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Kombe Kombe AJ, Fotoohabadi L, Nanduri R, Gerasimova Y, Daskou M, Gain C, Sharma E, Wong M, Kelesidis T. The Role of the Nrf2 Pathway in Airway Tissue Damage Due to Viral Respiratory Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7042. [PMID: 39000157 PMCID: PMC11241721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses constitute a significant cause of illness and death worldwide. Respiratory virus-associated injuries include oxidative stress, ferroptosis, inflammation, pyroptosis, apoptosis, fibrosis, autoimmunity, and vascular injury. Several studies have demonstrated the involvement of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the pathophysiology of viral infection and associated complications. It has thus emerged as a pivotal player in cellular defense mechanisms against such damage. Here, we discuss the impact of Nrf2 activation on airway injuries induced by respiratory viruses, including viruses, coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, and respiratory syncytial viruses. The inhibition or deregulation of Nrf2 pathway activation induces airway tissue damage in the presence of viral respiratory infections. In contrast, Nrf2 pathway activation demonstrates protection against tissue and organ injuries. Clinical trials involving Nrf2 agonists are needed to define the effect of Nrf2 therapeutics on airway tissues and organs damaged by viral respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
| | - Leila Fotoohabadi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
| | - Ravikanth Nanduri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
| | - Yulia Gerasimova
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
| | - Maria Daskou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chandrima Gain
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eashan Sharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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2
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Lilien TA, Brinkman P, Fenn DW, van Woensel JBM, Bos LDJ, Bem RA. Breath Markers of Oxidative Stress in Children with Severe Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:392-399. [PMID: 38315815 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0349oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe viral lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), resulting in both acute and long-term pulmonary disease, constitutes a substantial burden among young children. Viral LRTI triggers local oxidative stress pathways by infection and inflammation, and supportive care in the pediatric intensive care unit may further aggravate oxidative injury. The main goal of this exploratory study was to identify and monitor breath markers linked to oxidative stress in children over the disease course of severe viral LRTI. Exhaled breath was sampled during invasive ventilation, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. VOCs were selected in an untargeted principal component analysis and assessed for change over time. In addition, identified VOCs were correlated with clinical parameters. Seventy breath samples from 21 patients were analyzed. A total of 15 VOCs were identified that contributed the most to the explained variance of breath markers. Of these 15 VOCs, 10 were previously linked to pathways of oxidative stress. Eight VOCs, including seven alkanes and methyl alkanes, significantly decreased from the initial phase of ventilation to the day of extubation. No correlation was observed with the administered oxygen dose, whereas six VOCs showed a poor to strong positive correlation with driving pressure. In this prospective study of children with severe viral LRTI, the majority of VOCs that were most important for the explained variance mirrored clinical improvement. These breath markers could potentially help monitor the pulmonary oxidative status in these patients, but further research with other objective measures of pulmonary injury is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs A Lilien
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Emma Children's Hospital
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Job B M van Woensel
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Emma Children's Hospital
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe D J Bos
- Department of Pulmonology, and
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Reinout A Bem
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Emma Children's Hospital
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Daskou M, Fotooh Abadi L, Gain C, Wong M, Sharma E, Kombe Kombe AJ, Nanduri R, Kelesidis T. The Role of the NRF2 Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Viral Respiratory Infections. Pathogens 2023; 13:39. [PMID: 38251346 PMCID: PMC10819673 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In humans, acute and chronic respiratory infections caused by viruses are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Respiratory viruses infect airway epithelial cells and induce oxidative stress, yet the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Oxidative stress activates the transcription factor NRF2, which plays a key role in alleviating redox-induced cellular injury. The transcriptional activation of NRF2 has been reported to affect both viral replication and associated inflammation pathways. There is complex bidirectional crosstalk between virus replication and the NRF2 pathway because virus replication directly or indirectly regulates NRF2 expression, and NRF2 activation can reversely hamper viral replication and viral spread across cells and tissues. In this review, we discuss the complex role of the NRF2 pathway in the regulation of the pathogenesis of the main respiratory viruses, including coronaviruses, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinoviruses. We also summarize the scientific evidence regarding the effects of the known NRF2 agonists that can be utilized to alter the NRF2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daskou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Leila Fotooh Abadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (L.F.A.); (R.N.)
| | - Chandrima Gain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eashan Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (L.F.A.); (R.N.)
| | - Ravikanth Nanduri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (L.F.A.); (R.N.)
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (L.F.A.); (R.N.)
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4
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Ivanciuc T, Patrikeev I, Qu Y, Motamedi M, Jones-Hall Y, Casola A, Garofalo RP. Micro-CT Features of Lung Consolidation, Collagen Deposition and Inflammation in Experimental RSV Infection Are Aggravated in the Absence of Nrf2. Viruses 2023; 15:1191. [PMID: 37243277 PMCID: PMC10223011 DOI: 10.3390/v15051191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in early life have been linked to the development of chronic airway disease. RSV triggers the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contributes to inflammation and enhanced clinical disease. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important redox-responsive protein that helps to protect cells and whole organisms from oxidative stress and injury. The role of Nrf2 in the context of viral-mediated chronic lung injury is not known. Herein, we show that RSV experimental infection of adult Nrf2-deficient BALB/c mice (Nrf2-/-; Nrf2 KO) is characterized by enhanced disease, increased inflammatory cell recruitment to the bronchoalveolar compartment and a more robust upregulation of innate and inflammatory genes and proteins, compared to wild-type Nrf2+/+ competent mice (WT). These events that occur at very early time points lead to increased peak RSV replication in Nrf2 KO compared to WT mice (day 5). To evaluate longitudinal changes in the lung architecture, mice were scanned weekly via high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging up to 28 days after initial viral inoculation. Based on micro-CT qualitative 2D imaging and quantitative reconstructed histogram-based analysis of lung volume and density, we found that RSV-infected Nrf2 KO mice developed significantly greater and prolonged fibrosis compared to WT mice. The results of this study underscore the critical role of Nrf2-mediated protection from oxidative injury, not only in the acute pathogenesis of RSV infection but also in the long-term consequences of chronic airway injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Ivanciuc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.I.); (Y.Q.); (A.C.)
| | - Igor Patrikeev
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (I.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Yue Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.I.); (Y.Q.); (A.C.)
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (I.P.); (M.M.)
- Biomedical Engineering Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Yava Jones-Hall
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Antonella Casola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.I.); (Y.Q.); (A.C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Roberto P. Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.I.); (Y.Q.); (A.C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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5
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Choi S, Kim EM, Kim SY, Choi Y, Choi S, Cho N, Park HJ, Kim KK. Particulate matter exposure exacerbates cellular damage by increasing stress granule formation in respiratory syncytial virus-infected human lung organoids. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120439. [PMID: 36257563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) increases morbidity and mortality in respiratory diseases by causing various adverse health effects; however, the effects of PM exposure on cellular stress under virus-infected conditions remain unclear. The effects of PM under 10 μm (PM10) and diesel PM (DPM) on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection were investigated in human two-dimensional lung epithelial cells and human three-dimensional lung organoids mimicking the lung tissue. We evaluated the formation of stress granules, which are important in cellular adaptation to various stress conditions. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of repeated exposure to PM10 and DPM on DNA damage and cell death during viral infection. PM10 and DPM did not cause stress granule formation in the absence of RSV infection but drastically increased stress granule formation and signal transduction during RSV infection in human lung epithelial cells and human lung organoids. Further, repeated exposure to PM10 and DPM caused cell death by severely damaging DNA under RSV infection conditions. Thus, PM10 and DPM induce severe lung toxicity under stress conditions, such as viral infection, suggesting that the effects of PMs under various stressful conditions should be examined to accurately predict the lung toxicity of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea; Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongsoo Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seri Choi
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Namjoon Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jin Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee K Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Kundura L, Gimenez S, Cezar R, André S, Younas M, Lin YL, Portales P, Lozano C, Boulle C, Reynes J, Thierry V, Mettling C, Pasero P, Muller L, Lefrant JY, Roger C, Claret PG, Duvnjak S, Loubet P, Sotto A, Tran TA, Estaquier J, Corbeau P. Angiotensin II induces reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and T cell apoptosis in severe COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:594-603.e2. [PMID: 35841981 PMCID: PMC9278992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Lymphopenia is predictive of survival in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objective The aim of this study was to understand the cause of the lymphocyte count drop in severe forms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Methods Monocytic production of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and T-cell apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry, DNA damage in PBMCs was measured by immunofluorescence, and angiotensin II (AngII) was measured by ELISA in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 at admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) (n = 29) or not admitted to an ICU (n = 29) and in age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Results We showed that the monocytes of certain patients with COVID-19 spontaneously released ROSs able to induce DNA damage and apoptosis in neighboring cells. Of note, high ROS production was predictive of death in ICU patients. Accordingly, in most patients, we observed the presence of DNA damage in up to 50% of their PBMCs and T-cell apoptosis. Moreover, the intensity of this DNA damage was linked to lymphopenia. SARS-CoV-2 is known to induce the internalization of its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, which is a protease capable of catabolizing AngII. Accordingly, in certain patients with COVID-19 we observed high plasma levels of AngII. When looking for the stimulus responsible for their monocytic ROS production, we revealed that AngII triggers ROS production by monocytes via angiotensin receptor I. ROSs released by AngII-activated monocytes induced DNA damage and apoptosis in neighboring lymphocytes. Conclusion We conclude that T-cell apoptosis provoked via DNA damage due to the release of monocytic ROSs could play a major role in COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Kundura
