding transgene expression, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. In the current study, we developed a novel method to selectively isolate clones with high transgene expression without drug selection. Porcine embryonic fibroblasts were transfected with pCEIEnd, an expression vector that simultaneously expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and endo-β-galactosidase C(EndoGalC; an enzyme capable of digesting cell surface α-Gal epitope) upon transfection. After transfection, the surviving cells were briefly treated with IB4SAP (α-Gal epitope-specific BS-I-B4 lectin conjugated with a toxin saporin). The treated cells were then allowed to grow in normal medium, during which only cells strongly expressing EndoGalC and EGFP would survive because of the absence of α-Gal epitopes on their cell surface. Almost all the surviving colonies after IB4SAP treatment were in fact negative for BS-I-B4 staining, and also strongly expressed EGFP. This system would be particularly valuable for researchers who wish to perform large-scale production of therapeutically important recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Eri Akasaka
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Issei Saitoh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Division of Basic Molecular Science and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Department of Organ Regeneration, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Animal Genome Research Unit, Division of Animal Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
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Yazaki S, Iwamoto M, Onishi A, Miwa Y, Hashimoto M, Oishi T, Suzuki S, Fuchimoto DI, Sembon S, Furusawa T, Liu D, Nagasaka T, Kuzuya T, Ogawa H, Yamamoto K, Iwasaki K, Haneda M, Maruyama S, Kobayashi T. Production of cloned pigs expressing human thrombomodulin in endothelial cells. Xenotransplantation 2012; 19:82-91. [PMID: 22497510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2012.00696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For long-term xenograft survival, coagulation control is one of the remaining critical issues. Our attention has been directed toward human thrombomodulin (hTM), because it is expected to exhibit the following beneficial effects on coagulation control and cytoprotection: (i) to solve the problem of molecular incompatibility in protein C activation; (ii) to exert a role as a physiological regulator, only when thrombin is formed; (iii) to suppress direct prothrombinase activity; and (iv) to have anti-inflammatory properties. hTM gene was transfected into pig (Landrace/Yorkshire) fibroblasts using pCAGGS expression vector and pPGK-puro vector. After puromycin selection, only fibroblasts expressing a high level of hTM were collected by cell sorting and then applied to nuclear transfer. Following electroactivation and subsequent culture, a total of 1547 cleaved embryos were transferred to seven surrogate mother pigs. Two healthy cloned piglets expressing hTM were born, successfully grew to maturity and produced normal progeny. Immunohistochemical staining of organs from F1 generation pigs demonstrated hTM expression in endothelial cells as well as parenchymal cells. High expression was observed particularly in endothelial cells of kidney and liver. Aortic endothelial cells from cloned pigs were found to express hTM levels similar to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and to make it possible to convert protein C into activated protein C. The blockade of human endothelial cell protein C receptor (hEPCR) significantly reduced APC production in HUVEC, but not in hTM-PAEC. Although no bleeding tendency was observed in hTM-cloned pigs, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was slightly prolonged and soluble hTM was detected in pig plasma. hTM was expressed in platelets and mononuclear cells, but not in RBC. Cloned pigs expressing hTM in endothelial cells at a comparable level to HUVEC were produced. As complete suppression of antigen-antibody reaction in the graft is essential for accurate assessment of transgene related to coagulation control, production of genetically engineered pigs expressing hTM and complement regulatory protein based on galactosyltransferase knockout is desired.
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CHI H, SATO M, YOSHIDA M, MIYOSHI K. Expression analysis of an α-1, 3-galactosyltransferase, an enzyme that creates xenotransplantation-related α-Gal epitope, in pig preimplantation embryos. Anim Sci J 2011; 83:88-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li SC, Anderson KM, Li YT. A unique endo-β-galactosidase that cleaves both blood group A and B glycotopes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 705:81-95. [PMID: 21618105 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7877-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Chen Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Fujita M, Tsuchida A, Hirata A, Kobayashi N, Goto K, Osumi K, Hirose Y, Nakayama J, Yamanoi T, Ashida H, Mizuno M. Glycoside hydrolase family 89 alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Clostridium perfringens specifically acts on GlcNAc alpha1,4Gal beta1R at the non-reducing terminus of O-glycans in gastric mucin. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:6479-89. [PMID: 21177247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.206722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, α-linked GlcNAc is primarily found in heparan sulfate/heparin and gastric gland mucous cell type mucin. α-N-acetylglucosaminidases (αGNases) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 89 are widely distributed from bacteria to higher eukaryotes. Human lysosomal αGNase is well known to degrade heparin and heparan sulfate. Here, we reveal the substrate specificity of αGNase (AgnC) from Clostridium perfringens strain 13, a bacterial homolog of human αGNase, by chemically synthesizing a series of disaccharide substrates containing α-linked GlcNAc. AgnC was found to release GlcNAc from GlcNAcα1,4Galβ1pMP and GlcNAcα1pNP substrates (where pMP and pNP represent p-methoxyphenyl and p-nitrophenyl, respectively). AgnC also released GlcNAc from porcine gastric mucin and cell surface mucin. Because AgnC showed no activity against any of the GlcNAcα1,2Galβ1pMP, GlcNAcα1,3Galβ1pMP, GlcNAcα1,6Galβ1pMP, and GlcNAcα1,4GlcAβ1pMP substrates, this enzyme may represent a specific glycosidase required for degrading α-GlcNAc-capped O-glycans of the class III mucin secreted from the stomach and duodenum. Deletion of the C-terminal region containing several carbohydrate-binding module 32 (CBM32) domains significantly reduced the activity for porcine gastric mucin; however, activity against GlcNAcα1,4Galβ1pMP was markedly enhanced. Dot blot and ELISA analyses revealed that the deletion construct containing the C-terminal CBM-C2 to CBM-C6 domains binds strongly to porcine gastric mucin. Consequently, tandem CBM32 domains located near the C terminus of AgnC should function by increasing the affinity for branched or clustered α-GlcNAc-containing glycans. The agnC gene-disrupted strain showed significantly reduced growth on the class III mucin-containing medium compared with the wild type strain, suggesting that AgnC might have an important role in dominant growth in intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Fujita
- Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan.
