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Madan B, Wadia SR, Patnaik S, Harmston N, Tan E, Tan IBH, Nes WD, Petretto E, Virshup DM. The cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme FAXDC2 couples Wnt/β-catenin to RTK/MAPK signaling. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e171222. [PMID: 38488003 PMCID: PMC10940096 DOI: 10.1172/jci171222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Wnts, cholesterol, and MAPK signaling are essential for development and adult homeostasis. Here, we report that fatty acid hydroxylase domain containing 2 (FAXDC2), a previously uncharacterized enzyme, functions as a methyl sterol oxidase catalyzing C4 demethylation in the Kandutsch-Russell branch of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. FAXDC2, a paralog of MSMO1, regulated the abundance of the specific C4-methyl sterols lophenol and dihydro-T-MAS. Highlighting its clinical relevance, FAXDC2 was repressed in Wnt/β-catenin-high cancer xenografts, in a mouse genetic model of Wnt activation, and in human colorectal cancers. Moreover, in primary human colorectal cancers, the sterol lophenol, regulated by FAXDC2, accumulated in the cancerous tissues and not in adjacent normal tissues. FAXDC2 linked Wnts to RTK/MAPK signaling. Wnt inhibition drove increased recycling of RTKs and activation of the MAPK pathway, and this required FAXDC2. Blocking Wnt signaling in Wnt-high cancers caused both differentiation and senescence; and this was prevented by knockout of FAXDC2. Our data show the integration of 3 ancient pathways, Wnts, cholesterol synthesis, and RTK/MAPK signaling, in cellular proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Madan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Shawn R. Wadia
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Siddhi Patnaik
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Nathan Harmston
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore
| | - Emile Tan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Iain Bee Huat Tan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - W. David Nes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Center for Computational Biology and Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Institute for Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - David M. Virshup
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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2
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The functions and molecular mechanisms of Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) implicated in the pathophysiology of cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109581. [PMID: 36527874 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently, cancer ranks as the second leading cause of death worldwide, and at the same time, the burden of cancer continues to increase. The underlying molecular pathways involved in the initiation and development of cancer are the subject of considerable research worldwide. Further understanding of these pathways may lead to new cancer treatments. Growing data suggest that Tribble's homolog 3 (TRIB3) is essential in oncogenesis in many types of cancer. The mammalian tribbles family's proteins regulate various cellular and physiological functions, such as the cell cycle, stress response, signal transduction, propagation, development, differentiation, immunity, inflammatory processes, and metabolism. To exert their activities, Tribbles proteins must alter key signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways. Recent evidence supports that TRIB3 dysregulation has been linked to various diseases, including tumor development and chemoresistance. It has been speculated that TRIB3 may either promote or inhibit the onset and development of cancer. However, it is still unclear how TRIB3 performs this dual function in cancer. In this review, we present and discuss the most recent data on the role of TRIB3 in cancer pathophysiology and chemoresistance. Furthermore, we describe in detail the molecular mechanism TRIB3 regulates in cancer.
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Serrano-López EM, Coronado-Parra T, Marín-Vicente C, Szallasi Z, Gómez-Abellán V, López-Andreo MJ, Gragera M, Gómez-Fernández JC, López-Nicolás R, Corbalán-García S. Deciphering the Role and Signaling Pathways of PKCα in Luminal A Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214023. [PMID: 36430510 PMCID: PMC9696894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) comprises a family of highly related serine/threonine protein kinases involved in multiple signaling pathways, which control cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. The role of PKCα in cancer has been studied for many years. However, it has been impossible to establish whether PKCα acts as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor. Here, we analyzed the importance of PKCα in cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, or apoptosis by inhibiting its gene expression in a luminal A breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Differential expression analysis and phospho-kinase arrays of PKCα-KD vs. PKCα-WT MCF-7 cells identified an essential set of proteins and oncogenic kinases of the JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT pathways that were down-regulated, whereas IGF1R, ERK1/2, and p53 were up-regulated. In addition, unexpected genes related to the interferon pathway appeared down-regulated, while PLC, ERBB4, or PDGFA displayed up-regulated. The integration of this information clearly showed us the usefulness of inhibiting a multifunctional kinase-like PKCα in the first step to control the tumor phenotype. Then allowing us to design a possible selection of specific inhibitors for the unexpected up-regulated pathways to further provide a second step of treatment to inhibit the proliferation and migration of MCF-7 cells. The results of this study suggest that PKCα plays an oncogenic role in this type of breast cancer model. In addition, it reveals the signaling mode of PKCα at both gene expression and kinase activation. In this way, a wide range of proteins can implement a new strategy to fine-tune the control of crucial functions in these cells and pave the way for designing targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio M. Serrano-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, Veterinary School, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa Coronado-Parra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, Veterinary School, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Microscopy Core Unit, Área Científica y Técnica de Investigación, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Marín-Vicente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, Veterinary School, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Cardiovascular Proteomics and Developmental Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zoltan Szallasi
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Victoria Gómez-Abellán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, Veterinary School, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Biology School, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María José López-Andreo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, Veterinary School, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Molecular Biology Unit, Área Científica y Técnica de Investigación, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcos Gragera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, Veterinary School, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Centro Nacional Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Gómez-Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, Veterinary School, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rubén López-Nicolás
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, Veterinary School, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Bromatology and Nutrition, Veterinary School, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.L.-N.); (S.C.-G.)
| | - Senena Corbalán-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, Veterinary School, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.L.-N.); (S.C.-G.)
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Krause HB, Karls AL, McClean MN, Kreeger PK. Cellular context alters EGF-induced ERK dynamics and reveals potential crosstalk with GDF-15. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:054104. [PMID: 36217350 PMCID: PMC9547670 DOI: 10.1063/5.0114334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellular signaling dynamics are sensitive to differences in ligand identity, levels, and temporal patterns. These signaling patterns are also impacted by the larger context that the cell experiences (i.e., stimuli such as media formulation or substrate stiffness that are constant in an experiment exploring a particular variable but may differ between independent experiments which explore that variable) although the reason for different dynamics is not always obvious. Here, we compared extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in response to epidermal growth factor treatment of human mammary epithelial cells cultures in either well culture or a microfluidic device. Using a single-cell ERK kinase translocation reporter, we observed extended ERK activation in well culture and only transient activity in microfluidic culture. The activity in microfluidic culture resembled that of the control condition, suggesting that shear stress led to the early activity and a loss of autocrine factors dampened extended signaling. Through experimental analysis we identified growth differentiation factor-15 as a candidate factor that led to extended ERK activation through a protein kinase C-α/β dependent pathway. Our results demonstrate that context impacts ERK dynamics and that comparison of distinct contexts can be used to elucidate new aspects of the cell signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris B. Krause
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Alexis L. Karls
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - Pamela K. Kreeger
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Telephone: 608-890-2915
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5
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Black JD, Affandi T, Black AR, Reyland ME. PKCα and PKCδ: Friends and Rivals. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102194. [PMID: 35760100 PMCID: PMC9352922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PKC comprises a large family of serine/threonine kinases that share a requirement for allosteric activation by lipids. While PKC isoforms have significant homology, functional divergence is evident among subfamilies and between individual PKC isoforms within a subfamily. Here, we highlight these differences by comparing the regulation and function of representative PKC isoforms from the conventional (PKCα) and novel (PKCδ) subfamilies. We discuss how unique structural features of PKCα and PKCδ underlie differences in activation and highlight the similar, divergent, and even opposing biological functions of these kinases. We also consider how PKCα and PKCδ can contribute to pathophysiological conditions and discuss challenges to targeting these kinases therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.
| | - Trisiani Affandi
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.