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002, CNRS and Montpellier University; Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Gimenez
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002, CNRS and Montpellier University; Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Cezar
- Immunology Department, Nîmes University Hospital; Nîmes, France
| | - Sonia André
- INSERM U1124, Université de Paris; Paris, France
| | - Mehwish Younas
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002, CNRS and Montpellier University; Montpellier, France
| | - Yea-Lih Lin
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002, CNRS and Montpellier University; Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Portales
- Immunology Department, Montpellier University Hospital; Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Lozano
- Immunology Department, Montpellier University Hospital; Montpellier, France
| | - Charlotte Boulle
- Infectious diseases Department, Montpellier University Hospital; Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Reynes
- Infectious diseases Department, Montpellier University Hospital; Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Thierry
- Immunology Department, Montpellier University Hospital; Montpellier, France
| | - Clément Mettling
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002, CNRS and Montpellier University; Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Pasero
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002, CNRS and Montpellier University; Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Muller
- Surgical Intensive Care Department, Nîmes University Hospital; Nîmes, France
| | - Jean-Yves Lefrant
- Surgical Intensive Care Department, Nîmes University Hospital; Nîmes, France
| | - Claire Roger
- Surgical Intensive Care Department, Nîmes University Hospital; Nîmes, France
| | - Pierre-Géraud Claret
- Medical and Surgical Emergency Department, Nîmes University Hospital; Nîmes, France
| | - Sandra Duvnjak
- Gerontology Department, Nîmes University Hospital; Nîmes, France
| | - Paul Loubet
- Infectious diseases Department, Nîmes University Hospital; Nîmes, France
| | - Albert Sotto
- Infectious diseases Department, Nîmes University Hospital; Nîmes, France
| | - Tu-Anh Tran
- Pediatrics Department, Nîmes University Hospital; Nîmes, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- INSERM U1124, Université de Paris; Paris, France; Laval University Research Center; Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Corbeau
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002, CNRS and Montpellier University; Montpellier, France; Immunology Department, Nîmes University Hospital; Nîmes, France
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Bellanti F, Lo Buglio A, Vendemiale G. Redox Homeostasis and Immune Alterations in Coronavirus Disease-19. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:159. [PMID: 35205026 PMCID: PMC8869285 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The global Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is characterized by a wide variety of clinical features, from no or moderate symptoms to severe illness. COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that first affects the respiratory tract. Other than being limited to lungs, SARS-CoV-2 may lead to a multisystem disease that can even be durable (long COVID). The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 depends on variability in the immune regulation. Indeed, disease progression is consequent to failure in the immune regulation, characterized by an intensification of the pro-inflammatory response. Disturbance of systemic and organ-related redox balance may be a further mechanism underlying variability in COVID-19 severity. Other than being determinant for SARS-CoV-2 entry and fusion to the host cell, reactive species and redox signaling are deeply involved in the immune response. This review sums up the present knowledge on the role of redox balance in the regulation of susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and related immune response, debating the effectiveness of antioxidant compounds in the management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (A.L.B.); (G.V.)
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8
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Rayavara K, Kurosky A, Hosakote YM. Respiratory syncytial virus infection induces the release of transglutaminase 2 from human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L1-L12. [PMID: 34704843 PMCID: PMC8721898 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00013.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important human pathogen that causes severe lower respiratory tract infections in young children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised, yet no effective treatments or vaccines are available. The precise mechanism underlying RSV-induced acute airway disease and associated sequelae are not fully understood; however, early lung inflammatory and immune events are thought to play a major role in the outcome of the disease. Moreover, oxidative stress responses in the airways play a key role in the pathogenesis of RSV. Oxidative stress has been shown to elevate cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) levels, which in turn activate Ca2+-dependent enzymes, including transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Transglutaminase 2 is a multifunctional cross-linking enzyme implicated in various physiological and pathological conditions; however, its involvement in respiratory virus-induced airway inflammation is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that RSV-induced oxidative stress promotes enhanced activation and release of TG2 from human lung epithelial cells as a result of its translocation from the cytoplasm and subsequent release into the extracellular space, which was mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and NF-κB pathways. Antioxidant treatment significantly inhibited RSV-induced TG2 extracellular release and activation via blocking viral replication. Also, treatment of RSV-infected lung epithelial cells with TG2 inhibitor significantly reduced RSV-induced matrix metalloprotease activities. These results suggested that RSV-induced oxidative stress activates innate immune receptors in the airways, such as TLRs, that can activate TG2 via the NF-κB pathway to promote cross-linking of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in enhanced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kempaiah Rayavara
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Alexander Kurosky
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yashoda M. Hosakote
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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9
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Martín-Fernández M, Aller R, Heredia-Rodríguez M, Gómez-Sánchez E, Martínez-Paz P, Gonzalo-Benito H, Sánchez-de Prada L, Gorgojo Ó, Carnicero-Frutos I, Tamayo E, Tamayo-Velasco Á. Lipid peroxidation as a hallmark of severity in COVID-19 patients. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102181. [PMID: 34768063 PMCID: PMC8572041 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress may be a key player in COVID-19 pathogenesis due to its significant role in response to infections. A defective redox balance has been related to viral pathogenesis developing a massive induction of cell death provoked by oxidative stress. The aim of this study is to perform a complete oxidative stress profile evaluation regarding antioxidant enzymes, total antioxidant capacity and oxidative cell damage in order to characterize its role in diagnosis and severity of this disease. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 108 COVID-19 patients and 28 controls and metabolites representative of oxidative stress were assessed. The association between lipid peroxidation and 28-day intubation/death risk was evaluated by multivariable regression analysis. Probability of intubation/death to day-28 was analyzed by using Kaplan-Meier curves and tested with the log-rank test. RESULTS Antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase) and oxidative cell damage (Carbonyl and Lipid peroxidation (LPO)) levels were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients while total antioxidant capacity (ABTS and FRAP) levels were lower in these patients. The comparison of oxidative stress molecules' levels across COVID-19 severity revealed that only LPO was statistically different between mild and intubated/death COVID-19 patients. COX multivariate regression analysis identified LPO levels over the OOP (LPO>1948.17 μM) as an independent risk factor for 28-day intubation/death in COVID-19 patients [OR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.10-5.99; p = 0.029]. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed that COVID-19 patients showing LPO levels above 1948.17 μM were intubated or died 8.4 days earlier on average (mean survival time 15.4 vs 23.8 days) when assessing 28-day intubation/death risk (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These findings deepen our knowledge of oxidative stress status in SARS-CoV-2 infection, supporting its important role in COVID-19. In fact, higher lipid peroxidation levels are independently associated to a higher risk of intubation or death at 28 days in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martín-Fernández
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rocío Aller
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Heredia-Rodríguez
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Esther Gómez-Sánchez
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Pedro Martínez-Paz
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Hugo Gonzalo-Benito
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Health Sciences of Castile and Leon (IECSCYL), 42002 Soria, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-de Prada
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Óscar Gorgojo
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Health Sciences of Castile and Leon (IECSCYL), 42002 Soria, Spain
| | - Irene Carnicero-Frutos
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Health Sciences of Castile and Leon (IECSCYL), 42002 Soria, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tamayo
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Tamayo-Velasco
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Haematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
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Lee YS, Bao X, Lee HH, Jang JJ, Saruuldalai E, Park G, Im WR, Park JL, Kim SY, Shin S, Jeon SH, Kang S, Lee HS, Lee JS, Zhang K, Park EJ, Kim IH, Lee YS. Nc886, a Novel Suppressor of the Type I Interferon Response Upon Pathogen Intrusion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042003. [PMID: 33670458 PMCID: PMC7922379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a crucial component in the innate immune response. Especially the IFN-β signaling operates in most cell types and plays a key role in the first line of defense upon pathogen intrusion. The induction of IFN-β should be tightly controlled, because its hyperactivation can lead to tissue damage or autoimmune diseases. Activation of the IFN-β promoter needs Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3), together with Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and Activator Protein 1 (AP-1). Here we report that a human noncoding RNA, nc886, is a novel suppressor for the IFN-β signaling and inflammation. Upon treatment with several pathogen-associated molecular patterns and viruses, nc886 suppresses the activation of IRF3 and also inhibits NF-κB and AP-1 via inhibiting Protein Kinase R (PKR). These events lead to decreased expression of IFN-β and resultantly IFN-stimulated genes. nc886′s role might be to restrict the IFN-β signaling from hyperactivation. Since nc886 expression is regulated by epigenetic and environmental factors, nc886 might explain why innate immune responses to pathogens are variable depending on biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Su Lee
- Division of Clinical Cancer Research, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (Y.-S.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (X.B.); (K.Z.)
| | - Hwi-Ho Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (H.-H.L.); (J.J.J.); (E.S.); (W.R.I.); (S.K.); (E.J.P.); (I.-H.K.)
| | - Jiyoung Joan Jang
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (H.-H.L.); (J.J.J.); (E.S.); (W.R.I.); (S.K.); (E.J.P.); (I.-H.K.)
| | - Enkhjin Saruuldalai
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (H.-H.L.); (J.J.J.); (E.S.); (W.R.I.); (S.K.); (E.J.P.); (I.-H.K.)
| | - Gaeul Park
- Division of Clinical Cancer Research, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (Y.-S.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Wonkyun Ronny Im
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (H.-H.L.); (J.J.J.); (E.S.); (W.R.I.); (S.K.); (E.J.P.); (I.-H.K.)