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Watanabe S, Misawa M, Matsuzaki T, Sakurai T, Muramatsu T, Sato M. A novel glycosylation signal regulates transforming growth factor beta receptors as evidenced by endo-beta-galactosidase C expression in rodent cells. Glycobiology 2010; 21:482-92. [PMID: 21062784 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The αGal (Galα1-3Gal) epitope is a xenoantigen that is responsible for hyperacute rejection in xenotransplantation. This epitope is expressed on the cell surface in the cells of all mammals except humans and Old World monkeys. It can be digested by the enzyme endo-β-galactosidase C (EndoGalC), which is derived from Clostridium perfringens. Previously, we produced EndoGalC transgenic mice to identify the phenotypes that would be induced following EndoGalC overexpression. The mice lacked the αGal epitope in all tissues and exhibited abnormal phenotypes such as postnatal death, growth retardation, skin lesion and abnormal behavior. Interestingly, skin lesions caused by increased proliferation of keratinocytes suggest the role of a glycan structure [in which the αGal epitope has been removed or the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue is newly exposed] as a regulator of signal transduction. To verify this hypothesis, we introduced an EndoGalC expression vector into cultured mouse NIH3T3 cells and obtained several EndoGalC-expressing transfectants. These cells lacked αGal epitope expression and exhibited 1.8-fold higher proliferation than untransfected parental cells. We then used several cytokine receptor inhibitors to assess the signal transduction cascades that were affected. Only SB431542 and LY364947, both of which are transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) receptor type-I (TβR-I) inhibitors, were found to successfully reverse the enhanced cell proliferation rate of EndoGalC transfectants, indicating that the glycan structure is a regulator of TβRs. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the glycan altered association between TβR-I and TβR-II in the absence of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Watanabe
- Animal Genome Research Unit, Division of Animal Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan.
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Himaki T, Watanabe S, Chi H, Yoshida M, Miyoshi K, Sato M. Production of genetically modified porcine blastocysts by somatic cell nuclear transfer: preliminary results toward production of xenograft-competent miniature pigs. J Reprod Dev 2010; 56:630-8. [PMID: 20814171 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.09-227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galα1-3Gal (α-Gal epitope) is the major xenoantigenic epitope responsible for hyperacute rejection upon pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Endo-β-galactosidase C (EndoGalC) from Clostridium perfringens can digest the α-Gal epitope. In this study, gene-engineered primary cultured porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEF) expressing EndoGalC were obtained and subjected to somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to test whether xenograft-competent pigs can be created. The EndoGalC-expressing PEF clones exhibited highly reduced expression of α-Gal epitope, as revealed by cytochemical staining with BS-I-B(4) isolectin, a lectin that specifically binds to α-Gal epitope, and FACS analysis. The pattern of low level of α-Gal epitope expression continued for at least 6 months (more than 10 generations) after isolation. SCNT of nuclei from these cells resulted in the generation of blastocysts that displayed nearly complete loss of α-Gal epitope from their cell surface. This is the first study to demonstrate that SCNT using EndoGalC-expressing PEFs as donors would be useful for production of genetically modified cloned pigs suitable for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Himaki
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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HIMAKI T, YOKOMINE TA, SATO M, TAKAO S, MIYOSHI K, YOSHIDA M. Effects of trichostatin A on in vitro development and transgene function in somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos derived from transgenic Clawn miniature pig cells. Anim Sci J 2010; 81:558-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Miwa Y, Yamamoto K, Onishi A, Iwamoto M, Yazaki S, Haneda M, Iwasaki K, Liu D, Ogawa H, Nagasaka T, Uchida K, Nakao A, Kadomatsu K, Kobayashi T. Potential value of human thrombomodulin and DAF expression for coagulation control in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:26-37. [PMID: 20149186 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problems of coagulation disorder remain to be resolved in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation. Molecular incompatibilities in the coagulation systems between pigs and humans, such as the thrombomodulin (TM)-protein C system or direct prothrombinase activity, have been suggested as possible causes. Coagulation and complement activation are closely related to each other. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the protective effects on the coagulation system of the expression of human TM and decay accelerating factor (hDAF) (for inhibition of complement activation) in pig endothelial cells. METHODS Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC), hDAF-expressing PAEC (hDAF-PAEC), hDAF/Endo-beta-galactosidase C-expressing PAEC (hDAF/EndoGalC-PAEC), hTM-expressing PAEC (hTM-PAEC), hDAF/hTM expressing-PAEC (hDAF/hTM-PAEC), and hDAF/EndoGalC/hTM-expressing PAEC (hDAF/EndoGalC/hTM-PAEC) were used in this study. Coagulation activity was examined by clotting, activated protein C (APC), and thrombin generation assay. RESULTS A large difference was observed in clotting time of human plasma when exposed to PAEC (170 s) and HAEC (1020 s). hTM expression on PAEC was proven to produce a comparable level of APC to that produced by HAEC, which prolonged the clotting time, though not to the level of HAEC. Pretreatment with human sera considerably shortened the clotting time in PAEC (80 s). hDAF-PAEC significantly inhibited such a shortening of clotting time by reductions in tissue factor expression and thrombin generation. Thrombin generation through direct prothrombinase activity, which was detected only in PAEC, could be suppressed by hTM expression. Suppression of antibody binding and complement activation improved clotting time not in PAEC, but in PAEC expressing hTM. CONCLUSIONS In addition to effective suppression of antibody-induced complement activation, hTM expression in PAEC may be essential for regulating procoagulant activity in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Miwa
