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Poborsky M, Crocoll C, Motawie MS, Halkier BA. Systematic engineering pinpoints a versatile strategy for the expression of functional cytochrome P450 enzymes in Escherichia coli cell factories. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:219. [PMID: 37880718 PMCID: PMC10601251 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of plant secondary metabolites in engineered microorganisms provides a scalable and sustainable alternative to their sourcing from nature or through chemical synthesis. However, the biosynthesis of many valuable plant-derived products relies on cytochromes P450 - enzymes notoriously difficult to express in microbes. To improve their expression in Escherichia coli, an arsenal of engineering strategies was developed, often paired with an extensive screening of enzyme variants. Here, attempting to identify a broadly applicable strategy, we systematically evaluated six common cytochrome P450 N-terminal modifications and their effect on in vivo activity of enzymes from the CYP79 and CYP83 families. We found that transmembrane domain truncation was the only modification with a significantly positive effect for all seven tested enzymes, increasing their product titres by 2- to 170-fold. Furthermore, when comparing the changes in the protein titre and product generation, we show that higher protein expression does not directly translate to higher in vivo activity, thus making the protein titre an unreliable screening target in the context of cell factories. We propose the transmembrane domain truncation as a first-line approach that enables the expression of wide range of highly active P450 enzymes in E. coli and circumvents the time-consuming screening process. Our results challenge the notion that the engineering strategy must be tailored for each individual cytochrome P450 enzyme and have the potential to simplify and accelerate the future design of E. coli cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Poborsky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawie
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Plant Biochemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Barbara Ann Halkier
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark.
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2
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Goto C, Ikegami A, Goh T, Maruyama K, Kasahara H, Takebayashi Y, Kamiya Y, Toyokura K, Kondo Y, Ishizaki K, Mimura T, Fukaki H. Genetic Interaction between Arabidopsis SUR2/CYP83B1 and GNOM Indicates the Importance of Stabilizing Local Auxin Accumulation in Lateral Root Initiation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1178-1188. [PMID: 37522618 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root (LR) formation is an important developmental event for the establishment of the root system in most vascular plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the fewer roots (fwr) mutation in the GNOM gene, encoding a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of ADP ribosylation factor that regulates vesicle trafficking, severely inhibits LR formation. Local accumulation of auxin response for LR initiation is severely affected in fwr. To better understand how local accumulation of auxin response for LR initiation is regulated, we identified a mutation, fewer roots suppressor1 (fsp1), that partially restores LR formation in fwr. The gene responsible for fsp1 was identified as SUPERROOT2 (SUR2), encoding CYP83B1 that positions at the metabolic branch point in the biosynthesis of auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole glucosinolate. The fsp1 mutation increases both endogenous IAA levels and the number of the sites where auxin response locally accumulates prior to LR formation in fwr. SUR2 is expressed in the pericycle of the differentiation zone and in the apical meristem in roots. Time-lapse imaging of the auxin response revealed that local accumulation of auxin response is more stable in fsp1. These results suggest that SUR2/CYP83B1 affects LR founder cell formation at the xylem pole pericycle cells where auxin accumulates. Analysis of the genetic interaction between SUR2 and GNOM indicates the importance of stabilization of local auxin accumulation sites for LR initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akira Ikegami
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Kaisei Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yuji Kamiya
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Koichi Toyokura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-3 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526 Japan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
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3
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Malhotra B, Kumar P, Bisht NC. Defense versus growth trade-offs: Insights from glucosinolates and their catabolites. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:2964-2984. [PMID: 36207995 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Specialized metabolites are a structurally diverse group of naturally occurring compounds that facilitate plant-environment interactions. Their synthesis and maintenance in plants is overall a resource-demanding process that occurs at the expense of growth and reproduction and typically incurs several costs. Evidence emerging on different specialized compounds suggests that they serve multiple auxiliary functions to influence and moderate primary metabolism in plants. These new functionalities enable them to mediate trade-offs from defenses to growth and also to offset their production and maintenance costs in plants. Recent research on glucosinolates (GSLs), which are specialized metabolites of Brassicales, demonstrates their emerging multifunctionalities to fine-tune plant growth and development under variable environments. Herein, we present findings from the septennium on individual GSLs and their catabolites (GHPs) per se, that work as mobile signals within plants to mediate precise regulations of their primary physiological functions. Both GSLs and GHPs calibrate growth-defense trade-off interactions either synergistically or directly when they function as storage compounds, abiotic stress alleviators, and one-to-one regulators of growth pathways in plants. We finally summarize the overall lessons learned from GSLs and GHPs as a model and raise the most pressing questions to address the molecular-genetic intricacies of specialized metabolite-based trade-offs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Malhotra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveen C Bisht
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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4
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Li L, Zhang H, Chai X, Wei S, Luo S, Wang H, Lv J, Yu J, Liu Z. Transcriptome and Proteome Conjoint Analysis Revealed That Exogenous Sulfur Regulates Glucosinolate Synthesis in Cabbage. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10102104. [PMID: 34685913 PMCID: PMC8539766 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLS) are important anionic secondary metabolites that are rich in thiocyanin in cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata. GLS are important in food flavor, plant antimicrobial activity, insect resistance, disease resistance, and human anti-cancer effects. Sulfur is an important raw material of GLS, directly affecting their synthesis. However, the mechanism of sulfur regulation of GLS biosynthesis in cabbage is unclear. In the present study, cabbage was treated with sulfur-free Hoagland nutrient solution (control; -S), and normal Hoagland nutrient solution (treatment; +S). Through joint transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, the effect of exogenous S on GLS synthesis was explored. S application induced GLS accumulation; especially, indole glycosides. Transcriptome analysis showed that +S treatment correlated positively with differentially expressed genes and proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. Compared with -S treatment, the mRNA expression of GLS synthesis genes (CYP, GSTU, UGT, and FMO) and those encoding transcription factors (RLK, MYB, AP2, bHLH, AUX/IAA, and WRKY) were upregulated significantly in the +S group. Combined transcriptome and proteome analysis suggested that the main pathway influenced by S during GLS synthesis in cabbage is amino acid biosynthesis. Moreover, S treatment activated GLS synthesis and accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushan Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.L.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.)
- Panzhihua Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.L.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaohong Chai
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Shouhui Wei
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.L.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Shilei Luo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.L.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Huiping Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.L.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jian Lv
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.L.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.L.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zeci Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.L.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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5
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Kitainda V, Jez JM. Structural Studies of Aliphatic Glucosinolate Chain-Elongation Enzymes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091500. [PMID: 34573132 PMCID: PMC8468904 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants evolved specialized metabolic pathways through gene duplication and functional divergence of enzymes involved in primary metabolism. The results of this process are varied pathways that produce an array of natural products useful to both plants and humans. In plants, glucosinolates are a diverse class of natural products. Glucosinolate function stems from their hydrolysis products, which are responsible for the strong flavors of Brassicales plants, such as mustard, and serve as plant defense molecules by repelling insects, fighting fungal infections, and discouraging herbivory. Additionally, certain hydrolysis products such as isothiocyanates can potentially serve as cancer prevention agents in humans. The breadth of glucosinolate function is a result of its great structural diversity, which comes from the use of aliphatic, aromatic and indole amino acids as precursors and elongation of some side chains by up to nine carbons, which, after the formation of the core glucosinolate structure, can undergo further chemical modifications. Aliphatic methionine-derived glucosinolates are the most abundant form of these compounds. Although both elongation and chemical modification of amino acid side chains are important for aliphatic glucosinolate diversity, its elongation process has not been well described at the molecular level. Here, we summarize new insights on the iterative chain-elongation enzymes methylthioalkylmalate synthase (MAMS) and isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IPMDH).
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Tuo D, Yan P, Zhao G, Cui H, Zhu G, Liu Y, Yang X, Wang H, Li X, Shen W, Zhou P. An efficient papaya leaf distortion mosaic potyvirus vector for virus-induced gene silencing in papaya. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:144. [PMID: 34193861 PMCID: PMC8245588 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is regarded as an excellent model for genomic studies of tropical trees because of its short generation time and its small genome that has been sequenced. However, functional genomic studies in papaya depend on laborious genetic transformations because no rapid tools exist for this species. Here, we developed a highly efficient virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector for use in papaya by modifying an artificially attenuated infectious clone of papaya leaf distortion mosaic virus (PLDMV; genus: Potyvirus), PLDMV-E, into a stable Nimble Cloning (NC)-based PLDMV vector, pPLDMV-NC, in Escherichia coli. The target fragments for gene silencing can easily be cloned into pPLDMV-NC without multiple digestion and ligation steps. Using this PLDMV VIGS system, we silenced and characterized five endogenous genes in papaya, including two common VIGS marker genes, namely, phytoene desaturase, Mg-chelatase H subunit, putative GIBBERELLIN (GA)-INSENSITIVE DWARF1A and 1B encoding GA receptors; and the cytochrome P450 gene CYP83B1, which encodes a key enzyme involved in benzylglucosinolate biosynthesis. The results demonstrate that our newly developed PLDMV VIGS vector is a rapid and convenient tool for functional genomic studies in papaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources & Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
| | - Pu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources & Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
| | - Hongguang Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China
| | - Guopeng Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China
| | - Xiukun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China
| | - He Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources & Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
| | - Wentao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China.
