1
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CSNK2 in cancer: pathophysiology and translational applications. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:994-1003. [PMID: 34773100 PMCID: PMC8980014 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CSNK2 (CK2) is a pleiotropic serine/threonine kinase frequently dysregulated in solid and hematologic malignancies. To consolidate a wide range of biological and clinically oriented data from this unique kinase in cancer, this systematic review summarises existing knowledge from in vitro, in vivo and pre-clinical studies on CSNK2 across 24 different human cancer types. CSNK2 mRNA transcripts, protein levels and activity were found to be routinely upregulated in cancer, and commonly identified phosphotargets included AKT, STAT3, RELA, PTEN and TP53. Phenotypically, it frequently influenced evasion of apoptosis, enhancement of proliferation, cell invasion/metastasis and cell cycle control. Clinically, it held prognostic significance across 14 different cancers, and its inhibition in xenograft experiments resulted in a positive treatment response in 12. In conjunction with commentary on preliminary studies of CSNK2 inhibitors in humans, this review harmonises an extensive body of CSNK2 data in cancer and reinforces its emergence as an attractive target for cancer therapy. Continuing to investigate CSNK2 will be crucial to advancing our understanding of CSNK2 biology, and offers the promise of important new discoveries scientifically and clinically.
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2
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Reversible phase separation of HSF1 is required for an acute transcriptional response during heat shock. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:340-352. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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3
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Liu X, Fan Y, Zhang C, Dai M, Wang X, Li W. Nuclear Import of a Secreted " Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" Protein is Temperature Dependent and Contributes to Pathogenicity in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1684. [PMID: 31396191 PMCID: PMC6668550 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (CLas), one of the causal agents of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), secretes proteins with functions that are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that CLIBASIA_00460, one of the CLas-encoded Sec-dependent presecretory proteins, might contribute to the phytopathogenicity of CLas. CLIBASIA_00460 was conserved in CLas strains and expressed at a significantly higher level in citrus than in Asian citrus psyllid. Agrobacteria-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells showed that the mature CLIBASIA_00460 (m460) without the putative Sec-dependent signal peptide was localized in multiple cellular compartments including nucleus at 25°C, but that nuclear accumulation was greatly decreased as the temperature rose to 32°C. When overexpressed via a Potato virus X (PVX)-based expression vector in N. benthamiana, m460 induced no local symptoms, but tiny necrotic spots were scattered on the systemic leaves. However, NLS-m460, which contains the SV40 nuclear localization sequence (NLS) at the N-terminus to promote nuclear import of m460, caused chlorosis and necrosis in the local leaves and severe necrosis in the systemic leaves. Taken together, these data suggest that CLIBASIA_00460 represented a novel virulence factor of CLas, and that nuclear localization of this protein was temperature dependent and positively correlated with its pathogenicity in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelu Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Fan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meixue Dai
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Pirogov SA, Gvozdev VA, Klenov MS. Long Noncoding RNAs and Stress Response in the Nucleolus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070668. [PMID: 31269716 PMCID: PMC6678565 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) perform diverse functions in the regulation of cellular processes. Here we consider a variety of lncRNAs found in the ribosome production center, the nucleolus, and focus on their role in the response to environmental stressors. Nucleolar lncRNAs ensure stress adaptation by cessation of resource-intensive ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and by inducing the massive sequestration of proteins within the nucleolus. Different cell states like quiescence and cancer are also controlled by specific lncRNAs in the nucleolus. Taken together, recent findings allow us to consider lncRNAs as multifunctional regulators of nucleolar activities, which are responsive to various physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Pirogov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Gvozdev
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mikhail S Klenov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia.
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5
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Zhao Z, Sentürk N, Song C, Grummt I. lncRNA PAPAS tethered to the rDNA enhancer recruits hypophosphorylated CHD4/NuRD to repress rRNA synthesis at elevated temperatures. Genes Dev 2018; 32:836-848. [PMID: 29907651 PMCID: PMC6049515 DOI: 10.1101/gad.311688.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Attenuation of pre-rRNA synthesis in response to elevated temperature is accompanied by increased levels of PAPAS ("promoter and pre-rRNA antisense"), a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that is transcribed in an orientation antisense to pre-rRNA. Here we show that PAPAS interacts directly with DNA, forming a DNA-RNA triplex structure that tethers PAPAS to a stretch of purines within the enhancer region, thereby guiding associated CHD4/NuRD (nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation) to the rDNA promoter. Protein-RNA interaction experiments combined with RNA secondary structure mapping revealed that the N-terminal part of CHD4 interacts with an unstructured A-rich region in PAPAS. Deletion or mutation of this sequence abolishes the interaction with CHD4. Stress-dependent up-regulation of PAPAS is accompanied by dephosphorylation of CHD4 at three serine residues, which enhances the interaction of CHD4/NuRD with RNA and reinforces repression of rDNA transcription. The results emphasize the function of lncRNAs in guiding chromatin remodeling complexes to specific genomic loci and uncover a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism of CHD4/NuRD-mediated transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Zhao
- Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell II, German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum-Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nevcin Sentürk
- Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell II, German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum-Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chenlin Song
- Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell II, German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum-Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Grummt
- Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell II, German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum-Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Bitirim CV, Tuncay E, Turan B. Demonstration of subcellular migration of CK2α localization from nucleus to sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum in mammalian cardiomyocytes under hyperglycemia. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 443:25-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Glushkova OV, Khrenov MO, Novoselova TV, Lunin SM, Fesenko EE, Novoselova EG. The role of CK2 protein kinase in stress response of RAW 264.7 macrophages. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2015; 464:260-2. [PMID: 26530072 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496615050087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of casein kinase 2 (CK2) in the activation of the key NF-κB signaling cascade and other signaling and stress proteins during stress induced by exposure to nonthermal low-intensity electromagnetic radiation has been investigated. The ability of CK2 to regulate the activation of the NF-κB signaling cascade and upregulate the proinflammatory cytokine production and TLR4 receptor expression has been demonstrated. The existence of an alternative signaling pathway for NF-κB cascade activation directly involving protein kinase CK2 has been demonstrated using inhibition analysis in cells stressed by microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Glushkova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia.
| | - M O Khrenov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - T V Novoselova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - S M Lunin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - E E Fesenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - E G Novoselova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia
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8
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Filhol O, Giacosa S, Wallez Y, Cochet C. Protein kinase CK2 in breast cancer: the CK2β regulatory subunit takes center stage in epithelial plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3305-22. [PMID: 25990538 PMCID: PMC11113558 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structurally, protein kinase CK2 consists of two catalytic subunits (α and α') and two regulatory subunits (β), which play a critical role in targeting specific CK2 substrates. Compelling evidence shows the complexity of the CK2 cellular signaling network and supports the view that this enzyme is a key component of regulatory protein kinase networks that are involved in several aspects of cancer. CK2 both activates and suppresses the expression of a number of essential oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and its expression and activity are upregulated in blood tumors and virtually all solid tumors. The prognostic significance of CK2α expression in association with various clinicopathological parameters highlighted this kinase as an adverse prognostic marker in breast cancer. In addition, several recent studies reported its implication in the regulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an early step in cancer invasion and metastasis. In this review, we briefly overview the contribution of CK2 to several aspects of cancer and discuss how in mammary epithelial cells, the expression of its CK2β regulatory subunit plays a critical role in maintaining an epithelial phenotype through CK2-mediated control of key EMT-related transcription factors. Importantly, decreased CK2β expression in breast tumors is correlated with inefficient phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Snail1 and Foxc2, ultimately leading to EMT induction. This review highlights the pivotal role played by CK2β in the mammary epithelial phenotype and discusses how a modest alteration in its expression may be sufficient to induce dramatic effects facilitating the early steps in tumor cell dissemination through the coordinated regulation of two key transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Filhol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sofia Giacosa
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Yann Wallez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Cochet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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9
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Modulatory role of the anti-apoptotic protein kinase CK2 in the sub-cellular localization of Fas associated death domain protein (FADD). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2885-96. [PMID: 26253696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Fas associated death domain protein (FADD) is the key adaptor molecule of the apoptotic signal triggered by death receptors of the TNF-R1 superfamily. Besides its crucial role in the apoptotic machinery, FADD has proved to be important in many biological processes like tumorigenesis, embryonic development or cell cycle progression. In a process to decipher the regulatory mechanisms underlying FADD regulation, we identified the anti-apoptotic kinase, CK2, as a new partner and regulator of FADD sub-cellular localization. The blockade of CK2 activity induced FADD re-localization within the cell. Moreover, cytoplasmic FADD was increased when CK2β was knocked down. In vitro kinase and pull down assays confirmed that FADD could be phosphorylated by the CK2 holoenzyme. We found that phosphorylation is weak with CK2α alone and optimal in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of CK2α catalytic and CK2β regulatory subunit, showing that FADD phosphorylation is undertaken by the CK2 holoenzyme in a CK2β-driven fashion. We found that CK2 can phosphorylate FADD on the serine 200 and that this phosphorylation is important for nuclear localization of FADD. Altogether, our results show for the first time that multifaceted kinase, CK2, phosphorylates FADD and is involved in its sub-cellular localization. This work uncovered an important role of CK2 in stable FADD nuclear localization.
