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Brun A, Smokvarska M, Wei L, Chay S, Curie C, Mari S. MCO1 and MCO3, two putative ascorbate oxidases with ferroxidase activity, new candidates for the regulation of apoplastic iron excess in Arabidopsis. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e463. [PMID: 36405511 PMCID: PMC9669615 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential metal ion that plays a major role as a cofactor in many biological processes. The balance between the Fe2+ and Fe3+ forms is central for cellular Fe homeostasis because it regulates its transport, utilization, and storage. Contrary to Fe3+ reduction that is crucial for Fe uptake by roots in deficiency conditions, ferroxidation has been much less studied. In this work, we have focused on the molecular characterization of two members of the MultiCopper Oxidase family (MCO1 and MCO3) that share high identity with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferroxidase Fet3. The heterologous expression of MCO1 and MCO3 restored the growth of the yeast fet3fet4 mutant, impaired in high and low affinity Fe uptake and otherwise unable to grow in Fe deficient media, suggesting that MCO1 and MCO3 were functional ferroxidases. The ferroxidase enzymatic activity of MCO3 was further confirmed by the measurement of Fe2+-dependent oxygen consumption, because ferroxidases use oxygen as electron acceptor to generate water molecules. In planta, the expression of MCO1 and MCO3 was induced by increasing Fe concentrations in the medium. Promoter-GUS reporter lines showed that MCO1 and MCO3 were mostly expressed in shoots and histochemical analyses further showed that both promoters were highly active in mesophyll cells. Transient expression of MCO1-RFP and MCO3-RFP in tobacco leaves revealed that both proteins were localized in the apoplast. Moreover, cell plasmolysis experiments showed that MCO1 remained closely associated to the plasma membrane whereas MCO3 filled the entire apoplast compartment. Although the four knock out mutant lines isolated (mco1-1, mco1-2, mco3-1, and mco3-2) did not display any macroscopic phenotype, histochemical staining of Fe with the Perls/DAB procedure revealed that mesophyll cells of all four mutants overaccumulated Fe inside the cells in Fe-rich structures in the chloroplasts, compared with wild-type. These results suggested that the regulation of Fe transport in mesophyll cells had been disturbed in the mutants, in both standard condition and Fe excess. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that MCO1 and MCO3 participate in the control of Fe transport in the mesophyll cells, most likely by displacing the Fe2+/Fe3+ balance toward Fe3+ in the apoplast and therefore limiting the accumulation of Fe2+, which is more mobile and prone to be transported across the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Brun
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Marija Smokvarska
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Lili Wei
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Sandrine Chay
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Catherine Curie
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Stéphane Mari
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
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2
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Kumar A, Kaur G, Singh P, Meena V, Sharma S, Tiwari M, Bauer P, Pandey AK. Strategies and Bottlenecks in Hexaploid Wheat to Mobilize Soil Iron to Grains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:863849. [PMID: 35574143 PMCID: PMC9100831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.863849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of iron (Fe) uptake and mobilization in plants is mainly based on Arabidopsis and rice. Although multiple players of Fe homeostasis have been elucidated, there is a significant gap in our understanding of crop species, such as wheat. It is, therefore, imperative not only to understand the different hurdles for Fe enrichment in tissues but also to address specifically the knowns/unknowns involved in the plausible mechanism of Fe sensing, signaling, transport, and subsequent storage in plants. In the present review, a unique perspective has been described in light of recent knowledge generated in wheat, an economically important crop. The strategies to boost efficient Fe uptake, transcriptional regulation, and long-distance mobilization in grains have been discussed, emphasizing recent biotechnological routes to load Fe in grains. This article also highlights the new elements of physiological and molecular genetics that underpin the mechanistic insight for the identified Fe-related genes and discusses the bottlenecks in unloading the Fe in grains. The information presented here will provide much-needed resources and directions to overcome challenges and design efficient strategies to enhance the Fe density in wheat grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Gazaldeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Palvinder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Varsha Meena
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Manish Tiwari
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Petra Bauer
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ajay Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
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Sági-Kazár M, Solymosi K, Solti Á. Iron in leaves: chemical forms, signalling, and in-cell distribution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1717-1734. [PMID: 35104334 PMCID: PMC9486929 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential transition metal. Based on its redox-active nature under biological conditions, various Fe compounds serve as cofactors in redox enzymes. In plants, the photosynthetic machinery has the highest demand for Fe. In consequence, the delivery and incorporation of Fe into cofactors of the photosynthetic apparatus is the focus of Fe metabolism in leaves. Disturbance of foliar Fe homeostasis leads to impaired biosynthesis of chlorophylls and composition of the photosynthetic machinery. Nevertheless, mitochondrial function also has a significant demand for Fe. The proper incorporation of Fe into proteins and cofactors as well as a balanced intracellular Fe status in leaf cells require the ability to sense Fe, but may also rely on indirect signals that report on the physiological processes connected to Fe homeostasis. Although multiple pieces of information have been gained on Fe signalling in roots, the regulation of Fe status in leaves has not yet been clarified in detail. In this review, we give an overview on current knowledge of foliar Fe homeostasis, from the chemical forms to the allocation and sensing of Fe in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Sági-Kazár
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ádám Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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Singh N, Bhatla SC. Heme oxygenase-nitric oxide crosstalk-mediated iron homeostasis in plants under oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 182:192-205. [PMID: 35247570 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth under abiotic stress conditions significantly enhances intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative status of plant cells is directly affected by the modulation of iron homeostasis. Among mammals and plants, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a well-known antioxidant enzyme. It catalyzes oxygenation of heme, thereby producing Fe2+, CO and biliverdin as byproducts. The antioxidant potential of HO-1 is primarily due to its catalytic reaction byproducts. Biliverdin and bilirubin possess conjugated π-electrons which escalate the ability of these biomolecules to scavenge free radicals. CO also enhances the ROS scavenging ability of plants cells by upregulating catalase and peroxidase activity. Enhanced expression of HO-1 in plants under oxidative stress accompanies sequestration of iron in specialized iron storage proteins localized in plastids and mitochondria, namely ferritin for Fe3+ storage and frataxin for storage of Fe-S clusters, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) crosstalks with HO-1 at multiple levels, more so in plants under oxidative stress, in order to maintain intracellular iron status. Formation of dinitrosyl-iron complexes (DNICs) significantly prevents Fenton reaction during oxidative stress. DNICs also release NO upon dissociation in target cells over long distance in plants. They also function as antioxidants against superoxide anions and lipidic free radicals. A number of NO-modulated transcription factors also facilitate iron homeostasis in plant cells. Plants facing oxidative stress exhibit modulation of lateral root formation by HO-1 through NO and auxin-dependent pathways. The present review provides an in-depth analysis of the structure-function relationship of HO-1 in plants and mammals, correlating them with their adaptive mechanisms of survival under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, University of Delhi, India.
