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Tian S, Zhou N. Gaining New Insights into Fundamental Biological Pathways by Bacterial Toxin-Based Genetic Screens. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:884. [PMID: 37627769 PMCID: PMC10451959 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic screen technology has been applied to study the mechanism of action of bacterial toxins-a special class of virulence factors that contribute to the pathogenesis caused by bacterial infections. These screens aim to identify host factors that directly or indirectly facilitate toxin intoxication. Additionally, specific properties of certain toxins, such as membrane interaction, retrograde trafficking, and carbohydrate binding, provide robust probes to comprehensively investigate the lipid biosynthesis, membrane vesicle transport, and glycosylation pathways, respectively. This review specifically focuses on recent representative toxin-based genetic screens that have identified new players involved in and provided new insights into fundamental biological pathways, such as glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, protein glycosylation, and membrane vesicle trafficking pathways. Functionally characterizing these newly identified factors not only expands our current understanding of toxin biology but also enables a deeper comprehension of fundamental biological questions. Consequently, it stimulates the development of new therapeutic approaches targeting both bacterial infectious diseases and genetic disorders with defects in these factors and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhai Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nini Zhou
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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2
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Siukstaite L, Imberty A, Römer W. Structural Diversities of Lectins Binding to the Glycosphingolipid Gb3. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:704685. [PMID: 34381814 PMCID: PMC8350385 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.704685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids are present on the surfaces of all living cells and thereby represent targets for many protein receptors, such as lectins. Understanding the interactions between lectins and glycolipids is essential for investigating the functions of lectins and the dynamics of glycolipids in living membranes. This review focuses on lectins binding to the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), an attractive host cell receptor, particularly for pathogens and pathogenic products. Shiga toxin (Stx), from Shigella dysenteriae or Escherichia coli, which is one of the most virulent bacterial toxins, binds and clusters Gb3, leading to local negative membrane curvature and the formation of tubular plasma membrane invaginations as the initial step for clathrin-independent endocytosis. After internalization, it is embracing the retrograde transport pathway. In comparison, the homotetrameric lectin LecA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa can also bind to Gb3, triggering the so-called lipid zipper mechanism, which results in membrane engulfment of the bacterium as an important step for its cellular uptake. Notably, both lectins bind to Gb3 but induce distinct plasma membrane domains and exploit mainly different transport pathways. Not only, several other Gb3-binding lectins have been described from bacterial origins, such as the adhesins SadP (from Streptococcus suis) and PapG (from E. coli), but also from animal, fungal, or plant origins. The variety of amino acid sequences and folds demonstrates the structural versatilities of Gb3-binding lectins and asks the question of the evolution of specificity and carbohydrate recognition in different kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Siukstaite
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- CNRS, CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Burand AJ, Stucky CL. Fabry disease pain: patient and preclinical parallels. Pain 2021; 162:1305-1321. [PMID: 33259456 PMCID: PMC8054551 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Severe neuropathic pain is a hallmark of Fabry disease, a genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in lysosomal α-galactosidase A. Pain experienced by these patients significantly impacts their quality of life and ability to perform everyday tasks. Patients with Fabry disease suffer from peripheral neuropathy, sensory abnormalities, acute pain crises, and lifelong ongoing pain. Although treatment of pain through medication and enzyme replacement therapy exists, pain persists in many of these patients. Some has been learned in the past decades regarding clinical manifestations of pain in Fabry disease and the pathological effects of α-galactosidase A insufficiency in neurons. Still, it is unclear how pain and sensory abnormalities arise in patients with Fabry disease and how these can be targeted with therapeutics. Our knowledge is limited in part due to the lack of adequate preclinical models to study the disease. This review will detail the types of pain, sensory abnormalities, influence of demographics on pain, and current strategies to treat pain experienced by patients with Fabry disease. In addition, we discuss the current knowledge of Fabry pain pathogenesis and which aspects of the disease preclinical models accurately recapitulate. Understanding the commonalities and divergences between humans and preclinical models can be used to further interrogate mechanisms causing the pain and sensory abnormalities as well as advance development of the next generation of therapeutics to treat pain in patients with Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Burand
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Cheryl L. Stucky
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
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4
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Gao S, Ni C, Huang W, Hao H, Jiang H, Lv Q, Zheng Y, Liu P, Kong D, Jiang Y. The interaction between flagellin and the glycosphingolipid Gb3 on host cells contributes to Bacillus cereus acute infection. Virulence 2021; 11:769-780. [PMID: 32507026 PMCID: PMC7567440 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1773077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause emetic or diarrheal foodborne illness. Previous studies have identified multiple pathogenic B. cereus strains and characterized a variety of virulence factors. Here, we demonstrate that the virulence and lethality of B. cereus for mammalian cells and host animals involve the interaction of B. cereus flagellin proteins and the host-cell-surface-localized glycosphingolipid Gb3 (CD77, Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-Cer). We initially found that B. cereus infection was less lethal for Gb3-deficiencient A4galt−/- mice than for wild-type mice. Subsequent experiments established that some factor other than secreted toxins must account of the observed differential lethality: Gb3-deficiencient A4galt−/- mice were equally susceptible to secreted-virulence-factor-mediated death as WT mice, and we observed no differences in the bacterial loads of spleens or livers of mice treated with B. cereus strain vs. mice infected with a mutant variant of incapable of producing many secreted toxins. A screen for host-interacting B. cereus cell wall components identified the well-known flagellin protein, and both flagellin knockout strain assays and Gb3 inhibitor studies confirmed that flagellin does interact with Gb3 in a manner that affects B. cereus infection of host cells. Finally, we show that treatment with polyclonal antibody against flagellin can protect mice against B. cereus infection. Thus, beyond demonstrating a previously unappreciated interaction between a bacterial motor protein and a mammalian cell wall glycosphingolipid, our study will provide useful information for the development of therapies to treat infection of B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Chengpei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Huaijie Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Decong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
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Liu Y, Tian S, Thaker H, Dong M. Shiga Toxins: An Update on Host Factors and Biomedical Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:222. [PMID: 33803852 PMCID: PMC8003205 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are classic bacterial toxins and major virulence factors of toxigenic Shigella dysenteriae and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). These toxins recognize a glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3/CD77) as their receptor and inhibit protein synthesis in cells by cleaving 28S ribosomal RNA. They are the major cause of life-threatening complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), associated with severe cases of EHEC infection, which is the leading cause of acute kidney injury in children. The threat of Stxs is exacerbated by the lack of toxin inhibitors and effective treatment for HUS. Here, we briefly summarize the Stx structure, subtypes, in vitro and in vivo models, Gb3 expression and HUS, and then introduce recent studies using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome-wide screens to identify the host cell factors required for Stx action. We also summarize the latest progress in utilizing and engineering Stx components for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Songhai Tian
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hatim Thaker
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Johansson K, Willysson A, Kristoffersson AC, Tontanahal A, Gillet D, Ståhl AL, Karpman D. Shiga Toxin-Bearing Microvesicles Exert a Cytotoxic Effect on Recipient Cells Only When the Cells Express the Toxin Receptor. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:212. [PMID: 32523894 PMCID: PMC7261856 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin is the main virulence factor of non-invasive enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains capable of causing hemolytic uremic syndrome. Our group has previously shown that the toxin can reach the kidney within microvesicles where it is taken up by renal cells and the vesicles release their cargo intracellularly, leading to toxin-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death. The aim of this study was to examine if recipient cells must express the globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) toxin receptor for this to occur, or if Gb3-negative cells are also susceptible after uptake of Gb3-positive and toxin-positive microvesicles. To this end we generated Gb3-positive A4GALT–transfected CHO cells, and a vector control lacking Gb3 (CHO-control cells), and decreased Gb3 synthesis in native HeLa cells by exposing them to the glycosylceramide synthase inhibitor PPMP. We used these cells, and human intestinal DLD-1 cells lacking Gb3, and exposed them to Shiga toxin 2-bearing Gb3-positive microvesicles derived from human blood cells. Results showed that only recipient cells that possessed endogenous Gb3 (CHO-Gb3 transfected and native HeLa cells) exhibited cellular injury, reduced cell metabolism and protein synthesis, after uptake of toxin-positive microvesicles. In Gb3-positive cells the toxin introduced via vesicles followed the retrograde pathway and was inhibited by the retrograde transport blocker Retro-2.1. CHO-control cells, HeLa cells treated with PPMP and DLD-1 cells remained unaffected by toxin-positive microvesicles. We conclude that Shiga toxin-containing microvesicles can be taken up by Gb3-negative cells but the recipient cell must express endogenous Gb3 for the cell to be susceptible to the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Johansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annie Willysson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ashmita Tontanahal
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Gillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, (MTS), SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne-Lie Ståhl
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Furukawa K, Ohmi Y, Yesmin F, Tajima O, Kondo Y, Zhang P, Hashimoto N, Ohkawa Y, Bhuiyan RH, Furukawa K. Novel Molecular Mechanisms of Gangliosides in the Nervous System Elucidated by Genetic Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061906. [PMID: 32168753 PMCID: PMC7139306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic glycosphingolipids, i.e., gangliosides, are predominantly and consistently expressed in nervous tissues of vertebrates at high levels. Therefore, they are considered to be involved in the development and function of nervous systems. Recent studies involving genetic engineering of glycosyltransferase genes have revealed novel aspects of the roles of gangliosides in the regulation of nervous tissues. In this review, novel findings regarding ganglioside functions and their modes of action elucidated mainly by studies of gene knockout mice are summarized. In particular, the roles of gangliosides in the regulation of lipid rafts to maintain the integrity of nervous systems are reported with a focus on the roles in the regulation of neuro-inflammation and neurodegeneration via complement systems. In addition, recent advances in studies of congenital neurological disorders due to genetic mutations of ganglioside synthase genes and also in the techniques for the analysis of ganglioside functions are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (F.Y.); (O.T.); (P.Z.); (R.H.B.); (K.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-568-51-9512
| | - Yuhsuke Ohmi
- Department of Medical Technology, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan;
| | - Farhana Yesmin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (F.Y.); (O.T.); (P.Z.); (R.H.B.); (K.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan;
| | - Orie Tajima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (F.Y.); (O.T.); (P.Z.); (R.H.B.); (K.F.)