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources & Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China.
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China.
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Microbe Resources, 571101, Haikou, China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China.
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources & Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China.
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China.
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Microbe Resources, 571101, Haikou, China.
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7
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Easson MLAE, Malka O, Paetz C, Hojná A, Reichelt M, Stein B, van Brunschot S, Feldmesser E, Campbell L, Colvin J, Winter S, Morin S, Gershenzon J, Vassão DG. Activation and detoxification of cassava cyanogenic glucosides by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13244. [PMID: 34168179 PMCID: PMC8225905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-component plant defenses such as cyanogenic glucosides are produced by many plant species, but phloem-feeding herbivores have long been thought not to activate these defenses due to their mode of feeding, which causes only minimal tissue damage. Here, however, we report that cyanogenic glycoside defenses from cassava (Manihot esculenta), a major staple crop in Africa, are activated during feeding by a pest insect, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, and the resulting hydrogen cyanide is detoxified by conversion to beta-cyanoalanine. Additionally, B. tabaci was found to utilize two metabolic mechanisms to detoxify cyanogenic glucosides by conversion to non-activatable derivatives. First, the cyanogenic glycoside linamarin was glucosylated 1–4 times in succession in a reaction catalyzed by two B. tabaci glycoside hydrolase family 13 enzymes in vitro utilizing sucrose as a co-substrate. Second, both linamarin and the glucosylated linamarin derivatives were phosphorylated. Both phosphorylation and glucosidation of linamarin render this plant pro-toxin inert to the activating plant enzyme linamarase, and thus these metabolic transformations can be considered pre-emptive detoxification strategies to avoid cyanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osnat Malka
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Hojná
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Beate Stein
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sharon van Brunschot
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK.,University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Lahcen Campbell
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK
| | - Stephan Winter
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Shai Morin
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Daniel G Vassão
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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8
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Agerbirk N, Hansen CC, Kiefer C, Hauser TP, Ørgaard M, Asmussen Lange CB, Cipollini D, Koch MA. Comparison of glucosinolate diversity in the crucifer tribe Cardamineae and the remaining order Brassicales highlights repetitive evolutionary loss and gain of biosynthetic steps. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 185:112668. [PMID: 33743499 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We review glucosinolate (GSL) diversity and analyze phylogeny in the crucifer tribe Cardamineae as well as selected species from Brassicaceae (tribe Brassiceae) and Resedaceae. Some GSLs occur widely, while there is a scattered distribution of many less common GSLs, tentatively sorted into three classes: ancient, intermediate and more recently evolved. The number of conclusively identified GSLs in the tribe (53 GSLs) constitute 60% of all GSLs known with certainty from any plant (89 GSLs) and apparently unique GSLs in the tribe constitute 10 of those GSLs conclusively identified (19%). Intraspecific, qualitative GSL polymorphism is known from at least four species in the tribe. The most ancient GSL biosynthesis in Brassicales probably involved biosynthesis from Phe, Val, Leu, Ile and possibly Trp, and hydroxylation at the β-position. From a broad comparison of families in Brassicales and tribes in Brassicaceae, we estimate that a common ancestor of the tribe Cardamineae and the family Brassicaceae exhibited GSL biosynthesis from Phe, Val, Ile, Leu, possibly Tyr, Trp and homoPhe (ancient GSLs), as well as homologs of Met and possibly homoIle (intermediate age GSLs). From the comparison of phylogeny and GSL diversity, we also suggest that hydroxylation and subsequent methylation of indole GSLs and usual modifications of Met-derived GSLs (formation of sulfinyls, sulfonyls and alkenyls) occur due to conserved biochemical mechanisms and was present in a common ancestor of the family. Apparent loss of homologs of Met as biosynthetic precursors was deduced in the entire genus Barbarea and was frequent in Cardamine (e.g. C. pratensis, C. diphylla, C. concatenata, possibly C. amara). The loss was often associated with appearance of significant levels of unique or rare GSLs as well as recapitulation of ancient types of GSLs. Biosynthetic traits interpreted as de novo evolution included hydroxylation at rare positions, acylation at the thioglucose and use of dihomoIle and possibly homoIle as biosynthetic precursors. Biochemical aspects of the deduced evolution are discussed and testable hypotheses proposed. Biosyntheses from Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Trp, homoPhe and homologs of Met are increasingly well understood, while GSL biosynthesis from mono- and dihomoIle is poorly understood. Overall, interpretation of known diversity suggests that evolution of GSL biosynthesis often seems to recapitulate ancient biosynthesis. In contrast, unprecedented GSL biosynthetic innovation seems to be rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Cecilie Cetti Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christiane Kiefer
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thure P Hauser
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marian Ørgaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Conny Bruun Asmussen Lange
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Don Cipollini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Marcus A Koch
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Xia L, Xiaodong M, Yunhe C, Junxiang L, Junzhu Z, Feifei Z, Zhenyuan S, Lei H. Transcriptomic and metabolomic insights into the adaptive response of Salix viminalis to phenanthrene. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127573. [PMID: 32745791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread, persistent environmental pollutants. They exert toxic effects at different developmental stages of plants. Plant defense mechanisms against PAHs are poorly understood. To this end, transcriptomics and widely targeted metabolomic sequencing were used to study the changes in gene expression and metabolites that occur in the roots of Salix viminalis subjected to phenanthrene stress. Significant variations in genes and metabolites were observed between treatment groups and the control group. Thirteen amino acids and key genes involved in their biosynthesis were upregulated exposed to phenanthrene. Cysteine biosynthesis was upregulated. Sucrose, inositol galactoside, and mellidiose were the main carbohydrates that were largely accumulated. Glutathione biosynthesis was enhanced in order to scavenge reactive oxygen species and detoxify the phenanthrene. Glucosinolate and flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated. The production of pinocembrin, apigenin, and epigallocatechin increased, which may play a role in antioxidation to resist phenanthrene stress. In addition, levels of six amino acids and N,N'-(p-coumaroyl)-cinnamoyl-caffeoyl-spermidine were significantly increased, which may have helped protect the plant against phenanthrene stress. These results demonstrated that S. viminalis had a positive defense strategy in response to phenanthrene challenge. Subsequent defense-related reactions may have also occurred within 24 h of phenanthrene exposure. The findings of the present study would be useful in elucidating the molecular mechanisms regulating plant responses to PAH challenges and would help guide crop and plant breeders in enhancing PAH resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China; College of Agriculture and Bioengineering (Peony Institute), Heze University, Heze, 274000, Shandong, China
| | - Ma Xiaodong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Cheng Yunhe
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Liu Junxiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zou Junzhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhai Feifei
- School of Architectural and Artistic Design, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, PR China
| | - Sun Zhenyuan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Han Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
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10
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Ren Z, Lv M, Li T, Hao M, Li S, Xu H. Construction of oxime ester derivatives of osthole from Cnidium monnieri, and evaluation of their agricultural activities and control efficiency. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3560-3567. [PMID: 32815273 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to discover natural-product-based pesticidal candidates, a series of coumarin-like derivatives containing oxime ester fragments at the C-8 position were prepared by structural modification of osthole, a natural plant product isolated from Cnidium monnieri. Their pesticidal activities were evaluated against two typically fruit trees/crop-threatening agricultural pests, Mythimna separata Walker and Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval. RESULTS Osthole was regioselectively oxidized by selenium dioxide to give the E-isomer, (2'E)-3'-formaldehydylosthole (2). Four key steric structures of 2, (2'E, 4'E)-(o-chloropyrid-3-ylcarbonyl)oximinylosthole (4o), (2'E, 4'E)-(styrylcarbonyl)oximinylosthole (4t), and (2'E, 4'E)-(acetyl)oximinylosthole (4w) were undoubtedly confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Against T. cinnabarinus, it is noteworthy that (2'E, 4'E)-(p-chlorophenylcarbonyl)oximinylosthole (4c) exhibited over three-fold more potent acaricidal activity of the precursor osthole, with especially good control efficiency observed in the glasshouse. Against M. separata, compounds 4c and (2'E, 4'E)-(p-nitrophenylcarbonyl)oximinylosthole (4f) showed the most pronounced growth inhibitory activity. The relationships between their structures and agricultural activities also were studied. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that compound 4c could be further structurally modified as pesticidal agents. It will lay the foundation for future application of osthole derivatives as pesticides. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Lv
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianze Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Hao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaochen Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,, People's Republic of China
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11