| | - Satish C Bhatla
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Kakei Y, Masuda H, Nishizawa NK, Hattori H, Aung MS. Elucidation of Novel cis-Regulatory Elements and Promoter Structures Involved in Iron Excess Response Mechanisms in Rice Using a Bioinformatics Approach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660303. [PMID: 34149757 PMCID: PMC8207140 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) excess is a major constraint on crop production in flooded acidic soils, particularly in rice cultivation. Under Fe excess, plants activate a complex mechanism and network regulating Fe exclusion by roots and isolation in various tissues. In rice, the transcription factors and cis-regulatory elements (CREs) that regulate Fe excess response mechanisms remain largely elusive. We previously reported comprehensive microarray analyses of several rice tissues in response to various levels of Fe excess stress. In this study, we further explored novel CREs and promoter structures in rice using bioinformatics approaches with this microarray data. We first performed network analyses to predict Fe excess-related CREs through the categorization of the gene expression patterns of Fe excess-responsive transcriptional regulons, and found four major expression clusters: Fe storage type, Fe chelator type, Fe uptake type, and WRKY and other co-expression type. Next, we explored CREs within these four clusters of gene expression types using a machine-learning method called microarray-associated motif analyzer (MAMA), which we previously established. Through a comprehensive bioinformatics approach, we identified a total of 560 CRE candidates extracted by MAMA analyses and 42 important conserved sequences of CREs directly related to the Fe excess response in various rice tissues. We explored several novel cis-elements as candidate Fe excess CREs including GCWGCWGC, CGACACGC, and Myb binding-like motifs. Based on the presence or absence of candidate CREs using MAMA and known PLACE CREs, we found that the Boruta-XGBoost model explained expression patterns with high accuracy of about 83%. Enriched sequences of both novel MAMA CREs and known PLACE CREs led to high accuracy expression patterns. We also found new roles of known CREs in the Fe excess response, including the DCEp2 motif, IDEF1-, Zinc Finger-, WRKY-, Myb-, AP2/ERF-, MADS- box-, bZIP and bHLH- binding sequence-containing motifs among Fe excess-responsive genes. In addition, we built a molecular model and promoter structures regulating Fe excess-responsive genes based on new finding CREs. Together, our findings about Fe excess-related CREs and conserved sequences will provide a comprehensive resource for discovery of genes and transcription factors involved in Fe excess-responsive pathways, clarification of the Fe excess response mechanism in rice, and future application of the promoter sequences to produce genotypes tolerant of Fe excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kakei
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, Research Center for Agricultural Information Technology, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masuda
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko K. Nishizawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hattori
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - May Sann Aung
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Bandyopadhyay T, Prasad M. IRONing out stress problems in crops: a homeostatic perspective. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:559-577. [PMID: 32770754 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is essential for plant growth and therefore plays a key role in influencing crop productivity worldwide. Apart from its central role in chlorophyll biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation (electron transfer), it is an important constituent of many enzymes involved in primary metabolism. Fe has different accessibilities to the roots in the rhizosphere depending upon whether it is ferrous (soluble) or ferric (insoluble) oxidation stages, which in turn, determine two kinds of Fe uptake strategies employed by the plants. The reduction strategy is exclusively found in non-graminaceous plants wherein the ferrous Fe2+ is absorbed and translocated from the soil through specialized transporters. In contrast, the chelation strategy (widespread in graminaceous plants) relies on the formation of Fe (III)-chelate complex as the necessary requirement of Fe uptake. Once inside the cell, Fe is translocated, compartmentalized and stored through a common set of physiological processes involving many transporters and enzymes whose functions are controlled by underlying genetic components, so that a fine balance of Fe homeostasis is maintained. Recently, molecular and mechanistic aspects of the process involving the role of transcription factors, signaling components, and cis-acting elements have been obtained, which has enabled a much better understanding of its ecophysiology. This mini-review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of Fe transport in higher plants with particular emphasis on crops in the context of major agronomically important abiotic stresses. It also highlights outstanding questions on the regulation of Fe homeostasis and lists potentially useful genes/regulatory pathways that may be useful for subsequent crop improvement under the stresses discussed through either conventional or transgenic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Park EY, Tsuyuki KM, Parsons EM, Jeong J. PRC2-mediated H3K27me3 modulates shoot iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1784549. [PMID: 32594838 PMCID: PMC8550290 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1784549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants use intricate mechanisms to adapt to changing iron conditions because iron is essential and also one of the most limiting nutrients for plant growth. Furthermore, iron is potentially toxic in excess and must be tightly regulated. Previously, we showed that chromatin remodeling via histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) modulates the expression of FIT-dependent genes under iron deficiency in roots. This study builds on our previous findings, showing that H3K27me3 also modulates iron regulation in shoots. In the clf mutant, which lacks the predominant H3K27 tri-methyltransferase, we detected increased iron translocation to shoots under iron deficiency as compared to wild type. Transcriptomic analysis of shoots also revealed differential expression of genes consistent with higher iron levels in clf shoots than wild type shoots under iron-deficient conditions. In addition, we verify that YSL1 and IMA1, two genes involved in signaling iron status from shoots to roots, are direct targets of H3K27me3 and reveal iron-dependent deposition of H3K27me3 on these loci. This study contributes to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind iron regulation in plants, as the effect of PRC2-mediated H3K27me3 on iron homeostasis genes expressed in the shoots has not been previously reported to our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Y. Park
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jeeyon Jeong
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, USA
- CONTACT Jeeyon Jeong Department of Biology Amherst College, Amherst, MA, USA
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Chen J, Zhang NN, Pan Q, Lin XY, Shangguan Z, Zhang JH, Wei GH. Hydrogen sulphide alleviates iron deficiency by promoting iron availability and plant hormone levels in Glycine max seedlings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:383. [PMID: 32819279 PMCID: PMC7441670 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is involved in regulating physiological processes in plants. We investigated how H2S ameliorates iron (Fe) deficiency in soybean (Glycine max L.) seedlings. Multidisciplinary approaches including physiological, biochemical and molecular, and transcriptome methods were used to investigate the H2S role in regulating Fe availability in soybean seedlings. RESULTS Our results showed that H2S completely prevented leaf interveinal chlorosis and caused an increase in soybean seedling biomass under Fe deficiency conditions. Moreover, H2S decreased the amount of root-bound apoplastic Fe and increased the Fe content in leaves and roots by regulating the ferric-chelate reductase (FCR) activities and Fe homeostasis- and sulphur metabolism-related gene expression levels, thereby promoting photosynthesis in soybean seedlings. In addition, H2S changed the plant hormone concentrations by modulating plant hormone-related gene expression abundances in soybean seedlings grown in Fe-deficient solution. Furthermore, organic acid biosynthesis and related genes expression also played a vital role in modulating the H2S-mediated alleviation of Fe deficiency in soybean seedlings. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that Fe deficiency was alleviated by H2S through enhancement of Fe acquisition and assimilation, thereby regulating plant hormones and organic acid synthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Ni-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Zhouping Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Ge-Hong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.
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Liu L, Gueguen-Chaignon V, Gonçalves IR, Rascle C, Rigault M, Dellagi A, Loisel E, Poussereau N, Rodrigue A, Terradot L, Condemine G. A secreted metal-binding protein protects necrotrophic phytopathogens from reactive oxygen species. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4853. [PMID: 31649262 PMCID: PMC6813330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few secreted proteins involved in plant infection common to necrotrophic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes have been identified except for plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. Here we study a family of iron-binding proteins that is present in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and some animals. Homolog proteins in the phytopathogenic bacterium Dickeya dadantii (IbpS) and the fungal necrotroph Botrytis cinerea (BcIbp) are involved in plant infection. IbpS is secreted, can bind iron and copper, and protects the bacteria against H2O2-induced death. Its 1.7 Å crystal structure reveals a classical Venus Fly trap fold that forms dimers in solution and in the crystal. We propose that secreted Ibp proteins binds exogenous metals and thus limit intracellular metal accumulation and ROS formation in the microorganisms. The authors identify a family of iron-binding proteins that is present in phytopathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes. Some of these proteins are secreted, bind metals, protect the pathogen from H2O2-induced death, and are involved in plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Isabelle R Gonçalves
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Martine Rigault
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Alia Dellagi
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Elise Loisel
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Agnès Rodrigue
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Terradot
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Université de Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France.
