1
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Genera M, Colcombet-Cazenave B, Croitoru A, Raynal B, Mechaly A, Caillet J, Haouz A, Wolff N, Caillet-Saguy C. Interactions of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN3 with viral and cellular partners through its PDZ domain: insights into structural determinants and phosphatase activity. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1192621. [PMID: 37200868 PMCID: PMC10185773 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1192621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The human protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 3 (PTPN3) is a phosphatase containing a PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) domain that has been found to play both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting roles in various cancers, despite limited knowledge of its cellular partners and signaling functions. Notably, the high-risk genital human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 and the hepatitis B virus (HBV) target the PDZ domain of PTPN3 through PDZ-binding motifs (PBMs) in their E6 and HBc proteins respectively. This study focuses on the interactions between the PTPN3 PDZ domain (PTPN3-PDZ) and PBMs of viral and cellular protein partners. We solved the X-ray structures of complexes between PTPN3-PDZ and PBMs of E6 of HPV18 and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE). We provide new insights into key structural determinants of PBM recognition by PTPN3 by screening the selectivity of PTPN3-PDZ recognition of PBMs, and by comparing the PDZome binding profiles of PTPN3-recognized PBMs and the interactome of PTPN3-PDZ. The PDZ domain of PTPN3 was known to auto-inhibit the protein's phosphatase activity. We discovered that the linker connecting the PDZ and phosphatase domains is involved in this inhibition, and that the binding of PBMs does not impact this catalytic regulation. Overall, the study sheds light on the interactions and structural determinants of PTPN3 with its cellular and viral partners, as well as on the inhibitory role of its PDZ domain on its phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Genera
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Channel Receptors Unit, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Complexité du Vivant, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Colcombet-Cazenave
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Channel Receptors Unit, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Complexité du Vivant, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Anastasia Croitoru
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Channel Receptors Unit, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Raynal
- Molecular Biophysics Platform-C2RT, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ariel Mechaly
- Crystallography Platform-C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Joël Caillet
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Crystallography Platform-C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Wolff
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Channel Receptors Unit, Paris, France
| | - Célia Caillet-Saguy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Channel Receptors Unit, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Célia Caillet-Saguy,
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2
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AHNAK Contributes to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth by Interacting with IGF-1R. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248680. [PMID: 36557813 PMCID: PMC9782793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblast differentiation-associated protein AHNAK, a large structural scaffold protein, remains mysterious in biological processes. AHNAK plays a suppressive or progressive role in different types of cancers. To investigate the role of the AHNAK in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cell viability assays were performed to determine the cell proliferation of the stable AHNAK-knockdown HepG2 cell line; co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were performed on HCC and matched paracancerous (MPC) tissues. The Metascape platform was used for enrichment analyses; the "ComplexHeatmap" package was applied for cluster analyses and visualization. Co-IP, Western botting and immunofluorescence double staining were performed to assess the interactions between AHNAK and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). AHNAK silencing reduced the viability of HepG2 cells; the interactome in HCC and MPC tissues enriched 204 pathways and processes, which partially reflected the signature of HCC field cancerization. AHNAK could co-localize and interact with IGF-1R. These results suggested that the AHNAK complex contributes to HCC growth, potentially by interacting with IGF-1R.
