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Xu R, Zhang J, Hu X, Xu P, Huang S, Cui S, Guo Y, Yang H, Chen X, Jiang C. Yi-shen-hua-shi granules modulate immune and inflammatory damage via the ALG3/PPARγ/NF-κB pathway in the treatment of immunoglobulin a nephropathy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117204. [PMID: 37757993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Controversy persists regarding the treatment of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), thereby highlighting the demand for safer more effective therapeutic drugs. Although supplementary treatment using Yi-Shen-Hua-Shi (YSHS) granules has distinct advantages with respect to improving renal function in IgAN, a lack of clarity regarding the underlying mechanisms limits their clinical application. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aimed to elucidate the therapeutic mechanisms underlying the efficacy of YSHS granules in the treatment of IgAN. MATERIALS AND METHODS A rat model of IgAN was established based on lipopolysaccharide, carbon tetrachloride, and bovine serum albumin induction. In order to evaluate the effects of YSHS granules, we performed a range of techniques, including immunofluorescence assays, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and flow cytometry, to assess inflammation, immunity, and other relevant factors. Direct data-independent acquisition-mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) analysis and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) were used for functional characterization and quantitative validation of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), and Western blot analysis is used to identify downstream proteins associated with DEPs. RESULTS Compared with the model group, the levels of proteinuria, urine red blood cells, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, and pathological kidney damage were reduced in the YSHS group. A high dose of YSHS granules was found to raise the levels of CD8 T cells and reduce the CD4/CD8 ratio in the peripheral serum. To examine the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects YSHS granules, we performed direct DIA-MS analysis to identify proteins that were differentially expressed among the model, YSHS, and control groups. A total of 29 proteins were identified as being commonly expressed in all three groups. Further KEGG and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed that YSHS granules can contribute to the regulation of N-glycosylation-associated proteins, such as ALG3 and STT3A, in rats with IgAN. Detected changes in the expression of ALG3 and STT3A were consistent with the PRM results. We also established that the administration of YSHS granules can contribute to regulation of the ALG3-associated PPAR-γ/NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings in this study provide evidence to indicate the efficacy of YSHS granules in the treatment of IgAN, the putative underlying mechanisms of which involve the modulation of N-glycosylation, mediated via the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjia Xu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xingge Hu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Penghao Xu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqi Huang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyan Cui
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongtao Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
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2
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Hacker B, Schultheiß C, Döring M, Kurzik-Dumke U. Molecular partners of hNOT/ALG3, the human counterpart of the Drosophila NOT and yeast ALG3 gene, suggest its involvement in distinct cellular processes relevant to congenital disorders of glycosylation, cancer, neurodegeneration and a variety of further pathologies. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:1858-1878. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hacker
- Laboratory for Comparative Tumour Biology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Schultheiß
- Laboratory for Comparative Tumour Biology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Döring
- Laboratory for Comparative Tumour Biology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ursula Kurzik-Dumke
- Laboratory for Comparative Tumour Biology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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3
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Invariant Chain Complexes and Clusters as Platforms for MIF Signaling. Cells 2017; 6:cells6010006. [PMID: 28208600 PMCID: PMC5371871 DOI: 10.3390/cells6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant chain (Ii/CD74) has been identified as a surface receptor for migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Most cells that express Ii also synthesize major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules, which depend on Ii as a chaperone and a targeting factor. The assembly of nonameric complexes consisting of one Ii trimer and three MHC II molecules (each of which is a heterodimer) has been regarded as a prerequisite for efficient delivery to the cell surface. Due to rapid endocytosis, however, only low levels of Ii-MHC II complexes are displayed on the cell surface of professional antigen presenting cells and very little free Ii trimers. The association of Ii and MHC II has been reported to block the interaction with MIF, thus questioning the role of surface Ii as a receptor for MIF on MHC II-expressing cells. Recent work offers a potential solution to this conundrum: Many Ii-complexes at the cell surface appear to be under-saturated with MHC II, leaving unoccupied Ii subunits as potential binding sites for MIF. Some of this work also sheds light on novel aspects of signal transduction by Ii-bound MIF in B-lymphocytes: membrane raft association of Ii-MHC II complexes enables MIF to target Ii-MHC II to antigen-clustered B-cell-receptors (BCR) and to foster BCR-driven signaling and intracellular trafficking.