| | - Guy Condemine
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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Tissot N, Robe K, Gao F, Grant-Grant S, Boucherez J, Bellegarde F, Maghiaoui A, Marcelin R, Izquierdo E, Benhamed M, Martin A, Vignols F, Roschzttardtz H, Gaymard F, Briat JF, Dubos C. Transcriptional integration of the responses to iron availability in Arabidopsis by the bHLH factor ILR3. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1433-1446. [PMID: 30773647 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) homeostasis is crucial for all living organisms. In mammals, an integrated posttranscriptional mechanism couples the regulation of both Fe deficiency and Fe excess responses. Whether in plants an integrated control mechanism involving common players regulates responses both to deficiency and to excess is still to be determined. In this study, molecular, genetic and biochemical approaches were used to investigate transcriptional responses to both Fe deficiency and excess. A transcriptional activator of responses to Fe shortage in Arabidopsis, called bHLH105/ILR3, was found to also negatively regulate the expression of ferritin genes, which are markers of the plant's response to Fe excess. Further investigations revealed that ILR3 repressed the expression of several structural genes that function in the control of Fe homeostasis. ILR3 interacts directly with the promoter of its target genes, and repressive activity was conferred by its dimerisation with bHLH47/PYE. Last, this study highlighted that important facets of plant growth in response to Fe deficiency or excess rely on ILR3 activity. Altogether, the data presented herein support that ILR3 is at the centre of the transcriptional regulatory network that controls Fe homeostasis in Arabidopsis, in which it acts as both transcriptional activator and repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Tissot
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Kevin Robe
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Fei Gao
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Susana Grant-Grant
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jossia Boucherez
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Fanny Bellegarde
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Amel Maghiaoui
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Marcelin
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Esther Izquierdo
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institut of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Antoine Martin
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Vignols
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Hannetz Roschzttardtz
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Frédéric Gaymard
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Christian Dubos
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
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11
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Kobayashi T, Nozoye T, Nishizawa NK. Iron transport and its regulation in plants. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:11-20. [PMID: 30385345 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for plants as well as other organisms, functioning in various cellular processes, including respiration, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. Plants take up iron from soil in which iron solubility is extremely low especially under aerobic conditions at high-pH range. Therefore, plants have evolved efficient iron-uptake mechanisms. Because iron is prone to being precipitated and excess ionic iron is cytotoxic, plants also have sophisticated internal iron-transport mechanisms. These transport mechanisms comprise iron chelators including nicotianamine, mugineic acid family phytosiderophores and citrate, and various types of transporters of these chelators, iron-chelate complexes, or free iron ions. To maintain iron homeostasis, plants have developed mechanisms for regulating gene expression in response to iron availability. Expression of various genes involved in iron uptake and translocation is induced under iron deficiency by transcription factor networks and is negatively regulated by the ubiquitin ligase HRZ/BTS. This response is deduced to be mediated by cellular iron sensing as well as long-distance iron signaling. The ubiquitin ligase HRZ/BTS is a candidate intracellular iron sensor because it binds to iron and zinc, and its activity is affected by iron availability. The iron-excess response of plants is thought to be partially independent of the iron-deficiency response. In this review, we summarize and discuss extant knowledge of plant iron transport and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nozoye
- Center for Liberal Arts, Meiji Gakuin University, 1518 Kamikurata-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8539, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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12
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Ishida JK, Caldas DGG, Oliveira LR, Frederici GC, Leite LMP, Mui TS. Genome-wide characterization of the NRAMP gene family in Phaseolus vulgaris provides insights into functional implications during common bean development. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:820-833. [PMID: 30334565 PMCID: PMC6415609 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transporter proteins play an essential role in the uptake, trafficking and storage of metals in plant tissues. The Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein (NRAMP) family plays an essential role in divalent metal transport. We conducted bioinformatics approaches to identify seven NRAMP genes in the Phaseolus vulgaris genome, investigated their phylogenetic relation, and performed transmembrane domain and gene/protein structure analyses. We found that the NRAMP gene family forms two distinct groups. One group included the PvNRAMP1, -6, and -7 genes that share a fragmented structure with a numerous exon/intron organization and encode proteins with mitochondrial or plastidial localization. The other group is characterized by few exons that encode cytoplasmic proteins. In addition, our data indicated that PvNRAMP6 and -7 may be involved in mineral uptake and mobilization in nodule tissues, while the genes PvNRAMP1, -2, -3, -4 and -5 are potentially recruited during plant development. This data provided a more comprehensive understanding of the role of NRAMP transporters in metal homeostasis in P. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Karine Ishida
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo (CENA-USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle G G Caldas
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo (CENA-USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Roberto Oliveira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo (CENA-USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Campos Frederici
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo (CENA-USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tsai Siu Mui
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo (CENA-USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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13
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Shokrollahi S, Ghanati F, Sajedi RH, Sharifi M. Possible role of iron containing proteins in physiological responses of soybean to static magnetic field. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 226:163-171. [PMID: 29778670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a component of many proteins that have crucial roles in plant growth and development, such as ferritin and catalase. Iron also, as a ferromagnetic element, is assumed to be influenced by a static magnetic field (SMF). In the present study, we examined the relationship between ferrous content and gene expression and activity of ferritin and catalase in soybean plants under the influence of 0, 20, and 30 mT SMF for 5 day, 5 h each. Exposure to 20 mT decreased gene expression of Fe transporter, ferrous and H2O2 contents and gene expression, content and activity of ferritin and catalase. Opposite responses were observed under 30 mT treatments. The results suggest that SMF triggered a signaling pathway that is mediated by iron. The structure and activity of purified ferritin and apoferritin from horse spleen, and catalase from bovine liver proteins under SMF were evaluated as well. Secondary structure of proteins were not influenced by SMF (evidenced by far-UV circular dichroism), whereas their tertiary structure, size, and activity were altered (shown by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light-scattering). From these results, it is likely that the number of iron atoms is involved in the nature of influence of SMF on protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Shokrollahi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Faezeh Ghanati
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza H Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Sharifi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Parveen S, Pandey A, Jameel N, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty N. Transcriptional regulation of chickpea ferritin CaFer1 influences its role in iron homeostasis and stress response. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 222:9-16. [PMID: 29304382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin, ubiquitous among all living organisms except yeast, exhibits iron-regulated expression. In plants, this regulation is applied through transcriptional control. Previous studies established the presence of two types of cis-acting elements in the promoter region: the iron regulatory element (FRE) in soybean and the iron-dependent regulatory sequence (IDRS) in maize and Arabidopsis. Adverse environmental conditions (e.g. water-deficit and oxidative stress) are known to modulate the expression of phytoferritin genes. In this study, we cloned and investigated the promoter sequence of a chickpea ferritin, designated CaFer1. Phylogenetic analysis of the CaFer1 promoter revealed its evolutionary relationship with other phytoferritins. The CaFer1 promoter exhibited several putative regulatory elements including two known transcription factor (TF) binding sites, Athb-1 and Myb.Ph. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed the sequence-specific binding of Athb-1 and Myb.Ph on the CaFer1 promoter. The TF-binding dynamics of CaFer1 showed high induction under conditions of iron-deficiency and water-deficit. We also demonstrated the possible interaction of CaFer1 with IRT1, a key component of the iron uptake system in plants, indicating its involvement in maintaining cellular iron levels. These results provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms of function of these interacting factors in CaFer1-mediated iron homeostasis and the stress response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Parveen
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Aarti Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neha Jameel
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Niranjan Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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15
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Xiong TC, Sanchez F, Briat JF, Gaymard F, Dubos C. Spatio-Temporal Imaging of Promoter Activity in Intact Plant Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1482:103-10. [PMID: 27557763 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6396-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Localization and quantification of expression levels of genes help to determine their function. Localization of gene expression is often achieved through the study of their promoter activity. Three main reporter genes β-glucuronidase (GUS), green fluorescent protein (GFP), and luciferase (LUC) have been intensively used to characterize promoter activities, each having its own specificities and advantages. Among them, the LUC reporter gene is best suitable for the analysis of the promoter activity of genes in intact living plants. Here, we describe a LUC-based method that allows to precisely localize and quantify promoter activity at the whole plant level, and to study the mechanisms that are involved in long-distance regulation of gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Imaging LUC signals with a low-light CCD camera allows monitoring promoter activity in time and space in the transgenic plant harboring the promoter fused with the LUC gene. In addition, it allows quantifying change of promoter activities in plant during several hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tou Cheu Xiong
- Montpellier SupAgro, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 02, France.
| | - Frédéric Sanchez
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Jean-François Briat
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Frédéric Gaymard
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Christian Dubos
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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16