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10
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Vélez-Bermúdez IC, Carretero-Paulet L, Legnaioli T, Ludevid D, Pagès M, Riera M. Novel CK2α and CK2β subunits in maize reveal functional diversification in subcellular localization and interaction capacity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 235:58-69. [PMID: 25900566 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In plants, CK2α/β subunits are encoded by multigenic families. They assemble as heterotetrameric holoenzymes or remain as individual subunits and are usually located in distinct cell compartments. Here we revise the number of maize CK2α/β genes, bringing them up to a total of eight (four CK2α catalytic and four CK2β regulatory subunits). We characterize CK2β4, which presents nuclear localization and interacts with CK2α1, CK2α3, CK2β1, and CK2β3. We also describe two CK2α isoforms (CK2α2 and CK2α4) containing N-terminal extensions that correspond to putative cTPs (chloroplast transit peptides). These cTPs are functional and responsible for the subcellular localization of CK2α2 and CK2α4 in chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis of the CK2α gene family, further supported by the gene structure and architecture of conserved protein domains, reveals the evolutionary expansion and diversification of this family. The subcellular localization of all four CK2α isoforms was found to be altered when were co-expressed with CK2β, thereby pointing to the latter as regulators of CK2α localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Vélez-Bermúdez
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, Campus UAB - Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Carretero-Paulet
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, Campus UAB - Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Legnaioli
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, Campus UAB - Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Ludevid
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, Campus UAB - Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pagès
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, Campus UAB - Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Riera
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, Campus UAB - Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Wang Y, Chang H, Hu S, Lu X, Yuan C, Zhang C, Wang P, Xiao W, Xiao L, Xue GP, Guo X. Plastid casein kinase 2 knockout reduces abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity, thermotolerance, and expression of ABA- and heat-stress-responsive nuclear genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4159-75. [PMID: 24803505 PMCID: PMC4112627 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plastid casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a major Ser/Thr-specific enzyme for protein phosphorylation in the chloroplast stroma and its kinase activity is regulated by redox signals. To understand the role of CK2 phosphorylation of chloroplast proteins in abiotic stress signalling, an Arabidopsis plastid CK2 (CKA4) knockout mutant was investigated in terms of the plant response to abscisic acid (ABA) and heat stress. CKA4 expression was upregulated by ABA and heat treatment. The cka4 mutant showed reduced sensitivity to ABA during seed germination and seedling growth, and increased stomatal aperture and leaf water loss with a slightly reduced leaf ABA level. The cka4 mutant was more sensitive to heat stress than the wild-type Columbia-0. The expression levels of a number of genes in the ABA regulatory network were reduced in the cka4 mutant. Many heat-upregulated genes (heat-shock factors and heat-shock proteins) were also reduced in the cka4 mutant. The cka4 mutant showed reduced expression levels of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase target genes (atpB and psbA). CKA4 knockout mutation also resulted in a reduction in expression of some critical genes (PTM, ABI4, and PRS1) involved in retrograde signalling from the chloroplast to the nucleus. Similar results were observed in mutant plants with the knockout mutation in both CKA4 and CKA3, which encodes a nuclear CK2 α3 subunit. CKA3 expression was not responsive to ABA and heat stress. These results suggest that CKA4 is an enhancing factor in abiotic stress signalling through modulating the expression of some molecular players in retrograde signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hongping Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Shuai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiutao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Congying Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, PR China
| | - Gang-Ping Xue
- CSIRO Plant Industry, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Xinhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
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13
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Hosoi T, Korematsu K, Horie N, Suezawa T, Okuma Y, Nomura Y, Ozawa K. Inhibition of casein kinase 2 modulates XBP1-GRP78 arm of unfolded protein responses in cultured glial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40144. [PMID: 22768244 PMCID: PMC3387139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress signals cause abnormal proteins to accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Such stress is known as ER stress, which has been suggested to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, obesity and cancer. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to reduce levels of abnormal proteins by inducing the production of chaperon proteins such as GRP78, and to attenuate translation through the phosphorylation of eIF2α. However, excessive stress leads to apoptosis by generating transcription factors such as CHOP. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a serine/threonine kinase involved in regulating neoplasia, cell survival and viral infections. In the present study, we investigated a possible linkage between CK2 and ER stress using mouse primary cultured glial cells. 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBB), a CK2-specific inhibitor, attenuated ER stress-induced XBP-1 splicing and subsequent induction of GRP78 expression, but was ineffective against ER stress-induced eIF2α phosphorylation and CHOP expression. Similar results were obtained when endogenous CK2 expression was knocked-down by siRNA. Immunohistochemical analysis suggested that CK2 was present at the ER. These results indicate CK2 to be linked with UPR and to resist ER stress by activating the XBP-1-GRP78 arm of UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hosoi
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail: (KO); (TH)
| | - Kenta Korematsu
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naohiro Horie
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suezawa
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Okuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Sciences, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nomura
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ozawa
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail: (KO); (TH)
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14
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Kolaiti RM, Baier A, Szyszka R, Kouyanou-Koutsoukou S. Isolation of a CK2α subunit and the holoenzyme from the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and construction of the CK2α and CK2β cDNAs. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:505-516. [PMID: 20922551 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitous, highly pleiotropic, and constitutively active phosphotransferase that phosphorylates mainly serine and threonine residues. CK2 has been studied and characterized in many organisms, from yeast to mammals. The holoenzyme is generally composed of two catalytic (α and/or α') and two regulatory (β) subunits, forming a differently assembled tetramer. The free and catalytically active α/α' subunits can be present in cells under some circumstances. We present here the isolation of a putative catalytic CK2α subunit and holoenzyme from gills of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis capable of phosphorylating the purified recombinant ribosomal protein rMgP1. For further analysis of M. galloprovincialis protein kinase CK2, the cDNA molecules of CK2α and CK2β subunits were constructed and cloned into expression vectors, and the recombinant proteins were purified after expression in Escherichia coli. The recombinant MgCK2β subunit and MgP1 were phosphorylated by the purified recombinant MgCK2α subunit. The mussel enzyme presented features typical for CK2: affinity for GTP, inhibition by both heparin and ATP competitive inhibitors (TBBt, TBBz), and sensitivity towards NaCl. Predicted amino acid sequence comparison showed that the M. galloprovincialis MgCK2α and MgCK2β subunits have similar features to their mammalian orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina-Maria Kolaiti
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15701, Greece
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15
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Gupta RS, Ahnn J. Cadmium‐induced gene expression is regulated by MTF‐1, a key metal‐responsive transcription factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/12265071.2003.9647702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronojoy Sen Gupta
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology , Jadavpur University , Calcutta , 700032 , India Phone: E-mail:
| | - Joohong Ahnn
- b Department of Life Science , Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju , 500–712 , Korea
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López‐Ramos M, Prudent R, Moucadel V, Sautel CF, Barette C, Lafanechère L, Mouawad L, Grierson D, Schmidt F, Florent J, Filippakopoulos P, Bullock AN, Knapp S, Reise J, Cochet C. New potent dual inhibitors of CK2 and Pim kinases: discovery and structural insights. FASEB J 2010; 24:3171-85. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-143743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam López‐Ramos
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
- Centre de Recherche, Institut CurieUniversité Paris‐Sud Orsay France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U759Université Paris‐Sud Orsay France
| | - Renaud Prudent
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
| | - Virginie Moucadel
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
| | - Céline F. Sautel
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
| | - Caroline Barette
- CEADirection des Sciences du Vivant (DSV)iRTSV/Centre de Criblage pour Molécules Bio‐Actives (CBMA) Grenoble France
- CNRSUMR 5168CEADSViRTSV/CMBA Grenoble France
| | - Laurence Lafanechère
- CEADirection des Sciences du Vivant (DSV)iRTSV/Centre de Criblage pour Molécules Bio‐Actives (CBMA) Grenoble France
- CNRSUMR 5168CEADSViRTSV/CMBA Grenoble France
| | - Liliane Mouawad
- Centre de Recherche, Institut CurieUniversité Paris‐Sud Orsay France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U759Université Paris‐Sud Orsay France