| | - Yuji Kondo
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan;
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (F.Y.); (O.T.); (P.Z.); (R.H.B.); (K.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan;
| | - Noboru Hashimoto
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-5, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan;
| | - Yuki Ohkawa
- Department of Glycooncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka 541-8567, Japan;
| | - Robiul H. Bhuiyan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (F.Y.); (O.T.); (P.Z.); (R.H.B.); (K.F.)
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (F.Y.); (O.T.); (P.Z.); (R.H.B.); (K.F.)
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Li D, Mukhopadhyay S. Functional analyses of the UDP-galactose transporter SLC35A2 using the binding of bacterial Shiga toxins as a novel activity assay. Glycobiology 2020; 29:490-503. [PMID: 30834435 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
SLC35A2 transports UDP-galactose from the cytosol to the lumen of the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum for glycosylation. Mutations in SLC35A2 induce a congenital disorder of glycosylation. Despite the biomedical relevance, mechanisms of transport via SLC35A2 and the impact of disease-associated mutations on activity are unclear. To address these issues, we generated a predicted structure of SLC35A2 and assayed for the effects of a set of structural and disease-associated mutations. Activity assays were performed using a rescue approach in ΔSLC35A2 cells and took advantage of the fact that SLC35A2 is required for expression of the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), the cell surface receptor for Shiga toxin 1 (STx1) and 2 (STx2). The N- and C-terminal cytoplasmic loops of SLC35A2 were dispensable for activity, but two critical glycine (Gly-202 and Gly-214) and lysine (Lys-78 and Lys-297) residues in transmembrane segments were required. Residues corresponding to Gly-202 and Gly-214 in the related transporter SLC35A1 form a substrate-translocating channel, suggesting that a similar mechanism may be involved in SLC35A2. Among the eight disease-associated mutations tested, SLC35A2 function was completely inhibited by two (S213F and G282R) and partially inhibited by three (R55L, G266V, and S304P), providing a straight-forward mechanism of disease. Interestingly, the remaining three (V331I, V258M, and Y267C) did not impact SLC35A2 function, suggesting that complexities beyond loss of transporter activity may underlie disease due to these mutations. Overall, our results provide new insights into the mechanisms of transport of SLC35A2 and improve understanding of the relationship between SLC35A2 mutations and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Somshuvra Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Miller JJ, Kanack AJ, Dahms NM. Progress in the understanding and treatment of Fabry disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129437. [PMID: 31526868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fabry disease is caused by α-galactosidase A deficiency. Substrates of this lysosomal enzyme accumulate, resulting in cellular dysfunction. Patients experience neuropathic pain, kidney failure, heart disease, and strokes. SCOPE OF REVIEW The clinical picture and molecular features of Fabry disease are described, along with updates on disease mechanisms, animal models, and therapies. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS How the accumulation of α-galactosidase A substrates, mainly glycosphingolipids, leads to organ damage is incompletely understood. Enzyme replacement and chaperone therapies are clinically available to patients, while substrate reduction, mRNA-based, and gene therapies are on the horizon. Animal models exist to optimize these therapies and elucidate disease mechanisms for novel treatments. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Recent newborn screening studies demonstrate that Fabry disease is the most common lysosomal storage disease. As many countries now include Fabry disease in their screening panels, the number of identified patients is expected to increase significantly. Better knowledge of disease pathogenesis is needed to improve treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Adam J Kanack
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Nancy M Dahms
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America.
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Tian S, Muneeruddin K, Choi MY, Tao L, Bhuiyan RH, Ohmi Y, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Boland S, Shaffer SA, Adam RM, Dong M. Genome-wide CRISPR screens for Shiga toxins and ricin reveal Golgi proteins critical for glycosylation. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006951. [PMID: 30481169 PMCID: PMC6258472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a fundamental modification of proteins and membrane lipids. Toxins that utilize glycans as their receptors have served as powerful tools to identify key players in glycosylation processes. Here, we carried out Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9-mediated genome-wide loss-of-function screens using two related bacterial toxins, Shiga-like toxins (Stxs) 1 and 2, which use a specific glycolipid, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), as receptors, and the plant toxin ricin, which recognizes a broad range of glycans. The Stxs screens identified major glycosyltransferases (GTs) and transporters involved in Gb3 biosynthesis, while the ricin screen identified GTs and transporters involved in N-linked protein glycosylation and fucosylation. The screens also identified lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 4 alpha (LAPTM4A), a poorly characterized four-pass membrane protein, as a factor specifically required for Stxs. Mass spectrometry analysis of glycolipids and their precursors demonstrates that LAPTM4A knockout (KO) cells lack Gb3 biosynthesis. This requirement of LAPTM4A for Gb3 synthesis is not shared by its homolog lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 4 beta (LAPTM4B), and switching the domains between them determined that the second luminal domain of LAPTM4A is required, potentially acting as a specific "activator" for the GT that synthesizes Gb3. These screens also revealed two Golgi proteins, Transmembrane protein 165 (TMEM165) and Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 2 (TM9SF2), as shared factors required for both Stxs and ricin. TMEM165 KO and TM9SF2 KO cells both showed a reduction in not only Gb3 but also other glycosphingolipids, suggesting that they are required for maintaining proper levels of glycosylation in general in the Golgi. In addition, TM9SF2 KO cells also showed defective endosomal trafficking. These studies reveal key Golgi proteins critical for regulating glycosylation and glycolipid synthesis and provide novel therapeutic targets for blocking Stxs and ricin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhai Tian
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Khaja Muneeruddin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mei Yuk Choi
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robiul H. Bhuiyan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuhsuke Ohmi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sebastian Boland
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Shaffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rosalyn M. Adam
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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11
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Hirama T, Lu SM, Kay JG, Maekawa M, Kozlov MM, Grinstein S, Fairn GD. Membrane curvature induced by proximity of anionic phospholipids can initiate endocytosis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1393. [PMID: 29123120 PMCID: PMC5680216 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane is uniquely enriched in phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). This anionic phospholipid is restricted almost exclusively to the inner leaflet of the plasmalemma. Because of their high density, the headgroups of anionic lipids experience electrostatic repulsion that, being exerted asymmetrically, is predicted to favor membrane curvature. We demonstrate that cholesterol limits this repulsion and tendency to curve. Removal of cholesterol or insertion of excess PtdSer increases the charge density of the inner leaflet, generating foci of enhanced charge and curvature where endophilin and synaptojanin are recruited. From these sites emerge tubules that undergo fragmentation, resulting in marked endocytosis of PtdSer. Shielding or reduction of the surface charge or imposition of outward membrane tension minimized invagination and PtdSer endocytosis. We propose that cholesterol associates with PtdSer to form nanodomains where the headgroups of PtdSer are maintained sufficiently separated to limit spontaneous curvature while sheltering the hydrophobic sterol from the aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirama
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X8.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, 3500495, Japan.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1T8
| | - Stella M Lu
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X8.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1T8.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Jason G Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Masashi Maekawa
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1T8.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine; Division of Cell Growth and Tumour Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, 7910295, Japan
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Room 546, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X8.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 1T8. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8. .,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8. .,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1P5.