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Liu J, Fan Y, Zou J, Fang Y, Wang L, Wang M, Jiang X, Liu Y, Gao J, Zhang C. A RhABF2/Ferritin module affects rose (Rosa hybrida) petal dehydration tolerance and senescence by modulating iron levels. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:1157-1169. [PMID: 29072877 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants often develop the capacity to tolerate moderate and reversible environmental stresses, such as drought, and to re-establish normal development once the stress has been removed. An example of this phenomenon is provided by cut rose (Rosa hybrida) flowers, which experience typical reversible dehydration stresses during post-harvest handling after harvesting at the bud stages. The molecular mechanisms involved in rose flower dehydration tolerance are not known, however. Here, we characterized a dehydration- and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced ferritin gene (RhFer1). Dehydration-induced free ferrous iron (Fe2+ ) is preferentially sequestered by RhFer1 and not transported outside of the petal cells, to restrict oxidative stresses during dehydration. Free Fe2+ accumulation resulted in more serious oxidative stresses and the induction of genes encoding antioxidant enzyme in RhFer1-silenced petals, and poorer dehydration tolerance was observed compared with tobacco rattle virus (TRV) controls. We also determined that RhABF2, an AREB/ABF transcription factor involved in the ABA signaling pathway, can activate RhFer1 expression by directly binding to its promoter. The silencing of RhABF2 decreased dehydration tolerance and disrupted Fe homeostasis in rose petals during dehydration, as did the silencing of RhFer1. Although both RhFer1 and Fe transporter genes are induced during flower natural senescence in plants, the silencing of RhABF2 or RhFer1 accelerates the petal senescence processes. These results suggest that the regulatory module RhABF2/RhFer1 contributes to the maintenance of Fe levels and enhances dehydration tolerance through the action of RhFer1 locally sequestering free Fe2+ under dehydration conditions, and plays synergistic roles with transporter genes during flower senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitao Liu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Youwei Fan
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiqun Fang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Linghao Wang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinqiang Jiang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Collabrative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, 402160, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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17
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Shabir G, Saeed A, Channar PA, Larik FA, AbdulFatah T. Sensitive and Selective "Turn-On" Chemodosimetric Probes for Fe 3+ Based on a Skeleton of 2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthaldehyde. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:2213-2221. [PMID: 28823019 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A naked-eye colored chemodosimeteric probes 4a-f, based on Schiff-azo dye conjugates were synthesized and characterized. All compounds 4a-f exhibited excellent selectivity and high sensitivity in absorbance toward detection of Fe3+ in alcoholic solutions under neutral pH conditions. The detection limit of the probe was shown to be up to 0.05 ppm. A simple paper test strip system for the rapid monitoring of Fe3+ was developed, indicating their convenient use in environmental samples. Electrochemical analysis of metal free conjugates and iron chelated probes confirmed the chelation of ligands. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Shabir
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Pervaiz Ali Channar
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Fayaz Ali Larik
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Tanzeela AbdulFatah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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18
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Qiao Z, Pingault L, Zogli P, Langevin M, Rech N, Farmer A, Libault M. A comparative genomic and transcriptomic analysis at the level of isolated root hair cells reveals new conserved root hair regulatory elements. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:641-655. [PMID: 28687904 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A comparative transcriptomic and genomic analysis between Arabidopsis thaliana and Glycine max root hair genes reveals the evolution of the expression of plant genes after speciation and whole genome duplication. Our understanding of the conservation and divergence of the expression patterns of genes between plant species is limited by the quality of the genomic and transcriptomic resources available. Specifically, the transcriptomes generated from plant organs are the reflection of the contribution of the different cell types composing the samples weighted by their relative abundances in the sample. These contributions can vary between plant species leading to the generation of datasets which are difficult to compare. To gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of gene transcription in and between plant species, we performed a comparative transcriptomic and genomic analysis at the level of one single plant cell type, the root hair cell, and between two model plants: Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and soybean (Glycine max). These two species, which diverged 90 million years ago, were selected as models based on the large amount of genomic and root hair transcriptomic information currently available. Our analysis revealed in detail the transcriptional divergence and conservation between soybean paralogs (i.e., the soybean genome is the product of two successive whole genome duplications) and between Arabidopsis and soybean orthologs in this single plant cell type. Taking advantage of this evolutionary study, we combined bioinformatics, molecular, cellular and microscopic tools to characterize plant promoter sequences and the discovery of two root hair regulatory elements (RHE1 and RHE2) consistently and specifically active in plant root hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Lise Pingault
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Prince Zogli
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Micaela Langevin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Niccole Rech
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Andrew Farmer
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM, 87505, USA
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
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19
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dos Santos RS, de Araujo AT, Pegoraro C, de Oliveira AC. Dealing with iron metabolism in rice: from breeding for stress tolerance to biofortification. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:312-325. [PMID: 28304072 PMCID: PMC5452141 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is a well-known metal. Used by humankind since ancient times in many different ways, this element is present in all living organisms, where, unfortunately, it represents a two-way problem. Being an essential block in the composition of different proteins and metabolic pathways, iron is a vital component for animals and plants. That is why iron deficiency has a severe impact on the lives of different organisms, including humans, becoming a major concern, especially in developing countries where access to adequate nutrition is still difficult. On the other hand, this metal is also capable of causing damage when present in excess, becoming toxic to cells and affecting the whole organism. Because of its importance, iron absorption, transport and storage mechanisms have been extensively investigated in order to design alternatives that may solve this problem. As the understanding of the strategies that plants use to control iron homeostasis is an important step in the generation of improved plants that meet both human agricultural and nutritional needs, here we discuss some of the most important points about this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Railson Schreinert dos Santos
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center (CGF), Universidade Federal de
Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Technology Development Center (CDTec), Universidade Federal de
Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Pegoraro
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center (CGF), Universidade Federal de
Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Antonio Costa de Oliveira
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center (CGF), Universidade Federal de
Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Technology Development Center (CDTec), Universidade Federal de
Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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20
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Chungopast S, Duangkhet M, Tajima S, Ma JF, Nomura M. Iron-induced nitric oxide leads to an increase in the expression of ferritin during the senescence of Lotus japonicus nodules. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 208:40-46. [PMID: 27889519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for legume-rhizobium symbiosis and accumulates abundantly in the nodules. However, the concentration of free iron in the cells is strictly controlled to avoid toxicity. It is known that ferritin accumulates in the cells as an iron storage protein. During nodule senescence, the expression of the ferritin gene, Ljfer1, was induced in Lotus japonicus. We investigated a signal transduction pathway leading to the increase of Ljfer1 in the nodule. The Ljfer1 promoter of L. japonicus contains a conserved Iron-Dependent Regulatory Sequence (IDRS). The expression of Ljfer1 was induced by the application of iron or sodium nitroprusside, which is a nitric oxide (NO) donor. The application of iron to the nodule increased the level of NO. These data strongly suggest that iron-induced NO leads to increased expression of Ljfer1 during the senescence of L. japonicus nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirinapa Chungopast
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Mallika Duangkhet
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tajima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Mika Nomura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
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21
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Dai C, Cui W, Pan J, Xie Y, Wang J, Shen W. Proteomic analysis provides insights into the molecular bases of hydrogen gas-induced cadmium resistance in Medicago sativa. J Proteomics 2017; 152:109-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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22
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Charlier JB, Polese C, Nouet C, Carnol M, Bosman B, Krämer U, Motte P, Hanikenne M. Zinc triggers a complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the metal homeostasis gene FRD3 in Arabidopsis relatives. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3865-78. [PMID: 25900619 PMCID: PMC4473987 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, FRD3 (FERRIC CHELATE REDUCTASE DEFECTIVE 3) plays a central role in metal homeostasis. FRD3 is among a set of metal homeostasis genes that are constitutively highly expressed in roots and shoots of Arabidopsis halleri, a zinc hyperaccumulating and hypertolerant species. Here, we examined the regulation of FRD3 by zinc in both species to shed light on the evolutionary processes underlying the evolution of hyperaccumulation in A. halleri. We combined gene expression studies with the use of β-glucuronidase and green fluorescent protein reporter constructs to compare the expression profile and transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of FRD3 in both species. The AtFRD3 and AhFRD3 genes displayed a conserved expression profile. In A. thaliana, alternative transcription initiation sites from two promoters determined transcript variants that were differentially regulated by zinc supply in roots and shoots to favour the most highly translated variant under zinc-excess conditions. In A. halleri, a single transcript variant with higher transcript stability and enhanced translation has been maintained. The FRD3 gene thus undergoes complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in Arabidopsis relatives. Our study reveals that a diverse set of mechanisms underlie increased gene dosage in the A. halleri lineage and illustrates how an environmental challenge can alter gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Benoit Charlier
- Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Polese
- Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Cécile Nouet
- Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Monique Carnol
- Laboratory of Plant and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Ecology, Evolution, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Bosman
- Laboratory of Plant and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Ecology, Evolution, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Ute Krämer
- Department of Plant Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Motte
- Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium PhytoSYSTEMS, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Hanikenne
- Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium PhytoSYSTEMS, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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23
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Reyt G, Boudouf S, Boucherez J, Gaymard F, Briat JF. Iron- and ferritin-dependent reactive oxygen species distribution: impact on Arabidopsis root system architecture. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:439-53. [PMID: 25624148 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) homeostasis is integrated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and distribution at the root tip participates in the control of root growth. Excess Fe increases ferritin abundance, enabling the storage of Fe, which contributes to protection of plants against Fe-induced oxidative stress. AtFer1 and AtFer3 are the two ferritin genes expressed in the meristematic zone, pericycle and endodermis of the Arabidopsis thaliana root, and it is in these regions that we observe Fe stained dots. This staining disappears in the triple fer1-3-4 ferritin mutant. Fe excess decreases primary root length in the same way in wild-type and in fer1-3-4 mutant. In contrast, the Fe-mediated decrease of lateral root (LR) length and density is enhanced in fer1-3-4 plants due to a defect in LR emergence. We observe that this interaction between excess Fe, ferritin, and root system architecture (RSA) is in part mediated by the H2O2/O2·- balance between the root cell proliferation and differentiation zones regulated by the UPB1 transcription factor. Meristem size is also decreased in response to Fe excess in ferritin mutant plants, implicating cell cycle arrest mediated by the ROS-activated SMR5/SMR7 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors pathway in the interaction between Fe and RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Reyt
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro. Bat 7, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Soukaina Boudouf
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro. Bat 7, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Jossia Boucherez
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro. Bat 7, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Frédéric Gaymard
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro. Bat 7, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Jean-Francois Briat
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro. Bat 7, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
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Briat JF, Rouached H, Tissot N, Gaymard F, Dubos C. Integration of P, S, Fe, and Zn nutrition signals in Arabidopsis thaliana: potential involvement of PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE 1 (PHR1). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:290. [PMID: 25972885 PMCID: PMC4411997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate and sulfate are essential macro-elements for plant growth and development, and deficiencies in these mineral elements alter many metabolic functions. Nutritional constraints are not restricted to macro-elements. Essential metals such as zinc and iron have their homeostasis strictly genetically controlled, and deficiency or excess of these micro-elements can generate major physiological disorders, also impacting plant growth and development. Phosphate and sulfate on one hand, and zinc and iron on the other hand, are known to interact. These interactions have been partly described at the molecular and physiological levels, and are reviewed here. Furthermore the two macro-elements phosphate and sulfate not only interact between themselves but also influence zinc and iron nutrition. These intricated nutritional cross-talks are presented. The responses of plants to phosphorus, sulfur, zinc, or iron deficiencies have been widely studied considering each element separately, and some molecular actors of these regulations have been characterized in detail. Although some scarce reports have started to examine the interaction of these mineral elements two by two, a more complex analysis of the interactions and cross-talks between the signaling pathways integrating the homeostasis of these various elements is still lacking. However, a MYB-like transcription factor, PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE 1, emerges as a common regulator of phosphate, sulfate, zinc, and iron homeostasis, and its role as a potential general integrator for the control of mineral nutrition is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Briat
- *Correspondence: Jean-François Briat, Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique – Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro, Bat 7, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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Deng X, Yang J, Wu X, Li Y, Fei X. A C2H2 zinc finger protein FEMU2 is required for fox1 expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112977. [PMID: 25485540 PMCID: PMC4259311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii fox1 gene encodes a ferroxidase that is involved in cellular Fe uptake and highly induced during Fe deficient conditions. In an effort to identify fox1 promoter regulatory elements, an insertional library was generated in a transgenic Chlamydomonas strain (2A38) harboring an arylsulfatase (ARS) reporter gene driven by the fox1 promoter. Mutants with a defective response to low iron conditions were selected for further study. Among these, a strain containing a disrupted femu2 gene was identified. Activation of the fox1 promoter by the femu2 gene product was confirmed by silencing the femu2 gene using RNA interference. In three femu2 RNAi transgenic lines (IR3, IR6, and IR7), ARS reporter gene activities declined by 84.3%, 86.4%, and 88.8%, respectively under Fe deficient conditions. Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis of both the femu2 mutant and the RNAi transgenic lines showed significantly decreased transcript abundance of the endogenous fox1 gene under Fe deficient conditions. Amino acid sequence analysis of the femu2 gene product identified three potential C2H2 zinc finger (ZF) motifs and a nuclear localization study suggests that FEMU2 is localized to the nucleus. In addition, a potential FEMU2 binding site ((G/T)TTGG(G/T)(G/T)T) was identified using PCR-mediated random binding site selection. Taken together, this evidence suggests that FEMU2 is involved in up-regulation of the fox1 gene in Fe deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Jinghao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - YaJun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xiaowen Fei
- School of Science, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571101, China
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Yoshinaga R, Niwa-Kubota M, Matsui H, Matsuda Y. Characterization of iron-responsive promoters in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Mar Genomics 2014; 16:55-62. [PMID: 24530214 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that iron is one of the major constraints of primary productivity of marine diatoms in world oceans. In the present study, changes in the transcript levels of the 20 iron related genes were profiled in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum during an early stage of acclimation from iron replete to iron-limited conditions. The results clearly showed that the profiles differ depending on genes, suggesting the occurrence of several modes of iron-responsive regulation at the transcriptional level. Upstream DNA sequences of iron starvation induced protein1 (Isi1), ferrichrome binding protein1 (FBP1), and flavodoxin (Fld) genes were isolated, fused with the GUS reporter gene, uidA, and transformed into P. tricornutum. Obtained transformants were subjected to the GUS reporter assay and the result clearly revealed that the GUS activity of all transformants was significantly increased upon iron limitation. Iron responsive Cis-elements in each promoter region were determined by the promoter truncation technique, demonstrating the occurrence of the critical iron-responsive regulatory regions of about 30bp in the promoter regions of three genes, Isi1, FBP1, and Fld. Interestingly, these sequences were similar with each other revealing two conserved motifs, A; A(A/C)G(G/C)C(G/-)C(A/G)TG; and B; CACGTG(T/C)C, which are homologous to the iron responsive Cis-element in the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The impairment of the motif B in the Isi1 promoter resulted in the loss of iron response and the core regulatory region of the FBP1 promoter conferred an iron response on the constitutive cytomegalovirus promoter, PCMV, indicating that these conserved promoter sequences are iron-responsive elements. Finally, the inductive regulation of these promoters under iron-limited conditions was dissipated specifically by 5% CO2, strongly suggesting the participation of CO2 in the transcriptional regulation of the iron-related gene promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yoshinaga
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Megumi Niwa-Kubota
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsui
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuda
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan.
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DeLaat DM, Colombo CA, Chiorato AF, Carbonell SAM. Induction of ferritin synthesis by water deficit and iron excess in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1427-35. [PMID: 24390245 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ferritins are molecules for iron storage present in most living beings. In plants, ferritin is an essential iron homeostasis regulator and therefore plays a fundamental role in control of iron induced by oxidative stress or by excess of iron ions. Ferritin gene expression is modulated by various environmental factors, including the intensity of drought, cold, light and pathogenic attack. Common bean, one of the most important species in the Brazilian diet, is also affected by insufficiency or lack of water. Thus, the present study was conducted for the purpose of determining the levels of expression of ferritins transcripts in leaf tissues of three common bean cultivars (BAT 477, Carioca Comum and IAC-Diplomata) under osmotic shock caused by polyethylene glycol 6000 and by iron excess. The expression of three ferritins genes (PvFer1, PvFer2 and PvFer3), determined by quantitative PCR, indicated a difference in the expression kinetics among the cultivars. All the ferritin genes were actively transcribed under iron excess and water deficit conditions. The cultivars most responsive to treatments were BAT 477 and IAC-Diplomata. All the cultivars responded to treatments. Nevertheless, the ferritin genes were differentially regulated according to the cultivars. Analysis of variance indicated differences among cultivars in expression of the genes PvFer1 and PvFer3. Both genes were most responsive to treatments. This result suggests that ferritin genes may be functionally important in acclimatization of common bean under iron excess or water deficit conditions.
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Panda BB, Sharma S, Mohapatra PK, Das A. Iron Nutrition <i>vis-à-vis</i> Aconitase Activity and Ferritin Accumulation in Tropical <i>Indica</i> Rice Cultivars Differing in Grain Iron Concentration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.518299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Photosynthesis, the process that drives life on earth, relies on transition metal (e.g., Fe and Cu) containing proteins that participate in electron transfer in the chloroplast. However, the light reactions also generate high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which makes metal use in plants a challenge. RECENT ADVANCES Sophisticated regulatory networks govern Fe and Cu homeostasis in response to metal ion availability according to cellular needs and priorities. Molecular remodeling in response to Fe or Cu limitation leads to its economy to benefit photosynthesis. Fe toxicity is prevented by ferritin, a chloroplastic Fe-storage protein in plants. Recent studies on ferritin function and regulation revealed the interplay between iron homeostasis and the redox balance in the chloroplast. CRITICAL ISSUES Although the connections between metal excess and ROS in the chloroplast are established at the molecular level, the mechanistic details and physiological significance remain to be defined. The causality/effect relationship between transition metals, redox signals, and responses is difficult to establish. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Integrated approaches have led to a comprehensive understanding of Cu homeostasis in plants. However, the biological functions of several major families of Cu proteins remain unclear. The cellular priorities for Fe use under deficiency remain largely to be determined. A number of transcription factors that function to regulate Cu and Fe homeostasis under deficiency have been characterized, but we have not identified regulators that mediate responses to excess. Importantly, details of metal sensing mechanisms and cross talk to ROS-sensing mechanisms are so far poorly documented in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Ravet