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Garrido AN, Supijono E, Boshara P, Douglas SJ, Stronghill PE, Li B, Nambara E, Kliebenstein DJ, Riggs CD. flasher, a novel mutation in a glucosinolate modifying enzyme, conditions changes in plant architecture and hormone homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1989-2006. [PMID: 32529723 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Meristem function is underpinned by numerous genes that affect hormone levels, ultimately controlling phyllotaxy, the transition to flowering and general growth properties. Class I KNOX genes are major contributors to this process, promoting cytokinin biosynthesis but repressing gibberellin production to condition a replication competent state. We identified a suppressor mutant of the KNOX1 mutant brevipedicellus (bp) that we termed flasher (fsh), which promotes stem and pedicel elongation, suppresses early senescence, and negatively affects reproductive development. Map-based cloning and complementation tests revealed that fsh is due to an E40K change in the flavin monooxygenase GS-OX5, a gene encoding a glucosinolate (GSL) modifying enzyme. In vitro enzymatic assays revealed that fsh poorly converts substrate to product, yet the levels of several GSLs are higher in the suppressor line, implicating FSH in feedback control of GSL flux. FSH is expressed predominantly in the vasculature in patterns that do not significantly overlap those of BP, implying a non-cell autonomous mode of meristem control via one or more GSL metabolites. Hormone analyses revealed that cytokinin levels are low in bp, but fsh restores cytokinin levels to near normal by activating cytokinin biosynthesis genes. In addition, jasmonate levels in the fsh suppressor are significantly lower than in bp, which is likely due to elevated expression of JA inactivating genes. These observations suggest the involvement of the GSL pathway in generating one or more negative effectors of growth that influence inflorescence architecture and fecundity by altering the balance of hormonal regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameth N Garrido
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Esther Supijono
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Boshara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott J Douglas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patti E Stronghill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Baohua Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Eiji Nambara
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - C Daniel Riggs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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12
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Kang SH, Lee WH, Lee CM, Sim JS, Won SY, Han SR, Kwon SJ, Kim JS, Kim CK, Oh TJ. De novo transcriptome sequence of Senna tora provides insights into anthraquinone biosynthesis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225564. [PMID: 32380515 PMCID: PMC7205477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Senna tora is an annual herb with rich source of anthraquinones that have tremendous pharmacological properties. However, there is little mention of genetic information for this species, especially regarding the biosynthetic pathways of anthraquinones. To understand the key genes and regulatory mechanism of anthraquinone biosynthesis pathways, we performed spatial and temporal transcriptome sequencing of S. tora using short RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and long-read isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) technologies, and generated two unigene sets composed of 118,635 and 39,364, respectively. A comprehensive functional annotation and classification with multiple public databases identified array of genes involved in major secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways and important transcription factor (TF) families (MYB, MYB-related, AP2/ERF, C2C2-YABBY, and bHLH). Differential expression analysis indicated that the expression level of genes involved in anthraquinone biosynthetic pathway regulates differently depending on the degree of tissues and seeds development. Furthermore, we identified that the amount of anthraquinone compounds were greater in late seeds than early ones. In conclusion, these results provide a rich resource for understanding the anthraquinone metabolism in S. tora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Kang
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, Korea
- * E-mail: (SHK); (CKK); (TJO)
| | - Woo-Haeng Lee
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, Asan, Korea
| | - Chang-Muk Lee
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Joon-Soo Sim
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, Korea
| | - So Youn Won
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, Korea
| | - So-Ra Han
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, Asan, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kwon
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jung Sun Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Chang-Kug Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, Korea
- * E-mail: (SHK); (CKK); (TJO)
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, Asan, Korea
- Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, Asan, Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, SunMoon University, Asan, Korea
- * E-mail: (SHK); (CKK); (TJO)
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13
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Eaton JK, Ruberto RA, Kramm A, Viswanathan VS, Schreiber SL. Diacylfuroxans Are Masked Nitrile Oxides That Inhibit GPX4 Covalently. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:20407-20415. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John K. Eaton
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Richard A. Ruberto
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Anneke Kramm
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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14
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Petersen A, Crocoll C, Halkier BA. De novo production of benzyl glucosinolate in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2019; 54:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Development of expressed sequenced tags (EST) to identify some pathogen resistance genes expressed in Gossypium arboreum. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Ouassou M, Mukhaimar M, El Amrani A, Kroymann J, Chauveau O. [Biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates and ecological role of secondary modification pathways]. C R Biol 2019; 342:58-80. [PMID: 31088733 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Indole glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites derived from the amino acid tryptophan. They are part of a large group of sulfur-containing molecules almost exclusively found among Brassicales, which include the mustard family (Brassicaceae) with many edible plant species of major nutritional importance. These compounds mediate numerous interactions between these plants and their natural enemies and are therefore of major biological and economical interest. This literature review aims at taking stock of recent advances of our knowledge about the biosynthetic pathways of indole glucosinolates, but also about the defense strategies and ecological processes involving these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Ouassou
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Maroc
| | - Maisara Mukhaimar
- National Agricultural Research Center (NARC)-Jenin/Gaza, Ministry of Agriculture, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Amal El Amrani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Maroc
| | - Juergen Kroymann
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Chauveau
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
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17
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Müller TM, Böttcher C, Glawischnig E. Dissection of the network of indolic defence compounds in Arabidopsis thaliana by multiple mutant analysis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 161:11-20. [PMID: 30798200 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic for cruciferous plants is the synthesis of a complex array of defence-related indolic compounds. In Arabidopsis, these include indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolates (IMGs), as well as stress-inducible indole-3-carbaldehyde (ICHO)/indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICOOH) derivatives and camalexin. Key enzymes in the biosynthesis of the inducible metabolites are the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP71A12, CYP71A13 and CYP71B6 and Arabidopsis Aldehyde Oxidase 1 (AAO1). Multiple mutants in the corresponding genes were generated and their metabolic phenotypes were comprehensively analysed in untreated, UV exposed and silver nitrate-treated leaves. Most strikingly, ICOOH and ICHO derivatives synthesized in response to UV exposure were not metabolically related. While ICHO concentrations correlated with IMGs, ICOOH derivatives were anti-correlated with IMGs and partially dependent on CYP71B6. The AAO1 genotype was shown to not only be important for ICHO metabolism but also for the accumulation of 4-pyridoxic acid, suggesting a dual role of AAO1 in vitamin B6 metabolism and IMG degradation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Müller
- Chair of Botany, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich Glawischnig
- Chair of Botany, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany; Microbial Biotechnology, TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
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18
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Transcriptome reveals the gene expression patterns of sulforaphane metabolism in broccoli florets. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213902. [PMID: 30908527 PMCID: PMC6433254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane is a new and effective anti-cancer component that is abundant in broccoli. In the past few years, the patterns of variability in glucosinolate content and its regulation in A. thaliana have been described in detail. However, the diversity of glucosinolate and sulforaphane contents in different organs during vegetative and reproductive stages has not been clearly explained. In this paper, we firstly investigated the transcriptome profiles of the developing buds and leaves at bolting stage of broccoli (B52) to further assess the gene expression patterns involved in sulforaphane synthesis. The CYP79F1 gene, as well as nine other genes related to glucorahpanin biosynthesis, MAM1, MAM3, St5b-2, FMO GS-OX1, MY, AOP2, AOP3, ESP and ESM1 were selected by digital gene expression analysis and were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Meanwhile, the compositions of glucosinolates and sulforaphane were detected for correlation analysis with related genes. Finally the RNA sequencing libraries generated 147 957 344 clean reads, and 8 539 unigene assemblies were produced. In digital result, only CYP79F1, in the glucoraphanin pathway, was up-regulated in young buds but absent from the other organs, which was consistent with the highest level of sulforaphane content being in this organ compared to mature buds, buds one day before flowering, flowers and leaves. The sequencing results also presented that auxin and cytokinin might affect glucoraphanin accumulation. The study revealed that up-regulated expression of CYP79F1 plays a fundamental and direct role in sulforaphane production in inflorescences. Two genes of MAM1 and St5b-2 could up-regulated glucoraphanin generation. Synergistic expression of MAM1, MAM3, St5b-2, FMO GS-OX1, MY, ESP and ESM1 was found in sulforaphane metabolism. This study will be beneficial for understanding the diversity of sulforaphane in broccoli organs.