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12
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Abstract
Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to host glycans has also been studied for decades. But such biological roles can only explain some of the remarkable complexity and organismal diversity of glycans in nature. Reviewing the subject about two decades ago, one could find very few clear-cut instances of glycan-recognition-specific biological roles of glycans that were of intrinsic value to the organism expressing them. In striking contrast there is now a profusion of examples, such that this updated review cannot be comprehensive. Instead, a historical overview is presented, broad principles outlined and a few examples cited, representing diverse types of roles, mediated by various glycan classes, in different evolutionary lineages. What remains unchanged is the fact that while all theories regarding biological roles of glycans are supported by compelling evidence, exceptions to each can be found. In retrospect, this is not surprising. Complex and diverse glycans appear to be ubiquitous to all cells in nature, and essential to all life forms. Thus, >3 billion years of evolution consistently generated organisms that use these molecules for many key biological roles, even while sometimes coopting them for minor functions. In this respect, glycans are no different from other major macromolecular building blocks of life (nucleic acids, proteins and lipids), simply more rapidly evolving and complex. It is time for the diverse functional roles of glycans to be fully incorporated into the mainstream of biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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13
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Watanabe H, Okahara K, Naito-Matsui Y, Abe M, Go S, Inokuchi J, Okazaki T, Kobayashi T, Kozutsumi Y, Oka S, Takematsu H. Psychosine-triggered endomitosis is modulated by membrane sphingolipids through regulation of phosphoinositide 4,5-bisphosphate production at the cleavage furrow. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2037-50. [PMID: 27170180 PMCID: PMC4927278 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-08-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endomitosis is a special type of mitosis in which only cytokinesis-the final step of the cell division cycle-is defective, resulting in polyploid cells. Although endomitosis is biologically important, its regulatory aspects remain elusive. Psychosine, a lysogalactosylceramide, prevents proper cytokinesis when supplemented to proliferating cells. Cytokinetic inhibition by psychosine does not inhibit genome duplication. Consequently cells undergo multiple rounds of endomitotic cell cycles, resulting in the formation of giant multiploid cells. Here we successfully quantified psychosine-triggered multiploid cell formation, showing that membrane sphingolipids ratios modulate psychosine-triggered polyploidy in Namalwa cells. Among enzymes that experimentally remodel cellular sphingolipids, overexpression of glucosylceramide synthase to biosynthesize glycosylsphingolipids (GSLs) and neutral sphingomyelinase 2 to hydrolyze sphingomyelin (SM) additively enhanced psychosine-triggered multiploidy; almost all of the cells became polyploid. In the presence of psychosine, Namalwa cells showed attenuated cell surface SM clustering and suppression of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate production at the cleavage furrow, both important processes for cytokinesis. Depending on the sphingolipid balance between GSLs and SM, Namalwa cells could be effectively converted to viable multiploid cells with psychosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kyohei Okahara
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuko Naito-Matsui
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Abe
- RIKEN Frontier Research System and RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembranes and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Jinichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembranes and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- RIKEN Frontier Research System and RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kozutsumi
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shogo Oka
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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14
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Westman JS, Benktander J, Storry JR, Peyrard T, Hult AK, Hellberg Å, Teneberg S, Olsson ML. Identification of the Molecular and Genetic Basis of PX2, a Glycosphingolipid Blood Group Antigen Lacking on Globoside-deficient Erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18505-18. [PMID: 26055721 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.655308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The x2 glycosphingolipid is expressed on erythrocytes from individuals of all common blood group phenotypes and elevated on cells of the rare P/P1/P(k)-negative p blood group phenotype. Globoside or P antigen is synthesized by UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:globotriaosyl-ceramide 3-β-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase encoded by B3GALNT1. It is the most abundant non-acid glycosphingolipid on erythrocytes and displays the same terminal disaccharide, GalNAcβ3Gal, as x2. We encountered a patient with mutations in B3GALNT1 causing the rare P-deficient P1 (k) phenotype and whose pretransfusion plasma was unexpectedly incompatible with p erythrocytes. The same phenomenon was also noted in seven other unrelated P-deficient individuals. Thin-layer chromatography, mass spectrometry, and flow cytometry were used to show that the naturally occurring antibodies made by p individuals recognize x2 and sialylated forms of x2, whereas x2 is lacking on P-deficient erythrocytes. Overexpression of B3GALNT1 resulted in synthesis of both P and x2. Knockdown experiments with siRNA against B3GALNT1 diminished x2 levels. We conclude that x2 fulfills blood group criteria and is synthesized by UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine: globotriaosylceramide 3-β-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Based on this linkage, we proposed that x2 joins P in the GLOB blood group system (ISBT 028) and is renamed PX2 (GLOB2). Thus, in the absence of a functional P synthase, neither P nor PX2 are formed. As a consequence, naturally occurring anti-P and anti-PX2 can be made. Until the clinical significance of anti-PX2 is known, we also recommend that rare P1 (k) or P2 (k) erythrocyte units are preferentially selected for transfusion to P(k) patients because p erythrocytes may pose a risk for hemolytic transfusion reactions due to their elevated PX2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Westman
- From the Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - John Benktander
- the Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jill R Storry
- From the Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden, the Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Office of Medical Services, Region Skåne, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thierry Peyrard
- the Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Département Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins, F-75015 Paris, France, and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Annika K Hult
- From the Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden, the Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Office of Medical Services, Region Skåne, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Åsa Hellberg
- From the Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden, the Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Office of Medical Services, Region Skåne, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Susann Teneberg
- the Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden,
| | - Martin L Olsson
- From the Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden, the Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Office of Medical Services, Region Skåne, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden,
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15
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Tyler A, Johansson A, Karlsson T, Gudey SK, Brännström T, Grankvist K, Behnam-Motlagh P. Targeting glucosylceramide synthase induction of cell surface globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in acquired cisplatin-resistance of lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 336:23-32. [PMID: 26004871 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired resistance to cisplatin treatment is a caveat when treating patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Ceramide increases in response to chemotherapy, leading to proliferation arrest and apoptosis. However, a tumour stress activation of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) follows to eliminate ceramide by formation of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) such as globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), the functional receptor of verotoxin-1. Ceramide elimination enhances cell proliferation and apoptosis blockade, thus stimulating tumor progression. GSLs transactivate multidrug resistance 1/P-glycoprotein (MDR1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) expression which further prevents ceramide accumulation and stimulates drug efflux. We investigated the expression of Gb3, MDR1 and MRP1 in NSCLC and MPM cells with acquired cisplatin resistance, and if GCS activity or MDR1 pump inhibitors would reduce their expression and reverse cisplatin-resistance. METHODS Cell surface expression of Gb3, MDR1 and MRP1 and intracellular expression of MDR1 and MRP1 was analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy on P31 MPM and H1299 NSCLC cells and subline cells with acquired cisplatin resistance. The effect of GCS inhibitor PPMP and MDR1 pump inhibitor cyclosporin A for 72h on expression and cisplatin cytotoxicity was tested. RESULTS The cisplatin-resistant cells expressed increased cell surface Gb3. Cell surface Gb3 expression of resistant cells was annihilated by PPMP whereas cyclosporin A decreased Gb3 and MDR1 expression in H1299 cells. No decrease of MDR1 by PPMP was noted in using flow cytometry, whereas a decrease of MDR1 in H1299 and H1299res was indicated with confocal microscopy. No certain co-localization of Gb3 and MDR1 was noted. PPMP, but not cyclosporin A, potentiated cisplatin cytotoxicity in all cells. CONCLUSIONS Cell surface Gb3 expression is a likely tumour biomarker for acquired cisplatin resistance of NSCLC and MPM cells. Tumour cell resistance to MDR1 inhibitors of cell surface MDR1 and Gb3 could explain the aggressiveness of NSCLC and MPM. Therapy with GCS activity inhibitors or toxin targeting of the Gb3 receptor may substantially reduce acquired cisplatin drug resistance of NSCLC and MPM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tyler
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umea, Sweden.