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Vigani G, Tarantino D, Murgia I. Mitochondrial ferritin is a functional iron-storage protein in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:316. [PMID: 23967005 PMCID: PMC3744851 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In plants, intracellular Fe trafficking must satisfy chloroplasts' and mitochondrial demands for Fe without allowing its accumulation in the organelles in dangerous redox-active forms. Protein ferritin is involved in such homeostatic control, however its functional role in mitochondria, differently from its role in chloroplasts, is still matter of debate. To test ferritin functionality as a 24-mer Fe-storage complex in mitochondria, cucumber seedlings were grown under different conditions of Fe supply (excess, control, deficiency) and mitochondria were purified from the roots. A ferritin monomer of around 25 KDa was detected by SDS-PAGE in Fe-excess root mitochondria, corresponding to the annotated Csa5M215130/XP_004163524 protein: such a monomer is barely detectable in the control mitochondria and not at all in the Fe-deficient ones. Correspondingly, the ferritin 24-mer complex is abundant in root mitochondria from Fe-excess plants and it stores Fe as Fe(III): such a complex is also detectable, though to a much smaller extent, in control mitochondria, but not in Fe-deficient ones. Cucumber ferritin Csa5M215130/XP_004163524 is therefore a functional Fe(III)-store in root mitochondria and its abundance is dependent on the Fe nutritional status of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Vigani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali – Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Delia Tarantino
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Irene Murgia
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
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Bournier M, Tissot N, Mari S, Boucherez J, Lacombe E, Briat JF, Gaymard F. Arabidopsis ferritin 1 (AtFer1) gene regulation by the phosphate starvation response 1 (AtPHR1) transcription factor reveals a direct molecular link between iron and phosphate homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22670-80. [PMID: 23788639 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.482281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A yeast one-hybrid screening allowed the selection of PHR1 as a factor that interacted with the AtFer1 ferritin gene promoter. In mobility shift assays, PHR1 and its close homologue PHL1 (PHR1-like 1) interact with Element 2 of the AtFer1 promoter, containing a P1BS (PHR1 binding site). In a loss of function mutant for genes encoding PHR1 and PHL1 (phr1 phl1 mutant), the response of AtFer1 to phosphate starvation was completely lost, showing that the two transcription factors regulate AtFer1 expression upon phosphate starvation. This regulation does not involve the IDRS (iron-dependent regulatory sequence) present in the AtFer1 promoter and involved in the iron-dependent regulation. The phosphate starvation response of AtFer1 is not linked to the iron status of plants and is specifically initiated by phosphate deficiency. Histochemical localization of iron, visualized by Perls DAB staining, was strongly altered in a phr1 phl1 mutant, revealing that both PHR1 and PHL1 are major factors involved in the regulation of iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bournier
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moleculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004, Agro-M/CNRS/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universite Montpelier II, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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Hong S, Kim SA, Guerinot ML, McClung CR. Reciprocal interaction of the circadian clock with the iron homeostasis network in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:893-903. [PMID: 23250624 PMCID: PMC3561027 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, iron (Fe) uptake and homeostasis are critical for survival, and these processes are tightly regulated at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Circadian clocks are endogenous oscillating mechanisms that allow an organism to anticipate environmental changes to coordinate biological processes both with one another and with the environmental day/night cycle. The plant circadian clock controls many physiological processes through rhythmic expression of transcripts. In this study, we examined the expression of three Fe homeostasis genes (IRON REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 [IRT1], BASIC HELIX LOOP HELIX39, and FERRITIN1) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) using promoter:LUCIFERASE transgenic lines. Each of these promoters showed circadian regulation of transcription. The circadian clock monitors a number of clock outputs and uses these outputs as inputs to modulate clock function. We show that this is also true for Fe status. Fe deficiency results in a lengthened circadian period. We interrogated mutants impaired in the Fe homeostasis response, including irt1-1, which lacks the major high-affinity Fe transporter, and fit-2, which lacks Fe deficiency-induced TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor necessary for induction of the Fe deficiency response. Both mutants exhibit symptoms of Fe deficiency, including lengthened circadian period. To determine which components are involved in this cross talk between the circadian and Fe homeostasis networks, we tested clock- or Fe homeostasis-related mutants. Mutants defective in specific clock gene components were resistant to the change in period length under different Fe conditions observed in the wild type, suggesting that these mutants are impaired in cross talk between Fe homeostasis and the circadian clock.
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Aksoy E, Jeong IS, Koiwa H. Loss of function of Arabidopsis C-terminal domain phosphatase-like1 activates iron deficiency responses at the transcriptional level. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:330-45. [PMID: 23144187 PMCID: PMC3532264 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.207043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The expression of genes that control iron (Fe) uptake and distribution (i.e. Fe utilization-related genes) is tightly regulated. Fe deficiency strongly induces Fe utilization-related gene expression; however, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate this response in plants. Transcriptome analysis of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant defective in RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain-phosphatase-like1 (CPL1) revealed significant up-regulation of Fe utilization-related genes (e.g. IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1), suggesting the importance of RNA metabolism in Fe signaling. An analysis using multiple cpl1 alleles established that cpl1 mutations enhanced specific transcriptional responses to low Fe availability. Changes in protein level were less prominent than those in transcript level, indicating that cpl1-2 mainly affects the Fe deficiency response at the transcriptional level. However, Fe content was significantly increased in the roots and decreased in the shoots of cpl1-2 plants, indicating that the cpl1 mutations do indeed affect Fe homeostasis. Furthermore, root growth of cpl1-2 showed improved tolerance to Fe deficiency and cadmium (Cd) toxicity. cpl1-2 plants accumulated more Cd in the shoots, suggesting that Cd toxicity in the roots of this mutant is averted by the transport of excess Cd to the shoots. Genetic data indicate that cpl1-2 likely activates Fe deficiency responses upstream of both FE-DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. Interestingly, various osmotic stress/abscisic acid (ABA)-inducible genes were up-regulated in cpl1-2, and the expression of some ABA-inducible genes was controlled by Fe availability. We propose that the cpl1 mutations enhance Fe deficiency signaling and promote cross talk with a branch of the osmotic stress/ABA signaling pathway.
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Borg S, Brinch-Pedersen H, Tauris B, Madsen LH, Darbani B, Noeparvar S, Holm PB. Wheat ferritins: Improving the iron content of the wheat grain. J Cereal Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kobayashi T, Nishizawa NK. Iron uptake, translocation, and regulation in higher plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:131-52. [PMID: 22404471 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron is essential for the survival and proliferation of all plants. Higher plants have developed two distinct strategies to acquire iron, which is only slightly soluble, from the rhizosphere: the reduction strategy of nongraminaceous plants and the chelation strategy of graminaceous plants. Key molecular components-including transporters, enzymes, and chelators-have been clarified for both strategies, and many of these components are now thought to also function inside the plant to facilitate internal iron transport. Transporters for intracellular iron trafficking are also being clarified. A majority of genes encoding these components are transcriptionally regulated in response to iron availability. Recent research has uncovered central transcription factors, cis-acting elements, and molecular mechanisms regulating these genes. Manipulation of these molecular components has produced transgenic crops with enhanced tolerance to iron deficiency or with increased iron content in the edible parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Ramirez L, Simontacchi M, Murgia I, Zabaleta E, Lamattina L. Nitric oxide, nitrosyl iron complexes, ferritin and frataxin: a well equipped team to preserve plant iron homeostasis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:582-92. [PMID: 21893255 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a key element in plant nutrition. Iron deficiency as well as iron overload results in serious metabolic disorders that affect photosynthesis, respiration and general plant fitness with direct consequences on crop production. More than 25% of the cultivable land possesses low iron availability due to high pH (calcareous soils). Plant biologists are challenged by this concern and aimed to find new avenues to ameliorate plant responses and keep iron homeostasis under control even at wide range of iron availability in various soils. For this purpose, detailed knowledge of iron uptake, transport, storage and interactions with cellular compounds will help to construct a more complete picture of its role as essential nutrient. In this review, we summarize and describe the recent findings involving four central players involved in keeping cellular iron homeostasis in plants: nitric oxide, ferritin, frataxin and nitrosyl iron complexes. We attempt to highlight the interactions among these actors in different scenarios occurring under iron deficiency or iron overload, and discuss their counteracting and/or coordinating actions leading to the control of iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, CC 1245 Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Xu XM, Møller SG. Iron-sulfur clusters: biogenesis, molecular mechanisms, and their functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:271-307. [PMID: 20812788 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters [Fe-S] are small, ubiquitous inorganic cofactors representing one of the earliest catalysts during biomolecule evolution and are involved in fundamental biological reactions, including regulation of enzyme activity, mitochondrial respiration, ribosome biogenesis, cofactor biogenesis, gene expression regulation, and nucleotide metabolism. Although simple in structure, [Fe-S] biogenesis requires complex protein machineries and pathways for assembly. [Fe-S] are assembled from cysteine-derived sulfur and iron onto scaffold proteins followed by transfer to recipient apoproteins. Several predominant iron-sulfur biogenesis systems have been identified, including nitrogen fixation (NIF), sulfur utilization factor (SUF), iron-sulfur cluster (ISC), and cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA), and many protein components have been identified and characterized. In eukaryotes ISC is mainly localized to mitochondria, cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly to the cytosol, whereas plant sulfur utilization factor is localized mainly to plastids. Because of this spatial separation, evidence suggests cross-talk mediated by organelle export machineries and dual targeting mechanisms. Although research efforts in understanding iron-sulfur biogenesis has been centered on bacteria, yeast, and plants, recent efforts have implicated inappropriate [Fe-S] biogenesis to underlie many human diseases. In this review we detail our current understanding of [Fe-S] biogenesis across species boundaries highlighting evolutionary conservation and divergence and assembling our knowledge into a cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ming Xu
- Centre for Organelle Research CORE, University of Stavanger, Norway