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6
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Cui HY, Wei W, Qian MR, Tian RF, Fu X, Li HW, Nan G, Yang T, Lin P, Chen X, Zhu YM, Wang B, Sun XX, Dou JH, Jiang JL, Li L, Wang SJ, Chen ZN. PDGFA-associated protein 1 is a novel target of c-Myc and contributes to colorectal cancer initiation and progression. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:750-767. [PMID: 35716012 PMCID: PMC9395323 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism underlying colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and progression remains elusive, and overall survival is far from satisfactory. Previous studies have shown that PDGFA-associated protein 1 (PDAP1) is upregulated in several cancers including CRC. Here, we aimed to identify the cause and consequence of PDAP1 dysregulation in CRC and evaluate its role as a potential therapeutic target. METHODS Multi-omics data analysis was performed to identify potential key players in CRC initiation and progression. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was applied to determine the expression pattern of PDAP1 in CRC tissues. Pdap1 conditional knockout mice were used to establish colitis and CRC mouse models. RNA sequencing, a phosphoprotein antibody array, western blotting, histological analysis, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay, and interactome analysis were applied to identify the underlying mechanisms of PDAP1. A human patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model was used to assess the potential of PDAP1 as a therapeutic target. RESULTS PDAP1 was identified as a potential key player in CRC development using multi-omics data analysis. PDAP1 was overexpressed in CRC cells and correlated with reduced overall survival. Further investigation showed that PDAP1 was critical for the regulation of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Significantly, depletion of Pdap1 in intestinal epithelial cells impaired mucosal restitution in dextran sulfate sodium salt-induced colitis and inhibited tumor initiation and growth in colitis-associated cancers. Mechanistic studies showed that c-Myc directly transactivated PDAP1, which contributed to the high PDAP1 expression in CRC cells. PDAP1 interacted with the juxtamembrane domain of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and facilitated EGFR-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling activation, which resulted in FOS-related antigen 1 (FRA-1) expression, thereby facilitating CRC progression. Notably, silencing of PDAP1 could hinder the growth of patient-derived xenografts that sustain high PDAP1 levels. CONCLUSIONS PDAP1 facilitates mucosal restitution and carcinogenesis in colitis-associated cancer. c-Myc-driven upregulation of PDAP1 promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis of CRC cells via the EGFR-MAPK-FRA-1 signaling axis. These findings indicated that PDAP1 inhibition is warranted for CRC patients with PDAP1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yong Cui
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Rui Qian
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Fei Tian
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Xin Fu
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Gang Nan
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Ting Yang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lin
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Meng Zhu
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Xuan Sun
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Li Jiang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Ling Li
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Jie Wang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
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Redpath G, Deo N. Serotonin: an overlooked regulator of endocytosis and endosomal sorting? Biol Open 2022; 11:bio059057. [PMID: 35076063 PMCID: PMC8801889 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and a hormone that is typically associated with regulating our mood. However, the serotonin transporter and receptors are expressed throughout the body, highlighting the much broader, systemic role of serotonin in regulating human physiology. A substantial body of data strongly implicates serotonin as a fundamental regulator of endocytosis and endocytic sorting. Serotonin has the potential to enhance endocytosis through three distinct mechanisms - serotonin signalling, serotonylation and insertion into the plasma membrane - although the interplay and relationship between these mechanisms has not yet been explored. Endocytosis is central to the cellular response to the extracellular environment, controlling receptor distribution on the plasma membrane to modulate signalling, neurotransmitter release and uptake, circulating protein and lipid cargo uptake, and amino acid internalisation for cell proliferation. Uncovering the range of cellular and physiological circumstances in which serotonin regulates endocytosis is of great interest for our understanding of how serotonin regulates mood, and also the fundamental understanding of endocytosis and its regulation throughout the body. This article has an associated Future Leader to Watch interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Redpath
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nikita Deo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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8
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Black AR, Black JD. The complexities of PKCα signaling in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 80:100769. [PMID: 33307285 PMCID: PMC8141086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C α (PKCα) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the PKC family of serine/threonine kinases with diverse functions in normal and neoplastic cells. Early studies identified anti-proliferative and differentiation-inducing functions for PKCα in some normal tissues (e.g., regenerating epithelia) and pro-proliferative effects in others (e.g., cells of the hematopoietic system, smooth muscle cells). Additional well documented roles of PKCα signaling in normal cells include regulation of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and cell migration, and PKCα can function as a survival factor in many contexts. While a majority of tumors lose expression of PKCα, others display aberrant overexpression of the enzyme. Cancer-related mutations in PKCα are uncommon, but rare examples of driver mutations have been detected in certain cancer types (e. g., choroid gliomas). Here we review the role of PKCα in various cancers, describe mechanisms by which PKCα affects cancer-related cell functions, and discuss how the diverse functions of PKCα contribute to tumor suppressive and tumor promoting activities of the enzyme. We end the discussion by addressing mutations and expression of PKCα in tumors and the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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9
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Macias A, de la Cruz A, Peraza DA, de Benito-Bueno A, Gonzalez T, Valenzuela C. K V1.5-K Vβ1.3 Recycling Is PKC-Dependent. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031336. [PMID: 33572906 PMCID: PMC7866247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
KV1.5 channel function is modified by different regulatory subunits. KVβ1.3 subunits assemble with KV1.5 channels and induce a fast and incomplete inactivation. Inhibition of PKC abolishes the KVβ1.3-induced fast inactivation, decreases the amplitude of the current KV1.5–KVβ1.3 and modifies their pharmacology likely due to changes in the traffic of KV1.5–KVβ1.3 channels in a PKC-dependent manner. In order to analyze this hypothesis, HEK293 cells were transfected with KV1.5–KVβ1.3 channels, and currents were recorded by whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. The presence of KV1.5 in the membrane was analyzed by biotinylation techniques, live cell imaging and confocal microscopy approaches. PKC inhibition resulted in a decrease of 33 ± 7% of channels in the cell surface due to reduced recycling to the plasma membrane, as was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Live cell imaging indicated that PKC inhibition almost abolished the recycling of the KV1.5–KVβ1.3 channels, generating an accumulation of channels into the cytoplasm. All these results suggest that the trafficking regulation of KV1.5–KVβ1.3 channels is dependent on phosphorylation by PKC and, therefore, they could represent a clinically relevant issue, mainly in those diseases that exhibit modifications in PKC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Macias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Madrid CSIC-UAM. C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.l.C.); (D.A.P.); (A.d.B.-B.); (T.G.)
- CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (C.V.); Tel.: +34-91-453-1200 (A.M.); +34-91-585-4493 (C.V.)
| | - Alicia de la Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Madrid CSIC-UAM. C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.l.C.); (D.A.P.); (A.d.B.-B.); (T.G.)
| | - Diego A. Peraza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Madrid CSIC-UAM. C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.l.C.); (D.A.P.); (A.d.B.-B.); (T.G.)
- CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela de Benito-Bueno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Madrid CSIC-UAM. C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.l.C.); (D.A.P.); (A.d.B.-B.); (T.G.)
- CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Madrid CSIC-UAM. C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.l.C.); (D.A.P.); (A.d.B.-B.); (T.G.)
- CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Valenzuela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Madrid CSIC-UAM. C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.l.C.); (D.A.P.); (A.d.B.-B.); (T.G.)
- CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (C.V.); Tel.: +34-91-453-1200 (A.M.); +34-91-585-4493 (C.V.)
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10
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Heckman CA, Biswas T, Dimick DM, Cayer ML. Activated Protein Kinase C (PKC) Is Persistently Trafficked with Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Receptor. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1288. [PMID: 32906765 PMCID: PMC7563713 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase Cs (PKCs) are activated by lipids in the plasma membrane and bind to a scaffold assembled on the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR). Understanding how this complex is routed is important, because this determines whether EGFR is degraded, terminating signaling. Here, cells were preincubated in EGF-tagged gold nanoparticles, then allowed to internalize them in the presence or absence of a phorbol ester PKC activator. PKC colocalized with EGF-tagged nanoparticles within 5 min and migrated with EGFR-bearing vesicles into the cell. Two conformations of PKC-epsilon were distinguished by different primary antibodies. One, thought to be enzymatically active, was on endosomes and displayed a binding site for antibody RR (R&D). The other, recognized by Genetex green (GG), was soluble, on actin-rich structures, and loosely bound to vesicles. During a 15-min chase, EGF-tagged nanoparticles entered large, perinuclear structures. In phorbol ester-treated cells, vesicles bearing EGF-tagged nanoparticles tended to enter this endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) without the GG form. The correlation coefficient between the GG (inactive) and RR conformations on vesicles was also lower. Thus, active PKC has a Charon-like function, ferrying vesicles to the ERC, and inactivation counteracts this function. The advantage conferred on cells by aggregating vesicles in the ERC is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A. Heckman
- Department of Biological Sciences, 217 Life Science Building, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA;
| | - Tania Biswas
- Department of Biological Sciences, 217 Life Science Building, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA;
| | - Douglas M. Dimick
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, 104 Overman Hall, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA;
| | - Marilyn L. Cayer
- Center for Microscopy & Microanalysis, 217 Life Science Building, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA;
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11
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TRIB3-EGFR interaction promotes lung cancer progression and defines a therapeutic target. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3660. [PMID: 32694521 PMCID: PMC7374170 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High expression or aberrant activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is related to tumor progression and therapy resistance across cancer types, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are first-line therapy for NSCLC. However, patients eventually deteriorate after inevitable acquisition of EGFR TKI-resistant mutations, highlighting the need for therapeutics with alternative mechanisms of action. Here, we report that the elevated tribbles pseudokinase 3 (TRIB3) is positively associated with EGFR stability and NSCLC progression. TRIB3 interacts with EGFR and recruits PKCα to induce a Thr654 phosphorylation and WWP1-induced Lys689 ubiquitination in the EGFR juxtamembrane region, which enhances EGFR recycling, stability, downstream activity, and NSCLC stemness. Disturbing the TRIB3-EGFR interaction with a stapled peptide attenuates NSCLC progression by accelerating EGFR degradation and sensitizes NSCLC cells to chemotherapeutic agents. These findings indicate that targeting EGFR degradation is a previously unappreciated therapeutic option in EGFR-related NSCLC.