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19
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Ray S, Kreitler DF, Gulick AM, Murkin AS. The Nitro Group as a Masked Electrophile in Covalent Enzyme Inhibition. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1470-1473. [PMID: 29782144 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the unprecedented reaction between a nitroalkane and an active-site cysteine residue to yield a thiohydroximate adduct. Structural and kinetic evidence suggests the nitro group is activated by conversion to its nitronic acid tautomer within the active site. The nitro group, therefore, shows promise as a masked electrophile in the design of covalent inhibitors targeting binding pockets with appropriately placed cysteine and general acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ray
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Dale F. Kreitler
- Hauptman-Woodward Institute and Department of Structural Biology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203-1102, United States
| | - Andrew M. Gulick
- Hauptman-Woodward Institute and Department of Structural Biology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203-1102, United States
| | - Andrew S. Murkin
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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20
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Naowarojna N, Cheng R, Chen L, Quill M, Xu M, Zhao C, Liu P. Mini-Review: Ergothioneine and Ovothiol Biosyntheses, an Unprecedented Trans-Sulfur Strategy in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3309-3325. [PMID: 29589901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most abundant elements on earth, sulfur is part of many small molecular metabolites and is key to their biological activities. Over the past few decades, some general strategies have been discovered for the incorporation of sulfur into natural products. In this review, we summarize recent efforts in elucidating the biosynthetic details for two sulfur-containing metabolites, ergothioneine and ovothiol. Their biosyntheses involve an unprecedented trans-sulfur strategy, a combination of a mononuclear non-heme iron enzyme-catalyzed oxidative C-S bond formation reaction and a PLP enzyme-mediated C-S lyase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathchar Naowarojna
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Ronghai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States.,Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Melissa Quill
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Meiling Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Changming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States.,Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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21
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Yang H, Liu F, Li Y, Yu B. Reconstructing Biosynthetic Pathway of the Plant-Derived Cancer Chemopreventive-Precursor Glucoraphanin in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:121-131. [PMID: 29149798 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data confirmed a strong correlation between regular consumption of cruciferous vegetables and lower cancer risk. This cancer preventive property is mainly attributed to the glucosinolate products, such as glucoraphanin found in broccoli that is derived from methionine. Here we report the first successful reconstruction of the complete biosynthetic pathway of glucoraphanin from methionine in Escherichia coli via gene selection, pathway design, and protein engineering. We used branched-chain amino transferase 3 to catalyze two transamination steps to ensure the purity of precursor molecules and used cysteine as a sulfur donor to simplify the synthesis pathway. Two chimeric cytochrome P450 enzymes were engineered and expressed in E. coli functionally. The original plant C-S lyase was replaced by the Neurospora crassa hercynylcysteine sulfoxide lyase. Other pathway enzymes were successfully mined from Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica rapa, and Brassica oleracea. Biosynthesis of glucoraphanin upon coexpression of the optimized enzymes in vivo was confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. No other glucosinolate analogues (except for glucoiberin) were identified that could facilitate the downstream purification processes. Production of glucoraphanin in this study laid the foundation for microbial production of such health-beneficial glucosinolates in a large-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feixia Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Malka SK, Cheng Y. Possible Interactions between the Biosynthetic Pathways of Indole Glucosinolate and Auxin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2131. [PMID: 29312389 PMCID: PMC5735125 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLS) are a group of plant secondary metabolites mainly found in Cruciferous plants, share a core structure consisting of a β-thioglucose moiety and a sulfonated oxime, but differ by a variable side chain derived from one of the several amino acids. These compounds are hydrolyzed upon cell damage by thioglucosidase (myrosinase), and the resulting degradation products are toxic to many pathogens and herbivores. Human beings use these compounds as flavor compounds, anti-carcinogens, and bio-pesticides. GLS metabolism is complexly linked to auxin homeostasis. Indole GLS contributes to auxin biosynthesis via metabolic intermediates indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) and indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN). IAOx is proposed to be a metabolic branch point for biosynthesis of indole GLS, IAA, and camalexin. Interruption of metabolic channeling of IAOx into indole GLS leads to high-auxin production in GLS mutants. IAN is also produced as a hydrolyzed product of indole GLS and metabolized to IAA by nitrilases. In this review, we will discuss current knowledge on involvement of GLS in auxin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva K. Malka
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youfa Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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23
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Nintemann SJ, Vik D, Svozil J, Bak M, Baerenfaller K, Burow M, Halkier BA. Unravelling Protein-Protein Interaction Networks Linked to Aliphatic and Indole Glucosinolate Biosynthetic Pathways in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2028. [PMID: 29238354 PMCID: PMC5712850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Within the cell, biosynthetic pathways are embedded in protein-protein interaction networks. In Arabidopsis, the biosynthetic pathways of aliphatic and indole glucosinolate defense compounds are well-characterized. However, little is known about the spatial orchestration of these enzymes and their interplay with the cellular environment. To address these aspects, we applied two complementary, untargeted approaches-split-ubiquitin yeast 2-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation screens-to identify proteins interacting with CYP83A1 and CYP83B1, two homologous enzymes specific for aliphatic and indole glucosinolate biosynthesis, respectively. Our analyses reveal distinct functional networks with substantial interconnection among the identified interactors for both pathway-specific markers, and add to our knowledge about how biochemical pathways are connected to cellular processes. Specifically, a group of protein interactors involved in cell death and the hypersensitive response provides a potential link between the glucosinolate defense compounds and defense against biotrophic pathogens, mediated by protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. Nintemann
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, DynaMo Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Daniel Vik
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, DynaMo Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Julia Svozil
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, DynaMo Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Meike Burow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, DynaMo Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Barbara A. Halkier
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, DynaMo Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Transcriptome and metabolite analyses in Azadirachta indica: identification of genes involved in biosynthesis of bioactive triterpenoids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5043. [PMID: 28698613 PMCID: PMC5505991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Azadirachta indica A. Juss, commonly known as Neem, is the reservoir of triterpenoids of economic importance. Metabolite analysis of different developmental stages of leaf and fruit suggests tissue-specific accumulation of the major triterpenoids in this important tree. Though biosynthesis of these complex molecules requires substrate flux from the isoprenoid pathway, enzymes involved in late biosynthetic steps remain uncharacterized. We established and analyzed transcriptome datasets from leaf and fruit and identified members of gene families involved in intermediate steps of terpenoid backbone biosynthesis and those related to secondary transformation leading to the tissue-specific triterpenoid biosynthesis. Expression analysis suggests differential expression of number of genes between leaf and fruit and probable participation in the biosynthesis of fruit-specific triterpenoids. Genome-wide analysis also identified members of gene families putatively involved in secondary modifications in late biosynthetic steps leading to the synthesis of highly oxygenated triterpenoids. Expression and molecular docking analyses suggest involvement of specific members of CYP450 family in secondary modifications for the biosynthesis of bioactive triterpenoids. This study generated rich genomic resource and identified genes involved in biosynthesis of important molecules, which will aid in the advancement of tools for functional genomics and elucidation of the biosynthesis of triterpenoid from this important tree.