- Department of Life Science and Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (S.S.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Jong-Lyul Park
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-L.P.); (S.-Y.K.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-L.P.); (S.-Y.K.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sooyong Shin
- Department of Life Science and Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (S.S.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Sung Ho Jeon
- Department of Life Science and Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (S.S.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Sangmin Kang
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (H.-H.L.); (J.J.J.); (E.S.); (W.R.I.); (S.K.); (E.J.P.); (I.-H.K.)
| | - Hyun-Sung Lee
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (X.B.); (K.Z.)
| | - Eun Jung Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (H.-H.L.); (J.J.J.); (E.S.); (W.R.I.); (S.K.); (E.J.P.); (I.-H.K.)
| | - In-Hoo Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (H.-H.L.); (J.J.J.); (E.S.); (W.R.I.); (S.K.); (E.J.P.); (I.-H.K.)
| | - Yong Sun Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (H.-H.L.); (J.J.J.); (E.S.); (W.R.I.); (S.K.); (E.J.P.); (I.-H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82–31-920-2748; Fax: +82-31-920-2759
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11
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Wang QH, Kuang N, Hu WY, Yin D, Wei YY, Hu TJ. The effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on oxidative stress induced by PCV2 infection in immune cells: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e61. [PMID: 32735098 PMCID: PMC7402940 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are bioactive substances extracted from P. notoginseng that are widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and interstitial diseases. PNS have the functions of scavenging free radicals, anti-inflammation, improving blood supply for tissue and so on. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PNS on the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection in vitro and in vivo. Methods Using an oxidative stress model of PCV2 infection in a porcine lung cell line (3D4/2 cells) and mice, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total glutathione (T-GSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) were determined to evaluate the regulatory effects of PNS on oxidative stress. Results PNS treatment significantly reduced the levels of NO and ROS, the content of GSSG and the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS (p < 0.05), while significantly increasing GSH and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in infected 3D4/2 cells (p < 0.05).Similarly, in the in vivo study, PNS treatment significantly decreased the level of ROS in spleen lymphocytes of infected mice (p < 0.05), increased the levels of GSH and T-GSH (p < 0.05), significantly decreased the GSSG level (p < 0.05), and decreased the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS. Conclusions PNS could regulate the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Hua Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Na Kuang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Wen Yue Hu
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dan Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ying Yi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ting Jun Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.
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12
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Cecchini R, Cecchini AL. SARS-CoV-2 infection pathogenesis is related to oxidative stress as a response to aggression. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110102. [PMID: 32721799 PMCID: PMC7357498 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic, a great effort has been made to understand this serious disease. Thousands of studies are being devoted to understanding its epidemiology, its molecular characteristics, its mechanisms, and the clinical evolution of this viral infection. However, little has been published on its pathogenesis and the host response mechanisms in the progress of the disease. Therefore, we propose a hypothesis based on strong scientific documentation, associating oxidative stress with changes found in patients with COVID-19, such as its participation in the amplification and perpetuation of the cytokine storm, coagulopathy, and cell hypoxia. Finally, we suggest a therapeutic strategy to reduce oxidative stress using antioxidants, NF-κB inhibitors, Nrf2 activators, and iron complexing agents. We believe that this hypothesis can guide new studies and therapeutic strategies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubens Cecchini
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Lourenço Cecchini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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13
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1527-1594. [PMID: 32216549 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Ansar M, Ivanciuc T, Garofalo RP, Casola A. Increased Lung Catalase Activity Confers Protection Against Experimental RSV Infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3653. [PMID: 32107411 PMCID: PMC7046725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in mouse and human lung is associated with oxidative injury and pathogenic inflammation. RSV impairs antioxidant responses by increasing the degradation of transcription factor NRF2, which controls the expression of several antioxidant enzyme (AOE) genes, including catalase. Since catalase is a key enzyme for the dismutation of virus-mediated generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) we developed a model of intranasal supplementation of polyethylene glycol-conjugated catalase (PG-CAT) for RSV-infected mice. The results of our study show that PG-CAT supplementation was able to increase specific enzymatic activity along with reduction in H2O2 in the airways and had a significant protective effect against RSV-induced clinical disease and airway pathology. PG-CAT treated mice showed amelioration in airway obstruction, reduction in neutrophil elastase and inflammation. Improved airway hyperresponsiveness was also observed in mice that received PG-CAT as a treatment post-viral inoculation. In addition, PG-CAT greatly reduced the concentration of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL-1, TNF-α, IL-9, CXCL1, CCL2, and CCL5 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of RSV-infected mice, without increasing viral replication in the lung. In conclusion, catalase supplementation may represent a novel pharmacologic approach to be explored in human for prevention or treatment of respiratory infections caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ansar
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Teodora Ivanciuc
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pediatrics, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Roberto P Garofalo
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pediatrics, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Antonella Casola
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pediatrics, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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15
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Elesela S, Morris SB, Narayanan S, Kumar S, Lombard DB, Lukacs NW. Sirtuin 1 regulates mitochondrial function and immune homeostasis in respiratory syncytial virus infected dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008319. [PMID: 32106265 PMCID: PMC7046194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children worldwide. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD+ dependent deacetylase, has been associated with induction of autophagy, reprogramming cellular metabolism, and regulating immune mediators. In this study, we investigated the role of SIRT1 in bone marrow dendritic cell (BMDC) function during RSV infection. SIRT1 deficient (SIRT1 -/-) BMDC showed a defect in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ⍦m) that worsens during RSV infection. This defect in Δ⍦m caused the generation of elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was reduced as assessed in Seahorse assays, coupled with lower levels of ATP in SIRT1-/- DC. These altered responses corresponded to altered innate cytokine responses in the SIRT1-/- DC in response to RSV infection. Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA) functional proteomics analyses of SIRT1-/- and WT BMDC during RSV infection identified a range of differentially regulated proteins involved in pathways that play a critical role in mitochondrial metabolism, autophagy, oxidative and ER stress, and DNA damage. We identified an essential enzyme, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC1), which plays a central role in fatty acid synthesis and had significantly increased expression in SIRT1-/- DC. Blockade of ACC1 resulted in metabolic reprogramming of BMDC that ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced pathologic innate immune cytokines in DC. The altered DC responses attenuated Th2 and Th17 immunity allowing the appropriate generation of anti-viral Th1 responses both in vitro and in vivo during RSV infection thus reducing the enhanced pathogenic responses. Together, these studies identify pathways critical for appropriate DC function and innate immunity that depend on SIRT1-mediated regulation of metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Elesela
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Susan B. Morris
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Samanthi Narayanan
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Surinder Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David B. Lombard
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Institute of Gerontology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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16
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Chambliss JM, Ansar M, Kelley JP, Spratt H, Garofalo RP, Casola A. A Polymorphism in the Catalase Gene Promoter Confers Protection against Severe RSV Bronchiolitis. Viruses 2020; 12:E57. [PMID: 31947722 PMCID: PMC7019864 DOI: 10.3390/v12010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is associated with oxidative lung injury, decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes (AOEs), and the degradation of the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a master regulator of AOE expression. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in AOE and NRF2 genes have been associated with various lung disorders. To test whether specific NRF2 and/or AOE gene SNPs in children with RSV lower respiratory tract infection were associated with disease severity, one hundred and forty one children <24 month of age with bronchiolitis were assessed for seven AOE and two NRF2 SNPs, and data were correlated with disease severity, which was determined by need of oxygen supplementation and intensive care support. One SNP in the promoter region of the catalase gene, rs1001179, which is associated with higher enzyme expression, was significantly underrepresented (p = 0.01, OR 0.38) among patients with moderate to severe RSV bronchiolitis, suggesting a protective effect against disease severity. Our results suggest that increasing catalase expression/activity could exert a protective role in the context of RSV infection and represent a potential novel therapeutic target to ameliorate viral-induced lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Chambliss
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Maria Ansar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (M.A.); (R.P.G.)
| | - John P. Kelley
- Southwest Asthma and Allergy Associates, Houston, TX 77074, USA;
| | - Heidi Spratt
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555 USA;
| | - Roberto P. Garofalo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (M.A.); (R.P.G.)
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Antonella Casola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (M.A.); (R.P.G.)
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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17
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Guillin OM, Vindry C, Ohlmann T, Chavatte L. Selenium, Selenoproteins and Viral Infection. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092101. [PMID: 31487871 PMCID: PMC6769590 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are frequently produced during viral infections. Generation of these ROS can be both beneficial and detrimental for many cellular functions. When overwhelming the antioxidant defense system, the excess of ROS induces oxidative stress. Viral infections lead to diseases characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms, with oxidative stress being one of their hallmarks. In many cases, ROS can, in turn, enhance viral replication leading to an amplification loop. Another important parameter for viral replication and pathogenicity is the nutritional status of the host. Viral infection simultaneously increases the demand for micronutrients and causes their loss, which leads to a deficiency that can be compensated by micronutrient supplementation. Among the nutrients implicated in viral infection, selenium (Se) has an important role in antioxidant defense, redox signaling and redox homeostasis. Most of biological activities of selenium is performed through its incorporation as a rare amino acid selenocysteine in the essential family of selenoproteins. Selenium deficiency, which is the main regulator of selenoprotein expression, has been associated with the pathogenicity of several viruses. In addition, several selenoprotein members, including glutathione peroxidases (GPX), thioredoxin reductases (TXNRD) seemed important in different models of viral replication. Finally, the formal identification of viral selenoproteins in the genome of molluscum contagiosum and fowlpox viruses demonstrated the importance of selenoproteins in viral cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Guillin
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, 69007 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69622 Lyon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308 (UMR5308), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Vindry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, 69007 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69622 Lyon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308 (UMR5308), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Théophile Ohlmann
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, 69007 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69622 Lyon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308 (UMR5308), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Chavatte
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69622 Lyon, France.