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12
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Hu H, Miao XK, Li JY, Zhang XW, Xu JJ, Zhang JY, Zhou TX, Hu MN, Yang WL, Mou LY. YC-1 potentiates the antitumor activity of gefitinib by inhibiting HIF-1α and promoting the endocytic trafficking and degradation of EGFR in gefitinib-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 874:172961. [PMID: 32044322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib exerts good therapeutic effect on NSCLC patients with sensitive EGFR-activating mutations. However, most patients ultimately relapse due to the development of drug resistance after 6-12 months of treatment. Here, we showed that a HIF-1α inhibitor, YC-1, potentiated the antitumor efficacy of gefitinib by promoting EGFR degradation in a panel of human NSCLC cells with wild-type or mutant EGFRs. YC-1 alone had little effect on NSCLC cell survival but significantly enhanced the antigrowth and proapoptotic effects of gefitinib. In insensitive NSCLC cell lines, gefitinib efficiently inhibited the phosphorylation of EGFR but not the downstream signaling of ERK, AKT and STAT3; however, when combined with YC-1 treatment, these signaling pathways were strongly impaired. Gefitinib treatment induced EGFR arrest in the early endosome, and YC-1 treatment promoted delayed EGFR transport into the late endosome as well as receptor degradation. Moreover, the YC-1-induced reduction of HIF-1α protein was associated with the enhancement of EGFR degradation. HIF-1α knockdown promoted EGFR degradation, showing synergistic antigrowth and proapoptotic effects similar to those of the gefitinib and YC-1 combination treatment in NSCLC cells. Our findings provide a novel combination treatment strategy with gefitinib and YC-1 to extend the usage of gefitinib and overcome gefitinib resistance in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Kang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jing-Yi Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jing-Jie Xu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jing-Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Tian-Xiong Zhou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ming-Ning Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Wen-Le Yang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ling-Yun Mou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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13
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Hoque M, Elmaghrabi YA, Köse M, Beevi SS, Jose J, Meneses-Salas E, Blanco-Muñoz P, Conway JRW, Swarbrick A, Timpson P, Tebar F, Enrich C, Rentero C, Grewal T. Annexin A6 improves anti-migratory and anti-invasive properties of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in EGFR overexpressing human squamous epithelial cells. FEBS J 2020; 287:2961-2978. [PMID: 31869496 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A6 (AnxA6), a member of the calcium (Ca2+ ) and membrane binding annexins, is known to stabilize and establish the formation of multifactorial signaling complexes. At the plasma membrane, AnxA6 is a scaffold for protein kinase Cα (PKCα) and GTPase-activating protein p120GAP to promote downregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. In human squamous A431 epithelial carcinoma cells, which overexpress EGFR, but lack endogenous AnxA6, restoration of AnxA6 expression (A431-A6) promotes PKCα-mediated threonine 654 (T654)-EGFR phosphorylation, which inhibits EGFR tyrosine kinase activity. This is associated with reduced A431-A6 cell growth, but also decreased migration and invasion in wound healing, matrigel, and organotypic matrices. Here, we show that A431-A6 cells display reduced EGFR activity in vivo, with xenograft analysis identifying increased pT654-EGFR levels, but reduced tyrosine EGFR phosphorylation compared to controls. In contrast, PKCα depletion in A431-A6 tumors is associated with strongly reduced pT654 EGFR levels, yet increased EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation and MAPK activity. Moreover, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs; gefitinib, erlotinib) more effectively inhibit cell viability, clonogenic growth, and wound healing of A431-A6 cells compared to controls. Likewise, the ability of AnxA6 to inhibit A431 motility and invasiveness strongly improves TKI efficacy in matrigel invasion assays. This correlates with a greatly reduced invasion of the surrounding matrix of TKI-treated A431-A6 when cultured in 3D spheroids. Altogether, these findings implicate that elevated AnxA6 scaffold levels contribute to improve TKI-mediated inhibition of growth and migration, but also invasive properties in EGFR overexpressing human squamous epithelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monira Hoque
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yasmin A Elmaghrabi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meryem Köse
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Syed S Beevi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaimy Jose
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elsa Meneses-Salas
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, IDIBAPS, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Blanco-Muñoz
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, IDIBAPS, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - James R W Conway
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander Swarbrick
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, IDIBAPS, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, IDIBAPS, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, IDIBAPS, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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HUNK phosphorylates EGFR to regulate breast cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2019; 39:1112-1124. [PMID: 31597954 PMCID: PMC6989402 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly over-expressed in metastatic breast cancer yet metastatic breast cancer is generally resistant to anti-EGFR therapies, and the mechanism for resistance to EGFR inhibitors in this setting is not fully understood. Hormonally up-regulated neu-associated kinase (HUNK) kinase is up-regulated in aggressive breast cancers and is thought to play a role in breast cancer metastasis. However, no studies have been conducted to examine a relationship between EGFR and HUNK in breast cancer metastasis. We performed a kinase substrate screen and identified that EGFR is phosphorylated by HUNK. Our studies show that HUNK phosphorylates EGFR at T654, enhancing receptor stability and downstream signaling. We found that increased phosphorylation of T654 EGFR correlates with increased epithelial to mesenchymal, migration and invasion, and metastasis. In addition, we found that HUNK expression correlates with overall survival and distant metastasis free survival. This study shows that HUNK directly phosphorylates EGFR at T654 to promote metastasis and is the first study to show that the phosphorylation of this site in EGFR regulates metastasis.
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15
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Childers CL, Tessier SN, Storey KB. The heart of a hibernator: EGFR and MAPK signaling in cardiac muscle during the hibernation of thirteen-lined ground squirrels, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7587. [PMID: 31534849 PMCID: PMC6732209 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) experience dramatic changes in physiological and molecular parameters during winter hibernation. Notably, these animals experience reduced blood circulation during torpor, which can put numerous stresses on their hearts. The present study evaluates the role played by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in signal transduction during hibernation at low body temperature to evaluate signaling mechanisms. By investigating the regulation of intracellular mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway responses, anti-apoptosis signals, downstream transcription factors, and heat shock proteins in cardiac muscle we aim to determine the correlation between upstream tyrosine phosphorylation events and downstream outcomes. Methods Protein abundance of phosphorylated EGFR, MAPKs and downstream effector proteins were quantified using immunoblotting and Luminex® multiplex assays. Results Monitoring five time points over the torpor/arousal cycle, EGFR phosphorylation on T654, Y1068, Y1086 was found to increase significantly compared with euthermic control values particularly during the arousal process from torpor, whereas phosphorylation at Y1045 was reduced during torpor. Phosphorylation of intracellular MAPK targets (p-ERK 1/2, p-JNK, p-p38) also increased strongly during the early arousal stage with p-p38 levels also rising during prolonged torpor. However, of downstream MAPK effector kinases that were measured, only p-Elk-1 levels changed showing a decrease during interbout arousal (IA). Apoptosis markers revealed a strong reduction of the pro-apoptotic p-BAD protein during entrance into torpor that remained suppressed through torpor and IA. However, active caspase-9 protein rose strongly during IA. Levels of p-AKT were suppressed during the transition phases into and out of torpor. Of four heat shock proteins assessed, only HSP27 protein levels changed significantly (a 40% decrease) during torpor. Conclusion We show evidence of EGFR phosphorylation correlating to activation of MAPK signaling and downstream p-ELK1 suppression during hibernation. We also demonstrate a reduction in p-BAD mediated pro-apoptotic signaling during hibernation with active caspase-9 protein levels increasing only during IA. I. tridecemlineatus has natural mechanisms of tissue protection during hibernation that is largely due to cellular regulation through phosphorylation-mediated signaling cascade. We identify a possible link between EGFR and MAPK signaling via p-ERK, p-p38, and p-JNK in the cardiac muscle of these hibernating mammals that correlates with an apparent reduction in caspase-9 apoptotic signaling. This reveals a piece of the mechanism behind how these mammals are resilient to cardiac stresses during hibernation that would otherwise be damaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shannon N Tessier
- BioMEMS Resource Center & Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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16