| | - David Grierson
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Schmidt
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
| | - Jean‐Claude Florent
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
| | | | | | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine Oxford UK
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyOxford University Oxford UK
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Reise
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean‐Pierre EbelCEA‐CNRS‐UJF Grenoble France
- Partnership for Structural Biology Grenoble France
| | - Claude Cochet
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
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Ming M, Han W, Maddox J, Soltani K, Shea CR, Freeman DM, He YY. UVB-induced ERK/AKT-dependent PTEN suppression promotes survival of epidermal keratinocytes. Oncogene 2009; 29:492-502. [PMID: 19881543 PMCID: PMC2813408 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight is the major environmental cause of skin cancer. PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) is a proven critical tumor suppressor. We report here that UVB down-regulates PTEN in primary human keratinocytes, human HaCaT keratinocytes, and mouse skin. As compared to normal skin, the PTEN levels are reduced in human actinic keratosis, a precancerous skin lesion caused by solar UV. PTEN down-regulation is mediated by two mechanisms: (1) PTEN is cleaved by active caspase in apoptotic cells in which AKT activation is reduced; and (2) PTEN transcription is suppressed in surviving cells, and this suppression is independent of caspase activation and occurs in parallel with increased ERK and AKT activation. We report here that the combination of ERK and AKT activation is crucial for PTEN suppression in surviving cells following UVB irradiation. PTEN remains suppressed in these cells. AKT activation is higher in UVB-irradiated surviving cells as compared to UVB protected control cells. ERK and AKT pathways are involved in sustaining PTEN suppression in UVB-exposed cells. Increasing PTEN expression enhances apoptosis of keratinocytes in response to UVB radiation. Our findings indicate that (1) UVB radiation suppresses PTEN expression in keratinocytes, and (2) the ERK/AKT/PTEN axis may form a positive feedback loop following UVB irradiation. Identification of PTEN as a critical molecular target of UVB will add to our understanding of the pathogenesis of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ming
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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18
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Mueller T, Breuer P, Schmitt I, Walter J, Evert BO, Wüllner U. CK2-dependent phosphorylation determines cellular localization and stability of ataxin-3. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:3334-43. [PMID: 19542537 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear presence of the expanded disease proteins is of critical importance for the pathogeneses of polyglutamine diseases. Here we show that protein casein kinase 2 (CK2)-dependent phosphorylation controls the nuclear localization, aggregation and stability of ataxin-3 (ATXN3), the disease protein in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3). Serine 340 and 352 within the third ubiquitin-interacting motif of ATXN3 were particularly important for nuclear localization of normal and expanded ATXN3 and mutation of these sites robustly reduced the formation of nuclear inclusions; a putative nuclear leader sequence was not required. ATXN3 associated with CK2alpha and pharmacological inhibition of CK2 decreased nuclear ATXN3 levels and the formation of nuclear inclusions. Moreover, we found that ATXN3 shifted to the nucleus upon thermal stress in a CK2-dependent manner, indicating a key role of CK2-mediated phosphorylation of ATXN3 in SCA3 pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Mueller
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, UKB, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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19
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Chemnitz J, Pieper D, Grüttner C, Hauber J. Phosphorylation of the HuR ligand APRIL by casein kinase 2 regulates CD83 expression. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:267-79. [PMID: 19130553 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Fully mature DC and, to a lesser extent, activated T and B cells express CD83, a surface molecule that appears to fulfil an important role in efficient T-cell activation. Recently, it has been shown that CD83 mRNA is transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by an uncommon route, involving the cellular RNA-binding protein HuR and the nuclear export receptor CRM1. Moreover, the shuttle phosphoprotein APRIL (ANP32B) has been shown to be required for HuR-mediated nucleocytoplasmic translocation of the CD83 mRNA by acting as an adaptor that links HuR and CRM1. Here, we are able to report that casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylates APRIL on residue threonine244 (Thr(244)) and demonstrate that the CK2-specific inhibitor 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-azabenzimidazole abolishes CD83 expression in activated Jurkat T cells by interfering with the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of CD83 mRNA. Depletion and knockdown studies demonstrate that the CK2 alpha' subunit is necessary for this regulation, whereas the CK2 alpha subunit seems to be dispensable. Taken together, the data presented significantly extend our knowledge of the complex regulation of CD83 mRNA processing and provides a novel strategy to interfere with CD83 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Chemnitz
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse, Hamburg, Germany.
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20
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Cox MB, Riggs DL, Hessling M, Schumacher F, Buchner J, Smith DF. FK506-binding protein 52 phosphorylation: a potential mechanism for regulating steroid hormone receptor activity. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:2956-67. [PMID: 17717070 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional maturation of steroid hormone receptors requires ordered assembly into a large multichaperone complex consisting of receptor monomer, an Hsp90 dimer, the p23 cochaperone, and an FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family member or alternate peptidylprolyl isomerase-related cochaperone. Previous cellular studies demonstrated that FKBP52 can potentiate receptor function. These results have been confirmed in fkbp4 gene knockout mice in which males are partially androgen insensitive and females display characteristics of progesterone insensitivity. Conversely, FKBP51, which has a high degree of similarity to FKBP52, antagonizes FKBP52-mediated potentiation. Both proteins consist of three domains: two FKBP12-like domains termed FK1 and FK2 and a tetratricopeptide repeat domain that targets binding to Hsp90. To help understand why the two FKBPs behave differently and to gain insight into FKBP52 potentiation activity, we have analyzed the loop structure that links FK1 and FK2. Within the FK linker of FKBP52 is the sequence TEEED, which forms a consensus casein kinase II phosphorylation site; the corresponding sequence in FKBP51 is FED. We demonstrate that the distinct FK linker sequences per se do not account for lack of potentiation activity by FKBP51. However, phosphorylation of the FK linker appears to be an important regulatory determinant of FKBP52-mediated potentiation of steroid receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc B Cox
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, S. C. Johnson Research Building, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA.
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21
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Parhar K, Morse J, Salh B. The role of protein kinase CK2 in intestinal epithelial cell inflammatory signaling. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007; 22:601-9. [PMID: 17009010 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-006-0193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor NF-kappaB is believed to play a key pathophysiological role in chronic intestinal inflammation. Further characterization of its mechanism of regulation, predominantly through cell signaling pathways, may provide clues as to the means of its intervention. One such potential signaling candidate is the protein kinase CK2. Despite its known ability to influence NF-kappaB activation, it has received no attention in this particular setting. AIM To characterize the aspects of its activation in response to IL-1beta in the colonic cell lines Caco2 and HCT116. MATERIALS AND METHODS A biochemical analysis of kinase activation was performed using phospho-specific antibodies as well as immune complex kinase assays; transcription factor activity was measured by transient transfection and luciferase-based NF-kappaB reporter assays; pro-inflammatory molecule expression was determined using RT-PCR. RESULTS In this report, we show an enhanced activation of CK2 bound to IKKgamma or the p65 subunit of the NF-kappaB in response to IL-1beta stimulation of intestinal epithelial cells. Using two established NF-kappaB reporters, we demonstrate that CK2 is involved in NF-kappaB regulation through the p65 serine 529 site. Using co-immunoprecipitation studies, we also show that p65 is bound to CK2 predominantly in the nucleus. From a functional perspective, two CK2 specific inhibitors were then shown to attenuate IL-8 reporter activation. Finally, the expression of a series of pro-inflammatory molecules including IL-8, GRO-alpha, MCP-1, TNFalpha and iNOS were variably affected in response to CK2 inhibition. CONCLUSION CK2 plays an active role in NF-kappaB signaling in intestinal epithelial cell lines and may represent a possible target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuljit Parhar
- The Jack Bell Research Center, 2660 Oak Street, V6H 3Z6, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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22