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4
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Ryan SO, Cobb BA. Host glycans and antigen presentation. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:894-903. [PMID: 22580092 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cell-mediated adaptive immune response depends upon the activation of T cells via recognition of antigen in the context of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. Although studies have shown that alterations in T cell receptor glycosylation reduces the activation threshold, the data on MHC is far less definitive. Here, we discuss the data on MHC glycosylation and the role the glycans might play during the adaptive host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean O Ryan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, WRB Rm. 6532, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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5
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Ryan SO, Cobb BA. Roles for major histocompatibility complex glycosylation in immune function. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:425-41. [PMID: 22461020 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoprotein family, also referred to as human leukocyte antigens, present endogenous and exogenous antigens to T lymphocytes for recognition and response. These molecules play a central role in enabling the immune system to distinguish self from non-self, which is the basis for protective immunity against pathogenic infections and disease while at the same time representing a serious obstacle for tissue transplantation. All known MHC family members, like the majority of secreted, cell surface, and other immune-related molecules, carry asparagine (N)-linked glycans. The immune system has evolved increasing complexity in higher-order organisms along with a more complex pattern of protein glycosylation, a relationship that may contribute to immune function beyond the early protein quality control events in the endoplasmic reticulum that are commonly known. The broad MHC family maintains peptide sequence motifs for glycosylation at sites that are highly conserved across evolution, suggesting importance, yet functional roles for these glycans remain largely elusive. In this review, we will summarize what is known about MHC glycosylation and provide new insight for additional functional roles for this glycoprotein modification in mediating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean O Ryan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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6
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Kämper N, Franken S, Temme S, Koch S, Bieber T, Koch N. γ-Interferon-regulated chaperone governs human lymphocyte antigen class II expression. FASEB J 2011; 26:104-16. [PMID: 21940994 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-189670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antigen presentation by human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) class II peptide receptors alerts the immune system to infections. In antigen-presenting cells (APCs), HLA class II, HLA-DM, and associated invariant chain-encoding genes are exclusively regulated by the interferon γ (IFNγ)-inducible class II transactivator (CIITA). Control of CIITA expression could therefore govern expression of class II peptide receptors in the diverse group of APCs. We discovered that elevation of the HLA class III region encoded B-associated transcript 3 (BAT3) increases and depletion of BAT3 decreases expression of HLA class II, HLA-DM, and invariant chain. IFNγ strongly elevates BAT3 transcription in various tumor cell lines and in primary macrophages. BAT3 chaperones the simultaneously IFNγ-induced CIITA. Following IFNγ-treatment, both CIITA and BAT3 translocate from the cytosol to the nucleus. The nuclear import of CIITA mediated by IFNγ controls activation of HLA class II genes. BAT3 is a novel key regulator of components of the HLA class II processing pathway. We present a mechanism explaining how parallel IFNγ-mediated regulation of CIITA and of its chaperone BAT3 controls the level of components of the HLA class II processing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kämper
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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7
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Koch N, Zacharias M, König A, Temme S, Neumann J, Springer S. Stoichiometry of HLA class II-invariant chain oligomers. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17257. [PMID: 21364959 PMCID: PMC3043101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HLA gene complex encodes three class II isotypes, DR, DQ, and DP. HLA class II molecules are peptide receptors that present antigens for recognition by T lymphocytes. In antigen presenting cells, the assembly of matched α and β subunits to heterodimers is chaperoned by invariant chain (Ii). Ii forms a homotrimer with three binding sites for class II heterodimers. The current model of class II and Ii structure states that three αβ heterodimers bind to an Ii trimer. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS [corrected] We have now analyzed the composition and size of the complexes of class II and Ii using epitope tagged class II subunits and density gradient experiments. We show here that class II-Ii oligomers consist of one class II heterodimer associated with one Ii trimer, such that the DR, DQ and DP isotypes are contained within separate complexes with Ii. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We propose a structural model of the class II-Ii oligomer and speculate that the pentameric class II-Ii complex is bent towards the cell membrane, inhibiting the binding of additional class II heterodimers to Ii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Koch
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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8