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Dietrich M, Malik MS, Skeie M, Bertelsen V, Stang E. Protein kinase C regulates ErbB3 turnover. Exp Cell Res 2019; 382:111473. [PMID: 31233741 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ErbB3, which belongs to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is involved in progression of several human cancers and a tight regulation of its expression is crucial. An important mechanism for regulation of ErbB proteins is endocytosis and we recently showed that ErbB3, contrary to other ErbB proteins, like EGFR and ErbB2, is constitutively internalized and degraded. Several studies show that protein kinase C (PKC) can regulate the activation, localization and stability of EGFR and ErbB2. Activation of PKC causes their down-regulation from the plasma membrane, but instead of being degraded the receptors accumulate in an endosomal recycling compartment. Since little is known about possible connections between ErbB3 and PKC, we have in the present study investigated effects PKC activity has on ErbB3 stability and intracellular trafficking. While PKC inhibition tends to increase ErbB3 degradation, activation of PKC causes ErbB3 stabilization. The stabilization was not due to inhibited internalization, on the contrary we find that expression of ErbB3 at the plasma membrane is reduced upon PMA-induced PKC activation. However, while endocytosed ErbB3 under normal conditions and upon PKC inhibition is found in early endosomal antigen 1 (EEA1) positive early endosomes and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) positive late endosomes/lysosomes, indicating that it follows the classic degradative pathway, ErbB3 localizes to EEA1 and LAMP1 negative compartments upon PMA-induced activation of PKC. Altogether this shows that PKC regulates the stability of ErbB3, and knockdown experiments show that PKCδ is essential in this process. A likely explanation is that PKC regulates endosomal sorting of ErbB3 and that activated PKC sorts ErbB3 away from the degradative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Dietrich
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Marianne Skeie
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Espen Stang
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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17
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Dietrich M, Malik MS, Nikolaysen F, Skeie M, Stang E. Protein kinase C mediated internalization of ErbB2 is independent of clathrin, ubiquitination and Hsp90 dissociation. Exp Cell Res 2018; 371:139-150. [PMID: 30098331 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of ErbB2 is frequent in cancer and understanding the mechanisms which regulate its expression is important. ErbB2 is considered endocytosis resistant. It has no identified ligand, but upon heterodimerization it is a potent mediator of proliferative signaling. A recent study established a role for protein kinase C (PKC) in internalization and recycling of ErbB2. We have now further investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in PKC-mediated downregulation of ErbB2. We confirm that PMA-induced PKC activation causes ErbB2 internalization, but while the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG induced ErbB2 degradation, PMA had no such effect. When combined with 17-AAG, PMA had additive effect on ErbB2 internalization indicating that Hsp90 inhibition and PKC activation induce internalization by alternative mechanisms. We confirm that while 17-AAG-induced internalization was clathrin-mediated, PMA-induced internalization was clathrin independent. This difference may be explained by while both 17-AAG and PMA reduced the constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of ErbB2, only 17-AAG induced Hsp90 dissociation, Hsp70 recruitment and ubiquitination of ErbB2. Importantly, since PMA induced internalization of ErbB2, but not dissociation of Hsp90, Hsp90 does not per se retain ErbB2 at the plasma membrane. The morphology of the compartment into which receptors are sorted upon PKC activation has not previously been identified. By immuno-electron microscopy, we show that PMA sorts ErbB2 into a complex tubulovesicular or cisternal organelle resembling a previously described endocytic recycling compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Dietrich
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Marianne Skeie
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Stang
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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18
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Delos Santos RC, Bautista S, Lucarelli S, Bone LN, Dayam RM, Abousawan J, Botelho RJ, Antonescu CN. Selective regulation of clathrin-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor signaling and endocytosis by phospholipase C and calcium. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2802-2818. [PMID: 28814502 PMCID: PMC5638584 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-12-0871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a major regulator of cell-surface protein internalization. Clathrin and other proteins assemble into small invaginating structures at the plasma membrane termed clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) that mediate vesicle formation. In addition, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is regulated by its accumulation within CCPs. Given the diversity of proteins regulated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis, how this process may distinctly regulate specific receptors is a key question. We examined the selective regulation of clathrin-dependent EGFR signaling and endocytosis. We find that perturbations of phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1), Ca2+, or protein kinase C (PKC) impair clathrin-mediated endocytosis of EGFR, the formation of CCPs harboring EGFR, and EGFR signaling. Each of these manipulations was without effect on the clathrin-mediated endocytosis of transferrin receptor (TfR). EGFR and TfR were recruited to largely distinct clathrin structures. In addition to control of initiation and assembly of CCPs, EGF stimulation also elicited a Ca2+- and PKC-dependent reduction in synaptojanin1 recruitment to clathrin structures, indicating broad control of CCP assembly by Ca2+ signals. Hence EGFR elicits PLCγ1-calcium signals to facilitate formation of a subset of CCPs, thus modulating its own signaling and endocytosis. This provides evidence for the versatility of CCPs to control diverse cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Christian Delos Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Stephen Bautista
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Stefanie Lucarelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Leslie N Bone
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Roya M Dayam
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - John Abousawan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Costin N Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada .,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
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19
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Mirisis AA, Alexandrescu A, Carew TJ, Kopec AM. The Contribution of Spatial and Temporal Molecular Networks in the Induction of Long-term Memory and Its Underlying Synaptic Plasticity. AIMS Neurosci 2016; 3:356-384. [PMID: 27819030 PMCID: PMC5096789 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2016.3.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to form long-lasting memories is critical to survival and thus is highly conserved across the animal kingdom. By virtue of its complexity, this same ability is vulnerable to disruption by a wide variety of neuronal traumas and pathologies. To identify effective therapies with which to treat memory disorders, it is critical to have a clear understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms which subserve normal learning and memory. A significant challenge to achieving this level of understanding is posed by the wide range of distinct temporal and spatial profiles of molecular signaling induced by learning-related stimuli. In this review we propose that a useful framework within which to address this challenge is to view the molecular foundation of long-lasting plasticity as composed of unique spatial and temporal molecular networks that mediate signaling both within neurons (such as via kinase signaling) as well as between neurons (such as via growth factor signaling). We propose that evaluating how cells integrate and interpret these concurrent and interacting molecular networks has the potential to significantly advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios A. Mirisis
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anamaria Alexandrescu
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas J. Carew
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley M. Kopec
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Huttunen M, Turkki P, Mäki A, Paavolainen L, Ruusuvuori P, Marjomäki V. Echovirus 1 internalization negatively regulates epidermal growth factor receptor downregulation. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moona Huttunen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/NanoScience Center; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Paula Turkki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/NanoScience Center; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Anita Mäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/NanoScience Center; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Lassi Paavolainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Pekka Ruusuvuori
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology; Tampere University of Technology, Pori-University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/NanoScience Center; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
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21
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Abstract
Receptor-targeted drug delivery has been extensively explored for active targeting. However, the scarce clinical applications of such delivery systems highlight the implicit hurdles in development of such systems. These hurdles begin with lack of knowledge of differential expression of receptors, their accessibility and identification of newer receptors. Similarly, ligand-specific challenges range from proper choice of ligand and conjugation chemistry, to release of drug/delivery system from ligand. Finally, nanocarrier systems, which offer improved loading, biocompatibility and reduced premature degradation, also face multiple challenges. This review focuses on understanding these challenges, and means to overcome such challenges to develop efficient, targeted drug-delivery systems.