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Kim JS, Eom JI, Cheong JW, Choi AJ, Lee JK, Yang WI, Min YH. Protein kinase CK2alpha as an unfavorable prognostic marker and novel therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1019-28. [PMID: 17289898 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein kinase CK2 is implicated in cellular proliferation and transformation. However, the clinical and biological significances of CK2 have not been elucidated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We evaluated the biological significances of catalytic subunit of CK2 (CK2alpha) expression in leukemia cell lines and primary leukemic blasts obtained from AML patients. RESULTS In this study, the expression of CK2alpha was elevated in a substantial proportion of AML. In AML patients with normal karyotype, the disease-free survival and overall survival rates were significantly lower in the CK2alpha-high compared with the CK2alpha-low AML cases (P=0.0252 and P=0.0392, respectively). An induced overexpression of CK2alpha increased the levels of Ser473 phosphorylated (p)-Akt/protein kinase B (PKB), p-PDK1, pFKHR, p-BAD, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, and XIAP. Treatment of U937 cell line and primary AML blasts with selective CK2 inhibitor, tetrabromobenzotriazole or apigenin, reduced the levels of these molecules in a dose-dependent manner. CK2alpha small interfering RNA treatment also resulted in a down-regulation of p-Akt/PKB and Bcl-2 in U937 cells. Apigenin-induced cell death was preferentially observed in the CK2alpha-high leukemia cell lines, HL-60 and NB4, which was accompanied by cytoplasmic release of SMAC/DIABLO and proteolytic cleavage of procaspase-9, procaspase-3, procaspase-8, and poly(ADP)ribose polymerase. An induced overexpression of CK2alpha potentially enhanced the sensitivity of U937 cells to the apigenin-induced cell death. Apigenin-induced cell death was significantly higher in CK2alpha-high AML compared with CK2alpha-low AML (P<0.0001) or normal bone marrow samples (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION These findings strongly suggest protein kinase CK2alpha as an unfavorable prognostic marker and novel therapeutic target in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Research Team of Nanobiomaterials for the Cell-Based Implants, Medical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lotan-Pompan M, Cohen R, Yarden O, Portnoy V, Burger Y, Katzir N. Trifluralin herbicide-induced resistance of melon to fusarium wilt involves expression of stress- and defence-related genes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2007; 8:9-22. [PMID: 20507475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2006.00365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY To identify genes involved in trifluralin herbicide-induced resistance of melon to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and cDNA-amplified fragment-length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) were used. A total of 123 clones-60 of which have never been isolated from melon-were isolated, sequenced and annotated. A significant proportion (35%) of the total 123 clones exhibited similarity to genes that have been formerly described as stress- or defence-related. Thirty-two selected clones were subjected to a detailed expression analysis, one-third of which were found to be up-regulated in response to trifluralin treatment and/or fusarium inoculation. The putative roles of seven of these clones in stress are discussed. Furthermore, the expression of four stress-related and up-regulated genes was enhanced when the plants were subjected to salinity stress, suggesting that trifluralin induces a general stress response which protects the plant against fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Lotan-Pompan
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, PO Box 1021, Ramat-Yishay 30095, Israel
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24
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Jensen BC, Kifer CT, Brekken DL, Randall AC, Wang Q, Drees BL, Parsons M. Characterization of protein kinase CK2 from Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 151:28-40. [PMID: 17097160 PMCID: PMC1790856 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CK2 is a ubiquitous but enigmatic kinase. The difficulty in assigning a role to CK2 centers on the fact that, to date, no biologically relevant modulator of its function has been identified. One common theme revolves around a constellation of known substrates involved in growth control, compatible with its concentration in the nucleus and nucleolus. We had previously described the identification of two catalytic subunits of CK2 in Trypanosoma brucei and characterized one of them. Here we report the characterization of the second catalytic subunit, CK2alpha', and the identification and characterization of the regulatory subunit CK2beta. All three subunits are primarily localized to the nucleolus in T. brucei. We also show that CK2beta interacts with the nucleolar protein NOG1, adding to the interaction map which previously linked CK2alpha to the nucleolar protein NOPP44/46, which in turn associates with the rRNA binding protein p37. CK2 activity has four distinctive features: near equal affinity for GTP and ATP, heparin sensitivity, and stimulation by polyamines and polybasic peptides. Sequence comparison shows that the parasite orthologues have mutations in residues previously mapped as important in specifying affinity for GTP and stimulation by both polyamines and polybasic peptides. Studies of the enzymatic activity of the T. brucei CK2s show that both the affinity for GTP and stimulation by polyamines have been lost and only the features of heparin inhibition and stimulation by polybasic peptides are conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Jensen
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N,
Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98108-5219 USA
| | - Charles T Kifer
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N,
Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98108-5219 USA
| | - Deirdre L Brekken
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N,
Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98108-5219 USA
| | - Amber C Randall
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N,
Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98108-5219 USA
- Department of Pathobiology and
| | - Qin Wang
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N,
Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98108-5219 USA
| | - Becky L. Drees
- Department of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Marilyn Parsons
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N,
Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98108-5219 USA
- Department of Pathobiology and
- *Corresponding author.
, tell: +1-206-256-7315,
FAX: +1-206-256-7229
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25
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Panova TB, Panov KI, Russell J, Zomerdijk JCBM. Casein kinase 2 associates with initiation-competent RNA polymerase I and has multiple roles in ribosomal DNA transcription. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:5957-68. [PMID: 16880508 PMCID: PMC1592790 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00673-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian RNA polymerase I (Pol I) complexes contain a number of associated factors, some with undefined regulatory roles in transcription. We demonstrate that casein kinase 2 (CK2) in human cells is associated specifically only with the initiation-competent Pol Ibeta isoform and not with Pol Ialpha. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis places CK2 at the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) promoter in vivo. Pol Ibeta-associated CK2 can phosphorylate topoisomerase IIalpha in Pol Ibeta, activator upstream binding factor (UBF), and selectivity factor 1 (SL1) subunit TAFI110. A potent and selective CK2 inhibitor, 3,8-dibromo-7-hydroxy-4-methylchromen-2-one, limits in vitro transcription to a single round, suggesting a role for CK2 in reinitiation. Phosphorylation of UBF by CK2 increases SL1-dependent stabilization of UBF at the rDNA promoter, providing a molecular mechanism for the stimulatory effect of CK2 on UBF activation of transcription. These positive effects of CK2 in Pol I transcription contrast to that wrought by CK2 phosphorylation of TAFI110, which prevents SL1 binding to rDNA, thereby abrogating the ability of SL1 to nucleate preinitiation complex (PIC) formation. Thus, CK2 has the potential to regulate Pol I transcription at multiple levels, in PIC formation, activation, and reinitiation of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana B Panova
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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26
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Salinas P, Fuentes D, Vidal E, Jordana X, Echeverria M, Holuigue L. An extensive survey of CK2 alpha and beta subunits in Arabidopsis: multiple isoforms exhibit differential subcellular localization. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 47:1295-308. [PMID: 16926165 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcj100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous enzyme essential for the viability of eukaryotic cells. In the present work we analyzed the Arabidopsis thaliana genome in a search for the genes coding for all CK2 alpha and beta subunits. We found four alpha subunit and four beta subunit genes. Expression analysis showed that all CK2 subunit genes are expressed in inflorescences, stems, leaves and roots. The level of expression of these genes is very similar, except for the one that codes for an alpha subunit harboring a putative chloroplastic destination peptide (alphacp), which shows a slightly higher expression level in all tissues. Using transgenic plants and agroinfiltration, we have also characterized the subcellular localization of all proteins encoded by CK2 genes. Our results show that all alpha subunits are localized in the nucleus, with the exception of alphacp, which is only found in the chloroplasts. On the other hand, beta subunits have a more diverse distribution, with some of them localizing both to the nucleus and to the cytosol, while others are exclusively located in one of these compartments. Remarkably, no CK2beta subunit was found in the chloroplasts. Finally, by directly measuring its activity, we have demonstrated that purified Arabidopsis chloroplasts have active CK2 that can be regulated by external addition of CK2beta. This study represents a complete survey of the CK2 gene family in Arabidopsis and the first step for future studies on CK2 cellular function in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Salinas
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
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27
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Chiang LY, Sheppard DC, Bruno VM, Mitchell AP, Edwards JE, Filler SG. Candida albicans protein kinase CK2 governs virulence during oropharyngeal candidiasis. Cell Microbiol 2006; 9:233-45. [PMID: 16939537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To identify Candida albicans genes whose proteins are necessary for host cell interactions and virulence, a collection of C. albicans insertion mutants was screened for strains with reduced capacity to damage endothelial cells in vitro. This screen identified CKA2. CKA2 and its homologue CKA1 encode the catalytic subunits of the protein kinase CK2. cka2delta/cka2delta strains of C. albicans were constructed and found to have significantly reduced capacity to damage both endothelial cells and an oral epithelial cell line in vitro. Although these strains invaded endothelial cells similarly to the wild-type strain, they were defective in oral epithelial cell invasion. They were also hypersusceptible to hydrogen peroxide, but not to high salt or to cell wall damaging agents. A cka1delta/cka1delta mutant caused normal damage to both endothelial cells and oral epithelial cells, and it was not hypersusceptible to hydrogen peroxide. However, overexpression of CKA1 in a cka2delta/cka2delta strain restored wild-type phenotype. Although the cka2delta/cka2delta mutant had normal virulence in the mouse model of haematogenously disseminated candidiasis, it had significantly attenuated virulence in the mouse model of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Therefore, Cka2p governs the interactions of C. albicans with endothelial and oral epithelial cells in vitro and virulence during oropharyngeal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y Chiang