- Department of Applied Immunology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Akasaka E, Watanabe S, Himaki T, Ohtsuka M, Yoshida M, Miyoshi K, Sato M. Enrichment of xenograft-competent genetically modified pig cells using a targeted toxin, isolectin BS-I-B4 conjugate. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:81-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yazaki S, Iwamoto M, Onishi A, Miwa Y, Suzuki S, Fuchimoto DI, Sembon S, Furusawa T, Hashimoto M, Oishi T, Liu D, Nagasaka T, Kuzuya T, Maruyama S, Ogawa H, Kadomatsu K, Uchida K, Nakao A, Kobayashi T. Successful cross-breeding of cloned pigs expressing endo-β-galactosidase C and human decay accelerating factor. Xenotransplantation 2009; 16:511-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Removal of blood group A/B antigen in organs by ex vivo and in vivo administration of endo-beta-galactosidase (ABase) for ABO-incompatible transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2008; 20:132-8. [PMID: 18838121 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ABO incompatibility in organ transplantation is still a high risk factor for antibody-mediated rejection, despite the progress in effective treatments. We have explored the possibility of using the enzyme to remove the blood type A/B antigen in organs. METHODS Recombinant endo-beta-galactosidase (ABase), which releases A/B antigen, was produced in E. coli BL-21. Human A/B red blood cells (RBC) were digested with ABase, and subjected to flow cytometric analysis after incubation with human sera. Purified recombinant ABase was intravenously administered to a baboon. Biopsies were taken from kidney and liver before and 1, 4 and 24 h after in vivo administration. Excised baboon kidneys were perfused with cold UW solution+/-purified recombinant ABase and preserved at 4 degrees C. Biopsies were taken before and 1 and 4 h after ex vivo perfusion. The change in A/B antigen expression was analyzed by immunohistochemical study. RESULTS ABase removed 82% of A antigen and 95% of B antigen in human A/B red blood cells, and suppressed anti-A/B antibody binding and complement activation effectively. ABase was also found to remain active at 4 degrees C. In vivo infusion of ABase into a blood type A baboon demonstrated a marked reduction of A antigen expression in the glomeruli of kidney (85% at 1 h, 9% at 4 h and 13% at 24 h) and the sinusoids of liver (47% at 1 h, 1% at 4 h and 3% at 24 h) without serious adverse effects. After ex vivo perfusion and cold storage of excised baboon kidney (blood type B) with ABase, the expression levels of B antigen in glomeruli were reduced to 49% at 1 h and 6% at 4 h. CONCLUSIONS This alternative approach might be useful for minimizing antibody removal and anti-B cell immunosuppression as an adjuvant therapy in ABO-incompatible kidney, liver and possibly heart transplantation.
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Resistance to anti-xenogeneic response by combining α-Gal silencing with HO-1 upregulation. Transpl Immunol 2008; 19:202-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ashida H, Maki R, Ozawa H, Tani Y, Kiyohara M, Fujita M, Imamura A, Ishida H, Kiso M, Yamamoto K. Characterization of two different endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidases from probiotic and pathogenic enterobacteria, Bifidobacterium longum and Clostridium perfringens. Glycobiology 2008; 18:727-34. [PMID: 18559962 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (endo-alpha-GalNAc-ase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the O-glycosidic bond between alpha-GalNAc at the reducing end of mucin-type sugar chains and serine/threonine of proteins to release oligosaccharides. Previously, we identified the gene engBF encoding endo-alpha-GalNAc-ase from Bifidobacterium longum, which specifically released the disaccharide Gal beta 1-3GalNAc (Fujita K, Oura F, Nagamine N, Katayama T, Hiratake J, Sakata K, Kumagai H, Yamamoto K. 2005. Identification and molecular cloning of a novel glycoside hydrolase family of core 1 type O-glycan-specific endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from Bifidobacterium longum. J Biol Chem. 280:37415-37422). Here we cloned a similar gene named engCP from Clostridium perfringens, a pathogenic enterobacterium, and characterized the gene product EngCP. Detailed analyses on substrate specificities of EngCP and EngBF using a series of p-nitrophenyl-alpha-glycosides chemically synthesized by the di-tert-butylsilylene-directed method revealed that both enzymes released Hex/HexNAc beta 1-3GalNAc (Hex = Gal or Glc). EngCP could also release the core 2 trisaccharide Gal beta 1-3(GlcNAc beta 1-6)GalNAc, core 8 disaccharide Gal alpha 1-3GalNAc, and monosaccharide GalNAc. Our results suggest that EngCP possesses broader substrate specificity than EngBF. Actions of the two enzymes on native glycoproteins and cell surface glycoproteins were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Ashida
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Increased bisecting and core-fucosylated N-glycans on mutant human amyloid precursor proteins. Glycoconj J 2008; 25:775-86. [PMID: 18521746 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Alteration of glycoprotein glycans often changes various properties of the glycoprotein. To understand the significance of N-glycosylation in the pathogenesis of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in beta-amyloid (Abeta) production, we examined whether the mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene found in familial AD affect the N-glycans on APP. We purified the secreted forms of wild-type and mutant human APPs (both the Swedish type and the London type) produced by transfected C17 cells and determined the N-glycan structures of these three recombinant APPs. Although the major N-glycan species of the three APPs were similar, both mutant APPs contained higher contents of bisecting N-acetylglucosamine and core-fucose residues as compared to wild-type APP. These results demonstrate that familial AD mutations in the polypeptide backbone of APP can affect processing of the attached N-glycans; however, whether these changes in N-glycosylation affect Abeta production remains to be established.