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22
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Tan X, Lambert PF, Rapraeger AC, Anderson RA. Stress-Induced EGFR Trafficking: Mechanisms, Functions, and Therapeutic Implications. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:352-366. [PMID: 26827089 PMCID: PMC5120732 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has fundamental roles in normal physiology and cancer, making it a rational target for cancer therapy. Surprisingly, however, inhibitors that target canonical, ligand-stimulated EGFR signaling have proven to be largely ineffective in treating many EGFR-dependent cancers. Recent evidence indicates that both intrinsic and therapy-induced cellular stress triggers robust, noncanonical pathways of ligand-independent EGFR trafficking and signaling, which provides cancer cells with a survival advantage and resistance to therapeutics. Here, we review the mechanistic regulation of noncanonical EGFR trafficking and signaling, and the pathological and therapeutic stresses that activate it. We also discuss the implications of this pathway in clinical treatment of EGFR-overexpressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Tan
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Paul F Lambert
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alan C Rapraeger
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Richard A Anderson
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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23
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K.M. Ip C, Yin J, K.S. Ng P, Lin SY, B. Mills G. Genomic-Glycosylation Aberrations in Tumor Initiation, Progression and Management. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2016.4.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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24
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Belle L, Ali N, Lonic A, Li X, Paltridge JL, Roslan S, Herrmann D, Conway JRW, Gehling FK, Bert AG, Crocker LA, Tsykin A, Farshid G, Goodall GJ, Timpson P, Daly RJ, Khew-Goodall Y. The tyrosine phosphatase PTPN14 (Pez) inhibits metastasis by altering protein trafficking. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra18. [PMID: 25690013 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Factors secreted by tumor cells shape the local microenvironment to promote invasion and metastasis, as well as condition the premetastatic niche to enable secondary-site colonization and growth. In addition to this secretome, tumor cells have increased abundance of growth-promoting receptors at the cell surface. We found that the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN14 (also called Pez, which is mutated in various cancers) suppressed metastasis by reducing intracellular protein trafficking through the secretory pathway. Knocking down PTPN14 in tumor cells or injecting the peritoneum of mice with conditioned medium from PTPN14-deficient cell cultures promoted the growth and metastasis of breast cancer xenografts. Loss of catalytically functional PTPN14 increased the secretion of growth factors and cytokines, such as IL-8 (interleukin-8), and increased the abundance of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) at the cell surface of breast cancer cells and of FLT4 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3) at the cell surface of primary lymphatic endothelial cells. We identified RIN1 (Ras and Rab interactor 1) and PRKCD (protein kinase C-δ) as binding partners and substrates of PTPN14. Similar to cells overexpressing PTPN14, receptor trafficking to the cell surface was inhibited in cells that lacked PRKCD or RIN1 or expressed a nonphosphorylatable RIN1 mutant, and cytokine secretion was decreased in cells treated with PRKCD inhibitors. Invasive breast cancer tissue had decreased expression of PTPN14, and patient survival was worse when tumors had increased expression of the genes encoding RIN1 or PRKCD. Thus, PTPN14 prevents metastasis by restricting the trafficking of both soluble and membrane-bound proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Belle
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia. Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Naveid Ali
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Ana Lonic
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia. Department of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - James L Paltridge
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia. Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Suraya Roslan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- Cancer Research Program, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - James R W Conway
- Cancer Research Program, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Freya K Gehling
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Andrew G Bert
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Lesley A Crocker
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Anna Tsykin
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Gelareh Farshid
- Division of Tissue Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Gregory J Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia. Department of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. School and Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer Research Program, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yeesim Khew-Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia. Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. Department of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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25
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Bailey TA, Luan H, Tom E, Bielecki TA, Mohapatra B, Ahmad G, George M, Kelly DL, Natarajan A, Raja SM, Band V, Band H. A kinase inhibitor screen reveals protein kinase C-dependent endocytic recycling of ErbB2 in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30443-30458. [PMID: 25225290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.608992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ErbB2 overexpression drives oncogenesis in 20-30% cases of breast cancer. Oncogenic potential of ErbB2 is linked to inefficient endocytic traffic into lysosomes and preferential recycling. However, regulation of ErbB2 recycling is incompletely understood. We used a high-content immunofluorescence imaging-based kinase inhibitor screen on SKBR-3 breast cancer cells to identify kinases whose inhibition alters the clearance of cell surface ErbB2 induced by Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG. Less ErbB2 clearance was observed with broad-spectrum PKC inhibitor Ro 31-8220. A similar effect was observed with Go 6976, a selective inhibitor of classical Ca(2+)-dependent PKCs (α, β1, βII, and γ). PKC activation by PMA promoted surface ErbB2 clearance but without degradation, and ErbB2 was observed to move into a juxtanuclear compartment where it colocalized with PKC-α and PKC-δ together with the endocytic recycling regulator Arf6. PKC-α knockdown impaired the juxtanuclear localization of ErbB2. ErbB2 transit to the recycling compartment was also impaired upon PKC-δ knockdown. PMA-induced Erk phosphorylation was reduced by ErbB2 inhibitor lapatinib, as well as by knockdown of PKC-δ but not that of PKC-α. Our results suggest that activation of PKC-α and -δ mediates a novel positive feedback loop by promoting ErbB2 entry into the endocytic recycling compartment, consistent with reported positive roles for these PKCs in ErbB2-mediated tumorigenesis. As the endocytic recycling compartment/pericentrion has emerged as a PKC-dependent signaling hub for G-protein-coupled receptors, our findings raise the possibility that oncogenesis by ErbB2 involves previously unexplored PKC-dependent endosomal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tameka A Bailey
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950
| | - Haitao Luan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950; Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950
| | - Eric Tom
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950; Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950
| | - Timothy Alan Bielecki
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950
| | - Bhopal Mohapatra
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950; Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950
| | - Gulzar Ahmad
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950
| | - Manju George
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950
| | - David L Kelly
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950
| | - Srikumar M Raja
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950
| | - Vimla Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950; Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950
| | - Hamid Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950; Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950; Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950.
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26
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Hoque M, Rentero C, Cairns R, Tebar F, Enrich C, Grewal T. Annexins — Scaffolds modulating PKC localization and signaling. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1213-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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HER. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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28
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Liu M, Idkowiak-Baldys J, Roddy PL, Baldys A, Raymond J, Clarke CJ, Hannun YA. Sustained activation of protein kinase C induces delayed phosphorylation and regulates the fate of epidermal growth factor receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80721. [PMID: 24244711 PMCID: PMC3823608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that acute activation of members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family induced by activation of cellular receptors can transduce extracellular stimuli to intracellular signaling. However, the functions of sustained activation of PKC are not well studied. We have previously shown that sustained activation of classical PKC isoforms over 15-60 min induced the formation of the pericentrion, a subset of recycling endosomes that are sequestered perinuclearly in a PKC- and phospholipase D (PLD)-dependent manner. In this study, we investigated the role of this process in the phosphorylation of EGFR on threonine 654 (Thr-654) and in the regulation of intracellular trafficking and fate of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Sustained stimulation of the angiotensin II receptor induced translocation of the EGFR to the pericentrion, which in turn prevents full access of EGF to the EGFR. These effects required PKC and PLD activities, and direct stimulation of PKC with phorbol esters was sufficient to reproduce these effects. Furthermore, activation of PKC induced delayed phosphorylation of EGFR on Thr-654 that coincided with the formation of the pericentrion and which was dependent on PLD and endocytosis of EGFR. Thus, Thr-654 phosphorylation required the formation of the pericentrion. On the other hand, using a T654A mutant of EGFR, we find that the phosphorylation on Thr-654 was not required for translocation of EGFR to the pericentrion but was required for protection of EGFR from degradation in response to EGF. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel role for the pericentrion in the regulation of EGFR phosphorylation, which in turn is important for the fates of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Liu
- Department of Medicine and The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jolanta Idkowiak-Baldys
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Patrick L. Roddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Aleksander Baldys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Medical and Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - John Raymond
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Clarke
- Department of Medicine and The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Department of Medicine and The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Miaczynska M. Effects of membrane trafficking on signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a009035. [PMID: 24186066 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular trafficking machinery contributes to the spatial and temporal control of signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The primary role in this process is played by endocytic trafficking, which regulates the localization of RTKs and their downstream effectors, as well as the duration and the extent of their activity. The key regulatory points along the endocytic pathway are internalization of RTKs from the plasma membrane, their sorting to degradation or recycling, and their residence in various endosomal compartments. Here I will review factors and mechanisms that modulate RTK signaling by (1) affecting receptor internalization, (2) regulating the balance between degradation and recycling of RTK, and (3) compartmentalization of signals in endosomes and other organelles. Cumulatively, these mechanisms illustrate a multilayered control of RTK signaling exerted by the trafficking machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Miaczynska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
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30
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Kopec AM, Carew TJ. Growth factor signaling and memory formation: temporal and spatial integration of a molecular network. Learn Mem 2013; 20:531-9. [PMID: 24042849 PMCID: PMC3768197 DOI: 10.1101/lm.031377.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor (GF) signaling is critically important for developmental plasticity. It also plays a crucial role in adult plasticity, such as that required for memory formation. Although different GFs interact with receptors containing distinct types of kinase domains, they typically signal through converging intracellular cascades (e.g., Ras–MEK–MAPK) to mediate overlapping functional endpoints. Several GFs have been implicated in memory formation, but due to a high level of convergent signaling, the unique contributions of individual GFs as well as the interactions between GF signaling cascades during the induction of memory is not well known. In this review, we highlight the unique roles of specific GFs in dendritic plasticity, and discuss the spatial and temporal profiles of different GFs during memory formation. Collectively, the data suggest that the roles of GF signaling in long-lasting behavioral and structural plasticity may be best viewed as interactive components in a complex molecular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Kopec
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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Odintsova E, van Niel G, Conjeaud H, Raposo G, Iwamoto R, Mekada E, Berditchevski F. Metastasis suppressor tetraspanin CD82/KAI1 regulates ubiquitylation of epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26323-26334. [PMID: 23897813 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.439380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-induced ubiquitylation of EGF receptor (EGFR) is an important regulatory mechanism that controls endocytic trafficking of the receptor and its signaling potential. Here we report that tetraspanin CD82/KAI1 specifically suppresses ubiquitylation of EGFR after stimulation with heparin-binding EGF or amphiregulin and alters the rate of recruitment of the activated receptor to EEA1-positive endosomes. The suppressive effect of CD82 is dependent on the heparin-binding domain of the ligand. Deletion of the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of CD82 (CD82ΔC mutant) inhibits endocytic trafficking of the tetraspanin and compromises its activity toward heparin-binding EGF-activated EGFR. Reduced ubiquitylation of EGFR is accompanied by PKC-dependent increase in serine phosphorylation of c-Cbl in cells expressing elevated levels of CD82. Furthermore, phosphorylation of threonine 654 (PKC phosphorylation site) in the juxtamembrane domain of the receptor is considerably increased in CD82-expressing cells. These results describe previously unsuspected links between tetraspanin proteins and ubiquitylation of their molecular partners (e.g., EGFR). Our data identify CD82 as a new regulator of c-Cbl, which discriminatively controls the activity of this E3 ubiquitin ligase toward heparin-binding ligand-EGFR pairs. Taken together, these observations provide an important new insight into the modulatory role of CD82 in endocytic trafficking of EGF receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Odintsova
- From the School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom,.