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308 (UMR5308), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 69007 Lyon, France.
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18
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Hu X, Kim KH, Lee Y, Fernandes J, Smith MR, Jung YJ, Orr M, Kang SM, Jones DP, Go YM. Environmental Cadmium Enhances Lung Injury by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1513-1525. [PMID: 31108100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a naturally occurring environmental toxicant that disrupts mitochondrial function at occupational exposure levels. The impacts of Cd exposure at low levels through dietary intake remain largely uncharacterized. Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe morbidity, which can require hospitalization and result in death in young children and elderly populations. The impacts of environmental Cd exposure on the severity of RSV disease are unknown. Herein, we used a mouse model to examine whether Cd pre-exposure at a level of dietary intake potentiates pulmonary inflammation on subsequent infection with RSV. Mice were given Cd or saline in drinking water for 28 days. Subsets of these mice were infected with RSV at 5 days before the end of the study. Cd pre-exposure caused relatively subtle changes in lung; however, it elevated the IL-4 level and altered metabolites associated with fatty acid metabolism. After RSV infection, mice pre-exposed to Cd had elevated lung RSV titer and increased inflammation, as measured by histopathology, immune cell infiltration, cytokines, and chemokines. RSV infection after Cd pre-exposure also caused widespread perturbation in metabolism of glycerophospholipids and amino acids (Trp, Met, and Cys, branched-chain amino acids), as well as carnitine shuttle associated with mitochondrial energy metabolism. The results show that Cd burden by dietary intake potentiates RSV infection and severe disease with associated mitochondrial metabolic disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Youri Lee
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jolyn Fernandes
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - M Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael Orr
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Role of Nrf2 and Its Activators in Respiratory Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7090534. [PMID: 30728889 PMCID: PMC6341270 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7090534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a major regulator of antioxidant response element- (ARE-) driven cytoprotective protein expression. The activation of Nrf2 signaling plays an essential role in preventing cells and tissues from injury induced by oxidative stress. Under the unstressed conditions, natural inhibitor of Nrf2, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), traps Nrf2 in the cytoplasm and promotes the degradation of Nrf2 by the 26S proteasome. Nevertheless, stresses including highly oxidative microenvironments, impair the ability of Keap1 to target Nrf2 for ubiquitination and degradation, and induce newly synthesized Nrf2 to translocate to the nucleus to bind with ARE. Due to constant exposure to external environments, including diverse pollutants and other oxidants, the redox balance maintained by Nrf2 is fairly important to the airways. To date, researchers have discovered that Nrf2 deletion results in high susceptibility and severity of insults in various models of respiratory diseases, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respiratory infections, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and lung cancer. Conversely, Nrf2 activation confers protective effects on these lung disorders. In the present review, we summarize Nrf2 involvement in the pathogenesis of the above respiratory diseases that have been identified by experimental models and human studies and describe the protective effects of Nrf2 inducers on these diseases.
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Rayavara K, Kurosky A, Stafford SJ, Garg NJ, Brasier AR, Garofalo RP, Hosakote YM. Proinflammatory Effects of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Epithelial HMGB1 on Human Innate Immune Cell Activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:2753-2766. [PMID: 30275049 PMCID: PMC6200588 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a multifunctional nuclear protein that translocates to the cytoplasm and is subsequently released to the extracellular space during infection and injury. Once released, it acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern and regulates immune and inflammatory responses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and elderly, for which no effective treatment or vaccine is currently available. This study investigated the effects of HMGB1 on cytokine secretion, as well as the involvement of NF-κB and TLR4 pathways in RSV-induced HMGB1 release in human airway epithelial cells (AECs) and its proinflammatory effects on several human primary immune cells. Purified HMGB1 was incubated with AECs (A549 and small alveolar epithelial cells) and various immune cells and measured the release of proinflammatory mediators and the activation of NF-κB and P38 MAPK. HMGB1 treatment significantly increased the phosphorylation of NF-κB and P38 MAPK but did not induce the release of cytokines/chemokines from AECs. However, addition of HMGB1 to immune cells did significantly induce the release of cytokines/chemokines and activated the NF-κB and P38 MAPK pathways. We found that activation of NF-κB accounted for RSV-induced HMGB1 secretion in AECs in a TLR4-dependent manner. These results indicated that HMGB1 secreted from AECs can facilitate the secretion of proinflammatory mediators from immune cells in a paracrine mechanism, thus promoting the inflammatory response that contributes to RSV pathogenesis. Therefore, blocking the proinflammatory function of HMGB1 may be an effective approach for developing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kempaiah Rayavara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Alexander Kurosky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Susan J Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Nisha J Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Roberto P Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Yashoda M Hosakote
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555;
- Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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Therapeutic Modulation of Virus-Induced Oxidative Stress via the Nrf2-Dependent Antioxidative Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6208067. [PMID: 30515256 PMCID: PMC6234444 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6208067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced oxidative stress plays a critical role in the viral life cycle as well as the pathogenesis of viral diseases. In response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by a virus, a host cell activates an antioxidative defense system for its own protection. Particularly, a nuclear factor erythroid 2p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway works in a front-line for cytoprotection and detoxification. Recently, a series of studies suggested that a group of clinically relevant viruses have the capacity for positive and negative regulations of the Nrf2 pathway. This virus-induced modulation of the host antioxidative response turned out to be a crucial determinant for the progression of several viral diseases. In this review, virus-specific examples of positive and negative modulations of the Nrf2 pathway will be summarized first. Then a number of successful genetic and pharmacological manipulations of the Nrf2 pathway for suppression of the viral replication and the pathogenesis-associated oxidative damage will be discussed later. Understanding of the interplay between virus-induced oxidative stress and antioxidative host response will aid in the discovery of potential antiviral supplements for better management of viral diseases.
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Exchange Proteins Directly Activated by cAMP and Their Roles in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01200-18. [PMID: 30185593 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01200-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of respiratory infection in young children and high-risk adults. However, a specific treatment for this viral infection is not currently available. In this study, we discovered that an exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP (EPAC) can serve as a potential therapeutic target for RSV. In both lower and upper epithelial cells, treatment with EPAC inhibitor (ESI-09), but not protein kinase A inhibitor (H89), significantly inhibits RSV replication and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine induction. In addition, RSV-activated transcriptional factors belonging to the NF-κB and IRF families are also suppressed by ESI-09. Through isoform-specific gene knockdown, we found that EPAC2, but not EPAC1, plays a dominant role in controlling RSV replication and virus-induced host responses. Experiments using both EPAC2 knockout and EPAC2-specific inhibitor support such roles of EPAC2. Therefore, EPAC2 is a promising therapeutic target to regulate RSV replication and associated inflammation.IMPORTANCE RSV is a serious public health problem, as it is associated with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma exacerbations. Currently no effective treatment or vaccine is available, and many molecular mechanisms regarding RSV-induced lung disease are still significantly unknown. This project aims to elucidate an important and novel function of a protein, called EPAC2, in RSV replication and innate inflammatory responses. Our results should provide an important insight into the development of new pharmacologic strategies against RSV infection, thereby reducing RSV-associated morbidity and mortality.
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Redox Biology of Respiratory Viral Infections. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080392. [PMID: 30049972 PMCID: PMC6115776 DOI: 10.3390/v10080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses cause infections of the upper or lower respiratory tract and they are responsible for the common cold—the most prevalent disease in the world. In many cases the common cold results in severe illness due to complications, such as fever or pneumonia. Children, old people, and immunosuppressed patients are at the highest risk and require fast diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. However, the availability and efficiencies of existing therapeutic approaches vary depending on the virus. Investigation of the pathologies that are associated with infection by respiratory viruses will be paramount for diagnosis, treatment modalities, and the development of new therapies. Changes in redox homeostasis in infected cells are one of the key events that is linked to infection with respiratory viruses and linked to inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. Our review summarizes current knowledge on changes to redox homeostasis, as induced by the different respiratory viruses.