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3
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Zhang Z, Zhou Q, Liu R, Liu L, Shen WJ, Azhar S, Qu YF, Guo Z, Hu Z. The adaptor protein GIPC1 stabilizes the scavenger receptor SR-B1 and increases its cholesterol uptake. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100616. [PMID: 33811857 PMCID: PMC8093464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor, is a membrane glycoprotein that mediates selective uptake of HDL-cholesterol and cholesterol ester (CE) into cells. SR-B1 is subject to posttranslational regulation; however, the underlying mechanisms still remain obscure. Here, we identified a novel SR-B1-interacting protein, GIPC1 (GAIP-interacting protein, C terminus 1) that interacts with SR-B1 and stabilizes SR-B1 by negative regulation of its proteasomal and lysosomal degradation pathways. The physiological interaction between SR-B1 and GIPC1 was supported by co-immunoprecipitation of wild-type and mutant GIPC1 constructs in SR-B1 ± GIPC1 overexpressing cells, in native liver cells, and in mouse liver tissues. Overexpression of GIPC1 increased endogenous SR-B1 protein levels, subsequently increasing selective HDL-cholesterol/CE uptake and cellular triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels, whereas silencing of GIPC1 in the mouse liver was associated with blunted hepatic SR-B1 levels, elevated plasma TG and TC, and attenuated hepatic TG and TC content. A positive correlation was identified between GIPC1 and SR-B1 expression, and both expressions of GIPC1 and SR-B1 from human liver samples were inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI) from human subjects. We therefore conclude that GIPC1 plays a key role in the stability and function of SR-B1 and can also effectively regulate hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolism. These findings expand our knowledge of the regulatory roles of GIPC1 and suggest that GIPC1 exerts a major effect on cell surface receptors such as SR-B1 and its associated hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yan-Fu Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
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4
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Valgardson J, Cosbey R, Houser P, Rupp M, Van Bronkhorst R, Lee M, Jagodzinski F, Amacher JF. MotifAnalyzer-PDZ: A computational program to investigate the evolution of PDZ-binding target specificity. Protein Sci 2019; 28:2127-2143. [PMID: 31599029 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of short linear motifs (SLiMs) or peptides by proteins is an important component of many cellular processes. However, due to limited and degenerate binding motifs, prediction of cellular targets is challenging. In addition, many of these interactions are transient and of relatively low affinity. Here, we focus on one of the largest families of SLiM-binding domains in the human proteome, the PDZ domain. These domains bind the extreme C-terminus of target proteins, and are involved in many signaling and trafficking pathways. To predict endogenous targets of PDZ domains, we developed MotifAnalyzer-PDZ, a program that filters and compares all motif-satisfying sequences in any publicly available proteome. This approach enables us to determine possible PDZ binding targets in humans and other organisms. Using this program, we predicted and biochemically tested novel human PDZ targets by looking for strong sequence conservation in evolution. We also identified three C-terminal sequences in choanoflagellates that bind a choanoflagellate PDZ domain, the Monsiga brevicollis SHANK1 PDZ domain (mbSHANK1), with endogenously-relevant affinities, despite a lack of conservation with the targets of a homologous human PDZ domain, SHANK1. All three are predicted to be signaling proteins, with strong sequence homology to cytosolic and receptor tyrosine kinases. Finally, we analyzed and compared the positional amino acid enrichments in PDZ motif-satisfying sequences from over a dozen organisms. Overall, MotifAnalyzer-PDZ is a versatile program to investigate potential PDZ interactions. This proof-of-concept work is poised to enable similar types of analyses for other SLiM-binding domains (e.g., MotifAnalyzer-Kinase). MotifAnalyzer-PDZ is available at http://motifAnalyzerPDZ.cs.wwu.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Valgardson
- Department of Computer Science, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington.,Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington
| | - Robin Cosbey
- Department of Computer Science, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington
| | - Paul Houser
- Department of Computer Science, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington
| | - Milo Rupp
- Department of Computer Science, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington
| | - Raiden Van Bronkhorst
- Department of Computer Science, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington
| | - Michael Lee
- Department of Computer Science, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington
| | - Filip Jagodzinski
- Department of Computer Science, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington
| | - Jeanine F Amacher
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington
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5