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Temme S, Eis-Hübinger AM, McLellan AD, Koch N. The herpes simplex virus-1 encoded glycoprotein B diverts HLA-DR into the exosome pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:236-43. [PMID: 19949097 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing Abs play an important role for immunity against HSV-1 infection. This branch of the immune response is initiated by MHC class II Ag presentation and activation of T cell help. In this study, we show that the HSV-1 encoded glycoprotein B (gB) manipulates the class II processing pathway by perturbing endosomal sorting and trafficking of HLA-DR (DR) molecules. Expression of gB in the human melanoma cell line Mel JuSo results in formation of enlarged DR(+) intracellular vesicles. Costaining of the vesicles revealed the presence of DR, gB, and the late endosomal marker CD63. The lumen of these late endosomal membranes shows a variable content, containing either gB or CD63, or both CD63 and gB. gB targets DR molecules on their biosynthetic route, after the MHC class II invariant chain is released from the DR heterodimer. gB-DR complexes were detected in a post-Golgi compartment and in exosomes, but not on the cell surface. Interestingly, increasing expression of gB strongly elevated the amount of DR and CD63 released into the exosome pathway. In conclusion, this is a previously undescribed mode of viral immune evasion involving hijacking of DR from its normal transport route to the cell surface, followed by viral-mediated release of DR into the exosome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Temme
- Section of Immunobiology, Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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9
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Sloma I, Zilber MT, Vasselon T, Setterblad N, Cavallari M, Mori L, De Libero G, Charron D, Mooney N, Gelin C. Regulation of CD1a surface expression and antigen presentation by invariant chain and lipid rafts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:980-7. [PMID: 18178838 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In immature dendritic cells (DCs), CD1a is almost exclusively expressed at the cell surface and its membrane organization is poorly understood. In this study, we report that MHC class II, invariant chain (Ii), and CD9 molecules are coimmunoprecipitated with CD1a in immature DCs, and that CD1a/Ii colocalization is dependent on lipid raft integrity. In HeLa-CIITA cells CD1a expression leads to increased Ii trafficking to the cell surface, confirming the relevance of this association. Furthermore, silencing of Ii in DCs induces significant CD1a accumulation on the plasma membrane whereas the total CD1a expression remains similar to that of control cells. These data suggest that CD1a recycling is facilitated by the association with the Ii. The CD1a localization in lipid rafts has functional relevance as demonstrated by inhibition of CD1a-restricted presentation following raft disruption. Overall, these findings identify Ii and lipid rafts as key regulators of CD1a organization on the surface of immature DCs and of its immunological function as Ag-presenting molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sloma
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U662, Paris, France
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10
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van Niel G, Wubbolts R, Ten Broeke T, Buschow SI, Ossendorp FA, Melief CJ, Raposo G, van Balkom BW, Stoorvogel W. Dendritic cells regulate exposure of MHC class II at their plasma membrane by oligoubiquitination. Immunity 2007; 25:885-94. [PMID: 17174123 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate adaptive immune responses by activating T cells via cognate interactions between MHC-peptide complexes and T cell receptors. In immature DCs, MHC class II is predominantly stored in late endocytic compartments, where it has a short half-life because of degradation. In contrast, mature DCs recruit MHC class II to the plasma membrane. We here demonstrate that in immature DCs, the beta-chain of MHC class II was oligoubiquitinated after proteolytic processing of the associated invariant chain in endosomes and that this modification was required for efficient endocytosis and sorting into luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies. Ubiquitination of MHC class II was suppressed in lipopolysaccharide-activated DCs. Mutated MHC class II lacking its ubiquitination site was expressed at the plasma membrane, irrespective of DC maturation. Together, these data provide a molecular basis for the regulation of MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume van Niel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Rückrich T, Brandenburg J, Cansier A, Müller M, Stevanović S, Schilling K, Wiederanders B, Beck A, Melms A, Reich M, Driessen C, Kalbacher H. Specificity of human cathepsin S determined by processing of peptide substrates and MHC class II-associated invariant chain. Biol Chem 2006; 387:1503-11. [PMID: 17081125 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CatS) is a lysosomal cysteine protease of the papain family, the members of which possess relatively broad substrate specificities. It has distinct roles in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated peptide loading and in antigen processing in both the MHC class I and class II pathways. It may therefore represent a target for interference with antigen presentation, which could be of value in the therapy of (auto)immune diseases. To obtain more detailed information on the specificity of CatS, we mapped its cleavage site preferences at subsites S3-S1' by in vitro processing of a peptide library. Only five amino acid residues at the substrate's P2 position allowed for cleavage by CatS under time-limited conditions. Preferences for groups of amino acid residues were also observed at positions P3, P1 and P1'. Based on these results, we developed highly CatS-sensitive peptides. After processing of MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii), a natural protein substrate of CatS, we identified CatS cleavage sites in Ii of which a majority matched the amino acid residue preference data obtained with peptides. These observed cleavage sites in Ii might be of relevance for its in vivo processing by CatS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rückrich