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Ivanciuc T, Sbrana E, Casola A, Garofalo RP. Protective Role of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:854. [PMID: 29740449 PMCID: PMC5925606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections is characterized by lower airway obstruction driven at great extent by the exuberant production of inflammatory cytokines. We have previously shown that RSV infection in vitro and in vivo results in production of reactive oxygen species along with reduction in the expression of antioxidant enzymes (AOEs), which are involved in maintaining the cellular oxidant-antioxidant balance. These events were associated with the concomitant reduction in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a key transcription factor that controls AOE expression. The objective of the current study was to establish the role of Nrf2 in shaping innate immune responses, clinical disease, airway inflammation, and viral replication in established experimental models of intranasal RSV and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections, by employing mice genetically deficient for the Nrf2 gene. Compared to control wild type (WT), mice genetically deficient in Nrf2 (Nrf2 KO) developed enhanced clinical disease, airway inflammation and pathology, and significantly greater lung viral titers following experimental infection with either RSV or hMPV. In particular, compared to control mice, RSV-infected Nrf2 KO mice lost more body weight and had increased airway obstruction at time points characterized by a remarkable increase in inflammatory cytokines and airway neutrophilia. Airway levels of AOEs and enzymes that regulate synthesis of the endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway, which we showed to play an important antiviral function, were also decreased in RSV-infected Nrf2 KO compared to WT. In conclusion, these results suggest that Nrf2 is a critical regulator of innate, inflammatory, and disease-associated responses in the airways of mice infected with viruses that are members of the Pneumoviridae family. Importantly, the results of this study suggest that Nrf2-dependent genes, including those controlling the cellular antioxidant and H2S-generating enzymes and cytokines can affect several aspects of the antiviral response, such as airway neutrophilia, clinical disease, airway obstruction, and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Ivanciuc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Elena Sbrana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Antonella Casola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Roberto P. Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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25
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Li M, Li J, Zeng R, Yang J, Liu J, Zhang Z, Song X, Yao Z, Ma C, Li W, Wang K, Wei L. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication Is Promoted by Autophagy-Mediated Inhibition of Apoptosis. J Virol 2018; 92:e02193-17. [PMID: 29386287 PMCID: PMC5874425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02193-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) in children worldwide. Virus-host interactions affect the progression and prognosis of the infection. Autophagy plays important roles in virus-host interactions. Respiratory epithelial cells serve as the front line of host defense during RSV infection, However, it is still unclear how they interact with RSV. In this study, we found that RSV induced autophagy that favored RSV replication and exacerbated lung pathology in vivo Mechanistically, RSV induced complete autophagy flux through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (AMPK-MTOR) signaling pathway in HEp-2 cells. Furthermore, we evaluated the functions of autophagy in RSV replication and found that RSV replication was increased in HEp-2 cells treated with rapamycin but decreased remarkably in cells treated with 3-methylademine (3-MA) or wortmannin. Knockdown key molecules in the autophagy pathway with short hairpinp RNA (shRNA) against autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5), autophagy-related gene 7 (ATG7), or BECN1/Beclin 1 or treatment with ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and AMPK inhibitor (compound C) suppressed RSV replication. 3-MA or shATG5/BECN1 significantly decreased cell viability and increased cell apoptosis at 48 hours postinfection (hpi). Blocking apoptosis with Z-VAD-FMK partially restored virus replication at 48 hpi. Those results provide strong evidence that autophagy may function as a proviral mechanism in a cell-intrinsic manner during RSV infection.IMPORTANCE An understanding of the mechanisms that respiratory syncytial virus utilizes to interact with respiratory epithelial cells is critical to the development of novel antiviral strategies. In this study, we found that RSV induces autophagy through a ROS-AMPK signaling axis, which in turn promotes viral infection. Autophagy favors RSV replication through blocking cell apoptosis at 48 hpi. Mechanistically, RSV induces mitophagy, which maintains mitochondrial homeostasis and therefore decreases cytochrome c release and apoptosis induction. This study provides a novel insight into this virus-host interaction, which may help to exploit new antiviral treatments targeting autophagy processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ruihong Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jianling Yang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Departments of Internal Medicine & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Zhengzheng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaotian Song
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiyan Yao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of hepatobiliary surgery, Shanghai 455 Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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26
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Komaravelli N, Ansar M, Garofalo RP, Casola A. Respiratory syncytial virus induces NRF2 degradation through a promyelocytic leukemia protein - ring finger protein 4 dependent pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:494-504. [PMID: 29107745 PMCID: PMC5699968 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of viral acute respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations in children, for which no vaccine or specific treatments are available. RSV causes airway mucosa inflammation and cellular oxidative damage by triggering production of reactive oxygen species and by inhibiting at the same time expression of antioxidant enzymes, via degradation of the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2). RSV infection induces NRF2 deacetylation, ubiquitination, and degradation through a proteasome-dependent pathway. Although degradation via KEAP1 is the most common mechanism, silencing KEAP1 expression did not rescue NRF2 levels during RSV infection. We found that RSV-induced NRF2 degradation occurs in an SUMO-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase - RING finger protein 4 (RNF4)-dependent manner. NRF2 is progressively SUMOylated in RSV infection and either blocking SUMOylation or silencing RNF4 expression rescued both NRF2 nuclear levels and transcriptional activity. RNF4 associates with promyelocytic leukemia - nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). RSV infection induces the expression of PML and PML-NBs formation in an interferon (INF)-dependent manner and also induces NRF2 - PMN-NBs association. Inhibition of PML-NB formation by blocking IFN pathway or silencing PML expression resulted in a significant reduction of RSV-associated NRF2 degradation and increased antioxidant enzyme expression, identifying the RNF4-PML pathway as a key regulator of antioxidant defenses in the course of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayana Komaravelli
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Ansar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Roberto P Garofalo
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Centers for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Centers for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, US; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Antonella Casola
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Centers for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Centers for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, US; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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27
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Implications of oxidative stress on viral pathogenesis. Arch Virol 2016; 162:907-917. [PMID: 28039563 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive species are frequently formed after viral infections. Antioxidant defences, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic components, protect against reactive species, but sometimes these defences are not completely adequate. An imbalance in the production of reactive species and the body's inability to detoxify these reactive species is referred to as oxidative stress. The aim of this review is to analyse the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of viral infections and highlight some major therapeutic approaches that have gained importance, with regards to controlling virus-induced oxidative injury. Attention will be focused on DNA viruses (papillomaviruses, hepadnaviruses), RNA viruses (flaviviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, togaviruses) and retroviruses (human immunodeficiency virus). In general, viruses cause an imbalance in the cellular redox environment, which depending on the virus and the cell can result in different responses, e.g. cell signaling, antioxidant defences, reactive species, and other processes. Therefore, the modulation of reactive species production and oxidative stress potentially represents a novel pharmacological approach for reducing the consequences of viral pathogenesis.
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28
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Pokharel SM, Shil NK, Bose S. Autophagy, TGF-β, and SMAD-2/3 Signaling Regulates Interferon-β Response in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infected Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:174. [PMID: 28018859 PMCID: PMC5149518 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a lung tropic virus causing severe airway diseases including bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants, children, and immuno-compromised individuals. RSV triggers transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) production from lung epithelial cells and TGF-β facilitates RSV infection of these cells. However, it is still unknown whether RSV infected myeloid cells like macrophages produce TGF-β and the role of TGF-β if any during RSV infection of these cells. Our study revealed that RSV infected macrophages produce TGF-β and as a consequence these cells activate TGF-β dependent SMAD-2/3 signaling pathway. Further mechanistic studies illustrated a role of autophagy in triggering TGF-β production from RSV infected macrophages. In an effort to elucidate the role of TGF-β and SMAD-2/3 signaling during RSV infection, we surprisingly unfolded the requirement of TGF-β—SMAD2/3 signaling in conferring optimal innate immune antiviral response during RSV infection of macrophages. Type-I interferon (e.g., interferon-β or IFN-β) is a critical host factor regulating innate immune antiviral response during RSV infection. Our study revealed that loss of TGF-β—SMAD2/3 signaling pathway in RSV infected macrophages led to diminished expression and production of IFN-β. Inhibiting autophagy in RSV infected macrophages also resulted in reduced production of IFN-β. Thus, our studies have unfolded the requirement of autophagy—TGF-β—SMAD2/3 signaling network for optimal innate immune antiviral response during RSV infection of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swechha M Pokharel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Niraj K Shil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Santanu Bose
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
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29
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Hosakote YM, Brasier AR, Casola A, Garofalo RP, Kurosky A. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Triggers Epithelial HMGB1 Release as a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Promoting a Monocytic Inflammatory Response. J Virol 2016; 90:9618-9631. [PMID: 27535058 PMCID: PMC5068515 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01279-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infant and elderly populations worldwide. Currently, there is no efficacious vaccine or therapy available for RSV infection. The molecular mechanisms underlying RSV-induced acute airway disease and associated long-term consequences remain largely unknown; however, experimental evidence suggests that the lung inflammatory response plays a fundamental role in the outcome of RSV infection. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that triggers inflammation when released from activated immune or necrotic cells and drives the pathogenesis of various infectious agents. Although HMGB1 has been implicated in many inflammatory diseases, its role in RSV-induced airway inflammation has not been investigated. This study investigates the molecular mechanism of action of extracellularly released HMGB1 in airway epithelial cells (A549 and small airway epithelial cells) to establish its role in RSV infection. Immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting results showed that RSV infection of human airway epithelial cells induced a significant release of HMGB1 as a result of translocation of HMGB1 from the cell nuclei to the cytoplasm and subsequent release into the extracellular space. Treating RSV-infected A549 cells with antioxidants significantly inhibited RSV-induced HMGB1 extracellular release. Studies using recombinant HMGB1 triggered immune responses by activating primary human monocytes. Finally, HMGB1 released by airway epithelial cells due to RSV infection appears to function as a paracrine factor priming epithelial cells and monocytes to inflammatory stimuli in the airways. IMPORTANCE RSV is a major cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children and causes severe respiratory morbidity and mortality in the elderly. In addition, to date there is no effective treatment or vaccine available for RSV infection. The mechanisms responsible for RSV-induced acute airway disease and associated long-term consequences remain largely unknown. The oxidative stress response in the airways plays a major role in the pathogenesis of RSV. HMGB1 is a ubiquitous redox-sensitive multifunctional protein that serves as both a DNA regulatory protein and an extracellular cytokine signaling molecule that promotes airway inflammation as a damage-associated molecular pattern. This study investigated the mechanism of action of HMGB1 in RSV infection with the aim of identifying new inflammatory pathways at the molecular level that may be amenable to therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashoda M Hosakote