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Djennane S, Cesbron C, Sourice S, Cournol R, Dupuis F, Eychenne M, Loridon K, Chevreau E. Iron homeostasis and fire blight susceptibility in transgenic pear plants overexpressing a pea ferritin gene. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 180:694-701. [PMID: 21421420 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora causes the devastating disease known as fire blight in some rosaceous plants including apple and pear. One of the pathogenicity factors affecting fire blight development is the production of a siderophore, desferrioxamine, which overcomes the limiting conditions in plant tissues and also protects bacteria against active oxygen species. In this paper we examine the effect of an iron chelator protein encoded by the pea ferritin gene on the fire blight susceptibility of pear (Pyrus communis). Transgenic pear clones expressing this gene controlled either by the constitutive promoter CaMV 35S or by the inducible promoter sgd24 promoter were produced. The transgenic clones produced were analysed by Q-RT-PCR to determine the level of expression of the pea transgene. A pathogen-inducible pattern of expression of the pea transgene was observed in sgd24-promoter transformants. Adaptation to iron deficiency in vitro was tested in some transgenic clones and different iron metabolism parameters were measured. No strong effect on iron and chlorophyll content, root reductase activity and fire blight susceptibility was detected in the transgenic lines tested. No transformants showed a significant reduction in susceptibility to fire blight in greenhouse conditions when inoculated with E. amylovora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Djennane
- UMR 1259 (GenHort) INRA/Agrocampus-ouest/Université d'Angers, IFR 149 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, BP 60057, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France
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Golisz A, Sugano M, Hiradate S, Fujii Y. Microarray analysis of Arabidopsis plants in response to allelochemical L-DOPA. PLANTA 2011; 233:231-40. [PMID: 20978802 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens) plants impede the growth of neighboring plants. One compound, 3-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine (L-DOPA), is responsible for the allelopathic capacity of velvetbean. This compound is an active allelochemical that decreases root growth of several plant species. In mammals, L-DOPA is a well-known therapeutic agent for the symptomatic relief of Parkinson's disease. However, its mode of action in plants is still not well understood. To address such issues, gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana plants, which had been exposed to L-DOPA, was analyzed using DNA microarrays. After 6 h of L-DOPA exposure, the expression of 110 genes was significantly upregulated, and the expression of 69 genes was significantly downregulated. These induced genes can be divided into different functional categories, mainly on the basis of subcellular localization, metabolism, and proteins with a binding function or cofactor requirement. Based on these results, we suggest that L-DOPA acts by two mechanisms: it influences amino acid metabolism and deregulates metal homeostasis, especially that of iron, which is required for the fundamental biological processes of all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Golisz
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
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Briat JF, Ravet K, Arnaud N, Duc C, Boucherez J, Touraine B, Cellier F, Gaymard F. New insights into ferritin synthesis and function highlight a link between iron homeostasis and oxidative stress in plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 105:811-22. [PMID: 19482877 PMCID: PMC2859905 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is an essential element for both plant productivity and nutritional quality. Improving plant iron content was attempted through genetic engineering of plants overexpressing ferritins. However, both the roles of these proteins in plant physiology, and the mechanisms involved in the regulation of their expression are largely unknown. Although the structure of ferritins is highly conserved between plants and animals, their cellular localization differs. Furthermore, regulation of ferritin gene expression in response to iron excess occurs at the transcriptional level in plants, in contrast to animals which regulate ferritin expression at the translational level. SCOPE In this review, an overview of our knowledge of bacterial and mammalian ferritin synthesis and functions is presented. Then the following will be reviewed: (a) the specific features of plant ferritins; (b) the regulation of their synthesis during development and in response to various environmental cues; and (c) their function in plant physiology, with special emphasis on the role that both bacterial and plant ferritins play during plant-bacteria interactions. Arabidopsis ferritins are encoded by a small nuclear gene family of four members which are differentially expressed. Recent results obtained by using this model plant enabled progress to be made in our understanding of the regulation of the synthesis and the in planta function of these various ferritins. CONCLUSIONS Studies on plant ferritin functions and regulation of their synthesis revealed strong links between these proteins and protection against oxidative stress. In contrast, their putative iron-storage function to furnish iron during various development processes is unlikely to be essential. Ferritins, by buffering iron, exert a fine tuning of the quantity of metal required for metabolic purposes, and help plants to cope with adverse situations, the deleterious effects of which would be amplified if no system had evolved to take care of free reactive iron.
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Ramirez L, Zabaleta EJ, Lamattina L. Nitric oxide and frataxin: two players contributing to maintain cellular iron homeostasis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 105:801-10. [PMID: 19556267 PMCID: PMC2859906 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is a signalling and physiologically active molecule in animals, plants and bacteria. The specificity of the molecular mechanism(s) involved in transducing the NO signal within and between cells and tissues is still poorly understood. NO has been shown to be an emerging and potent signal molecule in plant growth, development and stress physiology. The NO donor S-nitrosoglutathion (GSNO) was shown to be a biologically active compound in plants and a candidate for NO storage and/or mobilization between plant tissues and cells. NO has been implicated as a central component in maintaining iron bioavailavility in plants. SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS Iron is an essential nutrient for almost all organisms. This review presents an overview of the functions of NO in iron metabolism in animals and discusses how NO production constitutes a key response in plant iron sensing and availability. In plants, NO drives downstream responses to both iron deficiency and iron overload. NO-mediated improvement of iron nutrition in plants growing under iron-deficient conditions represents a powerful tool to cope with soils displaying low iron availability. An interconversion between different redox forms based on the iron and NO status of the plant cells might be the core of a metabolic process driving plant iron homeostasis. Frataxin, a recently identified protein in plants, plays an important role in mitochondria biogenesis and in maintaining mitochondrial iron homeostasis. Evidence regarding the interaction between frataxin, NO and iron from analysis of frataxin knock-down Arabidopsis thaliana mutants is reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Nobile PM, Quecini V, Bazzo B, Quiterio G, Mazzafera P, Colombo CA. Transcriptional profile of genes involved in the biosynthesis of phytate and ferritin in Coffea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3479-3487. [PMID: 20175515 DOI: 10.1021/jf9043088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed to study the control of the biosynthesis of the antinutritional factor phytate and its associated Fe-rich protein family, ferritin, in coffee. Phytate has the ability to chelate Fe, making it unavailable to human absorption. The Coffea genome databases were queried for genes associated with phytate metabolism and ferritin genes. The genetic framework for phytate biosynthesis and its reverse pathway was identified in silico analyses and indicate that Coffea phosphatidyl inositol kinase and monophosphatase families play nonredundant roles in phytate metabolism. The transcriptional profiles of phytate biosynthesis key-genes MYO-INOSITOL(3)P1 SYNTHASE, two genes coding for PHOSPHATIDYL INOSITOL KINASE, and three FERRITIN genes were temporally evaluated by qPCR in coffee seeds from two crop locations, Adamantina-SP and Ouro-Fino-MG, the last one traditionally associated with high-quality coffee beverage grain. A targeted metabolome profile of phytic acid contents throughout three fruit maturation stages in association with the transcriptional analysis was also obtained. Taken together, our data indicate that the investigated local conditions did not cause significant alterations in phytate biosynthesis. Futhermore, the temporal transcriptional profiling revealed that candidate gene expression is regulated independently of phytate accumulation. In contrast, the expression profile of ferritin-unit genes is affected by environmental conditions and genetic background. The roles of the investigated genes are discussed concerning the quality of coffee beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Nobile
- Centro de Genetica, Instituto Agronomico de Campinas, Caixa Postal 28, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Strozycki PM, Szymanski M, Szczurek A, Barciszewski J, Figlerowicz M. A new family of ferritin genes from Lupinus luteus--comparative analysis of plant ferritins, their gene structure, and evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 27:91-101. [PMID: 19726535 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritins are one of the most important elements of cellular machinery involved in iron management. Despite extensive studies conducted during the last decade, many factors regulating the expression of ferritin genes in plants remain unknown. To broaden our knowledge about the mechanisms controlling ferritin production in plant cells, we have identified and characterized a new family of ferritin genes (from yellow lupine). We have also inventoried all available plant ferritins and their genes and subjected them to a complex bioinformatic analysis. It showed that the conservative structure of ferritin genes was established much earlier than it was thought before. The first introns in ferritin genes appeared already in green algae. The number and location of introns have been finally established in mosses, over 400 million years ago, and are strictly preserved in all plants from bryophytes to dicots. Comparison of ferritin gene promoters revealed that the 14-bp-long iron-dependent regulatory sequence (IDRS), identified earlier in Arabidopsis and maize, is characteristic for all higher plants. Moreover, we found that a highly conserved IDRS can be extended (extIDRS) up to 22 bp. Phylogenetic analysis of plant ferritins showed that polypeptides of the eudicot clade can be divided into two subclasses (eudicot-1 and eudicot-2). Interestingly, we found that genes encoding proteins classified as eudicot-1 and eudicot-2 are equipped with class-specific promoters. This suggests that eudicot ferritins are structurally and perhaps functionally diverse. Based on the above observations, we were able to identify conservative elements (ELEM1--6) other than extIDRS within plant ferritin gene promoters. We also found E-boxes and iron-responsive sequence elements FeRE1 and 2, characteristically distributed within ferritin promoters. Because most of the identified conserved sequences are located within or in close proximity of extIDRS, we named this fragment of the plant ferritin gene promoter the regulatory element rich region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel M Strozycki
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznań, Poland
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A novel negative Fe-deficiency-responsive element and a TGGCA-type-like FeRE control the expression of FTR1 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:790247. [PMID: 20182641 PMCID: PMC2826095 DOI: 10.1155/2010/790247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported three Fe-deficiency-responsive elements (FEREs), FOX1, ATX1, and FEA1, all of which are positive regulatory elements in response to iron deficiency in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Here we describe FTR1, another iron regulated gene and mutational analysis of its promoter. Our results reveal that the FeREs of FTR1 distinguish itself from other iron response elements by containing both negative and positive regulatory regions. In FTR1, the −291/−236 region from the transcriptional start site is necessary and sufficient for Fe-deficiency-inducible expression. This region contains two positive FeREs with a TGGCA-like core sequence: the FtrFeRE1 (ATGCAGGCT) at −287/−279 and the FtrFeRE2 (AAGCGATTGCCAGAGCGC) at −253/−236. Furthermore, we identified a novel FERE, FtrFeRE3 (AGTAACTGTTAAGCC) localized at −319/−292, which negatively influences the expression of FTR1.