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umea, Sweden
| | - Terese Karlsson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, S-901 85 Umea, Sweden
| | - Shyam Kumar Gudey
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umea, Sweden
| | - Thomas Brännström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umea, Sweden
| | - Kjell Grankvist
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umea, Sweden
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16
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Astudillo L, Sabourdy F, Therville N, Bode H, Ségui B, Andrieu-Abadie N, Hornemann T, Levade T. Human genetic disorders of sphingolipid biosynthesis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:65-76. [PMID: 25141825 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Monogenic defects of sphingolipid biosynthesis have been recently identified in human patients. These enzyme deficiencies affect the synthesis of sphingolipid precursors, ceramides or complex glycosphingolipids. They are transmitted as autosomal recessive or dominant traits, and their resulting phenotypes often replicate the abnormalities seen in murine models deficient for the corresponding enzymes. In quite good agreement with the known critical roles of sphingolipids in cells from the nervous system and the epidermis, these genetic defects clinically manifest as neurological disorders, including paraplegia, epilepsy or peripheral neuropathies, or present with ichthyosis. The present review summarizes the genetic alterations, biochemical changes and clinical symptoms of this new group of inherited metabolic disorders. Hypotheses regarding the molecular pathophysiology and potential treatments of these diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Astudillo
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Team n 4, CHU Rangueil, BP, 84225, 31432, Toulouse, France
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17
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Manandhar Y, Bahadur KCT, Wang W, Uzawa T, Aigaki T, Ito Y. In vitro selection of a peptide aptamer that changes fluorescence in response to verotoxin. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:619-25. [PMID: 25374007 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A peptide aptamer that changes fluorescence upon binding to verotoxin was selected in vitro using ribosome display with a tRNA carrying an environment-sensitive fluorescent probe. The aptamer specifically bound to verotoxin with a dissociation constant (K d) of 3.94 ± 1.6 µM, and the fluorescence decreased by 78% as the verotoxin concentration was increased. The selected peptide can be used for detection of verotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasodha Manandhar
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan,
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18
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Lai YJ, Wu WY, Yang CM, Yang LR, Chu CC, Chan YS, Lin M, Yu LC. A systematic study of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in theA4GALTgene suggests a molecular genetic basis for the P1/P2blood groups. Transfusion 2014; 54:3222-31. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ju Lai
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yi Wu
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ming Yang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Li-Rong Yang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chung Chu
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yung-Syu Chan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Marie Lin
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Lung-Chih Yu
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
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19
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P1PK, GLOB, and FORS Blood Group Systems and GLOB Collection: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. Do We Understand It All Yet? Transfus Med Rev 2014; 28:126-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Kavaliauskiene S, Nymark CM, Bergan J, Simm R, Sylvänne T, Simolin H, Ekroos K, Skotland T, Sandvig K. Cell density-induced changes in lipid composition and intracellular trafficking. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1097-116. [PMID: 23921715 PMCID: PMC11113877 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell density is one of the extrinsic factors to which cells adapt their physiology when grown in culture. However, little is known about the molecular changes which occur during cell growth and how cellular responses are then modulated. In many cases, inhibitors, drugs or growth factors used for in vitro studies change the rate of cell proliferation, resulting in different cell densities in control and treated samples. Therefore, for a comprehensive data analysis, it is essential to understand the implications of cell density on the molecular level. In this study, we have investigated how lipid composition changes during cell growth, and the consequences it has for transport of Shiga toxin. By quantifying 308 individual lipid species from 17 different lipid classes, we have found that the levels and species distribution of several lipids change during cell growth, with the major changes observed for diacylglycerols, phosphatidic acids, cholesterol esters, and lysophosphatidylethanolamines. In addition, there is a reduced binding and retrograde transport of Shiga toxin in high density cells which lead to reduced intoxication by the toxin. In conclusion, our data provide novel information on how lipid composition changes during cell growth in culture, and how these changes can modulate intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kavaliauskiene
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carl-Martin Nymark
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas Bergan
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roger Simm
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Tore Skotland
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Labilloy A, Youker RT, Bruns JR, Kukic I, Kiselyov K, Halfter W, Finegold D, do Monte SJH, Weisz OA. Altered dynamics of a lipid raft associated protein in a kidney model of Fabry disease. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 111:184-92. [PMID: 24215843 PMCID: PMC3946758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and other neutral glycosphingolipids with galactosyl residues is the hallmark of Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (α-gal A). These lipids are incorporated into the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes, with a preference for lipid rafts. Disruption of raft mediated cell processes is implicated in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, but little is known about the effects of the accumulation of glycosphingolipids on raft dynamics in the context of Fabry disease. Using siRNA technology, we have generated a polarized renal epithelial cell model of Fabry disease in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. These cells present increased levels of Gb3 and enlarged lysosomes, and progressively accumulate zebra bodies. The polarized delivery of both raft-associated and raft-independent proteins was unaffected by α-gal A knockdown, suggesting that accumulation of Gb3 does not disrupt biosynthetic trafficking pathways. To assess the effect of α-gal A silencing on lipid raft dynamics, we employed number and brightness (N&B) analysis to measure the oligomeric status and mobility of the model glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein GFP-GPI. We observed a significant increase in the oligomeric size of antibody-induced clusters of GFP-GPI at the plasma membrane of α-gal A silenced cells compared with control cells. Our results suggest that the interaction of GFP-GPI with lipid rafts may be altered in the presence of accumulated Gb3. The implications of our results with respect to the pathogenesis of Fabry disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatália Labilloy
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Ciência sem Fronteiras, CNPq, Brazil
| | - Robert T Youker
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jennifer R Bruns
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ira Kukic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kirill Kiselyov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Willi Halfter
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - David Finegold
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | - Ora A Weisz
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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22
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Westman JS, Hellberg A, Peyrard T, Thuresson B, Olsson ML. Large deletions involving the regulatory upstream regions of A4GALT give rise to principally novel P1PK-null alleles. Transfusion 2014; 54:1831-5. [PMID: 24417201 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells of the clinically important p histo-blood group phenotype lack P1, P(k) , and P glycosphingolipid antigens. All cases investigated so far are due to alterations in the 4-α-galactosyltransferase-encoding Exon 3 of A4GALT. Repetitive elements in the genome can mediate DNA rearrangements, the most abundant being the Alu family of repeats. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The aim of this study was to determine the genetic basis of three p samples with intact A4GALT open reading frames, using long-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. In addition, transcript measurements were performed with quantitative PCR. RESULTS This is the first report of the p phenotype as the result of large deletions in A4GALT, comprising the proposed promoter and noncoding Exons 1 and 2a. The breakpoints were different in all three samples and revealed the presence of Alu or MIRb sequences directly flanking, or in close proximity to, all junctions. Furthermore, no A4GALT transcripts could be detected. CONCLUSION In summary, our data elucidate a new explanation underlying the p phenotype, implicating the deleted regions of A4GALT as crucial for P1 and P(k) synthesis, possibly due to loss of binding sites for erythroid transcription factors. Furthermore, analysis of these regions will improve genetic blood group prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Westman
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Arnold JW, Koudelka GB. The Trojan Horse of the microbiological arms race: phage-encoded toxins as a defence against eukaryotic predators. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:454-66. [PMID: 23981100 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phage-encoded Shiga toxin (Stx) acts as a bacterial defence against the eukaryotic predator Tetrahymena. To function as an effective bacterial anti-predator defence, Stx must kill a broad spectrum of predators. Consistent with that assertion, we show here that bacterially encoded Stx efficiently kills the bacteriovore Acanthamoeba castellanii in co-culture. We also show that, in addition to Stx, the phage-encoded exotoxin, diphtheria toxin (Dtx) expressed by Corynebacterium diphtheriae also can function as part of an anti-predator strategy; it kills Acanthamoeba in co-culture. Interestingly, only exotoxins produced by bacteria internalized by the Acanthamoeba predator are cytolethal; the presence of purified Dtx or Stx in culture medium has no effect on predator viability. This finding is consistent with our results indicating that intoxication of Acanthamoeba by these exotoxins does not require a receptor. Thus bacteria, in the disguise of a food source, function as a 'Trojan Horse', carrying genes encoding an exotoxin into target organisms. This 'Trojan Horse' mechanism of exotoxin delivery into predator cells allows intoxication of predators that lack a cell surface receptor for the particular toxin, allowing bacteria-bearing exotoxins to kill a broader spectrum of predators, increasing the fitness of the otherwise 'defenceless' prey bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Arnold
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
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Westman JS, Hellberg A, Peyrard T, Hustinx H, Thuresson B, Olsson ML. P1/P2 genotyping of known and novel null alleles in the P1PK and GLOB histo-blood group systems. Transfusion 2013; 53:2928-39. [PMID: 23927681 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rare but clinically important null phenotypes of the P1PK and GLOB blood group systems are due to alterations in A4GALT and B3GALNT1, respectively. A recently identified single-nucleotide polymorphism in Exon 2a of A4GALT predicts the common P1 and P2 phenotypes but rare variants have not been tested. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The aim of this study was to analyze 84 p, P1 (k) , and P2 (k) samples, with special emphasis on unknown alleles and the P(1) /P(2) marker. Of these, 27 samples came from individuals not previously investigated genetically and were therefore subjected to sequencing of A4GALT or B3GALNT1, and a subset was tested by flow cytometry. RESULTS The P(1) /P(2) genotyping linked 20 p-inducing mutations in A4GALT to P(1) or P(2) allelic background. Eight p alleles remain unlinked due to compound heterozygosity. For 23 of 25 P(k) samples, concordant results were observed: P1 (k) samples had at least one P(1) allele while P2 (k) had P(2) only. The two remaining samples typed as P1+ and P1+(w) but were genetically P(2) /P(2) . A tendency toward higher P(k) antigen expression was observed on P1 (k) cells compared to P2 (k) . In total, six previously unknown null mutations were found and characterized in A4GALT while four new changes were revealed in B3GALNT1. CONCLUSION For the first time, p alleles were shown to occur on both P(1) and P(2) allelic backgrounds. Furthermore, P(1) /P(2) genotyping predicted the P1 (k) versus P2 (k) phenotype in more than 90% of globoside-deficient samples. The number of GLOB-null alleles was increased by 50% and several P1PK-null alleles were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Westman
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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The Interaction between Pesticide Use and Genetic Variants Involved in Lipid Metabolism on Prostate Cancer Risk. J Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 2012:358076. [PMID: 22919386 PMCID: PMC3419400 DOI: 10.1155/2012/358076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Lipid metabolism processes have been implicated in prostate carcinogenesis. Since several pesticides are lipophilic or are metabolized via lipid-related mechanisms, they may interact with variants of genes in the lipid metabolism pathway. Methods. In a nested case-control study of 776 cases and 1444 controls from the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a prospective cohort study of pesticide applicators, we examined the interactions between 39 pesticides (none, low, and high exposure) and 220 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 59 genes. The false discovery rate (FDR) was used to account for multiple comparisons. Results. We found 17 interactions that displayed a significant monotonic increase in prostate cancer risk with pesticide exposure in one genotype and no significant association in the other genotype. The most noteworthy association was for ALOXE3 rs3027208 and terbufos, such that men carrying the T allele who were low users had an OR of 1.86 (95% CI = 1.16–2.99) and high users an OR of 2.00 (95% CI = 1.28–3.15) compared to those with no use of terbufos, while men carrying the CC genotype did not exhibit a significant association. Conclusion. Genetic variation in lipid metabolism genes may modify pesticide associations with prostate cancer; however our results require replication.