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Liu QP, Yuan H, Bennett EP, Levery SB, Nudelman E, Spence J, Pietz G, Saunders K, White T, Olsson ML, Henrissat B, Sulzenbacher G, Clausen H. Identification of a GH110 subfamily of alpha 1,3-galactosidases: novel enzymes for removal of the alpha 3Gal xenotransplantation antigen. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8545-54. [PMID: 18227066 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In search of alpha-galactosidases with improved kinetic properties for removal of the immunodominant alpha1,3-linked galactose residues of blood group B antigens, we recently identified a novel prokaryotic family of alpha-galactosidases (CAZy GH110) with highly restricted substrate specificity and neutral pH optimum (Liu, Q. P., Sulzenbacher, G., Yuan, H., Bennett, E. P., Pietz, G., Saunders, K., Spence, J., Nudelman, E., Levery, S. B., White, T., Neveu, J. M., Lane, W. S., Bourne, Y., Olsson, M. L., Henrissat, B., and Clausen, H. (2007) Nat. Biotechnol. 25, 454-464). One member of this family from Bacteroides fragilis had exquisite substrate specificity for the branched blood group B structure Galalpha1-3(Fucalpha1-2)Gal, whereas linear oligosaccharides terminated by alpha1,3-linked galactose such as the immunodominant xenotransplantation epitope Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc did not serve as substrates. Here we demonstrate the existence of two distinct subfamilies of GH110 in B. fragilis and thetaiotaomicron strains. Members of one subfamily have exclusive specificity for the branched blood group B structures, whereas members of a newly identified subfamily represent linkage specific alpha1,3-galactosidases that act equally well on both branched blood group B and linear alpha1,3Gal structures. We determined by one-dimensional (1)H NMR spectroscopy that GH110 enzymes function with an inverting mechanism, which is in striking contrast to all other known alpha-galactosidases that use a retaining mechanism. The novel GH110 subfamily offers enzymes with highly improved performance in enzymatic removal of the immunodominant alpha3Gal xenotransplantation epitope.
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Miyagawa S. [Clinical xenotransplantation]. NIHON RINSHO MEN'EKI GAKKAI KAISHI = JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 30:174-84. [PMID: 17603258 DOI: 10.2177/jsci.30.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The growing numerical gap between the number of patients and available human donor organs have led to a revival interest in xenotransplantation. This review will mainly focus on the clinical affairs of xenotransplantation and the project of producing the gene modified pigs. Trials, designed to overcome xenogenic rejection by the expression of human complement regulatory protein (CRP), such as DAF (CD55), on the pig organ and knocking out the alpha-Gal epitope(Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R), which is biosynthesized by the action of alpha1,3 galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT), were accomplished in several institutes, such as Harvard University, Pittsburgh University, Mayo Clinic, and BresaGen. We have also produced the [DAF(CD55)+GnT-III+alpha-Gal KO] pigs in last year. On the other hand, the clinical pig islets transplantation was done in many countries, such as Russia, Sweden, Mexico and China, until 2005. In addition, the new clinical trials of pig islets transplantation will be started in USA within three years. In addition, as the current studies in the xenotransplantation field, the strategies for the downregulation of the glycoantigen, complement activation, NK cell, and other immuno responces on the xenografts, are reviewed. The studies for the infectivity of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) to human cells are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Miyagawa
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Molecular therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
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Horvath-Arcidiacono JA, Porter CM, Bloom ET. Human NK cells can lyse porcine endothelial cells independent of their expression of Galalpha(1,3)-Gal and killing is enhanced by activation of either effector or target cells. Xenotransplantation 2006; 13:318-27. [PMID: 16768725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotransplantation of pig organs may provide an approach to alleviate the severe shortage of human organs. Natural antibodies against Galalpha(1,3)-Gal (alphaGal) epitopes cause hyperacute rejection of pig organs in primates. However, evidence for the role of alphaGal in the natural killer (NK) cell-mediated xenoresponse has been contradictory. METHODS We investigated the recognition of alphaGal by human NK cells using endo-beta-galactosidase C, an enzyme that cleaves alphaGal, and endothelial cells (EC) from alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase null pigs that do not synthesize alphaGal. Endo-beta-galactosidase C treatment variably reduced the susceptibility of porcine EC to lysis by fresh human NK cells. RESULTS Removal of alphaGal from porcine EC using endo-beta-galactosidase C, produced variable results, i.e. cytotoxicity was decreased in half of the human NK cell donors tested. The two EC strains from alphaGal-/- pigs were marginally, and not significantly, less susceptible to lysis by naïve human NK cells compared with alphaGal-expressing cells obtained from animals from the same herd, but these differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.10). Treatment of porcine EC with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, which is known to activate porcine EC, enhanced the susceptibility of all target cells to lysis by fresh human NK cells. Surface expression of MHC or adhesion molecules on alphaGal-/- cells, compared with wild type cells, showed no consistent difference in either MHC or adhesion molecules CD106 (VCAM-1), CD31 (PECAM) or CD62E (E-selectin), either with or without TNF-alpha stimulation, that could explain the differential susceptibility to lysis. Strikingly, all alphaGal-/- and wild type EC exhibited similar susceptibility to human NK cells that had been cultured for 5 days with or without interleukin-2. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that human NK cells can kill porcine targets in the absence of alphaGal, and donor variability plays a major role in whether alphaGal has a role in determining susceptibility of porcine EC to lysis. Moreover, susceptibility to lysis of alphaGal null EC is enhanced to the level of wild type EC by activation of either effector or target cells. Elimination of alphaGal alone from source pigs will be insufficient to circumvent the NK cell mediated destruction of porcine EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Horvath-Arcidiacono