| | - Guillaume van Niel
- the Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, and Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Conjeaud
- the Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII, 75205 Paris, France, and
| | - Graça Raposo
- the Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, and Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Ryo Iwamoto
- the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eisuke Mekada
- the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fedor Berditchevski
- From the School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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32
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Park M, Kim WK, Song M, Park M, Kim H, Nam HJ, Baek SH, Kim H. Protein kinase C-δ-mediated recycling of active KIT in colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4961-71. [PMID: 23881925 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Abnormal signaling through receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) moieties is important in tumorigenesis and drug targeting of colorectal cancers. Wild-type KIT (WT-KIT), a RTK that is activated upon binding with stem cell factor (SCF), is highly expressed in some colon cancers; however, little is known about the functional role of SCF-dependent KIT activation in colon cancer pathogenesis. We aimed to elucidate the conditions and roles of WT-KIT activation in colon cancer tumorigenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Colorectal cancers with KIT expression were characterized by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The biologic alterations after KIT-SCF binding were analyzed with or without protein kinase C (PKC) activation. RESULTS We found that WT-KIT was expressed in a subset of colon cancer cell lines and was activated by SCF, leading to activation of downstream AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. We also showed that KIT expression gradually decreased, after prolonged SCF stimulation, due to lysosomal degradation. Degradation of WT-KIT after SCF binding was significantly rescued when PKC was activated. We also showed the involvement of activated PKC-δ in the recycling of WT-KIT. We further showed that a subset of colorectal cancers exhibit expressions of both WT-KIT and activated PKC-δ and that expression of KIT is correlated with poor patient survival (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Continuous downstream signal activation after KIT-SCF binding is accomplished through PKC-δ-mediated recycling of KIT. This sustained KIT activation may contribute to tumor progression in a subset of colon cancers with KIT expression and might provide the rationale for a therapeutic approach targeting KIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misun Park
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pathology and Brain Korea 21 Projects for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine; and Department of Biological Sciences, Creative Research Initiative Center for Chromatin Dynamics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
Endocytosis is the major regulator of signaling from receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The canonical model of RTK endocytosis involves rapid internalization of an RTK activated by ligand binding at the cell surface and subsequent sorting of internalized ligand-RTK complexes to lysosomes for degradation. Activation of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of RTKs results in autophosphorylation, which is mechanistically coupled to the recruitment of adaptor proteins and conjugation of ubiquitin to RTKs. Ubiquitination serves to mediate interactions of RTKs with sorting machineries both at the cell surface and on endosomes. The pathways and kinetics of RTK endocytic trafficking, molecular mechanisms underlying sorting processes, and examples of deviations from the standard trafficking itinerary in the RTK family are discussed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Kuan Goh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Nakayama M, Sakai K, Yamashita A, Nakamura T, Suzuki Y, Matsumoto K. Met/HGF receptor activation is regulated by juxtamembrane Ser985 phosphorylation in hepatocytes. Cytokine 2013; 62:446-52. [PMID: 23618918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Met/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor plays a definitive role in hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration. Phosphorylation of Ser985 in Met (Met-Ser985) down regulate tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Met. However, mechanism of Met inactivation by Met-Ser985 phosphorylation and its biological significance on hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration are not well known. Here, we investigated biological role of Met-Ser985 phosphorylation in hepatocytes and liver. In primary cultured hepatocytes, HGF-dependent Met activation and mitogenesis were suppressed when Met-Ser985 was phosphorylated. Cell surface Met was decreased upon Met-Ser985 phosphorylation through endocytosis, suggesting a mechanism by which Met activation could be suppressed. In mice, HGF induced proliferation of hepatocyte in injured livers, but not in non-injured livers. Met-Ser985 phosphorylation was decreased after liver injury and associated with Met tyrosine phosphorylation/activation during liver regeneration. These results indicate that Met activation is regulated reciprocally to Met-Ser985 phosphorylation in the primary cultured hepatocytes and the liver following injury. Our study suggests that the phosphorylation of Met-Ser985 in hepatocytes plays a regulatory role in Met activation in response to quiescence, injury, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Nakayama
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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35
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Cotton CU, Hobert ME, Ryan S, Carlin CR. Basolateral EGF receptor sorting regulated by functionally distinct mechanisms in renal epithelial cells. Traffic 2012. [PMID: 23205726 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation of epithelial tissues is controlled by polarized distribution of signaling receptors including the EGF receptor (EGFR). In kidney, EGFRs are segregated from soluble ligands present in apical fluid of nephrons by selective targeting to basolateral membranes. We have shown previously that the epithelial-specific clathrin adaptor AP1B mediates basolateral EGFR sorting in established epithelia. Here we show that protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent phosphorylation of Thr654 regulates EGFR polarity as epithelial cells form new cell-cell junctional complexes. The AP1B-dependent pathway does not override a PKC-resistant T654A mutation, and conversely AP1B-defective EGFRs sort basolaterally by a PKC-dependent mechanism, in polarizing cells. Surprisingly, EGFR mutations that interfere with these different sorting pathways also produce very distinct phenotypes in three-dimensional organotypic cultures. Thus EGFRs execute different functions depending on the basolateral sorting route. Many renal disorders have defects in cell polarity and the notion that apically mislocalized EGFRs promote proliferation is still an attractive model to explain many aspects of polycystic kidney disease. Our data suggest EGFR also integrates various aspects of polarity by switching between different basolateral sorting programs in developing epithelial cells. Fundamental knowledge of basic mechanisms governing EGFR sorting therefore provides new insights into pathogenesis and advances drug discovery for these renal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin U Cotton
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA
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de Kreuk BJ, Anthony EC, Geerts D, Hordijk PL. The F-BAR protein PACSIN2 regulates epidermal growth factor receptor internalization. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43438-53. [PMID: 23129763 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.391078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling via growth factor receptors, including the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, is key to various cellular processes, such as proliferation, cell survival, and cell migration. In a variety of human diseases such as cancer, aberrant expression and activation of growth factor receptors can lead to disturbed signaling. Intracellular trafficking is crucial for proper signaling of growth factor receptors. As a result, the level of cell surface expression of growth factor receptors is an important determinant for the outcome of downstream signaling. BAR domain-containing proteins represent an important family of proteins that regulate membrane dynamics. In this study, we identify a novel role for the F-BAR protein PACSIN2 in the regulation of EGF receptor signaling. We show that internalized EGF as well as the (activated) EGF receptor translocated to PACSIN2-positive endosomes. Furthermore, loss of PACSIN2 increased plasma membrane expression of the EGF receptor in resting cells and increased EGF-induced phosphorylation of the EGF receptor. As a consequence, EGF-induced activation of Erk and Akt as well as cell proliferation were enhanced in PACSIN2-depleted cells. In conclusion, this study identifies a novel role for the F-BAR-domain protein PACSIN2 in regulating EGF receptor surface levels and EGF-induced downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart-Jan de Kreuk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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37
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Sakai H, Sakane F. Recent progress on type II diacylglycerol kinases: the physiological functions of diacylglycerol kinase , and and their involvement in disease. J Biochem 2012; 152:397-406. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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38
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Koese M, Rentero C, Kota BP, Hoque M, Cairns R, Wood P, Vilà de Muga S, Reverter M, Alvarez-Guaita A, Monastyrskaya K, Hughes WE, Swarbrick A, Tebar F, Daly RJ, Enrich C, Grewal T. Annexin A6 is a scaffold for PKCα to promote EGFR inactivation. Oncogene 2012; 32:2858-72. [PMID: 22797061 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase Cα (PKCα) can phosphorylate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at threonine 654 (T654) to inhibit EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation (pY-EGFR) and the associated activation of downstream effectors. However, upregulation of PKCα in a large variety of cancers is not associated with EGFR inactivation, and factors determining the potential of PKCα to downregulate EGFR are yet unknown. Here, we show that ectopic expression of annexin A6 (AnxA6), a member of the Ca(2+) and phospholipid-binding annexins, strongly reduces pY-EGFR levels while augmenting EGFR T654 phosphorylation in EGFR overexpressing A431, head and neck and breast cancer cell lines. Reduced EGFR activation in AnxA6 expressing A431 cells is associated with reduced EGFR internalization and degradation. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated PKCα knockdown in AnxA6 expressing A431 cells reduces T654-EGFR phosphorylation, but restores EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation, clonogenic growth and EGFR degradation. These findings correlate with AnxA6 interacting with EGFR, and elevated AnxA6 levels promoting PKCα membrane association and interaction with EGFR. Stable expression of the cytosolic N-terminal mutant AnxA6(1-175), which cannot promote PKCα membrane recruitment, does not increase T654-EGFR phosphorylation or the association of PKCα with EGFR. AnxA6 overexpression does not inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation of the T654A EGFR mutant, which cannot be phosphorylated by PKCα. Most strikingly, stable plasma membrane anchoring of AnxA6 is sufficient to recruit PKCα even in the absence of EGF or Ca(2+). In summary, AnxA6 is a new PKCα scaffold to promote PKCα-mediated EGFR inactivation through increased membrane targeting of PKCα and EGFR/PKCα complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koese