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Dunbar KL, Scharf DH, Litomska A, Hertweck C. Enzymatic Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5521-5577. [PMID: 28418240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur plays a critical role for the development and maintenance of life on earth, which is reflected by the wealth of primary metabolites, macromolecules, and cofactors bearing this element. Whereas a large body of knowledge has existed for sulfur trafficking in primary metabolism, the secondary metabolism involving sulfur has long been neglected. Yet, diverse sulfur functionalities have a major impact on the biological activities of natural products. Recent research at the genetic, biochemical, and chemical levels has unearthed a broad range of enzymes, sulfur shuttles, and chemical mechanisms for generating carbon-sulfur bonds. This Review will give the first systematic overview on enzymes catalyzing the formation of organosulfur natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Dunbar
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel H Scharf
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, United States
| | - Agnieszka Litomska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University , 07743 Jena, Germany
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26
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Zhang X, Li S. Expansion of chemical space for natural products by uncommon P450 reactions. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:1061-1089. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on unusual P450 reactions related to new chemistry, skeleton construction, structure re-shaping, and protein–protein interactions in natural product biosynthesis, which play significant roles in chemical space expansion for natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Shengying Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
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27
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Liu F, Yang H, Wang L, Yu B. Biosynthesis of the High-Value Plant Secondary Product Benzyl Isothiocyanate via Functional Expression of Multiple Heterologous Enzymes in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:1557-1565. [PMID: 27389525 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites that are highly nutraceutically and pharmaceutically important. Isothiocyanates, which are found abundantly in cruciferous vegetables, are believed to reduce the risk of several types of cancers and cardiovascular diseases. The challenges arising from the structural diversity and complex chemistry of these compounds have spurred great interest in producing them in large amounts in microbes. In this study, we aimed to synthesize benzyl isothiocyanate in Escherichia coli via gene mining, pathway engineering, and protein modification. Two chimeric cytochrome P450 enzymes were constructed and functionally expressed in E. coli. The E. coli cystathionine β-lyase was used to replace the plant-derived C-S lyase; its active form cannot be expressed in E. coli. Suitable desulfoglucosinolate:PAPS sulfotransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Col-0 and myrosinase from Brevicoryne brassicae were successfully mined from the database. Biosynthesis of benzyl isothiocyanate by the combined expression of the optimized enzymes in vitro was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. This study provided a proof of concept for the production of benzyl isothiocyanate by microbially produced enzymes and, importantly, laid the groundwork for further metabolic engineering of microbial cells for the production of isothiocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixia Liu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering,
Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Han Yang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering,
Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Limin Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering,
Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Yu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering,
Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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28
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Kissen R, Eberl F, Winge P, Uleberg E, Martinussen I, Bones AM. Effect of growth temperature on glucosinolate profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 130:106-118. [PMID: 27319377 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites with important roles in plant defence against pathogens and pests and are also known for their health benefits. Understanding how environmental factors affect the level and composition of glucosinolates is therefore of importance in the perspective of climate change. In this study we analysed glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions when grown at constant standard (21 °C), moderate (15 °C) and low (9 °C) temperatures during three generations. In most of the tested accessions moderate and pronounced chilling temperatures led to higher levels of glucosinolates, especially aliphatic glucosinolates. Which temperature yielded the highest glucosinolate levels was accession-dependent. Transcriptional profiling revealed also accession-specific gene responses, but only a limited correlation between changes in glucosinolate-related gene expression and glucosinolate levels. Different growth temperatures in one generation did not consistently affect glucosinolate composition in subsequent generations, hence a clear transgenerational effect of temperature on glucosinolates was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Kissen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Franziska Eberl
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Winge
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Uleberg
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Box 115, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Inger Martinussen
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Box 115, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Atle M Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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29
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Yamaguchi T, Noge K, Asano Y. Cytochrome P450 CYP71AT96 catalyses the final step of herbivore-induced phenylacetonitrile biosynthesis in the giant knotweed, Fallopia sachalinensis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:229-239. [PMID: 26928800 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The giant knotweed Fallopia sachalinensis (Polygonaceae) synthesizes phenylacetonitrile (PAN) from L-phenylalanine when infested by the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica or treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Here we identified (E/Z)-phenylacetaldoxime (PAOx) as the biosynthetic precursor of PAN and identified a cytochrome P450 that catalysed the conversion of (E/Z)-PAOx to PAN. Incorporation of deuterium-labelled (E/Z)-PAOx into PAN emitted from the leaves of F. sachalinensis was detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Further, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we detected the accumulation of (E/Z)-PAOx in MeJA-treated leaves. These results showed that (E/Z)-PAOx is the biosynthetic precursor of PAN. MeJA-induced mRNAs were analysed by differential expression analysis using a next-generation sequencer. Of the 74,329 contigs obtained from RNA-seq and de novo assembly, 252 contigs were induced by MeJA treatment. Full-length cDNAs encoding MeJA-induced cytochrome P450s CYP71AT96, CYP82AN1, CYP82D125 and CYP715A35 were cloned using 5'- and 3'-RACE and were expressed using a baculovirus expression system. Among these cytochrome P450s, CYP71AT96 catalysed the conversion of (E/Z)-PAOx to PAN in the presence of NADPH and a cytochrome P450 reductase. It also acted on (E/Z)-4-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime and (E/Z)-indole-3-acetaldoxime. The broad substrate specificity of CYP71AT96 was similar to that of aldoxime metabolizing cytochrome P450s. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that CYP71AT96 expression was highly induced because of treatment with MeJA as well as feeding by the Japanese beetle. These results indicate that CYP71AT96 likely contributes the herbivore-induced PAN biosynthesis in F. sachalinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
- Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Koji Noge
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Asano
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
- Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
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30
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Mostafa I, Zhu N, Yoo MJ, Balmant KM, Misra BB, Dufresne C, Abou-Hashem M, Chen S, El-Domiaty M. New nodes and edges in the glucosinolate molecular network revealed by proteomics and metabolomics of Arabidopsis myb28/29 and cyp79B2/B3 glucosinolate mutants. J Proteomics 2016; 138:1-19. [PMID: 26915584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glucosinolates present in Brassicales are important for human health and plant defense against insects and pathogens. Here we investigate the proteomes and metabolomes of Arabidopsis myb28/29 and cyp79B2/B3 mutants deficient in aliphatic glucosinolates and indolic glucosinolates, respectively. Quantitative proteomics of the myb28/29 and cyp79B2/B3 mutants led to the identification of 2785 proteins, of which 142 proteins showed significant changes in the two mutants compared to wild type (WT). By mapping the differential proteins using STRING, we detected 59 new edges in the glucosinolate metabolic network. These connections can be classified as primary with direct roles in glucosinolate metabolism, secondary related to plant stress responses, and tertiary involved in other biological processes. Gene Ontology analysis of the differential proteins showed high level of enrichment in the nodes belonging to metabolic process including glucosinolate biosynthesis and response to stimulus. Using metabolomics, we quantified 292 metabolites covering a broad spectrum of metabolic pathways, and 89 exhibited differential accumulation patterns between the mutants and WT. The changing metabolites (e.g., γ-glutamyl amino acids, auxins and glucosinolate hydrolysis products) complement our proteomics findings. This study contributes toward engineering and breeding of glucosinolate profiles in plants in efforts to improve human health, crop quality and productivity. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Glucosinolates in Brassicales constitute an important group of natural metabolites important for plant defense and human health. Its biosynthetic pathways and transcriptional regulation have been well-studied. Using Arabidopsis mutants of important genes in glucosinolate biosynthesis, quantitative proteomics and metabolomics led to identification of many proteins and metabolites that are potentially related to glucosinolate metabolism. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the molecular networks of glucosinolate metabolism, and will facilitate efforts toward engineering and breeding of glucosinolate profiles for enhanced crop defense, and nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Mostafa
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mi-Jeong Yoo
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kelly M Balmant
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Biswapriya B Misra
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Craig Dufresne
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, West Palm Beach, FL 33407, USA
| | - Maged Abou-Hashem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Maher El-Domiaty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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31
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Overexpression of Three Glucosinolate Biosynthesis Genes in Brassica napus Identifies Enhanced Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140491. [PMID: 26465156 PMCID: PMC4605783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are notorious plant pathogenic fungi with an extensive host range including Brassica crops. Glucosinolates (GSLs) are an important group of secondary metabolites characteristic of the Brassicales order, whose degradation products are proving to be increasingly important in plant protection. Enhancing the defense effect of GSL and their associated degradation products is an attractive strategy to strengthen the resistance of plants by transgenic approaches. We generated the lines of Brassica napus with three biosynthesis genes involved in GSL metabolic pathway (BnMAM1, BnCYP83A1 and BnUGT74B1), respectively. We then measured the foliar GSLs of each transgenic lines and inoculated them with S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. Compared with the wild type control, over-expressing BnUGT74B1 in B. napus increased the aliphatic and indolic GSL levels by 1.7 and 1.5 folds in leaves respectively; while over-expressing BnMAM1 or BnCYP83A1 resulted in an approximate 1.5-fold higher only in the aliphatic GSL level in leaves. The results of plant inoculation demonstrated that BnUGT74B1-overexpressing lines showed less severe disease symptoms and tissue damage compared with the wild type control, but BnMAM1 or BnCYP83A1-overexpressing lines showed no significant difference in comparison to the controls. These results suggest that the resistance to S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea in B. napus could be enhanced through tailoring the GSL profiles by transgenic approaches or molecular breeding, which provides useful information to assist plant breeders to design improved breeding strategies.