- Gene Transfer and Immunogenicity Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Cellular, Tissue, and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
The rejection caused by the presence of Galalpha1,3Gal (Gal) on the pig vascular endothelium and of natural anti-Gal antibodies in human blood has recently been prevented by the breeding of pigs that do not express Gal, achieved by knocking out the gene for the enzyme, alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase. However, prior to the introduction of nuclear transfer/embryo transfer techniques, a major effort was directed towards reducing Gal expression on pig cells by other methods, such as by cleaving Gal from the underlying substrate, or replacing Gal with an alternative, innocuous oligosaccharide by a process that has been termed 'competitive glycosylation'. Gal has been cleaved by alpha-galactosidase or endo-beta-galactosidase C. Competitive glycosylation has largely targeted replacement of Gal by insertion of a gene for a fucosyltransferase or a sialyltransferase, or by insertions of the gene for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III to reduce cell-surface expression of several oligosaccharides. The results of these approaches to render the pig cells less immunogenic to the human immune system are summarized. With regard to the problem provided by Gal expression, the above approaches may be considered by some to be largely obsolete, but the principles underlying them may prove valuable when other antigen targets for human antibodies are definitively identified, if these prove to be carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ezzelarab
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Ide K, Ohdan H, Kobayashi T, Hara H, Ishiyama K, Asahara T. Antibody- and complement-independent phagocytotic and cytolytic activities of human macrophages toward porcine cells. Xenotransplantation 2005; 12:181-8. [PMID: 15807768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2005.00222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been speculated that host macrophages contribute to rapid clearance of transplanted xenogeneic cells. To address such a possibility, phagocytotic and cytolytic activities of human macrophages toward xenogeneic porcine cells were evaluated in vitro in the absence of antibodies and complement factors. METHODS Human peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages (P-macrophages) and reticulo-endothelial macrophages (RE-macrophages) were obtained from volunteers' peripheral blood and from the perfusion effluents of liver allografts for transplantation, respectively. 5-(and 6-) carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled human autologous red blood cells (auto-RBCs), ABO-incompatible RBCs (incom-RBCs) and xenogeneic porcine RBCs (xeno-RBCs) were incubated with the human macrophages; subsequently, the macrophages that had phagocytosed the RBCs could be identified as CFSE positive cells by FCM analyses and confocal microscopy. Cytolytic activity was quantified by calculating levels of lactate dehydrogenase in each culture supernatant. RESULTS Human RE-macrophages spontaneously phagocytosed and had a remarkable cytolytic activity toward xeno-RBCs, but not toward auto-RBCs or incom-RBCs. Elimination of alpha-galactosyl xenoantigen (alpha-Gal) epitopes on xeno-RBCs did not prevent phagocytotic or cytolytic activity of RE-macrophages. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate phagocytotic and cytolitic activities of human macrophages toward porcine cells are initiated by a factor other than alpha-Gal in a mechanism independent of antibody/complement opsonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ide
- Department of Surgery, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
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Zhu M, Wang SS, Xia ZX, Cao RH, Chen D, Huang YB, Liu B, Chen ZK, Chen S. Inhibition of xenogeneic response in porcine endothelium using RNA interference. Transplantation 2005; 79:289-96. [PMID: 15699758 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000148733.57977.fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rejection mediated by antibody recognition of the alpha-Gal epitope (Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R) is a major barrier in porcine-to-human xenotransplantation. Because the synthesis of alpha-Gal is dependent on alpha1,3 galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT), methods of blocking this enzyme are needed. RNA interference induced by small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful technique for allowing the silencing of mammalian genes with great specificity and potency. In this study, we use siRNA for silencing of alpha1,3GT with the purpose of reducing expression of the alpha-Gal epitope and subsequently decreasing immunogenicity of porcine endothelial cells. METHODS alpha1,3GT-specific and control siRNAs were transfected into the porcine aortic endothelial cell line, PED. alpha-Gal expression was assessed by Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. Protection from human-complement and natural killer (NK)-cell-mediated cytotoxicity was evaluated by Cr-release assays after incubation of PED with normal human serum (NHS) and NK92 cell, respectively. RESULTS RNA interference was successfully achieved in PED as witnessed by the specific knock-down of alpha1,3GT mRNA levels. Flow cytometric analysis using the Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 lectin confirmed the suppression of alpha1,3GT activity as evidenced by decreased alpha-Gal. Functional relevance of the knock-down phenotype was illustrated by the finding that silenced PED were protected from cytotoxicity of NHS. Protection from NK-mediated cytotoxicity was not observed. CONCLUSIONS Our data are the first to demonstrate that RNA interference is a potent tool to down modulate alpha-Gal expression and to protect endothelial cells from complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Gene silencing by siRNA may represent a new approach for overcoming hyperacute and acute vascular rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Anderson KM, Ashida H, Maskos K, Dell A, Li SC, Li YT. A clostridial endo-beta-galactosidase that cleaves both blood group A and B glycotopes: the first member of a new glycoside hydrolase family, GH98. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:7720-8. [PMID: 15618227 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414099200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated an endo-beta-galactosidase designated E-ABase from Clostridium perfringens ATCC 10543 capable of liberating both the A trisaccharide (A-Tri; GalNAcalpha1-->3(Fucalpha1-->2)Gal) and B trisaccharide (B-Tri; Galalpha1-->3(Fucalpha1-->2)Gal) from glycoconjugates containing blood group A and B glycotopes, respectively. We have subsequently cloned the gene (eabC) that encodes E-ABase from this organism. This gene was found to be identical to the CPE0329 gene of C. perfringens strain 13, whose product was labeled as a hypothetical protein (Shimizu, T., Ohtani, K., Hirakawa, H., Ohshima, K., Yamashita, A., Shiba, T., Ogasawara, N., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Hayashi, H. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 996-1001). Since the amino acid sequence of E-ABase does not bear detectable similarity to any of the 97 existing families of glycoside hydrolases, we have proposed to assign this unusual enzyme to a new family, GH98. We also expressed eabC in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and obtained 27 mg of fully active recombinant E-ABase from 1 liter of culture. Recombinant E-ABase not only destroyed the blood group A and B antigenicity of human type A and B erythrocytes, but also released A-Tri and B-Tri from blood group A(+)- and B(+)- containing glycoconjugates. The structures of A-Tri and B-Tri liberated from A(+) porcine gastric mucin and B(+) human ovarian cyst glycoprotein were established by NMR spectroscopy. The unique specificity of E-ABase should make it useful for studying the structure and function of blood group A- and B-containing glycoconju-gates as well as for identifying other glycosidases belonging to the new GH98 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Miki Y, Maruyama S, Liu D, Kobayashi T, Sato F, Shimizu H, Kato S, Sato W, Morita Y, Yuzawa Y, Muramatsu T, Matsuo S. In vivo gene transfer of endo-beta-galactosidase C removes alphaGal antigen on erythrocytes and endothelial cells of the organs. Xenotransplantation 2004; 11:444-51. [PMID: 15303981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2004.00163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc (alphaGal) in pigs is a formidable barrier for pig-to-primate xenotransplantation. We have reported that administration of recombinant endo-beta-galactosidase C (EndoGalC) removes alphaGal on porcine erythrocytes and kidneys. The present study examined the effects of EndoGalC gene therapy on alphaGal suppression. METHODS Naked plasmid DNA encoding Igkappa-EndoGalC was given to rats by rapid tail vein injection. The expression of alphaGal in the heart and kidney were studied by lectin staining followed by computer-assisted quantitative analyses. alphaGal expression on erythrocytes was determined by flow cytometric analyses. Enzymatic activity of EndoGalC in the serum was also determined by evaluating the capacity of EndoGalC in removing alphaGal epitopes. Elimination of alphaGal was further studied by injecting antibodies against alphaGal to rats 2 days after the gene transfer. RESULTS Administration of 1 mg of Igkappa-EndoGalC/pCAGGS plasmid eliminated alphaGal from the vascular endothelium of the heart and kidney on day 1 and day 2. Between days 4 and 7, alphaGal started to reappear, but remained suppressed. No serious adverse effect was observed in rats treated with EndoGalC. Flow cytometric analyses showed that EndoGalC digested 97% of alphaGal on erythrocytes when measured 4 days after the gene transfer. Enzymatic activity of EndoGalC in the serum peaked on day 1, and significant levels were still observed on day 7. When antibodies against alphaGal were given, rats treated with EndoGalC showed no change, while all control rats died within 40 min. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the potential of an EndoGalC gene transfer, using a hydrodynamics-based delivery system, in eliminating alphaGal from endothelial cells in vivo. The results also ensured that EndoGalC is not harmful suggesting that the production of pigs overexpressing EndoGalC would be a reasonable alternative to pigs deficient in alpha1,3galactosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Miki
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumaicho, Nagoya, Japan
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Liu D, Kobayashi T, Yokoyama I, Nagasaka T, Ogawa H, Muramatsu H, Kadomatsu K, Muramatsu T, Morozumi K, Oikawa T, Shimano Y, Uchida K, Takagi H, Nakao A. Removal of alpha-galactosyl antigens from vascular endothelial cells in pig organs by intravenous infusion of endo-beta-galactosidase. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:2755. [PMID: 12431595 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)03396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Liu
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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32
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Ogawa H, Kobayashi T, Yokoyama I, Liu D, Nagasaka T, Kadomatsu K, Muramatsu H, Takagi H, Muramatsu T, Nakao A. Inhibitory effect of gene transfer with endo-beta-galactosidase C on alpha-galactosyl xenoantigen expression. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:2756. [PMID: 12431596 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)03397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Ogawa
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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33