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Antonella Casola
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Roberto P Garofalo
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander Kurosky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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30
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Cervantes-Ortiz SL, Zamorano Cuervo N, Grandvaux N. Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and Physiopathology. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050124. [PMID: 27187445 PMCID: PMC4885079 DOI: 10.3390/v8050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, is a major cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, elderly and immunocompromised adults. Despite decades of research, a complete integrated picture of RSV-host interaction is still missing. Several cellular responses to stress are involved in the host-response to many virus infections. The endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by altered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function leads to activation of the unfolded-protein response (UPR) to restore homeostasis. Formation of cytoplasmic stress granules containing translationally stalled mRNAs is a means to control protein translation. Production of reactive oxygen species is balanced by an antioxidant response to prevent oxidative stress and the resulting damages. In recent years, ongoing research has started to unveil specific regulatory interactions of RSV with these host cellular stress responses. Here, we discuss the latest findings regarding the mechanisms evolved by RSV to induce, subvert or manipulate the ER stress, the stress granule and oxidative stress responses. We summarize the evidence linking these stress responses with the regulation of RSV replication and the associated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Cervantes-Ortiz
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Natalia Zamorano Cuervo
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Martínez I, García-Carpizo V, Guijarro T, García-Gomez A, Navarro D, Aranda A, Zambrano A. Induction of DNA double-strand breaks and cellular senescence by human respiratory syncytial virus. Virulence 2016; 7:427-42. [PMID: 26809688 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1144001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) accounts for the majority of lower respiratory tract infections during infancy and childhood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. HRSV provokes a proliferation arrest and characteristic syncytia in cellular systems such as immortalized epithelial cells. We show here that HRSV induces the expression of DNA damage markers and proliferation arrest such as P-TP53, P-ATM, CDKN1A and γH2AFX in cultured cells secondary to the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). The DNA damage foci contained γH2AFX and TP53BP1, indicative of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and could be reversed by antioxidant treatments such as N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) or reduced glutathione ethyl ester (GSHee). The damage observed is associated with the accumulation of senescent cells, displaying a canonical senescent phenotype in both mononuclear cells and syncytia. In addition, we show signs of DNA damage and aging such as γH2AFX and CDKN2A expression in the respiratory epithelia of infected mice long after viral clearance. Altogether, these results show that HRSV triggers a DNA damage-mediated cellular senescence program probably mediated by oxidative stress. The results also suggest that this program might contribute to the physiopathology of the infection, tissue remodeling and aging, and might be associated to long-term consequences of HRSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Martínez
- a Department of Molecular Pathology , Spanish National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Verónica García-Carpizo
- b Department of Endocrine Physiopathology and Nervous System , Institute for Biomedical Research (IIBM), CSIC-UAM , Madrid , Spain
| | - Trinidad Guijarro
- a Department of Molecular Pathology , Spanish National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana García-Gomez
- a Department of Molecular Pathology , Spanish National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Diego Navarro
- b Department of Endocrine Physiopathology and Nervous System , Institute for Biomedical Research (IIBM), CSIC-UAM , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Aranda
- b Department of Endocrine Physiopathology and Nervous System , Institute for Biomedical Research (IIBM), CSIC-UAM , Madrid , Spain
| | - Alberto Zambrano
- a Department of Molecular Pathology , Spanish National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
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Choudhary S, Boldogh I, Brasier AR. Inside-Out Signaling Pathways from Nuclear Reactive Oxygen Species Control Pulmonary Innate Immunity. J Innate Immun 2016; 8:143-55. [PMID: 26756522 PMCID: PMC4801701 DOI: 10.1159/000442254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway mucosa is responsible for mounting a robust innate immune response (IIR) upon encountering pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The IIR produces protective gene networks that stimulate neighboring epithelia and components of the immune system to trigger adaptive immunity. Little is currently known about how cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling is produced and cooperates in the IIR. We discuss recent discoveries about 2 nuclear ROS signaling pathways controlling innate immunity. Nuclear ROS oxidize guanine bases to produce mutagenic 8-oxoguanine, a lesion excised by 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase1/AP-lyase (OGG1). OGG1 forms a complex with the excised base, inducing its nuclear export. The cytoplasmic OGG1:8-oxoG complex functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, triggering small GTPase signaling and activating phosphorylation of the nuclear factor (NF)x03BA;B/RelA transcription factor to induce immediate early gene expression. In parallel, nuclear ROS are detected by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a PI3 kinase activated by ROS, triggering its nuclear export. ATM forms a scaffold with ribosomal S6 kinases, inducing RelA phosphorylation and resulting in transcription-coupled synthesis of type I and type III interferons and CC and CXC chemokines. We propose that ATM and OGG1 are endogenous nuclear ROS sensors that transmit nuclear signals that coordinate with outside-in pattern recognition receptor signaling, regulating the IIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Choudhary
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex., USA
- Department of Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex., USA
- Department of Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex., USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex., USA
- Department of Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex., USA
- Department of Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex., USA
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex., USA
- Department of Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex., USA
- Department of Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex., USA
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Moreno-Solís G, Dela Torre-Aguilar MJ, Torres-Borrego J, Llorente-Cantarero FJ, Fernández-Gutiérrez F, Gil-Campos M, Túnez-Fiñana I, Pérez-Navero JL. Oxidative stress and inflamatory plasma biomarkers in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2016; 11:839-846. [PMID: 26663823 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress (OS) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory lung diseases. OBJECTIVES (i) We determined whether acute bronchiolitis (AB) caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) induced OS; (ii) assessed whether OS biomarkers correlated with the severity of RSV-AB; and (iii) studied whether the levels of interleukins are associated with OS biomarkers. METHODS We performed an observational study by comparing healthy infants (Group 1) with RSV-AB infants, classified as Group 2 (pulse oximetry (SpO2 ) >93%), and Group 3 (SpO2 ≤ 92%), which needed oxygen therapy. Blood samples were collected to determine the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products (LPO), total glutathione (TG), oxidised glutathione (GSSG), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), interleukins (ILs) IL-10, IL-6, IL-8, interferon-gamma (IFNγ), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP α and MIP β). RESULTS Forty-six RSV-AB infants (47% needed oxygen therapy) and 27 healthy infants were included. The GSH/GSSG ratio was lower in RSV-AB infants than in Group 1 (P<0.001). GSSG and GPx were significantly higher in Group 3. GSSG predicted the need for oxygen therapy with an optimal cut-off point of 15 µM/g for haemoglobin. The GSH/GSSG ratio negatively correlated with IL-6 (P: 0.014), IL-8 (P: 0.014) and IL-10 (P: 0.033). Group 3 exhibited a direct correlation between GPx and IL-10 levels (P: 0.024) and between LPO and MIP β (P: 0.003). CONCLUSIONS RSV induced OS in AB. An increase in GSSG correlated with the disease severity in the infants. OS may contribute to the pathogenesis of RSV-AB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Moreno-Solís
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergy Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Javier Torres-Borrego
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergy Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Fernández-Gutiérrez
- Department of Paediatrics, Unit of Metabolism and Paediatric Research, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gil-Campos
- Faculty of Medicine, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Paediatrics, Unit of Metabolism and Paediatric Research, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Isaac Túnez-Fiñana
- Faculty of Medicine, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Pérez-Navero
- Faculty of Medicine, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Paediatrics, Unit of Metabolism and Paediatric Research, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
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Komaravelli N, Tian B, Ivanciuc T, Mautemps N, Brasier AR, Garofalo RP, Casola A. Respiratory syncytial virus infection down-regulates antioxidant enzyme expression by triggering deacetylation-proteasomal degradation of Nrf2. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:391-403. [PMID: 26073125 PMCID: PMC4628892 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of viral acute respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations in children, for which no vaccine or treatment is available. RSV infection in cells, mice, and children leads to rapid generation of reactive oxygen species, which are associated with oxidative stress and lung damage, due to a significant decrease in the expression of airway antioxidant enzymes (AOEs). Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of RSV-induced lung disease, as antioxidants ameliorate clinical disease and inflammation in vivo. The aim of this study is to investigate the unknown mechanism(s) of virus-induced inhibition of AOE expression. RSV infection is shown to induce a progressive reduction in nuclear and total cellular levels of the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), resulting in decreased binding to endogenous AOE gene promoters and decreased AOE expression. RSV induces Nrf2 deacetylation and degradation via the proteasome pathway in vitro and in vivo. Histone deacetylase and proteasome inhibitors block Nrf2 degradation and increase Nrf2 binding to AOE endogenous promoters, resulting in increased AOE expression. Known inducers of Nrf2 are able to increase Nrf2 activation and subsequent AOE expression during RSV infection in vitro and in vivo, with significant amelioration of oxidative stress. This is the first study to investigate the mechanism(s) of virus-induced inhibition of AOE expression. RSV-induced inhibition of Nrf2 activation, due to deacetylation and proteasomal degradation, could be targeted for therapeutic intervention aimed to increase airway antioxidant capacity during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayana Komaravelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bing Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Teodora Ivanciuc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nicholas Mautemps
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Roberto P Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Antonella Casola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Association of Nrf2 with airway pathogenesis: lessons learned from genetic mouse models. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1931-57. [PMID: 26194645 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2 is a key transcription factor for antioxidant response element (ARE)-bearing genes involved in diverse host defense functions including redox balance, cell cycle, immunity, mitochondrial biogenesis, energy metabolism, and carcinogenesis. Nrf2 in the airways is particularly essential as the respiratory system continuously interfaces with environmental stress. Since Nrf2 was determined to be a susceptibility gene for a model of acute lung injury, its protective capacity in the airways has been demonstrated in experimental models of human disorders using Nrf2 mutant mice which were susceptible to supplemental respiratory therapy (e.g., hyperoxia, mechanical ventilation), cigarette smoke, allergens, virus, environmental pollutants, and fibrotic agents compared to wild-type littermates. Recent studies also determined that Nrf2 is indispensable in developmental lung injury. While association studies with genetic NRF2 polymorphisms supported a protective role for murine Nrf2 in oxidative airway diseases, somatic NRF2 mutations enhanced NRF2-ARE responses, and were favorable for lung carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Bioinformatic tools have elucidated direct Nrf2 targets as well as Nrf2-interacting networks. Moreover, potent Nrf2-ARE agonists protected oxidant-induced lung phenotypes in model systems, suggesting a therapeutic or preventive intervention. Further investigations on Nrf2 should yield greater understanding of its contribution to normal and pathophysiological function in the airways.