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Kościelak J. The hypothesis on function of glycosphingolipids and ABO blood groups revisited. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1170-84. [PMID: 22407244 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five years ago the author proposed new ideas of glycoprotein (GPs) and glycosphingolipid (GSLs) functions at the cell membrane. The GPs, apart from their glycan carrying capacity, were assumed to have specific, protein associated, functions. In contrast, GSLs such as those of globo and neolacto/lacto series, were considered to be energetically cheap membrane packing substances, filling in membrane spaces not covered with functional GPs. The terminal carbohydrate structures of the neolacto/lacto GSLs, i.e., sialic acid residues and ABH glycotopes, were postulated to have either regulatory or protective functions, respectively. A special active role was ascribed to terminal β-galactosyl residues of GSLs and GPs. Gangliosides were considered to be functional GSLs. In the present review the author discusses these old ideas in context of the contemporary knowledge and comes to the conclusion that they have not aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Kościelak
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Schmaltz
- The Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Takematsu H, Yamamoto H, Naito-Matsui Y, Fujinawa R, Tanaka K, Okuno Y, Tanaka Y, Kyogashima M, Kannagi R, Kozutsumi Y. Quantitative transcriptomic profiling of branching in a glycosphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27214-24. [PMID: 21665948 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.234526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular biosynthesis of macromolecules often involves highly branched enzyme pathways, thus cellular regulation of such pathways could be rather difficult. To understand the regulatory mechanism, a systematic approach could be useful. We genetically analyzed a branched biosynthetic pathway for glycosphingolipid (GSL) GM1 using correlation index-based responsible enzyme gene screening (CIRES), a novel quantitative phenotype-genotype correlation analysis. CIRES utilizes transcriptomic profiles obtained from multiple cells. Among a panel of B cell lines, expression of GM1 was negatively correlated with and suppressed by gene expression of CD77 synthase (CD77Syn), whereas no significant positive correlation was found for enzymes actually biosynthesizing GM1. Unexpectedly, a GM1-suppressive phenotype was also observed in the expression of catalytically inactive CD77Syn, ruling out catalytic consumption of lactosylceramide (LacCer) as the main cause for such negative regulation. Rather, CD77Syn seemed to limit other branching reaction(s) by targeting LacCer synthase (LacCerSyn), a proximal enzyme in the pathway, because they were closely localized in the Golgi apparatus and formed a complex. Moreover, turnover of LacCerSyn was accelerated upon CD77Syn expression to globally change the GSL species expressed. Collectively, these data suggest that transcriptomic assessment of macromolecule biosynthetic pathways can disclose a global regulatory mechanism(s) even when unexpected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Takematsu
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Storry JR, Castilho L, Daniels G, Flegel WA, Garratty G, Francis CL, Moulds JM, Moulds JJ, Olsson ML, Poole J, Reid ME, Rouger P, van der Schoot E, Scott M, Smart E, Tani Y, Yu LC, Wendel S, Westhoff C, Yahalom V, Zelinski T. International Society of Blood Transfusion Working Party on red cell immunogenetics and blood group terminology: Berlin report. Vox Sang 2011; 101:77-82. [PMID: 21401621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Storry
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Histo-blood group antigens belonging to the P1PK and GLOB blood group systems are involved in bacterial infections, but a substantial body of evidence is emerging that some of these glycosphingolipids play a role in HIV infection. These recent findings have raised additional questions regarding the possible role of the P/Gb3 histo-blood group antigen in HIV-1 infection. RECENT FINDINGS Early studies implicated a number of glycosphingolipids able to interact with HIV envelope glycoprotein 120. It has been recently reported that cellular or soluble P/Gb3 histo-blood group antigen provides protection from HIV-1 infection. This resistance mechanism appears to be mediated through inhibition of fusion of the HIV-1 envelope to the cell target membrane. Protection has been shown to be provided to both HIV-1 X4 and R5 tropic strains. Indeed, an inverse correlation has been documented between the expression of P/Gb3 on the cellular membrane and susceptibility to HIV infection. Moreover, soluble P/Gb3 analogues have been shown to inhibit HIV infection. SUMMARY The P/Gb3 histo-blood group antigen is the first described cell surface expressed natural resistance factor for prevention of HIV infection. Increased expression of P/Gb3 correlates to decreased HIV infection, whereas decreased or absent P/Gb3 increases HIV susceptibility. Soluble P/Gb3 analogues can inhibit HIV by two mechanisms: direct inhibition of the free virus and inhibition of viral entry. Future development of soluble P/Gb3 analogues, pharmacologic means of increasing cell surface expression of P/Gb3 on HIV susceptible target cells or both may result in novel therapeutic modalities for the prevention and eradication of HIV/AIDS.
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Identification of a novel A4GALT exon reveals the genetic basis of the P1/P2 histo-blood groups. Blood 2011; 117:678-87. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-301333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The A4GALT locus encodes a glycosyltransferase that synthesizes the terminal Galα1-4Gal of the Pk (Gb3/CD77) glycosphingolipid, important in transfusion medicine, obstetrics, and pathogen susceptibility. Critical nucleotide changes in A4GALT not only abolish Pk formation but also another Galα1-4Gal–defined antigen, P1, which belongs to the only blood group system for which the responsible locus remains undefined. Since known A4GALT polymorphisms do not explain the P1−Pk+ phenotype, P2, we set out to elucidate the genetic basis of P1/P2. Despite marked differences (P1 > P2) in A4GALT transcript levels in blood, luciferase experiments showed no difference between P1/P2-related promoter sequences. Investigation of A4GALT mRNA in cultured human bone marrow cells revealed novel transcripts containing only the noncoding exon 1 and a sequence (here termed exon 2a) from intron 1. These 5′-capped transcripts include poly-A tails and 3 polymorphic sites, one of which was P1/P2-specific among > 200 donors and opens a short reading frame in P2 alleles. We exploited these data to devise the first genotyping assays to predict P1 status. P1/P2 genotypes correlated with both transcript levels and P1/Pk expression on red cells. Thus, P1 zygosity partially explains the well-known interindividual variation in P1 strength. Future investigations need to focus on regulatory mechanisms underlying P1 synthesis.