- Interfacultary Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Medical and Natural Sciences Research Centre, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Neumann J, Koch N. A novel domain on HLA-DRbeta chain regulates the chaperone role of the invariant chain. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:4207-14. [PMID: 16984974 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) class II region encodes highly polymorphic peptide receptors, which associate in the ER to the chaperone invariant chain (Ii). Ii facilitates assembly of class II subunits to functional peptide receptors. We searched for a conserved structure on HLA-DR polypeptides that mediates contact to a previously identified proline-rich class-II-binding sequence of Ii. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II beta chain sequences exhibit two conserved tryptophan residues separated by 22 amino acids. Inspection of this motif in the X-ray structure of DR3 showed TrpTyr residues in the vicinity of the Ii-derived fragment CLIP. Five DRbeta mutants were produced. Mutation at Tyr123, Trp153 and Asp152 residues abolished interaction to the proline-rich sequence of Ii. All mutants formed heterodimers with DRalpha, were capable of binding an antigenic sequence and were expressed on the cell surface of transfected cells. In the presence of endogenous DRbeta chain however, the TyrAspTrp mutant was not cell-surface exposed and did not co-isolate with Ii or DRalpha. The competition of the mutant with the endogenous DRbeta for binding to DRalpha indicates that a structure on DRbeta chain regulates assembly of DR subunits. Hence, the chaperone function of Ii is mediated through a conserved region on the beta2 domain of class II.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/physiology
- COS Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Dimerization
- HLA-DR Antigens/chemistry
- HLA-DR Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DR Antigens/physiology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoprecipitation
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Chaperones/genetics
- Molecular Chaperones/metabolism
- Molecular Chaperones/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis/genetics
- Mutation/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Proline/chemistry
- Proline/genetics
- Proline/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tryptophan/chemistry
- Tryptophan/genetics
- Tryptophan/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Neumann
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Römerstr. 164, 53117 Bonn, Germany
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13
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Schneiders A, Thiel S, Winkler J, Möller P, Koch N. Antibodies generated by a novel DNA vaccination identify the MHC class III encoded BAT2 polypeptide. Vaccine 2005; 23:2540-50. [PMID: 15752841 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Revised: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant vaccines containing Ii sequences were employed to elicit an antibody response. Gene gun immunisation of mice with the recombinant Ii-antigen-encoding vectors induced antigen-specific antibodies. Antibody levels were substantially elevated when the DNA construct was extended by a sequence encoding the protease inhibitory domain of the invariant chain isoform Ii41. Employing this approach, we raised antibodies specific for a novel MHC class III encoded protein. The antibodies identify the 216 kDa BAT2 polypeptide. Immunostaining of embryonic tissue sections showed specific expression, especially in central nervous tissue, and suggests BAT2 as a novel differentiation marker.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Central Nervous System/chemistry
- Fetus/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Models, Animal
- Molecular Weight
- Proteins/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Schneiders
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, University of Bonn, Römerstrasse 164, 53117 Bonn, Germany
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14
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Neumann J, Eis-Hübinger AM, Koch N. Herpes simplex virus type 1 targets the MHC class II processing pathway for immune evasion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:3075-83. [PMID: 12960333 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HSV type 1 (HSV-1) has evolved numerous strategies for modifying immune responses that protect against infection. Important targets of HSV-1 infection are the MHC-encoded peptide receptors. Previous studies have shown that a helper T cell response and Ab production play important roles in controlling HSV-1 infection. The reduced capacity of infected B cells to stimulate CD4(+) T cells is beneficial for HSV-1 to evade immune defenses. We investigated the impact of HSV-1 infection on the MHCII processing pathway, which is critical to generate CD4(+) T cell help. HSV-1 infection targets the molecular coplayers of MHC class II processing, HLA-DR (DR), HLA-DM (DM), and invariant chain (Ii). HSV-1 infection strongly reduces expression of Ii, which impairs formation of SDS-resistant DR-peptide complexes. Residual activity of the MHC class II processing pathway is diminished by viral envelope glycoprotein B (gB). Binding of gB to DR competes with binding to Ii. In addition, we found gB associated with DM molecules. Both, gB-associated DR and DM heterodimers are exported from the endoplasmic reticulum, as indicated by carbohydrate maturation. Evaluation of DR, DM, and gB subcellular localization revealed abundant changes in intracellular distribution. DR-gB complexes are localized in subcellular vesicles and restrained from cell surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Neumann
- Section of Immunobiology, Institute for Molecular Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Abstract
The function of MHC class II molecules is to bind peptides derived from antigens that access the endocytic route of antigen presenting cells and display them on the plasma membrane for recognition by CD4(+) T cells. Formation of the MHC II-peptide complexes entails the confluence of the antigens and the MHC II molecules in the same compartments of the endocytic route. There, both the antigens and the MHC II molecules undergo a series of orchestrated changes that involve proteases, other hydrolases and chaperones, culminating in the generation of a wide repertoire of MHC II-peptide combinations. All the events that lead to formation of MHC II-peptide complexes show a considerable degree of flexibility; this lack of strict rules is advantageous in that it provides T cells with the maximum amount of information, ensuring that pathogens do not go undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Villadangos
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, P.O. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, 3050, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
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