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32
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Burow M, Atwell S, Francisco M, Kerwin RE, Halkier BA, Kliebenstein DJ. The Glucosinolate Biosynthetic Gene AOP2 Mediates Feed-back Regulation of Jasmonic Acid Signaling in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1201-12. [PMID: 25758208 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Survival in changing and challenging environments requires an organism to efficiently obtain and use its resources. Due to their sessile nature, it is particularly critical for plants to dynamically optimize their metabolism. In plant primary metabolism, metabolic fine-tuning involves feed-back mechanisms whereby the output of a pathway controls its input to generate a precise and robust response to environmental changes. By contrast, few studies have addressed the potential for feed-back regulation of secondary metabolism. In Arabidopsis, accumulation of the defense compounds glucosinolates has previously been linked to genetic variation in the glucosinolate biosynthetic gene AOP2. AOP2 expression can increase the transcript levels of two known regulators (MYB28 and MYB29) of the pathway, suggesting that AOP2 plays a role in positive feed-back regulation controlling glucosinolate biosynthesis. We generated mutants affecting AOP2, MYB28/29, or both. Transcriptome analysis of these mutants identified a so far unrecognized link between AOP2 and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling independent of MYB28 and MYB29. Thus, AOP2 is part of a regulatory feed-back loop linking glucosinolate biosynthesis and JA signaling and thereby allows the glucosinolate pathway to influence JA sensitivity. The discovery of this regulatory feed-back loop provides insight into how plants optimize the use of resources for defensive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Susanna Atwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marta Francisco
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Misión Biológica de Galicia, (MBG-CSIC), PO Box 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Rachel E Kerwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Barbara A Halkier
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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33
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Kant MR, Jonckheere W, Knegt B, Lemos F, Liu J, Schimmel BCJ, Villarroel CA, Ataide LMS, Dermauw W, Glas JJ, Egas M, Janssen A, Van Leeuwen T, Schuurink RC, Sabelis MW, Alba JM. Mechanisms and ecological consequences of plant defence induction and suppression in herbivore communities. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:1015-51. [PMID: 26019168 PMCID: PMC4648464 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants are hotbeds for parasites such as arthropod herbivores, which acquire nutrients and energy from their hosts in order to grow and reproduce. Hence plants are selected to evolve resistance, which in turn selects for herbivores that can cope with this resistance. To preserve their fitness when attacked by herbivores, plants can employ complex strategies that include reallocation of resources and the production of defensive metabolites and structures. Plant defences can be either prefabricated or be produced only upon attack. Those that are ready-made are referred to as constitutive defences. Some constitutive defences are operational at any time while others require activation. Defences produced only when herbivores are present are referred to as induced defences. These can be established via de novo biosynthesis of defensive substances or via modifications of prefabricated substances and consequently these are active only when needed. Inducibility of defence may serve to save energy and to prevent self-intoxication but also implies that there is a delay in these defences becoming operational. Induced defences can be characterized by alterations in plant morphology and molecular chemistry and are associated with a decrease in herbivore performance. These alterations are set in motion by signals generated by herbivores. Finally, a subset of induced metabolites are released into the air as volatiles and function as a beacon for foraging natural enemies searching for prey, and this is referred to as induced indirect defence. SCOPE The objective of this review is to evaluate (1) which strategies plants have evolved to cope with herbivores and (2) which traits herbivores have evolved that enable them to counter these defences. The primary focus is on the induction and suppression of plant defences and the review outlines how the palette of traits that determine induction/suppression of, and resistance/susceptibility of herbivores to, plant defences can give rise to exploitative competition and facilitation within ecological communities "inhabiting" a plant. CONCLUSIONS Herbivores have evolved diverse strategies, which are not mutually exclusive, to decrease the negative effects of plant defences in order to maximize the conversion of plant material into offspring. Numerous adaptations have been found in herbivores, enabling them to dismantle or bypass defensive barriers, to avoid tissues with relatively high levels of defensive chemicals or to metabolize these chemicals once ingested. In addition, some herbivores interfere with the onset or completion of induced plant defences, resulting in the plant's resistance being partly or fully suppressed. The ability to suppress induced plant defences appears to occur across plant parasites from different kingdoms, including herbivorous arthropods, and there is remarkable diversity in suppression mechanisms. Suppression may strongly affect the structure of the food web, because the ability to suppress the activation of defences of a communal host may facilitate competitors, whereas the ability of a herbivore to cope with activated plant defences will not. Further characterization of the mechanisms and traits that give rise to suppression of plant defences will enable us to determine their role in shaping direct and indirect interactions in food webs and the extent to which these determine the coexistence and persistence of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kant
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Jonckheere
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B Knegt
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Lemos
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Liu
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B C J Schimmel
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C A Villarroel
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L M S Ataide
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Dermauw
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J Glas
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Egas
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Janssen
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T Van Leeuwen
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R C Schuurink
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M W Sabelis
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J M Alba
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Kong W, Li Y, Zhang M, Jin F, Li J. A Novel Arabidopsis microRNA promotes IAA biosynthesis via the indole-3-acetaldoxime pathway by suppressing superroot1. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:715-26. [PMID: 25552472 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
IAA is a plant hormone that plays important roles in regulating growth and responses to environmental changes. Indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) has been proposed as an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of IAA and two other indole compounds, indole glucosinolates and camalexin. Although the IAOx-dependent IAA biosynthesis pathway has been well studied, the mechanisms of its regulation remain elusive. Here, we report the identification of a novel microRNA, miR10515, which targets superroot1 (SUR1), the gene encoding an indole glucosinolate biosynthetic enzyme. miR10515 was induced by high temperature. Overexpression of MIR10515 resulted in a high-IAA phenotype, while the loss of function of miR10515 resulted in a low-IAA phenotype; these phenotypes were more severe at high temperature. Our results further demonstrated that miR10515 promoted IAA biosynthesis via the IAOx pathway by blocking the indole glucosinolate and camalexin biosynthetic pathways. Phytochrome interacting factor4 (PIF4), a dominant regulator of plant development in response to high temperature, was not required for miR10515 expression. These results provide information on the IAOx metabolic branching point and its biological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Feng Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
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Irmisch S, Clavijo McCormick A, Günther J, Schmidt A, Boeckler GA, Gershenzon J, Unsicker SB, Köllner TG. Herbivore-induced poplar cytochrome P450 enzymes of the CYP71 family convert aldoximes to nitriles which repel a generalist caterpillar. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:1095-107. [PMID: 25335755 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous plant species emit volatile nitriles upon herbivory, but the biosynthesis as well as the relevance of these nitrogenous compounds in plant-insect interactions remains unknown. Populus trichocarpa has been shown to produce a complex blend of nitrogenous volatiles, including aldoximes and nitriles, after herbivore attack. The aldoximes were previously reported to be derived from amino acids by the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes of the CYP79 family. Here we show that nitriles are derived from aldoximes by another type of P450 enzyme in P. trichocarpa. First, feeding of deuterium-labeled phenylacetaldoxime to poplar leaves resulted in incorporation of the label into benzyl cyanide, demonstrating that poplar volatile nitriles are derived from aldoximes. Then two P450 enzymes, CYP71B40v3 and CYP71B41v2, were characterized that produce aliphatic and aromatic nitriles from their respective aldoxime precursors. Both possess typical P450 sequence motifs but do not require added NADPH or cytochrome P450 reductase for catalysis. Since both enzymes are expressed after feeding by gypsy moth caterpillars, they are likely to be involved in herbivore-induced volatile nitrile emission in P. trichocarpa. Olfactometer experiments showed that these volatile nitriles have a strong repellent activity against gypsy moth caterpillars, suggesting they play a role in induced direct defense against poplar herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Irmisch
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Weis C, Hildebrandt U, Hoffmann T, Hemetsberger C, Pfeilmeier S, König C, Schwab W, Eichmann R, Hückelhoven R. CYP83A1 is required for metabolic compatibility of Arabidopsis with the adapted powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe cruciferarum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1310-1319. [PMID: 24602105 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic glucosinolates function in the chemical defense of Capparales. The cytochrome P450 83A1 monooxygenase (CYP83A1) catalyzes the initial conversion of methionine-derived aldoximes to thiohydroximates in the biosynthesis of glucosinolates, and thus cyp83a1 mutants have reduced levels of aliphatic glucosinolates. Loss of CYP83A1 function leads to dramatically reduced parasitic growth of the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe cruciferarum on Arabidopsis thaliana. The cyp83a1 mutants support less well the germination and appressorium formation of E. cruciferarum on the leaf surface and post-penetration conidiophore formation by the fungus. By contrast, a myb28-1 myb29-1 double mutant, which totally lacks aliphatic glucosinolates, shows a wild-type level of susceptibility to E. cruciferarum. The cyp83a1 mutants also lack very-long-chain aldehydes on their leaf surface. Such aldehydes support appressorium formation by E. cruciferarum in vitro. In addition, when chemically complemented with the C26 aldehyde n-hexacosanal, cyp83a1 mutants can again support appressorium formation. The mutants further accumulate 5-methylthiopentanaldoxime, the potentially toxic substrate of CYP83A1. Loss of powdery mildew susceptibility by cyp83a1 may be explained by a reduced supply of the fungus with inductive signals from the host and an accumulation of potentially fungitoxic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Weis
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hildebrandt
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Botanik II, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Biotechnologie der Naturstoffe, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Hemetsberger
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pfeilmeier
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Constanze König