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
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28
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Olsten MEK, Weber JE, Litchfield DW. CK2 interacting proteins: emerging paradigms for CK2 regulation? Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 274:115-24. [PMID: 16335533 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-3072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 represents a small family of highly conserved protein kinases involved in a complex series of cellular events. Furthermore, CK2 has been localised to many discrete cellular sites and has an extensive and diverse array of substrates and interaction partners in cells. Despite considerable investigation, the precise mechanism(s) of regulation of CK2 in cells remains poorly understood. In consideration of the prospect that cells contain many distinct sub-populations of CK2 that are distinguished on the basis of localisation and/or interactions with other cellular components, one possibility is that there may be differential regulation of specific sub-populations of CK2. With this in mind, some of the individual sub-populations of CK2 may be regulated through particular protein-protein interactions that may play a role in recruiting CK2 into the vicinity of its substrates and/or modulating its ability to phosphorylate specific cellular targets. In this respect, here we examine two CK2-interacting proteins, namely Pin1 and CKIP-1 that have been shown to participate in the modulation of CK2 specificity or the subcellular localisation of CK2, respectively. One aspect of this work has been focused on the prospect that Pin1 interacts with CK2 in response to UV stimulation in a manner analogous to the phosphorylation-dependent interactions of CK2 that occur following the mitotic phosphorylation of CK2. A second aspect of this work involves an examination of the structural basis for interactions between CK2 and CKIP-1 with emphasis on a putative HIKE domain in CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen K Olsten
- Department of Biochemistry, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5CI
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29
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Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is a highly ubiquitous and conserved protein serine/threonine kinase that has been found to be involved not only in cell growth and proliferation, but also in suppression of apoptosis. CK2 is capable of dynamic intracellular shuttling in response to a variety of signals. It is localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm in normal cells, but is particularly predominant in the nuclear compartment in cancer cells. CK2 has been found to be uniformly dysregulated in all the cancers that have been examined. Downregulation of CK2 by chemical or molecular methods promotes apoptosis in cells. We have shown that antisense CK2alpha is particularly potent in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells in culture as well as in xenograft models of cancer such as prostate cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. The antisense CK2alpha oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) mediates tumor cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner such that at an appropriate concentration of the antisense, a complete resolution of the xenograft tumor is observed. Interestingly, normal and benign cells (in culture as well as in vivo) demonstrate a relative resistance to the antisense CK2alpha ODN treatment, which raises the possibility of a significant therapeutic window for this therapy. Further, novel approaches such as the delivery of antisense CK2alpha ODN encapsulated in sub-50-nm tenascin nanocapsules have become available for its targeting specifically in cancer cells. Our studies minimize generally held concerns regarding suitability of CK2 as a target for cancer therapy and provide the first encouraging results for potential future application of this approach for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif A Ahmad
- Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chaska, Minnesota 55417, USA.
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Mottet D, Ruys SPD, Demazy C, Raes M, Michiels C. Role for casein kinase 2 in the regulation of HIF-1 activity. Int J Cancer 2006; 117:764-74. [PMID: 15957168 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric transcription factor that plays a major role in cellular adaptation to hypoxia. The mechanisms regulating HIF-1 activity occurs at multiple levels in vivo. The HIF-1alpha subunit is highly sensible to oxygen and is rapidly degraded by the proteasome 26S in normoxia. Activation in hypoxia occurs through a multistep process including inhibition of HIF-1alpha degradation, but also increase in the transactivation activity of HIF-1. Several data indicate that phosphorylation could play a role in this regulation. In this report, we investigated the role of casein kinase 2 (CK2), an ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase, in the regulation of HIF-1 activity. Hypoxia was capable of increasing the expression of the beta subunit of CK2, of inducing a relocalization of this subunit at the plasma membrane, of inducing nuclear translocation of the alpha subunit and of increasing CK2 activity. Three inhibitors of this kinase, DRB (5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole), TBB (4,5,6,7-tetrabromotriazole) and apigenin, as well as overexpression of a partial dominant negative mutant of CK2alpha, were shown to inhibit HIF-1 activity as measured by a reporter assay and through hypoxia-induced VEGF and aldolase expression. This does not occur at the stabilization process since they did not affect HIF-1alpha protein level. DNA-binding activity was also not inhibited. We conclude that CK2 is an important regulator of HIF-1 transcriptional activity but the mechanism of this regulation remains to be determined. Since HIF-1 plays a major role in tumor angiogenesis and since CK2 has been described to be overexpressed in tumor cells, this new pathway of regulation can be one more way for tumor cells to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Mottet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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31
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Kampinga HH. Chaperones in preventing protein denaturation in living cells and protecting against cellular stress. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2005:1-42. [PMID: 16610353 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29717-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A variety of cellular internal and external stress conditions can be classified as proteotoxic stresses. Proteotoxic stresses can be defined as stresses that increase the fraction of proteins that are in an unfolded state, thereby enhancing the probability of the formation of intracellular aggregates. These aggregates, if not disposed, can lead to cell death. In response to the appearance of damaged proteins, cells induce the expression of heat shock proteins. These can function as molecular chaperones to prevent protein aggregation and to keep proteins in a state competent for either refolding or degradation. Most knowledge of the function and regulation (by co-factors) of individual heat shock proteins comes from cell free studies on refolding of heat- or chemically denatured, purified proteins. Unlike the experimental situation in a test tube, cells contain multiple chaperones and co-factors often moving in and out different subcompartments that contain a variety of protein substrates at different folding states. Also, within cells folding competes with the degradative machinery. In this chapter, an overview will be provided on how the main cytosolic/nuclear chaperone Hsp70 is regulated, what is known about its interaction with other main cytosolic/nuclear chaperone families (Hsp27, Hsp90, and Hsp110), and how it may function as a molecular chaperone in living mammalian cells to protect against proteotoxic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Kampinga
- Department of Cell Biology, Section of Radiation and Stress Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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32
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Bibby AC, Litchfield DW. The multiple personalities of the regulatory subunit of protein kinase CK2: CK2 dependent and CK2 independent roles reveal a secret identity for CK2beta. Int J Biol Sci 2005; 1:67-79. [PMID: 15951851 PMCID: PMC1142214 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 (formerly casein kinase II), an enzyme that participates in a wide variety of cellular processes, has traditionally been classified as a stable tetrameric complex consisting of two catalytic CK2α or CK2α' subunits and two regulatory CK2β subunits. While consideration of CK2 as a tetrameric complex remains relevant, significant evidence has emerged to challenge the view that its individual subunits exist exclusively within these complexes. This review will summarize biochemical and genetic evidence indicating that the regulatory CK2β subunit exists and performs functions independently of CK2 tetramers. For example, unbalanced expression of catalytic and regulatory CK2 subunits has been observed in a variety of tissues and tumors. Furthermore, localization studies including live cell imaging have demonstrated that while the catalytic and regulatory subunits of CK2 exhibit extensive co-localization, independent mobility of the individual CK2 subunits can also be observed within cells. Identification of proteins that interact with CK2β in the absence of catalytic CK2 subunits reinforces the notion that CK2β has functions distinct from CK2 and begins to offer insights into these CK2-independent functions. In this respect, the discovery that CK2β can interact with and modulate the activity of a number of other serine/threonine protein kinases including A-Raf, c-Mos and Chk1 is particularly striking. This review will discuss the interactions between CK2β and these protein kinases with special emphasis on the properties of CK2β that mediate these interactions and on the implications of these interactions in yielding new prospects for elucidation of the cellular functions of CK2β.