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Wang YC, Chang CF, Lin HC, Lin KS, Lin KT, Hung CM, Lin TM. Functional characterisation of a complex mutation in the α(1,4)galactosyltransferase gene in Taiwanese individuals with p phenotype. Transfus Med 2010; 21:84-9. [PMID: 21092013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2010.01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Individuals with p phenotype lack P1, P(k) and P antigens on red blood cells, presumably as a result of deficiency in the enzyme α(1,4)galactosyltransferase (A4GALT). The aim of this study was to explore the molecular background of a Taiwanese family with p phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples from two p siblings and seven family members were investigated. The coding region of the A4GALT gene was analysed by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. The wild- and mutant-complementary DNAs (cDNAs) of A4GALT were cloned into an expression vector and transfected to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. P(k) expression on the transfected cells was analysed by flow cytometry and the activities of A4GALT were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The two individuals with p phenotype were homozygous for the complex mutation, which was caused by a combined deletion and insertion between nt 418 and 428. No expression of P(k) and no enzyme activity were observed in cells transfected with the mutant construct. CONCLUSION The first case of p phenotype in Taiwan was caused by a non-functional allele resulting from a homozygous complex mutation of A4GALT gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Wang
- Kaohsiung Blood Center, Taiwan Blood Services Foundation, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Yamaji T, Nishikawa K, Hanada K. Transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing (TMBIM) family proteins perturbs a trans-Golgi network enzyme, Gb3 synthase, and reduces Gb3 biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:35505-18. [PMID: 20837469 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.154229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) is a well known receptor for Shiga toxin (Stx), produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae. The expression of Gb3 also affects several diseases, including cancer metastasis and Fabry disease, which prompted us to look for factors involved in its metabolism. In the present study, we isolated two cDNAs that conferred resistance to Stx-induced cell death in HeLa cells by expression cloning: ganglioside GM3 synthase and the COOH terminus region of glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl-D-asparate-associated protein 1 (GRINA), a member of the transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing (TMBIM) family. Overexpression of the truncated form, named GRINA-C, and some members of the full-length TMBIM family, including FAS inhibitory molecule 2 (FAIM2), reduced Gb3, and lactosylceramide was accumulated instead. The change of glycolipid composition was restored by overexpression of Gb3 synthase, suggesting that the synthase is affected by GRINA-C and FAIM2. Interestingly, the mRNA level of Gb3 synthase was unchanged. Rather, localization of the synthase as well as TGN46, a trans-Golgi network marker, was perturbed to form punctate structures, and degradation of the synthase in lysosomes was enhanced. Furthermore, GRINA-C was associated with Gb3 synthase. These observations may demonstrate a new type of posttranscriptional regulation of glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yamaji
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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Zancada L, Sánchez-Juanes F, Alonso JM, Hueso P. Neutral glycosphingolipid content of ovine milk. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:19-26. [PMID: 20059899 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Milk glycosphingolipids (GSL) have been reported to participate in the newborn's defense against pathogens. Taking this into account, in this study we determined the neutral GSL content of ovine milk, including its fatty acid profile. Its role in bacterial adhesion was also addressed by immunodetection of separate GSL in a high-performance thin-layer chromatography overlay assay. Ovine milk has a neutral GSL pattern similar to human milk and includes lactosylceramide (LacCer; 45.7%), monohexosylceramide (glucosylceramide and galactosylceramide, 31.2%), globotriaosylceramide (Gb3; 19.1%), and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4; 3.5%). Globotriaosylceramide and Gb4 are present in human but not bovine milk. Neutral GSL contained C23:0 and C24:0 as the most abundant fatty acids, a finding consistent with its high content of very long chain fatty acids (longer than C20). Most fatty acids were saturated and had a low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Bovine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains bound strongly to LacCer and showed a weak binding to monohexosylceramide. The K99 strain also bound strongly to Gb3, and F41 to Gb4. Lactosylceramide, monohexosylceramide, and Gb3 were also observed to bind to human uropathogenic E. coli strains. The results reported here show the ability of neutral GSL in ovine milk to bind to E. coli strains. These compounds could be used as an alternative and available source to supplement infant or bovine formulas with a view to preventing bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zancada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Suzuki N, Yamamoto K. Molecular cloning of pigeon UDP-galactose:beta-D-galactoside alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase and UDP-galactose:beta-D-galactoside beta1,4-galactosyltransferase, two novel enzymes catalyzing the formation of Gal alpha1-4Gal beta1-4Gal beta1-4GlcNAc sequence. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5178-87. [PMID: 19959475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.018663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that pigeon IgG possesses unique N-glycan structures that contain the Gal alpha1-4Gal beta1-4Gal beta1-4GlcNAc sequence at their nonreducing termini. This sequence is most likely produced by putative alpha1,4- and beta1,4-galactosyltransferases (GalTs), which are responsible for the biosynthesis of the Gal alpha1-4Gal and Gal beta1-4Gal sequences on the N-glycans, respectively. Because no such glycan structures have been found in mammalian glycoproteins, the biosynthetic enzymes that produce these glycans are likely to have distinct substrate specificities from the known mammalian GalTs. To study these enzymes, we cloned the pigeon liver cDNAs encoding alpha4GalT and beta4GalT by expression cloning and characterized these enzymes using the recombinant proteins. The deduced amino acid sequence of pigeon alpha4GalT has 58.2% identity to human alpha4GalT and 68.0 and 66.6% identity to putative alpha4GalTs from chicken and zebra finch, respectively. Unlike human and putative chicken alpha4GalTs, which possess globotriosylceramide synthase activity, pigeon alpha4GalT preferred to catalyze formation of the Gal alpha1-4Gal sequence on glycoproteins. In contrast, the sequence of pigeon beta4GalT revealed a type II transmembrane protein consisting of 438 amino acid residues, with no significant homology to the glycosyltransferases so far identified from mammals and chicken. However, hypothetical proteins from zebra finch (78.8% identity), frogs (58.9-60.4%), zebrafish (37.1-43.0%), and spotted green pufferfish (43.3%) were similar to pigeon beta4GalT, suggesting that the pigeon beta4GalT gene was inherited from the common ancestors of these vertebrates. The sequence analysis revealed that pigeon beta4GalT and its homologs form a new family of glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Suzuki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
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Shiga toxin as a bacterial defense against a eukaryotic predator, Tetrahymena thermophila. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:5116-22. [PMID: 19502393 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00508-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterially derived exotoxins kill eukaryotic cells by inactivating factors and/or pathways that are universally conserved among eukaryotic organisms. The genes that encode these exotoxins are commonly found in bacterial viruses (bacteriophages). In the context of mammals, these toxins cause diseases ranging from cholera to diphtheria to enterohemorrhagic diarrhea. Phage-carried exotoxin genes are widespread in the environment and are found with unexpectedly high frequency in regions lacking the presumed mammalian "targets," suggesting that mammals are not the primary targets of these exotoxins. We suggest that such exotoxins may have evolved for the purpose of bacterial antipredator defense. We show here that Tetrahymena thermophila, a bacterivorous predator, is killed when cocultured with bacteria bearing a Shiga toxin (Stx)-encoding temperate bacteriophage. In cocultures with Tetrahymena, the Stx-encoding bacteria display a growth advantage over those that do not produce Stx. Tetrahymena is also killed by purified Stx. Disruption of the gene encoding the StxB subunit or addition of an excess of the nontoxic StxB subunit substantially reduced Stx holotoxin toxicity, suggesting that this subunit mediates intake and/or trafficking of Stx by Tetrahymena. Bacterially mediated Tetrahymena killing was blocked by mutations that prevented the bacterial SOS response (recA mutations) or by enzymes that breakdown H(2)O(2) (catalase), suggesting that the production of H(2)O(2) by Tetrahymena signals its presence to the bacteria, leading to bacteriophage induction and production of Stx.