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Das SK, Pradhan AK, Bhoopathi P, Talukdar S, Shen XN, Sarkar D, Emdad L, Fisher PB. The MDA-9/Syntenin/IGF1R/STAT3 Axis Directs Prostate Cancer Invasion. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2852-2863. [PMID: 29572229 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although prostate cancer is clinically manageable during several stages of progression, survival is severely compromised once cells invade and metastasize to distant organs. Comprehending the pathobiology of invasion is required for developing efficacious targeted therapies against metastasis. Based on bioinformatics data, we predicted an association of melanoma differentiation-associated gene-9 [syntenin, or syndecan binding protein (SDCBP)] in prostate cancer progression. Using tissue samples from various Gleason stage prostate cancer patients with adjacent normal tissue, a series of normal prostate and prostate cancer cell lines (with differing tumorigenic/metastatic properties), mda-9/syntenin-manipulated variants (including loss-of-function and gain-of-function cell lines), and CRISPR/Cas9 stable MDA-9/Syntenin knockout cells, we now confirm the relevance of and dependence on MDA-9/syntenin in prostate cancer invasion. MDA-9/Syntenin physically interacted with insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor following treatment with insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP2), regulating downstream signaling processes that enabled STAT3 phosphorylation. This activation enhanced expression of MMP2 and MMP9, two established enzymes that positively regulate invasion. In addition, MDA-9/syntenin-mediated upregulation of proangiogenic factors including IGFBP2, IL6, IL8, and VEGFA also facilitated migration of prostate cancer cells. Collectively, our results draw attention to MDA-9/Syntenin as a positive regulator of prostate cancer metastasis, and the potential application of targeting this molecule to inhibit invasion and metastasis in prostate cancer and potentially other cancers.Significance: This study provides new mechanistic insight into the proinvasive role of MDA-9/Syntenin in prostate cancer and has potential for therapeutic application to prevent prostate cancer metastasis. Cancer Res; 78(11); 2852-63. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia. .,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Anjan K Pradhan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Praveen Bhoopathi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xue-Ning Shen
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia. .,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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6
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Conformational transitions and interactions underlying the function of membrane embedded receptor protein kinases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1417-1429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Eukaryotic initiation factor eIF6 modulates the expression of Kermit 2/XGIPC in IGF- regulated eye development. Dev Biol 2017; 427:148-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Shang G, Brautigam CA, Chen R, Lu D, Torres-Vázquez J, Zhang X. Structure analyses reveal a regulated oligomerization mechanism of the PlexinD1/GIPC/myosin VI complex. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28537552 PMCID: PMC5461112 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The GIPC family adaptor proteins mediate endocytosis by tethering cargo proteins to the myosin VI motor. The structural mechanisms for the GIPC/cargo and GIPC/myosin VI interactions remained unclear. PlexinD1, a transmembrane receptor that regulates neuronal and cardiovascular development, is a cargo of GIPCs. GIPC-mediated endocytic trafficking regulates PlexinD1 signaling. Here, we unravel the mechanisms of the interactions among PlexinD1, GIPCs and myosin VI by a series of crystal structures of these proteins in apo or bound states. GIPC1 forms a domain-swapped dimer in an autoinhibited conformation that hinders binding of both PlexinD1 and myosin VI. PlexinD1 binding to GIPC1 releases the autoinhibition, promoting its interaction with myosin VI. GIPCs and myosin VI interact through two distinct interfaces and form an open-ended alternating array. Our data support that this alternating array underlies the oligomerization of the GIPC/Myosin VI complexes in solution and cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27322.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijun Shang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Chad A Brautigam
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Defen Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jesús Torres-Vázquez
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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9
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Hernandez-Garzón E, Fernandez AM, Perez-Alvarez A, Genis L, Bascuñana P, Fernandez de la Rosa R, Delgado M, Angel Pozo M, Moreno E, McCormick PJ, Santi A, Trueba-Saiz A, Garcia-Caceres C, Tschöp MH, Araque A, Martin ED, Torres Aleman I. The insulin-like growth factor I receptor regulates glucose transport by astrocytes. Glia 2016; 64:1962-71. [PMID: 27462832 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous findings indicate that reducing brain insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) activity promotes ample neuroprotection. We now examined a possible action of IGF-IR on brain glucose transport to explain its wide protective activity, as energy availability is crucial for healthy tissue function. Using (18) FGlucose PET we found that shRNA interference of IGF-IR in mouse somatosensory cortex significantly increased glucose uptake upon sensory stimulation. In vivo microscopy using astrocyte specific staining showed that after IGF-IR shRNA injection in somatosensory cortex, astrocytes displayed greater increases in glucose uptake as compared to astrocytes in the scramble-injected side. Further, mice with the IGF-IR knock down in astrocytes showed increased glucose uptake in somatosensory cortex upon sensory stimulation. Analysis of underlying mechanisms indicated that IGF-IR interacts with glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), the main facilitative glucose transporter in astrocytes, through a mechanism involving interactions with the scaffolding protein GIPC and the multicargo transporter LRP1 to retain GLUT1 inside the cell. These findings identify IGF-IR as a key modulator of brain glucose metabolism through its inhibitory action on astrocytic GLUT1 activity. GLIA 2016;64:1962-1971.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto Perez-Alvarez
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Genis
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Ciberned, Spain
| | - Pablo Bascuñana
- Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Delgado
- Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Estefania Moreno
- Ciberned, Spain.,Dept Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter J McCormick
- Ciberned, Spain.,Dept Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Santi