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Masuda T, Goto F, Yoshihara T, Mikami B. Crystal structure of plant ferritin reveals a novel metal binding site that functions as a transit site for metal transfer in ferritin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:4049-4059. [PMID: 20007325 PMCID: PMC2823546 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.059790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritins are important iron storage and detoxification proteins that are widely distributed in living kingdoms. Because plant ferritin possesses both a ferroxidase site and a ferrihydrite nucleation site, it is a suitable model for studying the mechanism of iron storage in ferritin. This article presents for the first time the crystal structure of a plant ferritin from soybean at 1.8-A resolution. The soybean ferritin 4 (SFER4) had a high structural similarity to vertebrate ferritin, except for the N-terminal extension region, the C-terminal short helix E, and the end of the BC-loop. Similar to the crystal structures of other ferritins, metal binding sites were observed in the iron entry channel, ferroxidase center, and nucleation site of SFER4. In addition to these conventional sites, a novel metal binding site was discovered intermediate between the iron entry channel and the ferroxidase site. This site was coordinated by the acidic side chain of Glu(173) and carbonyl oxygen of Thr(168), which correspond, respectively, to Glu(140) and Thr(135) of human H chain ferritin according to their sequences. A comparison of the ferroxidase activities of the native and the E173A mutant of SFER4 clearly showed a delay in the iron oxidation rate of the mutant. This indicated that the glutamate residue functions as a transit site of iron from the 3-fold entry channel to the ferroxidase site, which may be universal among ferritins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Masuda
- From the Laboratory of Food Quality Design and Development, Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011.
| | - Fumiyuki Goto
- the Biotechnology Sector, Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yoshihara
- the Biotechnology Sector, Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Bunzo Mikami
- the Laboratory of Applied Structural Biology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 and
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Kong WW, Yang ZM. Identification of iron-deficiency responsive microRNA genes and cis-elements in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:153-9. [PMID: 20097571 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous non-coding small RNAs that bind to their target mRNAs to repress their translation or induce their degradation. Recent studies have shown that several miRNAs regulate plant adaptation to sulfate and phosphate deficiency. However, whether miRNAs are involved in regulation of stress response to iron (Fe) deficiency is unknown. In this study, we carried out a survey of Arabidopsis miRNA genes in response to Fe deficiency and identified IDE1/IDE2 (Iron-deficiency responsive cis-Element 1 and 2) in their promoter regions. We constructed a small RNA library from Arabidopsis seedlings under Fe deficiency. Sequence analysis revealed 8 conserved miRNA genes in 5 families, all of which were up-regulated during Fe deficiency. Further, we analyzed cis-regulatory elements upstream of all miRNA genes in Arabidopsis and found 24 miRNA genes containing IDE1/IDE2 motifs in their promoter regions. Transcriptional analysis using RT-PCR showed that 70.8% (17/24) of the IDE-containing miRNA genes were expressed in response to Fe deficiency. We presented a putative interaction model between protein-coding genes and miRNA genes under Fe deficiency. Our analytic approach is useful and efficient because it is applicable to cis-element finding for miRNAs responding to other abiotic stresses. Also, the data obtained in this study may aid our understanding of the role of Fe deficiency responsive specific sequences upstream of miRNA genes and the functional implications of miRNA genes in response to Fe stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Kong WW, Zhang LP, Guo K, Liu ZP, Yang ZM. Carbon monoxide improves adaptation of Arabidopsis to iron deficiency. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:88-99. [PMID: 20055961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous gaseous molecule and regulates a variety of biological processes in animals. However, whether CO regulates nutrient stress responses in plants is largely unknown. In this paper, we described an observation that CO can regulate iron-homeostasis in iron-starved Arabidopsis. Exogenous CO at 50 microm was able to prevent the iron deficient-induced chlorosis and improve chlorophyll accumulation. Expression of AtIRT1, AtFRO2, AtFIT1 and AtFER1 was up-regulated by CO exposure in iron-deficient seedlings. CO-regulated iron homeostasis could also be found in monocot maize and green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Treatment with external CO increased iron accumulation in iron-deficient Arabidopsis and C. reinhardtii, and restored leaf greening in Maize ys1 and ys3 mutants (defective in Fe uptake). Moreover, endogenous CO level was increased in Arabidopsis under iron-deficiency. Finally, CO exposure induced NO accumulation in root tips. However, such an action could be blocked by NO scavenger cPTIO. These results indicate that CO may play an important role in improving plant adaptation to iron deficiency or cross-talking with NO under the iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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48
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Kole C, Michler CH, Abbott AG, Hall TC. Levels and Stability of Expression of Transgenes. TRANSGENIC CROP PLANTS 2010. [PMCID: PMC7122870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04809-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that in a given cell, at a particular time, only a fraction of the entire genome is expressed. Expression of a gene, nuclear, or organellar starts with the onset of transcription and ends in the synthesis of the functional protein. The regulation of gene expression is a complex process that requires the coordinated activity of different proteins and nucleic acids that ultimately determine whether a gene is transcribed, and if transcribed, whether it results in the production of a protein that develops a phenotype. The same also holds true for transgenic crops, which lie at the very core of insert design. There are multiple checkpoints at which the expression of a gene can be regulated and controlled. Much of the emphasis of studies related to gene expression has been on regulation of gene transcription, and a number of methods are used to effect the control of gene expression. Controlling transgene expression for a commercially valuable trait is necessary to capture its value. Many gene functions are either lethal or produce severe deformity (resulting in loss of value) if over-expressed. Thus, expression of a transgene at a particular site or in response to a particular elicitor is always desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittaranjan Kole
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Charles H. Michler
- NSF I/UCRC Center for Tree Genetics, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Albert G. Abbott
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Timothy C. Hall
- Institute of Developmental & Molecular Biology Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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Briat JF, Duc C, Ravet K, Gaymard F. Ferritins and iron storage in plants. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1800:806-14. [PMID: 20026187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for both plant productivity and nutritional quality. Improving plant iron content was attempted through genetic engineering of plants overexpressing ferritins. However, both the roles of these proteins in the plant physiology, and the mechanisms involved in the regulation of their expression are largely unknown. Although the structure of ferritins is highly conserved between plants and animals, their cellular localization differ. Furthermore, regulation of ferritin gene expression in response to iron excess occurs at the transcriptional level in plants, in contrast to animals which regulate ferritin expression at the translational level. In this review, our knowledge of the specific features of plant ferritins is presented, at the level of their (i) structure/function relationships, (ii) cellular localization, and (iii) synthesis regulation during development and in response to various environmental cues. A special emphasis is given to their function in plant physiology, in particular concerning their respective roles in iron storage and in protection against oxidative stress. Indeed, the use of reverse genetics in Arabidopsis recently enabled to produce various knock-out ferritin mutants, revealing strong links between these proteins and protection against oxidative stress. In contrast, their putative iron storage function to furnish iron during various development processes is unlikely to be essential. Ferritins, by buffering iron, exert a fine tuning of the quantity of metal required for metabolic purposes, and help plants to cope with adverse situations, the deleterious effects of which would be amplified if no system had evolved to take care of free reactive iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Briat
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moleculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro. Bat 7, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France.
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Shoji K, Momonoi K, Tsuji T. Alternative Expression of Vacuolar Iron Transporter and Ferritin Genes Leads to Blue/Purple Coloration of Flowers in Tulip cv. ‘Murasakizuisho’. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 51:215-24. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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