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He GHY, Helbing CC, Wagner MJ, Sensen CW, Riabowol K. Phylogenetic analysis of the ING family of PHD finger proteins. Mol Biol Evol 2004; 22:104-16. [PMID: 15356280 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msh256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of ING1 class II tumor suppressors in 1996, five different ING genes (ING1 to ING5) encoding proteins with highly conserved plant homeodomain (PHD) motifs and several splicing isoforms of the ING1 and ING2 gene have been identified. The ING family functions in DNA repair and apoptosis in response to UV damage through binding to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA); chromatin remodeling and regulation of gene expression through regulating and/or targeting histone acetyltransferase/deacetylase (HAT/HDAC) activities; binding targets of rare phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PtdInsPs) that function in DNA damage-initiated stress signaling; and regulating brain tumor angiogenesis through transcriptional repression of NF-KB-responsive genes. To elucidate the evolutionary history of ING proteins and summarize what is known about regions highly conserved in the ING family members, we have examined the sequences and phylogenetic relationships of ING proteins across taxonomically diverse organisms. We have identified novel ING family members in rats, frogs, fish, mosquitoes, fruit flies, worms, fungi, and plants. We have also clarified the naming and classification of ING proteins based on our phylogenetic analysis to allow better understanding of the ING protein family. Using sequence similarities, we have identified novel regions and motifs of unknown function that are conserved across family members. An evolutionary history for the ING family of PHD finger proteins is presented that indicates that five ING genes are present in vertebrates. Three of these may be paralogs of ING genes found in arthropods, whereas nematodes, fungi, and green plants contain ING genes that have general features of the vertebrate ING family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon H Y He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Complex, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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O'Hagan HM, Ljungman M. Efficient NES-dependent protein nuclear export requires ongoing synthesis and export of mRNAs. Exp Cell Res 2004; 297:548-59. [PMID: 15212955 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Revised: 03/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating nuclear export of proteins are not fully understood. To investigate whether the efficiency of protein nuclear export may depend on ongoing RNA synthesis and/or mRNA nuclear export, we used a microinjection approach with a fluorescent reporter protein containing a nuclear export signal (NES) and scored protein export in human fibroblasts under conditions when the synthesis or export of mRNAs was inhibited. We show that inhibition of transcription significantly attenuated generic NES-dependent nuclear export. Furthermore, digestion of endogenous nuclear RNAs by co-microinjection of RNAse A inhibited NES-dependent nuclear export. Finally, nuclear export of the NES reporter protein was significantly inhibited in cells in which nuclear export of mRNAs had been specifically blocked by microinjection of anti-TAP antibodies or by expression of a dominant negative form of NUP160. These results demonstrate a novel role for ongoing synthesis and export of mRNAs in NES-dependent protein nuclear export.
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MESH Headings
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoplasm/drug effects
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins
- Microinjections
- Models, Biological
- Nuclear Localization Signals/metabolism
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Rhodamines
- Ribonuclease, Pancreatic/pharmacology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M O'Hagan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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35
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Riera M, Figueras M, López C, Goday A, Pagès M. Protein kinase CK2 modulates developmental functions of the abscisic acid responsive protein Rab17 from maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:9879-84. [PMID: 15159549 PMCID: PMC470767 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306154101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The maize abscisic acid responsive protein Rab17 is a highly phosphorylated late embryogenesis abundant protein involved in plant responses to stress. In this study, we provide evidence of the importance of Rab17 phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2 in growth-related processes under stress conditions. We show the specific interaction of Rab17 with the CK2 regulatory subunits CK2 beta-1 and CK2 beta-3, and that these interactions do not depend on the phosphorylation state of Rab17. Live-cell fluorescence imaging of both CK2 and Rab17 indicates that the intracellular dynamics of Rab17 are regulated by CK2 phosphorylation. We found both CK2 beta subunits and Rab17 distributed over the cytoplasm and nucleus. By contrast, catalytic CK2 alpha subunits and a Rab17 mutant protein (mRab17) that is not a substrate for CK2 phosphorylation remain accumulated in the nucleoli. A dual-color image shows that the CK2 holoenzyme accumulates mainly in the nucleus. The importance of Rab17 phosphorylation in vivo was assessed in transgenic plants. The overexpression of Rab17, but not mRab17, arrests the process of seed germination under osmotic stress conditions. Thus, the role of Rab17 in growth processes is mediated through its phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Riera
- Departament de Genètica Molecular, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consell Superior d' Investigacions Científiques, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Voellmy R. Transcriptional Regulation of the Metazoan Stress Protein Response. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 78:143-85. [PMID: 15210330 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(04)78004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an updated account of the regulation of the metazoan stress protein response. Where indicated, observations made with yeasts are also included. However, a discussion of the plant stress protein response is intentionally omitted (for a review, see 1). The stress protein response, as discussed hereafter, is understood to relate to the response by virtually all cells to heat and other stressors that results in the induced expression of so-called heat shock or stress genes. The protein products of these genes localize largely to the cytoplasm, nucleus, or organelles. An analogous response controls the expression of related genes, whose products reside in the endoplasmic reticulum. The response, termed ER stress response or unfolded protein response, is mediated by a separate regulation system that is not discussed in this review. Note, however, that recent work suggests the existence of commonalities between the regulatory systems controlling the stress protein and ER stress responses (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Voellmy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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37
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Escalier D, Silvius D, Xu X. Spermatogenesis of mice lacking CK2alpha': failure of germ cell survival and characteristic modifications of the spermatid nucleus. Mol Reprod Dev 2003; 66:190-201. [PMID: 12950107 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.10346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Csnk2a2 encodes the CK2alpha'catalytic subunit of CK2 that is predominantly expressed in testis. Male mice in which Csnk2a2 has been disrupted were infertile and displayed oligozoospermia with an abnormal shape of the spermatid nucleus. In this study, Csnk2a2 null testes revealed extensive germ cell degenerative processes at all stages of spermatogenesis, including the first spermatogenesis wave. Nuclear envelope (NE) protrusions with loss of nuclear pores, swelling of the outer membrane, and disruption of the inner membrane were observed in cells ranging from spermatogonia to early spermatids. Most early round spermatids were depleted, and DNA-specific fluorescent dyes showed a large chromatin-free nuclear domain near the chromocenter. Spermatids that were not eliminated retained NE defects that could explain the acrosomal and nuclear abnormalities of Csnk2a2 null spermatozoa. Data suggest that CK2alpha' deficiency could impair the phosphorylation of nuclear proteins of male germ cells leading to a particular cell-death pathway characterized by NE protrusions and an unusual pattern of chromatin modifications in spermatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Escalier
- Histologie Fonctionnelle et Moléculaire, Université Paris 5, Paris, France.
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38
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Riera M, Pages M, Issinger OG, Guerra B. Purification and characterization of recombinant protein kinase CK2 from Zea mays expressed in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2003; 29:24-32. [PMID: 12729722 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(03)00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant protein kinase subunits rmCK2alpha-1 and rmCK2beta-1 from Zea mays were expressed separately in Escherichia coli and assembled to a fully active tetrameric holoenzyme complex in vitro. The obtained maize holoenzyme was purified to homogeneity, biochemically characterized, and compared to CK2 from human. Kinetic measurements of the recombinant maize holoenzyme (rmCK2) revealed k(cat) values for ATP and GTP of 4 and 2s(-1), respectively; whereas the recombinant maize catalytic subunit showed almost equal values for ATP and GTP, i.e., ca. 0.8s(-1). A comparison of the k(cat)/K(m) ratio between the maize holoenzyme and the catalytic subunit from CK2 maize shows that the incorporation of the catalytic subunit into the holoenzyme leads to a 14-fold activation in the case of ATP and 8-fold activation in the case of GTP. The maize holoenzyme is about 10 times more sensitive towards CK2 inhibitor heparin, on the other hand, it is stimulated only 0% by polylysine as compared to the human counterpart. The maize holoenzyme activity is more sensitive towards NaCl concentrations higher than those of rhCK2 and treatment with urea showed that rmCK2 holoenzyme was denatured more readily than the human holoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Riera
- Departamento de Genetica Molecular, IBMB, CID, C.S.I.C., Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Soncin F, Zhang X, Chu B, Wang X, Asea A, Ann Stevenson M, Sacks DB, Calderwood SK. Transcriptional activity and DNA binding of heat shock factor-1 involve phosphorylation on threonine 142 by CK2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 303:700-6. [PMID: 12659875 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1) is the regulator of hsp molecular chaperone transcription, although the intracellular mechanisms involved in HSF-1 activation have not been fully elucidated. As HSF1 is activated by heat shock simultaneously with the nuclear translocation of the protein kinase CK2, we have investigated the role of CK2 in HSF1 activation. We demonstrate that HSF-1 is phosphorylated by CK2 on both serine and threonine residues and has characterized a phosphorylation site at threonine 142. Mutation of Thr-142 to alanine (T142A) inhibits trans-activation of the HSP70 gene by HSF1 and in addition inhibits the accumulation of HSF-1 competent to bind heat shock elements in the nucleus. HSF1 activation by heat is correlated with the thermal activation of nuclear CK2 and overexpression of CK2 activates HSF1. Phosphorylation by CK2 on threonine 142 may therefore be an essential step in the thermal activation of latent HSF1 by stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Soncin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique EP 560, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue Calmette-BP 245, 59021, Lille Cedex, France
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40