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Ogawa H, Kobayashi T, Yokoyama I, Nagatani N, Mizuno M, Yoshida J, Kadomatsu K, Muramatsu H, Nakao A, Muramatsu T. Reduction of alpha-galactosyl xenoantigen by expression of endo-beta-galactosidase C in pig endothelial cells. Xenotransplantation 2002; 9:290-6. [PMID: 12060465 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2002.01098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elimination of the Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc (alphaGal) epitope has been considered to be essential for successful pig-to-human xenotransplantation but, unfortunately, has not been achieved. Endo-beta-galactosidase C (EndoGalC) is an endoglycosidase which cleaves the Galbeta1-4GlcNAc linkage in the alphaGal epitope and digests out the Galalpha1-3Gal disaccharide. Because of its potent activity in physiological pH conditions, EndoGalC can remove alphaGal epitopes expressed on the cell surface of pig erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells almost completely. In vivo or ex vivo administration of EndoGalC successfully reduced alphaGal expression in pig kidneys to an undetectable level, but alphaGal epitopes soon reappeared. Gene expression of EndoGalC in pig cells was attempted to solve this problem. As the terminal alphaGal is transferred in the trans-Golgi network by alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT), colocalization of the EndoGalC gene with the alpha1,3GT gene was expected to be one of the most reliable ways to eliminate the alphaGal epitope. METHODS AND RESULTS The sequence of pig alpha1,3GT, including the cytoplasmic tail, transmembrane domain and stem region, was ligated upstream of EndoGalC, and the conjugated gene was expressed in pig aortic endothelial cells and COS7 cells. Following the introduction of the gene, the alphaGal epitope on pig aortic endothelial cells was effectively reduced. Transfection studies in COS7 cells using EndoGalC combined with alpha1,3GT showed that the expressed EndoGalC was localized not only inside, but also outside, the cells. The expression of EndoGalC conjugated with a murine immunoglobulin (Igkappa)-chain signal sequence also showed a similar effect. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the effectiveness of gene transfer with EndoGalC into pig endothelial cells, and strongly encourage us to produce transgenic animals with the expressed enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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34
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Liu D, Kobayashi T, Yokoyama I, Ogawa H, Nagasaka T, Muramatsu H, Kadomatsu K, Oikawa T, Shimano Y, Morozumi K, Uchida K, Muramatsu T, Nakao A. Enzymatic removal of alphaGal antigen in pig kidneys by ex vivo and in vivo administration of endo-beta-galactosidase C. Xenotransplantation 2002; 9:228-36. [PMID: 11983021 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2002.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation using the pig as a donor species is considered to be a promising solution to the serious shortage of organ donors. Both hyperacute and acute vascular rejection (AVR) are believed to be associated with xenoreactive antibody binding to alphaGal epitopes on the pig vascular endothelial cells. Thus, suppression of this antigen-antibody reaction would appear essential for successful long-term xenograft survival. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of ex vivo and in vivo administration of recombinant endo-beta-galactosidase C (EndoGalC which, in previous in vitro studies, has been proven to digest alphaGal antigens completely) on alphaGal epitopes expressed in pig kidneys. Excised pig kidneys were perfused with University of Wisconsin solution containing EndoGalC and preserved for 4 h. After cold storage, the pig kidney was transplanted into another pig. Ex vivo perfusion and cold storage with EndoGalC reduced alphaGal epitope expression on vascular endothelial cells to an undetectable level. However, alphaGal antigens began to be expressed again as early as 1 day after transplantation. The digestion of alphaGal epitopes by EndoGalC did not cause any damage to the kidney graft. EndoGalC was intravenously administered to two pigs (15 kg), without causing any serious adverse effect. Twelve hours later, >98% of alphaGal antigens on pig red blood cells (RBCs) had been digested. Immunohistochemical study revealed almost complete elimination of alphaGal expression on vascular endothelial cells of the kidney graft 4 and 8 h after in vivo administration, but reappearance within 24 h. EndoGalC was administered to a baboon after an interval of 2 months. The second administration did not result in any serious toxicity or reduction in efficacy. These results suggest that ex vivo and in vivo administration of EndoGalC is simple and useful in removing alphaGal epitopes from pig organs. As the effect of EndoGalC is temporary, multiple in vivo administrations of EndoGalC would be required to inhibit the reappearance of alphaGal epitopes. Alternatively, transgenic techniques of introducing the gene for EndoGalC into the donor organ might permanently prevent alphaGal expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- DaGe Liu
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Roos A, Daha MR. Antibody-mediated activation of the classical complement pathway in xenograft rejection. Transpl Immunol 2002; 9:257-70. [PMID: 12180840 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(02)00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transplant rejection is a multifactorial process involving complex interactions between components of the innate and the acquired immune system. In view of the shortage of donor organs available for transplantation, xenotransplantation of pig organs into man has been considered as a potential solution. However, in comparison to allografts, xenografts are subject to extremely potent rejection processes that are currently incompletely defined. Consequently, an appropriate and safe treatment protocol ensuring long-term graft survival is not yet available. The first barrier that has to be taken for a xenograft is hyperacute rejection, a rapid process induced by the binding of pre-formed antibodies from the host to the graft endothelium, followed by activation of the classical complement pathway. The present review concentrates on the role of antibodies and complement in xenograft rejection as well as on the approaches for treatment that target these components. The first part focuses on porcine xenoantigens that are recognized by human xenoreactive antibodies and the different treatment strategies that aim on interference in antibody binding. The second part of the review deals with complement activation by xenoreactive antibodies, and summarizes the role of complement in the induction of endothelial cell damage and cell activation. Finally, various options that are currently under development for complement inhibition are discussed, with special reference to the specific inhibition of the classical complement pathway by soluble complement inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Roos