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Protzer CE, Preiss A, Nagel AC. Drosophila alpha-1,4-glycosyltransferase (alpha-4GT1) inhibits reaper-mediated apoptosis in the eye. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 336:149-58. [PMID: 19252929 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In a genetic screen, alpha-4GT1 has been identified as a potential enhancer of Hairless-mediated cell death in the eye of Drosophila. alpha-4GT1 encodes an alpha-1,4-glycosyltransferase, known to catalyze the fifth step in a series of ceramide glycosylation events. As reported for other enzymes involved in the glycosylation of ceramide, alpha-4GT1 is strongly expressed during oogenesis and is deposited maternally in the egg. Moreover, the protein is enriched at cell membranes. Unexpectedly, overexpression of alpha-4GT1 does not enhance Hairless-mediated cell death; instead, Hairless enhancement is caused by an allele of Scutoid present on the alpha-4GT1 chromosome. Interestingly, the downregulation of alpha-4GT1 during eye development amplifies cell death induction by the pro-apoptotic gene reaper. Accordingly, overexpression of alpha-4GT1 represses reaper-induced cell death. Thus, alpha-4GT1 appears to be an inhibitor of apoptosis, as has previously been observed for other ceramide glycosylating enzymes, suggesting that it likewise contributes to ceramide anchoring in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Protzer
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Genetik (240), Garbenstrasse 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Biellmann F, Hülsmeier AJ, Zhou D, Cinelli P, Hennet T. The Lc3-synthase gene B3gnt5 is essential to pre-implantation development of the murine embryo. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:109. [PMID: 19014510 PMCID: PMC2596124 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Glycosphingolipids (GSL) are integral components of mammalian cell membranes that are involved in cell adhesion and cell signaling processes. GSL are subdivided into structural series, like ganglio-, lacto/neolacto-, globo- and isoglo-series, which are defined by distinct trisaccharide cores. The β1,3 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V (B3gnt5) enzyme catalyzes the formation of the Lc3 structure, which is the core of lactoseries derived GSL. Results The biological significance of the glycoconjugates produced by the B3gnt5 enzyme was investigated by inactivating the B3gnt5 gene in the mouse germline. The disruption of the B3gnt5 protein-coding region in mouse embryonic stem cells resulted in reduced Lc3-synthase activity, supporting its specific contribution to lactoseries derived GSL synthesis. Breeding of heterozygous mutant mice failed to produce any viable progeny homozygous for the B3gnt5-null allele. The genotypic examination of embryos from heterozygous crosses showed that the disruption of the B3gnt5 gene leads to pre-implantation lethality. This finding was compatible with the expression pattern of the B3gnt5 gene in the pre-implantation embryo as shown by in situ hybridization. The analysis of GSL profiles in embryonic stem cells heterozygous for the B3gnt5-null allele confirmed the reduced levels of lactoseries derived GSL levels and of other GSL species. Conclusion The disruption of the B3gnt5 gene in mice affected the expression of lactoseries derived GLS and possibly of protein-bound β3GlcNAc-linked glycans, thereby demonstrating an essential contribution of these glycoconjugates in early embryonic development, and supporting the importance of these glycoconjugates in cell differentiation and adhesion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Biellmann
- Institute of Physiology and Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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Okuda T, Nakayama KI. Identification and characterization of the human Gb3/CD77 synthase gene promoter. Glycobiology 2008; 18:1028-35. [PMID: 18757779 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is triggered by verotoxin (VT) produced by the Escherichia coli O157 strain. Several studies have demonstrated that VT induces endothelial cell (EC) death via the VT receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3/CD77) leading to this symptom. Inflammatory mediators which are produced as a result of E. coli O157 infection, increase the expression level of Gb3 in EC. Therefore increased expression of Gb3 is considered as a progression step for HUS. The increased expression of Gb3 is due to the transcriptional upregulation of Gb3/CD77 synthase gene (Gb3S, also known as alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase gene), the mechanism of which still remains unknown. To understand the transcriptional machinery and to elucidate the onset mechanism of HUS, we cloned and characterized the human Gb3S promoter. A modified 5'-RACE was used to determine the transcriptional initiation site, which revealed the presence of a TATA-less GC-rich sequence in the proximal region. Promoter activity measured using a luciferase assay demonstrated that the GC-rich sequence is necessary for the basal transcriptional activity, and two silencer elements located 5'-upstream of this GC-rich region regulated the transcriptional level. Furthermore, we found that the GC-rich sequence contained three potential Sp1 binding sites and that all three Sp1 binding elements acted as positive regulators. Since Sp1 is an inducer of several genes in the presence of the inflammatory cytokines in EC, our results suggest that the transcriptional regulation of the Gb3S gene by Sp1 might affect the VT sensitivity of EC and HUS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Okuda
- Glycolipids Function Analysis Team, Health Technology Research Center, National institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
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McKenzie J, Johannes L, Taguchi T, Sheff D. Passage through the Golgi is necessary for Shiga toxin B subunit to reach the endoplasmic reticulum. FEBS J 2008; 276:1581-95. [PMID: 19220458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Both Shiga holotoxin and the isolated B subunit, navigate a retrograde pathway from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of mammalian cells to deliver catalytic A subunits into the cytosol. This route passes through early/recycling endosomes and then through the Golgi. Although passage through the endosomes takes only 30 min, passage through the Golgi is much slower, taking hours. This suggests that Golgi passage is a key step in retrograde traffic. However, there is no empirical data demonstrating that Golgi passage is required for the toxins to enter the ER. In fact, an alternate pathway bypassing the Golgi is utilized by SV40 virus. Here we find that blocking Shiga toxin B access to the entire Golgi with AlF(4)(-) treatment, temperature block or subcellular surgery prevented Shiga toxin B from reaching the ER. This suggests that there is no direct endosome to ER route available for retrograde traffic. Curiously, when Shiga toxin B was trapped in endosomes, it entered the cytosol directly from the endosomal compartment. Our results suggest that trafficking through the Golgi apparatus is required for Shiga toxin B to reach the ER and that diversion into the Golgi may prevent toxin escape from endosomes into the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna McKenzie
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-2600, USA
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Hellberg A, Schmidt-Melbye AC, Reid ME, Olsson ML. Expression of a novel missense mutation found in the A4GALT gene of Amish individuals with the p phenotype. Transfusion 2007; 48:479-87. [PMID: 18067504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rare p phenotype is found at a higher frequency in Amish people than in other populations. Different mutations in the 4-alpha-galactosyltransferase gene (A4GALT), responsible for synthesis of P(k) (Gb(3)) antigen, have been found to cause the P(k)-deficient p phenotype. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular background of the p phenotype in people of Amish origin. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty blood samples with the p phenotype, 19 of them from Amish individuals and 1 Pakistani, were investigated. Amplification of genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing by capillary electrophoresis were performed. Blood donors of different geographic origin were screened with PCR-allele-specific primer to investigate whether the novel mutation occurs among individuals with common phenotypes. The mutation was also cloned into an expression vector and transfected to Namalwa cells, which do not normally express P(k). P(k) expression on the transfected cells and P/P(k) on red blood cells (RBCs), both with p and with common phenotypes, were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS All 20 samples were homozygous for 299C>T changing serine to leucine in a region that is highly conserved in homologous genes across species borders. The mutation was not found in any of the 500 alleles of blood donors investigated. P(k) expression was neither observed by serology and flow cytometry on p RBCs from Amish individuals nor following transfection of cells with constructs containing the novel missense mutation. CONCLUSION A novel A4GALT missense mutation causes the p phenotype in Amish individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Hellberg
- Lund University Hospital Blood Center, Lund, Sweden
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42
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Fukuda M, Kawakubo M, Ito Y, Kobayashi M, Lee H, Nakayama J. Assay of human gastric mucin as a natural antibiotic against Helicobacter pylori. Methods Enzymol 2006; 415:164-79. [PMID: 17116474 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)15011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects more than half of the world's population and is considered a leading cause of peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma. Although a large number of persons are infected with H. pylori, only a limited number of those infected (approximately 3%) develop peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma. The progression of the disease is restricted by deeper portion of the gastric mucosa, and in many persons glandular atrophy appears to be prevented by mucins secreted in the deeper portion of the mucosa. Recent studies have shown that this inhibitory activity is at least partly due to the expression of alpha1,4-N-acetylglucosamine residues attached to the mucin (MUC6) in the deeper portion of the mucosa. alpha1,4-N-acetylglucosamine residues inhibit cholesterol alpha-glucosyltransferase, the product of which constitutes a major component of H. pylori cell wall. This inhibitory activity is thus regarded as a natural antibiotic function. This chapter describes the assay for antibiotic activity of MUC6 mucin against H. pylori infection and growth as well as inhibition by alpha1,4-N-acetylglucosamine-capped mucin-type oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Fukuda
- Glycobiology Program, Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Abstract
Rho proteins are master regulators of a large array of cellular functions, including control of cell morphology, cell migration and polarity, transcriptional activation, and cell cycle progression. They are the eukaryotic targets of various bacterial protein toxins and effectors, which activate or inactivate the GTPases. Here Rho-inactivating toxins and effectors are reviewed, including the families of large clostridial cytotoxins and C3-like transferases, which inactivate Rho GTPases by glucosylation and ADP-ribosylation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aktories