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Koffa MD, Kean J, Zachos G, Rice SA, Clements JB. CK2 protein kinase is stimulated and redistributed by functional herpes simplex virus ICP27 protein. J Virol 2003; 77:4315-25. [PMID: 12634389 PMCID: PMC150650 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.7.4315-4325.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown previously (S. Wadd, H. Bryant, O. Filhol, J. E. Scott, T.-T. Hsieh, R. D. Everett, and J. B. Clements, J. Biol. Chem. 274:28991-28998, 2000) that ICP27, an essential and multifunctional herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) protein, interacts with CK2 and with heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K). CK2 is a pleiotropic and ubiquitous protein kinase, and the tetrameric holoenzyme consists of two catalytic alpha or alpha' subunits and two regulatory beta subunits. We show here that HSV-1 infection stimulates CK2 activity. CK2 stimulation occurs at early times after infection and correlates with redistribution of the holoenzyme from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Both CK2 stimulation and redistribution require expression and cytoplasmic accumulation of ICP27. In HSV-1-infected cells, CK2 phosphorylates ICP27 and affects its cytoplasmic accumulation while it also phosphorylates hnRNP K, which is not ordinarily phosphorylated by this kinase, suggesting an alteration of hnRNP K activities. This is the first example of CK2 stimulation by a viral protein in vivo, and we propose that it might facilitate the HSV-1 lytic cycle by, for example, regulating trafficking of ICP27 protein and/or viral RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Koffa
- Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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41
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Szebeni A, Hingorani K, Negi S, Olson MOJ. Role of protein kinase CK2 phosphorylation in the molecular chaperone activity of nucleolar protein b23. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:9107-15. [PMID: 12511551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204411200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein B23 is a multifunctional nucleolar protein whose molecular chaperone activity is proposed to play role in ribosome assembly. Previous studies (Szebeni, A., and Olson, M. O. J. (1999) Protein Sci. 8, 905-912) showed that protein B23 has several characteristics typical of molecular chaperones, including anti-aggregation activity, promoting the renaturation of denatured proteins, and preferential binding to denatured substrates. However, until now there has been no proposed mechanism for release of a bound substrate. Protein B23 can be phosphorylated by protein kinase CK2 (CK2) in a segment required for chaperone activity. The presence of bound substrate enhanced the rate of CK2 phosphorylation of protein B23 by 2-3-fold, and this enhancement was dependent on a nonpolar region in its N-terminal end. Formation of a complex between B23 and chaperone test substrates (rhodanese or citrate synthase) was inhibited by CK2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, CK2 phosphorylation of a previously formed B23-substrate complex promoted its dissociation. The dissociation of complexes between B23 and the human immunodeficiency virus-Rev protein required both CK2 phosphorylation and competition with a Rev nuclear localization signal peptide, suggesting that Rev binds B23 at two separate sites. These studies suggest that unlike many molecular chaperones, which directly hydrolyze ATP, substrate release by protein B23 is dependent on its phosphorylation by CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szebeni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
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42
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Wang H, Yu S, Davis AT, Ahmed K. Cell cycle dependent regulation of protein kinase CK2 signaling to the nuclear matrix. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88:812-22. [PMID: 12577315 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitous protein serine/threonine kinase that is involved in cell growth and proliferation as well as suppression of apoptosis. Several studies have suggested that the kinase plays a role in cell cycle progression; however, changes in enzyme activity during phases of cell cycle have not been detected. Nuclear matrix is a key locus for CK2 signaling in the nucleus. We therefore examined CK2 signaling to the nuclear matrix in distinct phases of cell cycle by employing synchronized ALVA-41 prostate cancer cells. Removal of serum from the culture medium resulted in G0/G1 arrest, and a reduction in the nuclear matrix-associated CK2 activity which was rapidly reversed on addition of serum. Arresting the cells in G(0)/G(1) phase with hydroxyurea and subsequent release to S phase by serum gave similar results. Cells arrested in the G(2)/M phase by treatment with nocodazole demonstrated an extensive reduction in the nuclear matrix-associated CK2 which was reversed rapidly on addition of serum. Changes in the immunoreactive CK2 protein were concordant with the activity data reflecting a dynamic trafficking of the kinase in distinct phases of cell cycle. Under the same conditions, CK2 activity in total cellular lysate remained essentially unaltered. These results provide the first direct evidence of discrete modulations of CK2 in the nuclear matrix during the cell cycle progression. Inducible overexpression of CK2 in CHO cells yielded only a modest increase in CK2 activity even though a significant increase in expression was apparent at the level of CK2 alpha-specific message. Stably transfected ALVA-41 cells, however, did not show a significant change in CK2 levels despite increased expression at the message level. Not surprisingly, both types of the stably transfected cells failed to show any alteration in cell cycle progression. Distribution of the CK2 activity in the cytosolic versus nuclear matrix fractions in normal cells appears to be different from that in the cancer cells such that the ratio of nuclear matrix to cytosolic activity is much higher in the latter. Considering that nuclear matrix is central to several nuclear functions, this pattern of intracellular distribution of CK2 may have implications for its role in the oncogenic process. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Wang
- Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry Research Laboratory (151), Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA
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43
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Abstract
CK2 (formerly termed "casein kinase 2") is a ubiquitous, highly pleiotropic and constitutively active Ser/Thr protein kinase whose implication in neoplasia, cell survival, and virus infection is supported by an increasing number of arguments. Here an updated inventory of 307 CK2 protein substrates is presented. More than one-third of these are implicated in gene expression and protein synthesis as being either transcriptional factors (60) or effectors of DNA/RNA structure (50) or translational elements. Also numerous are signaling proteins and proteins of viral origin or essential to virus life cycle. In comparison, only a minority of CK2 targets (a dozen or so) are classical metabolic enzymes. An analysis of 308 sites phosphorylated by CK2 highlights the paramount relevance of negatively charged side chains that are (by far) predominant over any other residues at positions n+3 (the most crucial one), n+1, and n+2. Based on this signature, it is predictable that proteins phosphorylated by CK2 are much more numerous than those identified to date, and it is possible that CK2 alone contributes to the generation of the eukaryotic phosphoproteome more so than any other individual protein kinase. The possibility that CK2 phosphosites play some global role, e.g., by destabilizing alpha helices, counteracting caspase cleavage, and generating adhesive motifs, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Meggio
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica and Istituto di Neuroscienze del CNR, Università di Padova and Venetian Institute for Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
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44
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Min YK, Park JH, Chong SA, Kim YS, Ahn YS, Seo JT, Bae YS, Chung KC. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-induced neuronal cell death is mediated by Akt, casein kinase 2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and IkappaB kinase in embryonic hippocampal progenitor cells. J Neurosci Res 2003; 71:689-700. [PMID: 12584727 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is known to induce cell death by the stimulation of intracellular zinc transport and subsequent modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity. Zinc is a signaling messenger that is released by neuronal activity at many central excitatory synapses. Excessive synaptic release of zinc followed by entry into vulnerable neurons contributes to severe neuronal cell death. In the present study, we explored how PDTC modulates intracellular signal transduction pathways, leading to neuronal cell death. The exposure of immortalized embryonic hippocampal cells (H19-7) to PDTC within the range of 1-100 microM caused cell death in a dose-dependent manner. During the cell death, NF-kappaB activity increased in response to PDTC, and this activity corresponded well with the increase of intracellular free zinc levels, implying that the activation of NF-kappaB transmits the cell death signals of PDTC. Furthermore, PDTC caused the activation of IkappaB kinase (IKK), casein kinase 2 (CK2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K), and Akt, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not p38 kinase. The blockade of PI-3K, JNK, and CK2 pathways resulted in a remarkable suppression of PDTC-induced cell death and also the activation of IKK, which subsequently led to a decrease of IkappaB phosphorylation. Although the overexpression of dominant-negative SEK in a transient manner did not inhibit the activation of Akt by PDTC, the transfection of kinase-inactive Akt mutants did cause a remarkable blockade of JNK activation, implying that Akt is present upstream of JNK in the PDTC-signaling pathways. Moreover, whereas selective CK2 inhibitors suppressed PDTC-induced JNK activation, the inhibition of JNK did not affect CK2 activity, suggesting that CK2 is directly related to the regulation of cell viability by PDTC and that the CK2-JNK pathway could be a downstream target of PDTC. Taken together, our results suggest that PDTC-mediated accumulation of intracellular zinc ions may affect cell viability by modulating several intracellular signaling pathways in neuronal hippocampal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyu Min
- Department of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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45
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Litchfield DW. Protein kinase CK2: structure, regulation and role in cellular decisions of life and death. Biochem J 2003; 369:1-15. [PMID: 12396231 PMCID: PMC1223072 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 976] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2002] [Revised: 10/21/2002] [Accepted: 10/23/2002] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 ('casein kinase II') has traditionally been classified as a messenger-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is typically found in tetrameric complexes consisting of two catalytic (alpha and/or alpha') subunits and two regulatory beta subunits. Accumulated biochemical and genetic evidence indicates that CK2 has a vast array of candidate physiological targets and participates in a complex series of cellular functions, including the maintenance of cell viability. This review summarizes current knowledge of the structural and enzymic features of CK2, and discusses advances that challenge traditional views of this enzyme. For example, the recent demonstrations that individual CK2 subunits exist outside tetrameric complexes and that CK2 displays dual-specificity kinase activity raises new prospects for the precise elucidation of its regulation and cellular functions. This review also discusses a number of the mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of CK2 in cells, and will highlight emerging insights into the role of CK2 in cellular decisions of life and death. In this latter respect, recent evidence suggests that CK2 can exert an anti-apoptotic role by protecting regulatory proteins from caspase-mediated degradation. The mechanistic basis of the observation that CK2 is essential for viability may reside in part in this ability to protect cellular proteins from caspase action. Furthermore, this anti-apoptotic function of CK2 may contribute to its ability to participate in transformation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1.