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Escaffre O, Halliday H, Borisevich V, Casola A, Rockx B. Oxidative stress in Nipah virus-infected human small airway epithelial cells. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2961-2970. [PMID: 26297489 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic emerging pathogen that can cause severe and often fatal respiratory disease in humans. The pathogenesis of NiV infection of the human respiratory tract remains unknown. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by airway epithelial cells in response to viral infections contribute to lung injury by inducing inflammation and oxidative stress; however, the role of ROS in NiV-induced respiratory disease is unknown. To investigate whether NiV induces oxidative stress in human respiratory epithelial cells, we used oxidative stress markers and monitored antioxidant gene expression. We also used ROS scavengers to assess their role in immune response modulation. Oxidative stress was confirmed in infected cells and correlated with the reduction in antioxidant enzyme gene expression. Infected cells treated by ROS scavengers resulted in a significant decrease of the (F2)-8-isoprostane marker, inflammatory responses and virus replication. In conclusion, ROS are induced during NiV infection in human respiratory epithelium and contribute to the inflammatory response. Understanding how oxidative stress contributes to NiV pathogenesis is crucial for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Escaffre
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hailey Halliday
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Antonella Casola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Rare and Emerging Viral Infections and Response, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Lay MK, Bueno SM, Gálvez N, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. New insights on the viral and host factors contributing to the airway pathogenesis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:800-12. [PMID: 26119025 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1055711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent etiological agent of lower respiratory tract infections and the first cause of hospitalization in infants due to respiratory disease worldwide. However, efforts to develop safe and effective vaccines and antivirals have been challenged by an incomplete understanding of the RSV pathogenesis and the host immune response to RSV infection in the airways. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the interaction between RSV and the epithelium to induce pathogenesis in the airways, such as the role of the RSV NS2 protein in the airway epithelium, as well as the events involved in the RSV entry process. In addition, we summarize the cellular factors produced by airway epithelial cells (AECs) in response to RSV infection that lead to the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses, inducing lung inflammation and disease. Further, we discuss the possible contribution of a recently identified cytokine, thymic stromal lymphopoitein (TSLP), in the lung immunopathology caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita K Lay
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile .,b INSERM U1064 , Nantes , France
| | - Nicolás Gálvez
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- c Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina , Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile , and
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile .,b INSERM U1064 , Nantes , France .,d Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Role of hydrogen sulfide in paramyxovirus infections. J Virol 2015; 89:5557-68. [PMID: 25740991 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00264-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gaseous mediator that has gained increasing recognition as an important player in modulating acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, its role in virus-induced lung inflammation is currently unknown. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children for which no vaccine or effective treatment is available. Using the slow-releasing H2S donor GYY4137 and propargylglycin (PAG), an inhibitor of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), a key enzyme that produces intracellular H2S, we found that RSV infection led to a reduced ability to generate and maintain intracellular H2S levels in airway epithelial cells (AECs). Inhibition of CSE with PAG resulted in increased viral replication and chemokine secretion. On the other hand, treatment of AECs with the H2S donor GYY4137 reduced proinflammatory mediator production and significantly reduced viral replication, even when administered several hours after viral absorption. GYY4137 also significantly reduced replication and inflammatory chemokine production induced by human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and Nipah virus (NiV), suggesting a broad inhibitory effect of H2S on paramyxovirus infections. GYY4137 treatment had no effect on RSV genome replication or viral mRNA and protein synthesis, but it inhibited syncytium formation and virus assembly/release. GYY4137 inhibition of proinflammatory gene expression occurred by modulation of the activation of the key transcription factors nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) at a step subsequent to their nuclear translocation. H2S antiviral and immunoregulatory properties could represent a novel treatment strategy for paramyxovirus infections. IMPORTANCE RSV is a global health concern, causing significant morbidity and economic losses as well as mortality in developing countries. After decades of intensive research, no vaccine or effective treatment, with the exception of immunoprophylaxis, is available for this infection as well as for other important respiratory mucosal viruses. This study identifies hydrogen sulfide as a novel cellular mediator that can modulate viral replication and proinflammatory gene expression, both important determinants of lung injury in respiratory viral infections, with potential for rapid translation of such findings into novel therapeutic approaches for viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
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Komaravelli N, Kelley JP, Garofalo MP, Wu H, Casola A, Kolli D. Role of dietary antioxidants in human metapneumovirus infection. Virus Res 2015; 200:19-23. [PMID: 25645280 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in children, elderly and immunocompromised hosts, for which no vaccine or treatment are currently available. Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses represent important pathogenic mechanism(s) of hMPV infection. Here, we explored the potential protective role of dietary antioxidants in hMPV infection. Treatment of airway epithelial cells with resveratrol and quercetin during hMPV infection significantly reduced cellular oxidative damage, inflammatory mediator secretion and viral replication, without affecting viral gene transcription and protein synthesis, indicating that inhibition of viral replication occurred at the level of viral assembly and/or release. Modulation of proinflammatory mediator expression occurred through the inhibition of transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 binding to their cognate site of endogenous gene promoters. Our results indicate the use of dietary antioxidants as an effective treatment approach for modulating hMPV induced lung oxidative damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayana Komaravelli
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - John P Kelley
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Matteo P Garofalo
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Haotian Wu
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Antonella Casola
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Deepthi Kolli
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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MicroRNA-302 induces proliferation and inhibits oxidant-induced cell death in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1385. [PMID: 25144720 PMCID: PMC4454318 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that proliferate in vitro as plastic-adherent cells, have a fibroblast-like morphology, form colonies in vitro and can differentiate into bone, cartilage and fat cells. The abundance, ease and repeatable access to subcutaneous adipose tissue and the simple isolation procedures provide clear advantages for the use of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASDCs) in clinical applications. We screened microRNAs (miRNAs) that affected the proliferation and survival of hADSCs. Transfection of miR-302d mimic increased cell proliferation and protected cells from oxidant-induced cell death in hADSCs, which was supported by flow-cytometric analysis. miR-302d did not affect the expression of Bcl-2 family members or anti-oxidant molecules. The Nrf2-Keap1 system, which is one of the major mechanisms for the cellular defense against oxidative stress, was not altered by transfection of miR-302d mimic. To identify the target of the miR-302d actions on proliferation and survival of hADSCs, a microarray analysis was performed using miR-302d-overexpressing hADSCs. Real-time PCR analysis showed that transfection of miR-302d mimic inhibited the CDKN1A and CCL5 expression. Downregulation of CDKN1A with a specific siRNA mimicked the effect of miR-302d on hADSCs proliferation, but did not affect miR-302d-induced cell survival. Downregulation of CCL5 protected oxidant-induced cell death as miR-302d, inhibited oxidant-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the addition of recombinant CCL5 inhibited the protective action of miR-302d on oxidant-induced cell death. This study indicates that miR-302 controls proliferation and cell survival of hADSCs through different targets and that this miRNA can be used to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of hADSCs transplantation in vivo.