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnologie der Naturstoffe, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ruth Eichmann
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Anarat-Cappillino G, Sattely ES. The chemical logic of plant natural product biosynthesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 19:51-8. [PMID: 24727074 PMCID: PMC6863165 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the logic of plant natural product biosynthesis is important for three reasons: it guides the search for new natural products and pathways, illuminates the function of existing pathways in the context of host biology, and builds an enabling 'parts list' for plant and microbial metabolic engineering. In this review, we highlight the chemical themes that underlie a broad range of plant pathways, dividing pathways into two parts: scaffold-generating steps that draw on a limited set of chemistries, and tailoring reactions that produce a wide range of end products from a small number of common scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth S Sattely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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38
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Bednarek P. Recognition at the leaf surface. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1098-1100. [PMID: 24806944 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
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39
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Mazars C, Brière C, Grat S, Pichereaux C, Rossignol M, Pereda-Loth V, Eche B, Boucheron-Dubuisson E, Le Disquet I, Medina FJ, Graziana A, Carnero-Diaz E. Microgravity induces changes in microsome-associated proteins of Arabidopsis seedlings grown on board the international space station. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91814. [PMID: 24618597 PMCID: PMC3950288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The "GENARA A" experiment was designed to monitor global changes in the proteome of membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings subjected to microgravity on board the International Space Station (ISS). For this purpose, 12-day-old seedlings were grown either in space, in the European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS) under microgravity or on a 1 g centrifuge, or on the ground. Proteins associated to membranes were selectively extracted from microsomes and identified and quantified through LC-MS-MS using a label-free method. Among the 1484 proteins identified and quantified in the 3 conditions mentioned above, 80 membrane-associated proteins were significantly more abundant in seedlings grown under microgravity in space than under 1 g (space and ground) and 69 were less abundant. Clustering of these proteins according to their predicted function indicates that proteins associated to auxin metabolism and trafficking were depleted in the microsomal fraction in µg space conditions, whereas proteins associated to stress responses, defence and metabolism were more abundant in µg than in 1 g indicating that microgravity is perceived by plants as a stressful environment. These results clearly indicate that a global membrane proteomics approach gives a snapshot of the cell status and its signaling activity in response to microgravity and highlight the major processes affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mazars
- Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS UMR5546, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christian Brière
- Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS UMR5546, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sabine Grat
- Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS UMR5546, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale IPBS CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3450 Agrobiosciences Interactions et Biodiversités Plateforme Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Rossignol
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale IPBS CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3450 Agrobiosciences Interactions et Biodiversités Plateforme Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Isabel Le Disquet
- UR5-PCMP-EAC 7180 CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | | | - Annick Graziana
- Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS UMR5546, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eugénie Carnero-Diaz
- UR5-PCMP-EAC 7180 CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
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40
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Klein AP, Anarat-Cappillino G, Sattely ES. Minimum set of cytochromes P450 for reconstituting the biosynthesis of camalexin, a major Arabidopsis antibiotic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13625-8. [PMID: 24151049 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bringing it all together: The missing key step in the biosynthesis of camalexin was uncovered by in vitro biochemical characterization. The coupling of Trp- and Cys-derived fragments through CS bond formation is promoted by an unusual cytochrome P450 CYP71A13. The in vitro reconstitution of the camalexin biosynthesis (left) from Trp and Cys was achieved using just three cytochromes P450. IAN=indole-3-acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Klein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
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41
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Klein AP, Anarat-Cappillino G, Sattely ES. Minimum Set of Cytochromes P450 for Reconstituting the Biosynthesis of Camalexin, a MajorArabidopsisAntibiotic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Transcriptome analysis of Barbarea vulgaris infested with diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) larvae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64481. [PMID: 23696897 PMCID: PMC3655962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The diamondback moth (DBM, Plutella xylostella) is a crucifer-specific pest that causes significant crop losses worldwide. Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicaceae) can resist DBM and other herbivorous insects by producing feeding-deterrent triterpenoid saponins. Plant breeders have long aimed to transfer this insect resistance to other crops. However, a lack of knowledge on the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory networks of these insecticidal saponins has hindered their practical application. A pyrosequencing-based transcriptome analysis of B. vulgaris during DBM larval feeding was performed to identify genes and gene networks responsible for saponin biosynthesis and its regulation at the genome level. Principal Findings Approximately 1.22, 1.19, 1.16, 1.23, 1.16, 1.20, and 2.39 giga base pairs of clean nucleotides were generated from B. vulgaris transcriptomes sampled 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after onset of P. xylostella feeding and from non-inoculated controls, respectively. De novo assembly using all data of the seven transcriptomes generated 39,531 unigenes. A total of 37,780 (95.57%) unigenes were annotated, 14,399 of which were assigned to one or more gene ontology terms and 19,620 of which were assigned to 126 known pathways. Expression profiles revealed 2,016–4,685 up-regulated and 557–5188 down-regulated transcripts. Secondary metabolic pathways, such as those of terpenoids, glucosinolates, and phenylpropanoids, and its related regulators were elevated. Candidate genes for the triterpene saponin pathway were found in the transcriptome. Orthological analysis of the transcriptome with four other crucifer transcriptomes identified 592 B. vulgaris-specific gene families with a P-value cutoff of 1e−5. Conclusion This study presents the first comprehensive transcriptome analysis of B. vulgaris subjected to a series of DBM feedings. The biosynthetic and regulatory pathways of triterpenoid saponins and other DBM deterrent metabolites in this plant were classified. The results of this study will provide useful data for future investigations on pest-resistance phytochemistry and plant breeding.
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Engineering glucosinolates in plants: current knowledge and potential uses. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1694-717. [PMID: 22983743 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSL) and their derivatives are well known for the characteristic roles they play in plant defense as signaling molecules and as bioactive compounds for human health. More than 130 GSLs have been reported so far, and most of them belong to the Brassicaceae family. Several enzymes and transcription factors involved in the GSL biosynthesis have been studied in the model plant, Arabidopsis, and in a few other Brassica crop species. Recent studies in GSL research have defined the regulation, distribution, and degradation of GSL biosynthetic pathways; however, the underlying mechanism behind transportation of GSLs in plants is still largely unknown. This review highlights the recent advances in the metabolic engineering of GSLs in plants and discusses their potential applications.
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Nongbri PL, Johnson JM, Sherameti I, Glawischnig E, Halkier BA, Oelmüller R. Indole-3-acetaldoxime-derived compounds restrict root colonization in the beneficial interaction between Arabidopsis roots and the endophyte Piriformospora indica. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1186-97. [PMID: 22852809 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-12-0071-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The growth-promoting and root-colonizing endophyte Piriformospora indica induces camalexin and the expression of CYP79B2, CYP79B3, CYP71A13, PAD3, and WRKY33 required for the synthesis of indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx)-derived compounds in the roots of Arabidopsis seedlings. Upregulation of the mRNA levels by P. indica requires cytoplasmic calcium elevation and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 but not root-hair-deficient 2, radical oxygen production, or the 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1/oxidative signal-inducible 1 pathway. Because P. indica-mediated growth promotion is impaired in cyp79B2 cyp79B3 seedlings, while pad3 seedlings-which do not accumulate camalexin-still respond to the fungus, IAOx-derived compounds other than camalexin (e.g., indole glucosinolates) are required during early phases of the beneficial interaction. The roots of cyp79B2 cyp79B3 seedlings are more colonized than wild-type roots, and upregulation of the defense genes pathogenesis-related (PR)-1, PR-3, PDF1.2, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and germin indicates that the mutant responds to the lack of IAOx-derived compounds by activating other defense processes. After 6 weeks on soil, defense genes are no longer upregulated in wild-type, cyp79B2 cyp79B3, and pad3 roots. This results in uncontrolled fungal growth in the mutant roots and reduced performance of the mutants. We propose that a long-term harmony between the two symbionts requires restriction of root colonization by IAOx-derived compounds.
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Bednarek P. Sulfur-containing secondary metabolites from Arabidopsis thaliana and other Brassicaceae with function in plant immunity. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1846-59. [PMID: 22807086 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of antimicrobial secondary metabolites in response to microbial infection is one of the features of the plant immune system. Particular classes of plant secondary metabolites involved in plant defence are often produced only by species belonging to certain phylogenetic clades. Brassicaceae plants have evolved the ability to synthesise a wide range of sulfur-containing secondary metabolites, including glucosinolates and indole-type phytoalexins. A subset of these compounds is produced by the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic tools available for this species enabled verification of immune functions of glucosinolates and camalexin (A. thaliana phytoalexin), as well as characterisation of their respective biosynthetic pathways. Current knowledge of the biosynthesis of Brassicaceae sulfur-containing metabolites suggests that the key event in the evolution of these compounds is the acquisition of biochemical mechanisms originating from detoxification pathways into secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Moreover, it is likely that glucosinolates and Brassicaceae phytoalexins, traditionally considered as separate groups of compounds, have a common evolutionary origin and are interconnected on the biosynthetic level. This suggests that the diversity of Brassicaceae sulfur-containing phytochemicals reflect phylogenetic clade-specific branches of an ancient biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Bednarek
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznań, Poland.