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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Kobayashi T, Yokoyama I, Liu D, Nagasaka T, Ogawa H, Muramatsu H, Kadomatsu K, Morozumi K, Takeuchi O, Oikawa T, Shimano Y, Uchida K, Takagi H, Muramatsu T, Nakao A. Enzymatic digestion of alpha-gal antigens in pig organs by in vivo infusion of endo-beta-galactosidase C. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:3855-6. [PMID: 11750641 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)02632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Ashida H, Anderson K, Nakayama J, Maskos K, Chou CW, Cole RB, Li SC, Li YT. A novel endo-beta-galactosidase from Clostridium perfringens that liberates the disaccharide GlcNAcalpha 1-->Gal from glycans specifically expressed in the gastric gland mucous cell-type mucin. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:28226-32. [PMID: 11382776 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103589200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that commercially available sialidases prepared from Clostridium perfringens ATCC10543 were contaminated with an endoglycosidase capable of releasing the disaccharide GlcNAcalpha1-->4Gal from glycans expressed in the gastric gland mucous cell-type mucin. We have isolated this enzyme in electrophoretically homogeneous form from the culture supernatant of this organism by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by affinity chromatography using a Sephacryl S-200 HR column. The enzyme was specifically retained by and eluted from the column with methyl-alpha-Glc. By NMR spectroscopy, the structure of the disaccharide released from porcine gastric mucin by this enzyme was established to be GlcNAcalpha1-->4Gal. The specificity of this enzyme as an endo-beta-galactosidase was established by analyzing the liberation of GlcNAcalpha1-->4Gal from GlcNAcalpha1-->4Galbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-->6(GlcNAcalpha1--> 4Galbeta1-->3)GalNAc-ol by mass spectrometry. Because this novel endo-beta-galactosidase specifically releases the GlcNAcalpha1-->4Gal moiety from porcine gastric mucin, we propose to call this enzyme a GlcNAcalpha1-->4Gal-releasing endo-beta-galactosidase (Endo-beta-Gal(GnGa)). Endo-beta-Gal(GnGa) was found to remove the GlcNAcalpha1-->4Gal epitope expressed in gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells transfected with alpha1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase cDNA. Endo-beta-Gal(GnGa) should become useful for studying the structure and function of glycoconjugates containing the terminal GlcNAcalpha1-->4Gal epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ashida
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Kobayashi T, Yokoyama I, Ogawa H, Muramatsu H, Kadomatsu K, Hayashi S, Liu D, Kato T, Tokoro T, Oikawa T, Takeuchi O, Morozumi K, Takagi H, Muramatsu T, Nakao A. Removal of alphaGal antigens by ex vivo perfusion of pig kidneys with endo-beta-galactosidase C. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:763. [PMID: 11267058 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)02242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Muramatsu T. Protein-bound carbohydrates on cell-surface as targets of recognition: an odyssey in understanding them. Glycoconj J 2000; 17:577-95. [PMID: 11421350 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011078627247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Multidisciplinary approaches by a number of investigators have established that cell-surface carbohydrates are integral components of recognition systems regulating survival, migration, adhesion, growth and differentiation of various cells. Our own experience and contributions to this exciting field are described. We discovered Endo D as the first endoglycosidase acting on glycoproteins, found complementary specificity of two endoglycosidases (Endo D and Endo H), and applied these enzymes for glycoprotein research. Endo-beta-galactosidase C, which hydrolyzes Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc xenoantigenic determinant, was later found and molecularly cloned. We also found highly branched poly-N-acetyllactosamines in early embryonic cells, and demonstrated developmentally regulated carbohydrate changes during early mammalian development. The binding site for Dolichos biflorus agglutinin was introduced as a new differentiation marker. Basigin and embigin, two related members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, a sialomucin MGC-24 and other glycoproteins were discovered as carriers of developmentally regulated carbohydrate markers. We proposed enhancement of integrin action as a function of sugar chains with Lewis X epitope, and observed a relationship between the expression of carbohydrate markers and invasive properties of human carcinoma. Midkine, a heparin-binding growth factor, was discovered more recently and its interaction with heparin and oversulfated chondroitin sulfate was elucidated. N-Acetylglucosamine-6-sulfotransferase was cloned and used to reconstitute L-selectin ligands. Gene knockout was applied to reveal in vivo function of basigin, syndecan-4 and chondroitin 6-sulfate. Throughout my research on all these subjects, I have been fortunate in obtaining unexpected observations and enjoying fruitful collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Muramatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan.
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