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Albertstrasse 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Fujii Y, Numata SI, Nakamura Y, Honda T, Furukawa K, Urano T, Wiels J, Uchikawa M, Ozaki N, Matsuo SI, Sugiura Y, Furukawa K. Murine glycosyltransferases responsible for the expression of globo-series glycolipids: cDNA structures, mRNA expression, and distribution of their products. Glycobiology 2005; 15:1257-67. [PMID: 16079416 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological functions of globo-series glycosphingolipids are not well understood. In this study, murine cDNAs of two glycosyltransferases responsible for the synthesis of globo-series glycolipids and mRNA expression of those genes were analyzed. Distribution of their products was also analyzed. Murine cDNAs for Gb3/CD77 synthase and Gb4 synthase predicted that both of them are type II membrane proteins with 348 and 331 amino acids, respectively. In northern blotting, Gb3/CD77 synthase gene was mainly expressed in kidney and lung but also detected in many other tissues. Gb4 synthase was expressed in brain, heart, kidney, liver, skin, and testis. In the immunohistological analysis, Gb3/CD77 was mainly expressed in the proximal tubules as revealed with coincidental expression with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). In spleen, it was detected in pre-B cells in the peripheral region of the white pulp, as suggested with coincidental expression with CD10. It was also expressed on the endothelia of the alveolar capillaries in lung and on the sebaceous ducts aside of the hair follicles. Gb4 was also detected mainly on the proximal tubules in kidney and on the endothelia of the alveolar capillaries in lung as Gb3/CD77. But it was also detected on the epithelium of the bronchus, seminiferous tubules and tails of spermatozoa in testis, blood vessels of choroids plexus and endothelial cells in brain, and central and hepatoportal veins in liver. The expression patterns of two genes and their products almost corresponded with some exception. The results would provide essential information for the functional studies of globo-series glycolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Fujii
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
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Lögdberg L, Reid ME, Lamont RE, Zelinski T. Human blood group genes 2004: chromosomal locations and cloning strategies. Transfus Med Rev 2005; 19:45-57. [PMID: 15830327 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Of the 29 human blood group system genes, 27 have been localized to 14 autosomes and 2 have been assigned to the X chromosome. It is remarkable that 28 of the 29 system genes have now been localized to a single cytogenetic band on a specific chromosome. In this review, we summarize the chromosomal locations and cloning strategies used for those genes encoding blood group systems. We highlight such information about the 3 most recently defined blood group systems (I, GLOB, and GIL). In addition, we provide new information about 2 older blood group systems (SC and RAPH) whose polymorphisms have been defined in cloned genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Lögdberg
- Transfusion Medicine Program, Depatment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Mucha J, Domlatil J, Lochnit G, Rendić D, Paschinger K, HINTERKöRNER G, Hofinger A, Kosma P, Wilson I. The Drosophila melanogaster homologue of the human histo-blood group Pk gene encodes a glycolipid-modifying alpha1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Biochem J 2005; 382:67-74. [PMID: 15130086 PMCID: PMC1133916 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 04/29/2004] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insects express arthro-series glycosphingolipids, which contain an alpha1,4-linked GalNAc residue. To determine the genetic basis for this linkage, we cloned a cDNA (CG17223) from Drosophila melanogaster encoding a protein with homology to mammalian alpha1,4-glycosyltransferases and expressed it in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Culture supernatants from the transformed yeast were found to display a novel UDP-GalNAc:GalNAcbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta1-R alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity when using either a glycolipid, p-nitrophenylglycoside or an N-glycan carrying one or two terminal beta-N-acetylgalactosamine residues. NMR and MS in combination with glycosidase digestion and methylation analysis indicate that the cloned cDNA encodes an alpha1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. We hypothesize that this enzyme and its orthologues in other insects are required for the biosynthesis of the N5a and subsequent members of the arthro-series of glycolipids as well as of N-glycan receptors for Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin Cry1Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Mucha
- *Chemický ústav, Slovenská akadémia vied, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jiří Domlatil
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Günter Lochnit
- ‡Institut für Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dubravko Rendić
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Georg HINTERKöRNER
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Andreas Hofinger
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B. H. Wilson
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Götting C, Müller S, Schöttler M, Schön S, Prante C, Brinkmann T, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K. Analysis of the DXD motifs in human xylosyltransferase I required for enzyme activity. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:42566-73. [PMID: 15294915 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401340200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human xylosyltransferase I (XT-I) is the initial enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the glycosaminoglycan linker region in proteoglycans. Here, we tested the importance of the DXD motifs at positions 314-316 and 745-747 for enzyme activity and the nucleotide binding capacity of human XT-I. Mutations of the 314DED316 motif did not have any effect on enzyme activity, whereas alterations of the 745DWD747 motif resulted in reduced XT-I activity. Loss of function was observed after exchange of the highly conserved aspartic acid at position 745 with glycine. However, mutation of Asp745 to glutamic acid retained full enzyme activity, indicating the importance of an acidic amino acid at this position. Reduced substrate affinity was observed for mutants D747G (Km=6.9 microm) and D747E (Km=4.4 microm) in comparison with the wild-type enzyme (Km=0.9 microm). Changing the central tryptophan to a neutral, basic, or acidic amino acid resulted in a 6-fold lower Vmax, with Km values comparable with those of the wild-type enzyme. Despite the major effect of the DWD motif on XT-I activity, nucleotide binding was not abolished in the D745G and D747G mutants, as revealed by UDP-bead binding assays. Ki values for inhibition by UDP were determined to be 1.9-24.6 microm for the XT-I mutants. The properties of binding of XT-I to heparin-beads, the Ki constants for noncompetitive inhibition by heparin, and the activation by protamine were not altered by the generated mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Götting
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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Iwamura K, Furukawa K, Uchikawa M, Sojka BN, Kojima Y, Wiels J, Shiku H, Urano T, Furukawa K. The blood group P1 synthase gene is identical to the Gb3/CD77 synthase gene. A clue to the solution of the P1/P2/p puzzle. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:44429-38. [PMID: 12888565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301609200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood group P1/P2 is a glycolipid antigen system for which the genetic mechanism has not yet been clarified. We analyzed the potential of the cloned Gb3/CD77 synthase to synthesize P1 antigen, because Gb3/CD77 and P1 share a common structure, Galalpha1,4Galbeta1,4Glc (NAc)-. L cell transfectants with Gb3/CD77 synthase cDNA expressed marginal levels of P1 on the cell surface but contained high levels of P1 in the cytoplasm. P2-type erythrocytes, which were serotyped as P2, also contained definite P1 antigen inside cells, although the amounts were lower than those of P1 cells. Only p erythrocytes lacked P1 antigen corresponding with function-losing mutations in the Gb3/CD77 synthase gene. Synthesis of P1 antigen from paragloboside in vitro was demonstrated using membrane fraction of the transfectants and a fusion enzyme with protein A. These results strongly suggested that P1 synthase is identical to Gb3/CD77 synthase and appear to propose a clue for the solution of the long-pending P1/P2/p puzzle. The P1/P2 difference might result from the difference in P1 quantity based on either different enzyme activity or the presence/absence of other enzyme modulators. Because P2 erythrocytes showed lower levels of Gb3/CD77 synthase mRNA than P1, 5'-upstream promoter regions were analyzed, resulting in the identification of two P2-specific homozygous mutations. Differences in the transcriptional regulation in erythrocytes might be a major factor determining P1/P2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Iwamura
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
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Hellberg A, Steffensen R, Yahalom V, Sojka BN, Heier HE, Levene C, Poole J, Olsson ML. Additional molecular bases of the clinically important p blood group phenotype. Transfusion 2003; 43:899-907. [PMID: 12823750 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2003.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to explore the molecular basis of the p phenotype by analysis of the recently cloned 4-alpha-galactosyltransferase gene responsible for synthesis of Pk (Gb3) antigen. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Forty samples from individuals of eight different nationalities were investigated by serologic methods and DNA sequencing of the Pk gene. RESULTS Ten different Pk-null alleles, of which 6 are novel, were encountered. The 29 Swedes were homozygous for M183K or G187D, with the former as the predominant allele. Three Israelis were homozygous for a single-nucleotide deletion at codon 219 that shifts and truncates the reading frame by 5 amino acids. Two Italians were homozygous for a triplet deletion causing F81del, while an English donor was heterozygous for F81del but also carried another allele with a combined deletion and insertion. A Pole was heterozygous for alleles with either a single-base deletion at codon 257 or a mutation causing S97L. A Norwegian person and a Japanese person were homozygous for single-base insertions causing a premature stop at codon 282 or extension of the protein by 92 residues, respectively. In 2 samples no mutations were detected. CONCLUSION The genetic heterogeneity underlying the p phenotype is further emphasized by this study. To date, 11 p-specific mutations have been found in 14 distinct alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Hellberg
- Blood Center, Lund University Hospital and Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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