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46
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Zhu B, Wang Z, Yang J, Zhu Z, Wang H. Isolation and expression of glucosinolate synthesis genes CYP83A1 and CYP83B1 in Pak Choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. communis (N. Tsen & S.H. Lee) Hanelt). Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:5832-5843. [PMID: 22754334 PMCID: PMC3382748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13055832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP83A1 and CYP83B1 are two key synthesis genes in the glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway. CYP83A1 mainly metabolizes the aliphatic oximes to form aliphatic glucosinolate and CYP83B1 mostly catalyzes aromatic oximes to synthesis corresponding substrates for aromatic and indolic glucosinolates. In this study, two CYP83A1 genes named BcCYP83A1-1 (JQ289997), BcCYP83A1-2 (JQ289996) respectively and one CYP83B1 (BcCYP83B1, HM347235) gene were cloned from the leaves of pak choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. communis (N. Tsen & S.H. Lee) Hanelt) “Hangzhou You Dong Er” cultivar. Their ORFs were 1506, 1509 and 1500 bp in length, encoding 501, 502 and 499 amino acids, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequences of CYP83A1-1, CYP83A1-2 and CYP83B1 shared high sequence identity of 87.65, 86.48 and 95.59% to the corresponding ones in Arabidopsis, and 98.80, 98.61 and 98.80% to the corresponding ones in Brassica pekinensis (Chinese cabbage), respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that both CYP83A1 and CYP83B1 expressed in roots, leaves and petioles of pak choi, while the transcript abundances of CYP83A1 were higher in leaves than in petioles and roots, whereas CYP83B1 showed higher abundances in roots. The expression levels of glucosinolate biosynthetic genes were consistent with the glucosinolate profile accumulation in shoots of seven cultivars and three organs. The isolation and characterization of the glucosinolate synthesis genes in pak choi would promote the way for further development of agronomic traits via genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (B.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhizhou Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (B.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Huan Cheng Bei Lu 88, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; E-Mails: (J.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (B.Z.); (Z.W.)
- Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Huan Cheng Bei Lu 88, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; E-Mails: (J.Y.); (H.W.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: or ; Tel.: +86-571-6374-3001; Fax: +86-571-6374-1276
| | - Huasen Wang
- Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Huan Cheng Bei Lu 88, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; E-Mails: (J.Y.); (H.W.)
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Møldrup ME, Geu-Flores F, de Vos M, Olsen CE, Sun J, Jander G, Halkier BA. Engineering of benzylglucosinolate in tobacco provides proof-of-concept for dead-end trap crops genetically modified to attract Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:435-42. [PMID: 22256859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are biologically active natural products characteristic of crucifers, including oilseed rape, cabbage vegetables and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Crucifer-specialist insect herbivores, like the economically important pest Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth), frequently use glucosinolates as oviposition stimuli. This suggests that the transfer of a glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway to a non-crucifer would stimulate oviposition on an otherwise non-attractive plant. Here, we demonstrate that stable genetic transfer of the six-step benzylglucosinolate pathway from A. thaliana to Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) results in the production of benzylglucosinolate without causing morphological alterations. Benzylglucosinolate-producing tobacco plants were more attractive for oviposition by female P. xylostella moths than wild-type tobacco plants. As newly hatched P. xylostella larvae were unable to survive on tobacco, these results represent a proof-of-concept strategy for rendering non-host plants attractive for oviposition by specialist herbivores with the long-term goal of generating efficient dead-end trap crops for agriculturally important pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten E Møldrup
- Section for Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Stauber EJ, Kuczka P, van Ohlen M, Vogt B, Janowitz T, Piotrowski M, Beuerle T, Wittstock U. Turning the 'mustard oil bomb' into a 'cyanide bomb': aromatic glucosinolate metabolism in a specialist insect herbivore. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35545. [PMID: 22536404 PMCID: PMC3334988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved a variety of mechanisms for dealing with insect herbivory among which chemical defense through secondary metabolites plays a prominent role. Physiological, behavioural and sensorical adaptations to these chemicals provide herbivores with selective advantages allowing them to diversify within the newly occupied ecological niche. In turn, this may influence the evolution of plant metabolism giving rise to e.g. new chemical defenses. The association of Pierid butterflies and plants of the Brassicales has been cited as an illustrative example of this adaptive process known as 'coevolutionary armsrace'. All plants of the Brassicales are defended by the glucosinolate-myrosinase system to which larvae of cabbage white butterflies and related species are biochemically adapted through a gut nitrile-specifier protein. Here, we provide evidence by metabolite profiling and enzyme assays that metabolism of benzylglucosinolate in Pieris rapae results in release of equimolar amounts of cyanide, a potent inhibitor of cellular respiration. We further demonstrate that P. rapae larvae develop on transgenic Arabidopsis plants with ectopic production of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin without ill effects. Metabolite analyses and fumigation experiments indicate that cyanide is detoxified by β-cyanoalanine synthase and rhodanese in the larvae. Based on these results as well as on the facts that benzylglucosinolate was one of the predominant glucosinolates in ancient Brassicales and that ancient Brassicales lack nitrilases involved in alternative pathways, we propose that the ability of Pierid species to safely handle cyanide contributed to the primary host shift from Fabales to Brassicales that occured about 75 million years ago and was followed by Pierid species diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar J. Stauber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petrissa Kuczka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maike van Ohlen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Birgit Vogt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tim Janowitz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Piotrowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ute Wittstock
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Frisch T, Møller BL. Possible evolution of alliarinoside biosynthesis from the glucosinolate pathway in Alliaria petiolata. FEBS J 2012; 279:1545-62. [PMID: 22212644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitrile formation in plants involves the activity of cytochrome P450s. Hydroxynitrile glucosides are widespread among plants but generally do not occur in glucosinolate producing species. Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard, Brassicaceae) is the only species known to produce glucosinolates as well as a γ-hydroxynitrile glucoside. Furthermore, A. petiolata has been described to release diffusible cyanide, which indicates the presence of unidentified cyanogenic glucoside(s). Our research on A. petiolata addresses the molecular evolution of P450s. By integrating current knowledge about glucosinolate and hydroxynitrile glucoside biosynthesis in other species and new visions on recurrent evolution of hydroxynitrile glucoside biosynthesis, we propose a pathway for biosynthesis of the γ-hydroxynitrile glucoside, alliarinoside. Homomethionine and the corresponding oxime are suggested as shared intermediates in the biosynthesis of alliarinoside and 2-propenyl glucosinolate. The first committed step in the alliarinoside pathway is envisioned to be catalysed by a P450, which has been recruited to metabolize the oxime. Furthermore, alliarinoside biosynthesis is suggested to involve enzyme activities common to secondary modification of glucosinolates. Thus, we argue that biosynthesis of alliarinoside may be the first known case of a hydroxynitrile glucoside pathway having evolved from the glucosinolate pathway. An intriguing question is whether the proposed hydroxynitrile intermediate may also be converted to novel homomethionine-derived cyanogenic glucoside(s), which could release cyanide. Elucidation of the pathway for biosynthesis of alliarinoside and other putative hydroxynitrile glucosides in A. petiolata is envisioned to offer significant new knowledge on the emerging picture of P450 functional dynamics as a basis for recurrent evolution of pathways for bioactive natural product biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Frisch
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Bak S, Beisson F, Bishop G, Hamberger B, Höfer R, Paquette S, Werck-Reichhart D. Cytochromes p450. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0144. [PMID: 22303269 PMCID: PMC3268508 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There are 244 cytochrome P450 genes (and 28 pseudogenes) in the Arabidopsis genome. P450s thus form one of the largest gene families in plants. Contrary to what was initially thought, this family diversification results in very limited functional redundancy and seems to mirror the complexity of plant metabolism. P450s sometimes share less than 20% identity and catalyze extremely diverse reactions leading to the precursors of structural macromolecules such as lignin, cutin, suberin and sporopollenin, or are involved in biosynthesis or catabolism of all hormone and signaling molecules, of pigments, odorants, flavors, antioxidants, allelochemicals and defense compounds, and in the metabolism of xenobiotics. The mechanisms of gene duplication and diversification are getting better understood and together with co-expression data provide leads to functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fred Beisson
- Department of Plant Biology and Environmental Microbiology, CEA/CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 6191 Cadarache, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Gerard Bishop
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Höfer
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS UPR 2357, University of Strasbourg, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Suzanne Paquette
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biological Structure, HSB G-514, Box 357420, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-9420
| | - Danièle Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS UPR 2357, University of Strasbourg, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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