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Davis AT, Wang H, Zhang P, Ahmed K. Heat shock mediated modulation of protein kinase CK2 in the nuclear matrix. J Cell Biochem 2002; 85:583-91. [PMID: 11967998 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear matrix, a key structure in the nuclear framework, appears to be a particularly responsive target during heat shock treatment of cells. We have previously shown that nuclear matrix is a preferential target for protein kinase CK2 signaling in the nucleus. The levels of CK2 in the nuclear matrix undergo dynamic changes in response to altered growth status in the cell. Here, we have demonstrated that CK2 targeting to the nuclear matrix is profoundly influenced by treatment of the cells to temperatures higher than 37 degrees C. Rapid increase in the nuclear matrix association of CK2 is observed when cells are placed at temperatures of 41 and 45 degrees C. This effect at 45 degrees C was higher than at 41 degrees C, and was time-dependent. Also, different cell lines behaved in a qualitatively similar manner though the quantitative responses differed. The modulations in the nuclear matrix associated CK2 in response to heat shock appear to be due to trafficking of the enzyme between cytosolic and nuclear compartments. In addition, it was noted that isolated nuclei subjected to heat shock also responded by a shuttling of the intrinsic CK2 to the nuclear matrix compartment. These results suggest that modulations in CK2 in the nuclear compartment in response to the heat stress occur not only by a translocation of the enzyme from the cytoplasmic compartment to the nuclear compartment, but also that there is a redistribution of the kinase within the nuclear compartment resulting in a preferential association with the nuclear matrix. The results support the notion that CK2 association with the nuclear matrix in response to heat shock may serve a protective role in the cell response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Davis
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and University of Minnesota Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA
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Garretón V, Carpinelli J, Jordana X, Holuigue L. The as-1 promoter element is an oxidative stress-responsive element and salicylic acid activates it via oxidative species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:1516-26. [PMID: 12428016 PMCID: PMC166670 DOI: 10.1104/pp.009886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2002] [Revised: 07/18/2002] [Accepted: 08/20/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The activation sequence-1 (as-1)-like element found in the promoter of some glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes, has been previously described as a salicylic acid (SA)- and auxin-responsive element. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that the activating effect of SA on the as-1 element is mediated by oxidative species. Supporting this hypothesis, our results show that the antioxidants dimethylthiourea (DMTU) and 3-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-anizole (BHA) inhibit the SA-induced transcription of genes controlled by as-1 elements in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants [i.e. GNT35 gene coding for a GST and (as-1)(4)/beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter transgene]. DMTU and BHA also inhibit SA-activated as-1-binding activity in nuclear extracts. Further support for the hypothesis that the as-1 element is activated by oxidative species comes from our result showing that light potentiates the SA-induced activation of the as-1 element. Furthermore, methyl viologen, a known oxidative stress inducer in plants, also activates the as-1 element. Increasing H(2)O(2) levels by incubation with H(2)O(2) or with the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,5-triazole does not activate the (as-1)(4)/GUS gene. On the contrary, 3-amino-1,2,5-triazole inhibits the activating effect of SA on the (as-1)(4)/GUS gene. These results suggest that oxidative species other than H(2)O(2) mediate the activation of the as-1 element by SA. Our results also suggest that even though the as-1 binding activity is stimulated by oxidative species, this is not sufficient for the transactivation of genes controlled by this element. The complex interplay between SA and reactive oxygen species in the transcriptional activation of defense genes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Garretón
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Miro FA, Llorens F, Roher N, Plana M, Gómez N, Itarte E. Persistent nuclear accumulation of protein kinase CK2 during the G1-phase of the cell cycle does not depend on the ERK1/2 pathway but requires active protein synthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 406:165-72. [PMID: 12361704 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 and phosphorylated ERK1/2 accumulated in nucleus after serum stimulation of quiescent HepG2 cells. Nonetheless, phospho-ERK1/2 accumulated mainly in the nuclease-extracted fraction (NE) whereas the increases in nuclear CK2 (either CK2alpha or CK2beta) occurred initially in the nuclease-resistant fraction (NR). Transient decreases in CK2 were observed in cytoplasm and NE in the first 3h but thereafter they either reverted (cytoplasm) or increased above the control (NE). CK2 levels in both NE and NR were high in cells arrested at G1/S. Maximal nuclear accumulation of CK2 was blocked by cycloheximide but little affected by PD98059, SB203580 or apigenin, all of which affected nuclear phopho-ERK1/2. Thus, nuclear accumulation of CK2 during G1 phase is independent of ERK1/2 pathway. Although this process may initially relay on intracellular redistribution of the preexisting enzyme, active protein synthesis is required to attain maximal nuclear CK2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc A Miro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitats de Bioquímica de Ciències i de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Faust M, Kartarius S, Schwindling SL, Montenarh M. Cyclin H is a new binding partner for protein kinase CK2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296:13-9. [PMID: 12147220 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase CK2 holoenzyme is composed of two regulatory beta- and two catalytic alpha- or alpha(')-subunits. There is ample evidence for the binding of individual subunits of CK2 to various cellular proteins and, moreover, for functions of the individual subunits, which are different from their roles in the holoenzyme. Here, we report that the regulatory cyclin H subunit of the cyclin H/cdk7/Mat1 complex was associated with a protein kinase activity, which shows some similarity with protein kinase CK2. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments supported the existence of complexes of cyclin H and CK2 in mammalian cells. Far Western blot experiments revealed that cyclin H bound to the alpha-subunit but not the alpha(')- and beta-subunits of CK2. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that cyclin H and CK2alpha were colocated in the nucleus. Although cyclin H functions as the regulatory subunit for the cyclin H/cdk7/Mat1 complex, it could not substitute the regulatory beta-subunit of CK2 in its regulatory function of the CK2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Faust
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Saarland, Building 44, D-66424, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Brenneisen P, Wlaschek M, Schwamborn E, Schneider LA, Ma W, Sies H, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Activation of protein kinase CK2 is an early step in the ultraviolet B-mediated increase in interstitial collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1; MMP-1) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) protein levels in human dermal fibroblasts. Biochem J 2002; 365:31-40. [PMID: 12071839 PMCID: PMC1222656 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1/interstitial collagenase and MMP-3/stromelysin-1 in skin fibroblasts and subsequent damage of dermal connective tissue in the context of sun-induced premature aging and skin tumour progression is causally linked to UVB irradiation. Here, we were interested in identifying components of the complex signal-transduction pathway underlying UVB-mediated up-regulation of these delayed UV-responsive genes and focused on components maximally activated early after irradiation. A 2.3-fold increase in protein kinase CK2 activity was measured at 20-40 min after low-dose UVB irradiation (at 10 mJ/cm2) of dermal fibroblasts. This UVB-mediated increase in CK2 activity was abrogated by pharmacological approaches using non-toxic concentrations of the CK2 inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB). Preincubation of fibroblasts with DRB prior to UVB irradiation lowered MMP-1 by 49-69% and MMP-3 protein levels by 55-63% compared with UVB-irradiated controls. By contrast, the CK2 inhibitor did not affect the UVB-triggered transcription of MMPs. Furthermore, UVB irradiation of fibroblasts overexpressing a kinase-inactive mutant of CK2 (CK2alpha-K68A-HA) resulted in lowering of the protein levels of MMP-1 by 25% and MMP-3 by 22% compared with irradiated fibroblasts transfected with the vector control. This reduction in MMP protein levels correlated with the transfection efficiency. Taken together, we describe a novel aspect of protein kinase CK2, namely its inducible activity by UVB irradiation, and provide evidence that CK2 is an early mediator of the UVB-dependent up-regulation of MMP-1 and MMP-3 translation, whereas their major tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 is not affected by CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brenneisen
- Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Institute for Physiological Chemistry I, Bldg. 22.03, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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