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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39
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van Baal J, de Widt J, Divecha N, van Blitterswijk WJ. Diacylglycerol kinase θ counteracts protein kinase C-mediated inactivation of the EGF receptor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1791-9. [PMID: 22732145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation is negatively regulated by protein kinase C (PKC) signaling. Stimulation of A431 cells with EGF, bradykinin or UTP increased EGFR phosphorylation at Thr654 in a PKC-dependent manner. Inhibition of PKC signaling enhanced EGFR activation, as assessed by increased phosphorylation of Tyr845 and Tyr1068 residues of the EGFR. Diacylglycerol is a physiological activator of PKC that can be removed by diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) activity. We found, in A431 and HEK293 cells, that the DGKθ isozyme translocated from the cytosol to the plasma membrane, where it co-localized with the EGFR and subsequently moved into EGFR-containing intracellular vesicles. This translocation was dependent on both activation of EGFR and PKC signaling. Furthermore, DGKθ physically interacted with the EGFR and became tyrosine-phosphorylated upon EGFR stimulation. Overexpression of DGKθ attenuated the bradykinin-stimulated, PKC-mediated EGFR phosphorylation at Thr654, and enhanced the phosphorylation at Tyr845 and Tyr1068. SiRNA-induced DGKθ downregulation enhanced this PKC-mediated Thr654 phosphorylation. Our data indicate that DGKθ translocation and activity is regulated by the concerted activity of EGFR and PKC and that DGKθ attenuates PKC-mediated Thr654 phosphorylation that is linked to desensitisation of EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen van Baal
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Schmees C, Villaseñor R, Zheng W, Ma H, Zerial M, Heldin CH, Hellberg C. Macropinocytosis of the PDGF β-receptor promotes fibroblast transformation by H-RasG12V. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2571-82. [PMID: 22573884 PMCID: PMC3386220 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-04-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast transformation by H-RasG12V induces internalization of PDGFRβ by macropinocytosis, enhancing its signaling activity and increasing anchorage-independent proliferation. It is proposed that H-Ras transformation promotes tumor progression by enhancing growth factor receptor signaling through increased receptor macropinocytosis. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is frequently increased in tumor cells, sometimes as a result of decreased receptor down-regulation. The extent to which the endocytic trafficking routes can contribute to such RTK hyperactivation is unclear. Here, we show for the first time that fibroblast transformation by H-RasG12V induces the internalization of platelet-derived growth factor β-receptor (PDGFRβ) by macropinocytosis, enhancing its signaling activity and increasing anchorage-independent proliferation. H-RasG12V transformation and PDGFRβ activation were synergistic in stimulating phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity, leading to receptor macropinocytosis. PDGFRβ macropinocytosis was both necessary and sufficient for enhanced receptor activation. Blocking macropinocytosis by inhibition of PI 3-kinase prevented the increase in receptor activity in transformed cells. Conversely, increasing macropinocytosis by Rabankyrin-5 overexpression was sufficient to enhance PDGFRβ activation in nontransformed cells. Simultaneous stimulation with PDGF-BB and epidermal growth factor promoted macropinocytosis of both receptors and increased their activation in nontransformed cells. We propose that H-Ras transformation promotes tumor progression by enhancing growth factor receptor signaling as a result of increased receptor macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schmees
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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41
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Sigismund S, Confalonieri S, Ciliberto A, Polo S, Scita G, Di Fiore PP. Endocytosis and signaling: cell logistics shape the eukaryotic cell plan. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:273-366. [PMID: 22298658 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of endocytosis has evolved remarkably in little more than a decade. This is the result not only of advances in our knowledge of its molecular and biological workings, but also of a true paradigm shift in our understanding of what really constitutes endocytosis and of its role in homeostasis. Although endocytosis was initially discovered and studied as a relatively simple process to transport molecules across the plasma membrane, it was subsequently found to be inextricably linked with almost all aspects of cellular signaling. This led to the notion that endocytosis is actually the master organizer of cellular signaling, providing the cell with understandable messages that have been resolved in space and time. In essence, endocytosis provides the communications and supply routes (the logistics) of the cell. Although this may seem revolutionary, it is still likely to be only a small part of the entire story. A wealth of new evidence is uncovering the surprisingly pervasive nature of endocytosis in essentially all aspects of cellular regulation. In addition, many newly discovered functions of endocytic proteins are not immediately interpretable within the classical view of endocytosis. A possible framework, to rationalize all this new knowledge, requires us to "upgrade" our vision of endocytosis. By combining the analysis of biochemical, biological, and evolutionary evidence, we propose herein that endocytosis constitutes one of the major enabling conditions that in the history of life permitted the development of a higher level of organization, leading to the actuation of the eukaryotic cell plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sigismund
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
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Pavarotti M, Capmany A, Vitale N, Colombo MI, Damiani MT. Rab11 is phosphorylated by classical and novel protein kinase C isoenzymes upon sustained phorbol ester activation. Biol Cell 2012; 104:102-15. [PMID: 22188018 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Rab11 is a small GTPase that controls diverse intracellular trafficking pathways. However, the molecular machinery that regulates the participation of Rab11 in those different transport events is poorly understood. In resting cells, Rab11 localizes at the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC), whereas the different protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms display a cytosolic distribution. RESULTS Sustained phorbol ester stimulation induces the translocation of the classical PKCα and PKCβII isoenzymes to the ERC enriched in Rab11, and results in transferrin recycling inhibition. In contrast, novel PKCε and atypical PKCζ isoenzymes neither redistribute to the perinucleus nor modify transferrin recycling transport after phorbol ester stimulation. Although several Rabs have been shown to be phosphorylated, there is to date no evidence indicating Rab11 as a kinase substrate. In this report, we show that Rab11 appears phosphorylated in vivo in phorbol ester-stimulated cells. A bioinformatic analysis of Rab11 allowed us to identify several high-probability Ser/Thr kinase phosphorylation sites. Our results demonstrate that classical PKC (PKCα and PKCβII but not PKCβI) directly phosphorylate Rab11 in vitro. In addition, novel PKCε and PKCη but not PKCδ isoenzymes also phosphorylate Rab11. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that Ser 177 is the Rab11 residue to be phosphorylated in vitro by either PKCβII or PKCε. In agreement, the phosphomimetic mutant, Rab11 S177D, retains transferrin at the ERC in the absence of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate stimulus. CONCLUSIONS This report shows for the first time that Rab11 is differentially phosphorylated by distinct PKC isoenzymes and that this post-translational modification might be a regulatory mechanism of intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Pavarotti
- IHEM-CONICET, National Research Council, School of Medicine, University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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Thariat J, Etienne-Grimaldi MC, Grall D, Bensadoun RJ, Cayre A, Penault-Llorca F, Veracini L, Francoual M, Formento JL, Dassonville O, De Raucourt D, Geoffrois L, Giraud P, Racadot S, Morinière S, Milano G, Van Obberghen-Schilling E. Epidermal growth factor receptor protein detection in head and neck cancer patients: a many-faceted picture. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1313-22. [PMID: 22228639 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Despite intensive biomarker studies, a consensual method for assessing EGFR protein expression is still lacking. Here we set out to compare three EGFR detection methods in tumor specimens from HNSCC patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumors were prospectively excised from a series of 79 high-risk HNSCC patients enrolled in a GORTEC-sponsored clinical trial. EGFR expression was determined using a ligand-binding assay on membranes, Western blotting (WB) on membranes and total homogenates, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue microarrays. In addition, phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR) was measured by WB on membranes. RESULTS Distributions and ranges of tumor EGFR expression were method dependent. Moderate positive correlations (Spearman coefficient r ≈ 0.50) were observed between EGFR expression measured by the binding assay and WB or IHC. pEGFR levels positively and significantly correlated with total EGFR expression measured by WB or ligand binding, but not by IHC. The highest correlation (r = 0.85) was observed between EGFR and pEGFR levels, both measured by WB on membranes. Interestingly, the fraction of phosphorylated receptor (pEGFR/EGFR both measured by WB on membranes) significantly declined with increasing tumor EGFR expression, by all assessment methods used. CONCLUSION This study shows significant correlations between EGFR detection methods. The observed relationships between EGFR and pEGFR indicate that high-throughput pEGFR/EGFR analyses merit further investigations and consideration for routine use in patient samples.