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Caraparu virus induces damage and alterations in antioxidant defenses in the liver of BALB/c mice after subcutaneous infection. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2621-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is part of normal cellular aerobic metabolism, due to respiration and oxidation of nutrients in order to generate energy. Low levels of ROS are involved in cellular signaling and are well controlled by the cellular antioxidant defense system. Elevated levels of ROS generation due to pollutants, toxins and radiation exposure, as well as infections, are associated with oxidative stress causing cellular damage. Several respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and influenza, induce increased ROS formation, both intracellularly and as a result of increased inflammatory cell recruitment at the site of infection. They also reduce antioxidant enzyme (AOE) levels and/or activity, leading to unbalanced oxidative-antioxidant status and subsequent oxidative cell damage. Expression of several AOE is controlled by the activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), through binding to the antioxidant responsive element (ARE) present in the AOE gene promoters. While exposure to several pro-oxidant stimuli usually leads to Nrf2 activation and upregulation of AOE expression, respiratory viral infections are associated with inhibition of AOE expression/activity, which in the case of RSV and hMPV is associated with reduced Nrf2 nuclear localization, decreased cellular levels and reduced ARE-dependent gene transcription. Therefore, administration of antioxidant mimetics or Nrf2 inducers represents potential viable therapeutic approaches to viral-induced diseases, such as respiratory infections and other infections associated with decreased cellular antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayana Komaravelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Antonella Casola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA ; Department of Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Dundaroz R, Erenberk U, Turel O, Demir AD, Ozkaya E, Erel O. Oxidative and antioxidative status of children with acute bronchiolitis. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2013; 89:407-11. [PMID: 23796358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic lung inflammatory diseases. This article aimed to evaluate the oxidant/antioxidant status of children with acute bronchiolitis through the measurement of plasma total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index. METHODS Children with acute bronchiolitis admitted to the pediatric emergency department of a university hospital between January and April of 2012 were compared with age-matched healthy controls. Patients with acute bronchiolitis were classified as mild and moderate bronchiolitis. Oxidative and antioxidative status were assessed by measurement of plasma total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index. RESULTS Thirty-one children with acute bronchiolitis aged between 3 months and 2 years, and 39 healthy children were included. Total oxidative status (TOS) was higher in patients with acute bronchiolitis than the control group (5.16±1.99 μmol H2O2 versus 3.78±1.78 μmol H2O2 [p=0.004]). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was lower in children with bronchiolitis than the control group (2.51±0.37 μmol Trolox eqv/L versus 2.75±0.39 μmol Trolox eqv/L [p=0.013]). Patients with moderate bronchiolitis presented higher TOS levels than those with mild bronchiolitis and the control group (p=0.03, p<0.001, respectively). Patients with moderate bronchiolitis had higher oxidative stress index levels than the control group (p=0.015). Oxygen saturation level of bronchiolitis patients was inversely correlated with TOS (r=-0.476, p<0.05). CONCLUSION The balance between oxidant and antioxidant systems is disrupted in children with moderate bronchiolitis, which indicates that this stress factor may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusen Dundaroz
- Department of Pediatrics, Bezmialem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Dundaroz R, Erenberk U, Turel O, Demir AD, Ozkaya E, Erel O. Oxidative and antioxidative status of children with acute bronchiolitis. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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45
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Garofalo RP, Kolli D, Casola A. Respiratory syncytial virus infection: mechanisms of redox control and novel therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:186-217. [PMID: 22799599 PMCID: PMC3513983 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most important causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children, for which no effective treatment is currently available. Although the mechanisms of RSV-induced airway disease remain incompletely defined, the lung inflammatory response is thought to play a central pathogenetic role. In the past few years, we and others have provided increasing evidence of a role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as important regulators of RSV-induced cellular signaling leading to the expression of key proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines. In addition, RSV-induced oxidative stress, which results from an imbalance between ROS production and airway antioxidant defenses, due to a widespread inhibition of antioxidant enzyme expression, is likely to play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of RSV-associated lung inflammatory disease, as demonstrated by a significant increase in markers of oxidative injury, which correlate with the severity of clinical illness, in children with RSV infection. Modulation of ROS production and oxidative stress therefore represents a potential novel pharmacological approach to ameliorate RSV-induced lung inflammation and its long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto P Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Hosakote YM, Komaravelli N, Mautemps N, Liu T, Garofalo RP, Casola A. Antioxidant mimetics modulate oxidative stress and cellular signaling in airway epithelial cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L991-1000. [PMID: 23023968 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00192.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common causes of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants and young children worldwide. In previous investigations, we have shown that RSV infection induces rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which modulate viral-induced cellular signaling, and downregulation of antioxidant enzyme (AOE) expression, resulting in oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo, which plays a pathogenetic role in RSV-induced lung disease. In this study, we determined whether pharmacological intervention with synthetic catalytic scavengers could reduce RSV-induced proinflammatory gene expression and oxidative cell damage in an in vitro model of infection. Treatment of airway epithelial cells (AECs) with the salen-manganese complexes EUK-8 or EUK-189, which possess superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity, strongly reduced RSV-induced ROS formation by increasing cellular AOE enzymatic activity and levels of the lipid peroxidation products F(2)-8-isoprostane and malondialdehyde, which are markers of oxidative stress. Treatment of AECs with AOE mimetics also significantly inhibited RSV-induced cytokine and chemokine secretion and activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor-κB and interferon regulatory factor-3, which orchestrate proinflammatory gene expression. Both EUKs were able to reduce viral replication, when used at high doses. These results suggest that increasing antioxidant cellular capacities can significantly impact RSV-associated oxidative cell damage and cellular signaling and could represent a novel therapeutic approach in modulating virus-induced lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashoda M Hosakote
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Rosenberg HF, Domachowske JB. Inflammatory responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and the development of immunomodulatory pharmacotherapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:1424-31. [PMID: 22360479 DOI: 10.2174/092986712799828346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; Family Paramyxoviridae, Genus Pneumovirus) is a major respiratory pathogen of infants and children and an emerging pathogen of the elderly. Current management of RSV disease includes monoclonal antibody prophylaxis for infants identified as high risk and supportive care for those with active infection; there is no vaccine, although several are under study. In this manuscript, we review published findings from human autopsy studies, as well as experiments that focus on human clinical samples and mouse models of acute pneumovirus infection that elucidate basic principles of disease pathogenesis. Consideration of these data suggests that the inflammatory responses to RSV and related pneumoviral pathogens can be strong, persistent, and beyond the control of conventional antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapies, and can have profound negative consequences to the host. From this perspective, we consider the case for specific immunomodulatory strategies that may have the potential to alleviate some of the more serious sequelae of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Chen X, Ren F, Hesketh J, Shi X, Li J, Gan F, Huang K. Reactive oxygen species regulate the replication of porcine circovirus type 2 via NF-κB pathway. Virology 2012; 426:66-72. [PMID: 22330204 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular redox state has been suggested to have various effects on the replication of different viruses within host cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on replication of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), in PK15 cells. Following PCV2 infection there was a time-dependent increase in ROS. Antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine treatment of cells resulted in lower ROS levels and lower PCV2 replication. In contrast, treatment by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a GSH synthesis inhibitor, resulted in elevation of ROS levels and increased PCV2 replication. Furthermore, inhibiting the activity of NF-κB, a redox-responsive transcription factor, suppressed BSO-mediated increase of PCV2 replication, indicating that increased PCV2 replication likely occurs via ROS activation of NF-κB. Taken together, our results indicate that the generation of ROS during PCV2 infection is involved in its replication and this progression is associated with the alteration in NF-κB activity induced by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Brasier AR, Tian B, Jamaluddin M, Kalita MK, Garofalo RP, Lu M. RelA Ser276 phosphorylation-coupled Lys310 acetylation controls transcriptional elongation of inflammatory cytokines in respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Virol 2011; 85:11752-69. [PMID: 21900162 PMCID: PMC3209292 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05360-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus responsible for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in humans. In experimental models of RSV LRTI, the actions of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor mediate inflammation and pathology. We have shown that RSV replication induces a mitogen-and-stress-related kinase 1 (MSK-1) pathway that activates NF-κB RelA transcriptional activity by a process involving serine phosphorylation at serine (Ser) residue 276. In this study, we examined the mechanism by which phospho-Ser276 RelA mediates expression of the NF-κB-dependent gene network. RelA-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) complemented with the RelA Ser276Ala mutant are deficient in CXCL2/Groβ, KC, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression, but NFKBIA/IκBα is preserved. We show that RSV-induced RelA Ser276 phosphorylation is required for acetylation at Lys310, an event required for transcriptional activity and stable association of RelA with the activated positive transcriptional elongation factor (PTEF-b) complex proteins, bromodomain 4 (Brd4), and cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9). In contrast to gene loading pattern of PTEF-b proteins produced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) stimulation, RSV induces their initial clearance followed by partial reaccumulation coincident with RelA recruitment. The RSV-induced binding patterns of the CDK9 substrate, phospho-Ser2 RNA polymerase (Pol) II, follows a similar pattern of clearance and downstream gene reaccumulation. The functional role of CDK9 was examined using CDK9 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and CDK inhibitors, where RSV-induced NF-κB-dependent gene expression was significantly inhibited. Finally, although RSV induces a transition from short transcripts to fully spliced mRNA in wild-type RelA (RelA WT)-expressing cells, this transition is not seen in cells expressing RelA Ser276Ala. We conclude that RelA Ser276 phosphorylation mediates RelA acetylation, Brd4/CDK9 association, and activation of downstream inflammatory genes by transcriptional elongation in RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Brasier
- MRB 8.126, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1060, USA.
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Kippner LE, Finn NA, Shukla S, Kemp ML. Systemic remodeling of the redox regulatory network due to RNAi perturbations of glutaredoxin 1, thioredoxin 1, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:164. [PMID: 21995976 PMCID: PMC3199260 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular clearance of reactive oxygen species is dependent on a network of tightly coupled redox enzymes; this network rapidly adapts to oxidative conditions such as aging, viral entry, or inflammation. Current widespread use of shRNA as a means to perturb specific redox couples may be misinterpreted if the targeted effects are not monitored in the context of potential global remodeling of the redox enzyme network. RESULTS Stable cell lines containing shRNA targets for glutaredoxin 1, thioredoxin 1, or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were generated in order to examine the changes in expression associated with altering cytosolic redox couples. A qRT PCR array revealed systemic off-target effects of altered antioxidant capacity and reactive oxygen species formation. Empty lentiviral particles generated numerous enzyme expression changes in comparison to uninfected cells, indicating an alteration in antioxidant capacity irrespective of a shRNA target. Of the three redox couples perturbed, glutaredoxin 1, attenuation produced the most numerous off-target effects with 10/28 genes assayed showing statistically significant changes. A multivariate analysis extracted strong co-variance between glutaredoxin 1 and peroxiredoxin 2 which was subsequently experimentally verified. Computational modeling of the peroxide clearance dynamics associated with the remodeling of the redox network indicated that the compromised antioxidant capacity compared across the knockdown cell lines was unequally affected by the changes in expression of off-target proteins. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that targeted reduction of redox enzyme expression leads to widespread changes in off-target protein expression, changes that are well-insulated between sub-cellular compartments, but compensatory in both the production of and protection against intracellular reactive oxygen species. Our observations suggest that the use of lentivirus can in itself have off-target effects on dynamic responses to oxidative stress due to the changes in species concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda E Kippner
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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