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Gunaratne A, Benchabane H, Di Guglielmo GM. Regulation of TGFβ receptor trafficking and signaling by atypical protein kinase C. Cell Signal 2012; 24:119-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hackel BJ, Neil JR, White FM, Wittrup KD. Epidermal growth factor receptor downregulation by small heterodimeric binding proteins. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 25:47-57. [PMID: 22160867 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzr056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
No single engineered protein has been shown previously to robustly downregulate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a validated cancer target. A panel of fibronectin-based domains was engineered to bind with picomolar to nanomolar affinity to multiple epitopes of EGFR. Monovalent and homo- and hetero-bivalent dimers of these domains were tested for EGFR downregulation. Selected orientations of non-competitive heterodimers decrease EGFR levels by up to 80% in multiple cell types, without activating receptor signaling. These heterodimers inhibit autophosphorylation, proliferation and migration, and are synergistic with the monoclonal antibody cetuximab in these activities. These small (25 kDa) heterodimers represent a novel modality for modulating surface receptor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Hackel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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46
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Huang WC, Chen YJ, Hung MC. Implication of nuclear EGFR in the development of resistance to anticancer therapies. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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47
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Abstract
The PRKs [protein kinase C-related kinases; also referred to as PKNs (protein kinase Ns)] are a kinase family important in diverse functions including migration and cytokinesis. In the present study, we have re-evaluated and compared the specificity of PKN1 and PKN3 and assessed the predictive value in substrates. We analysed the phosphorylation consensus motif of PKNs using a peptide library approach and demonstrate that both PKN1 and PKN3 phosphorylate serine residues in sequence contexts that have an arginine residue in position -3. In contrast, PKN1 and PKN3 do not tolerate arginine residues in position +1 and -1 respectively. To test the predictive value of this motif, site analysis was performed on the PKN substrate CLIP-170 (cytoplasmic linker protein of 170 kDa); a PKN target site was identified that conformed to the predicted pattern. Using a protein array, we identified 22 further substrates for PKN1, of which 20 were previously undescribed substrates. To evaluate further the recognition signature, the site on one of these hits, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), was identified. This identified Thr⁶⁵⁴ in EGFR as the PKN1 phosphorylation site and this retains an arginine residue at the -3 position. Finally, the constitutive phosphorylation of EGFR on Thr⁶⁵⁴ is shown to be modulated by PKN in vivo.
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Cornely R, Rentero C, Enrich C, Grewal T, Gaus K. Annexin A6 is an organizer of membrane microdomains to regulate receptor localization and signalling. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:1009-17. [PMID: 21990038 DOI: 10.1002/iub.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A6 (AnxA6) belongs to the conserved annexin protein family--a group of Ca(2+) -dependent membrane binding proteins. It is the largest of all annexin proteins and upon activation, binds to negatively charged phospholipids in the plasma membrane and endosomes. In addition, AnxA6 associates with cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains termed lipid rafts. Membrane cholesterol triggers Ca(2+) -independent translocation of AnxA6 to membranes and AnxA6 levels determine the number of caveolae, a form of specialized rafts at the cell surface. AnxA6 also has an F-actin binding domain and interacts with cytoskeleton components. Taken together, this suggests that AnxA6 has a scaffold function to link membrane microdomains with the organization of the cytoskeleton. Such a link facilitates AnxA6 to participate in plasma membrane repair and it would also impact on receptor signalling at the cell surface, growth factor, and lipoprotein receptor trafficking, Ca(2+) -channel activity and T cell activation. Hence, the regulation of cell surface receptors by AnxA6 may be facilitated by its unique structure that allows recruitment of interaction partners and simultaneously bridging specialized membrane domains with cortical actin surrounding activated receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Cornely
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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49
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Molecular mechanisms of cigarette smoke-induced proliferation of lung cells and prevention by vitamin C. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:561862. [PMID: 21772844 PMCID: PMC3136156 DOI: 10.1155/2011/561862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer dearth. Cigarette smoking is the strongest risk factor for developing lung cancer, which is conceivably initiated by proliferation. Here, we show that low concentration of aqueous extract of cigarette smoke (AECS) causes excessive proliferation of human lung epithelial cells (A549) without any apoptotic cell death. The causative factor responsible for AECS-induced proliferation has been identified as p-benzoquinone (p-BQ). Coimmunoprecipitation and immunoblot experiments indicate that p-BQ binds with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). However, in contrast to EGF, it causes aberrant phosphorylation of EGFR that lacks c-Cbl-mediated ubiquitination and degradation resulting in persistent activation of EGFR. This is followed by activation of Hras + Kras and the downstream survival and proliferative signaling molecules Akt and ERK1/2, as well as the nuclear transcription factors c-Myc and c-Fos. Vitamin C and/or antibody to p-BQ prevents AECS/p-BQ-induced proliferation of lung cells apparently by inactivating p-BQ and thereby preventing activation of EGFR and the downstream signaling molecules. The results suggest that vitamin C and/or antibody to p-BQ may provide a novel intervention for preventing initiation of lung cancer in smokers.
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Liccardi G, Hartley JA, Hochhauser D. EGFR nuclear translocation modulates DNA repair following cisplatin and ionizing radiation treatment. Cancer Res 2011; 71:1103-14. [PMID: 21266349 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression is associated with resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It modulates DNA repair after radiation-induced damage through association with the catalytic subunit of DNA protein kinase (DNA-PKcs). We investigated the role of EGFR nuclear import and its association with DNA-PKcs on DNA repair after exposure to cisplatin or ionizing radiation (IR). The model system was based on EGFR-null murine NIH3T3 fibroblasts in which EGFR expression was restored with isoforms that were wild-type (wt), derived from human cancers (L858R, EGFRvIII), or mutated in the nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence. In cells expressing wtEGFR or EGFRvIII, there was complete unhooking of cisplatin-induced interstrand cross-links and repair of IR-induced strand breaks. In contrast, cells expressing L858R or NLS mutations showed reduced unhooking of interstrand cross-links and repair of strand breaks. Immunoprecipitation showed wtEGFR and EGFRvIII binding to DNA-PKcs, increasing 2-fold 18 hours after cisplatin therapy. Confocal microscopy and proximity ligation assay showed that this interaction in the cytoplasm and nucleus was associated with increased DNA protein kinase complex (DNA-PK) activity. Cells expressing the EGFR L858R mutation, which has constitutive kinase activity, exhibited reduced DNA repair without nuclear localization. EGFR-NLS mutants showed impaired nuclear localization and DNA-PKcs association with reduced DNA repair and DNA-PK kinase activity. In summary, EGFR nuclear localization was required for modulation of cisplatin and IR-induced repair of DNA damage. EGFR-DNA-PKcs binding was induced by cisplatin or IR but not by EGFR nuclear translocation per se. Our findings show that EGFR subcellular distribution can modulate DNA repair kinetics, with implications for design of EGFR-targeted combinational therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmaria Liccardi
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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