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Ciberned, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Eduardo D Martin
- Science and Technology Park, Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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10
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Schmittnaegel M, Hoffmann E, Imhof-Jung S, Fischer C, Drabner G, Georges G, Klein C, Knoetgen H. A New Class of Bifunctional Major Histocompatibility Class I Antibody Fusion Molecules to Redirect CD8 T Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2130-42. [PMID: 27353170 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bifunctional antibody fusion proteins engaging effector T cells for targeted elimination of tumor cells via CD3 binding have shown efficacy in both preclinical and clinical studies. Different from such a polyclonal T-cell recruitment, an alternative concept is to engage only antigen-specific T-cell subsets. Recruitment of specific subsets of T cells may be as potent but potentially lead to fewer side effects. Tumor-targeted peptide-MHC class I complexes (pMHCI-IgGs) bearing known antigenic peptides complexed with MHC class I molecules mark tumor cells as antigenic and utilize the physiologic way to interact with and activate T-cell receptors. If, for example, virus-specific CD8(+) T cells are addressed, the associated strong antigenicity and tight immune surveillance of the effector cells could lead to efficacious antitumor treatment in various tissues. However, peptide-MHC class I fusions are difficult to express recombinantly, especially when fused to entire antibody molecules. Consequently, current formats are largely limited to small antibody fragment fusions expressed in bacteria followed by refolding or chemical conjugation. Here, we describe a new molecular format bearing a single pMHCI complex per IgG fusion molecule characterized by enhanced stability and expression yields. This molecular format can be expressed in a full immunoglobulin format and can be designed as mono- or bivalent antibody binders. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2130-42. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eike Hoffmann
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Imhof-Jung
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia Fischer
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Drabner
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Guy Georges
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Knoetgen
- Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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11
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Zhang XD, Baladandayuthapani V, Lin H, Mulligan G, Li B, Esseltine DLW, Qi L, Xu J, Hunziker W, Barlogie B, Usmani SZ, Zhang Q, Crowley J, Hoering A, Shah JJ, Weber DM, Manasanch EE, Thomas SK, Li BZ, Wang HH, Zhang J, Kuiatse I, Tang JL, Wang H, He J, Yang J, Milan E, Cenci S, Ma WC, Wang ZQ, Davis RE, Yang L, Orlowski RZ. Tight Junction Protein 1 Modulates Proteasome Capacity and Proteasome Inhibitor Sensitivity in Multiple Myeloma via EGFR/JAK1/STAT3 Signaling. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:639-652. [PMID: 27132469 PMCID: PMC4983190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors have revolutionized outcomes in multiple myeloma, but they are used empirically, and primary and secondary resistance are emerging problems. We have identified TJP1 as a determinant of plasma cell proteasome inhibitor susceptibility. TJP1 suppressed expression of the catalytically active immunoproteasome subunits LMP7 and LMP2, decreased proteasome activity, and enhanced proteasome inhibitor sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. This occurred through TJP1-mediated suppression of EGFR/JAK1/STAT3 signaling, which modulated LMP7 and LMP2 levels. In the clinic, high TJP1 expression in patient myeloma cells was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of responding to bortezomib and a longer response duration, supporting the use of TJP1 as a biomarker to identify patients most likely to benefit from proteasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Ding Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Xi'an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | | | - Heather Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George Mulligan
- Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Lin Qi
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jianliang Xu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Walter Hunziker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bart Barlogie
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Saad Z Usmani
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Department of Hematologic Oncology, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Department of Hematologic Oncology, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - John Crowley
- Cancer Research and Biostatistics, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Antje Hoering
- Cancer Research and Biostatistics, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jatin J Shah
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Weber
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elisabet E Manasanch
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sheeba K Thomas
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bing-Zong Li
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hui-Han Wang
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Isere Kuiatse
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jin-Le Tang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jin He
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Enrico Milan
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Simone Cenci
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Wen-Cai Ma
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard Eric Davis
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Xi'an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Robert Z Orlowski
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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12
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La Torre A, Hoshino A, Cavanaugh C, Ware CB, Reh TA. The GIPC1-Akt1 Pathway Is Required for the Specification of the Eye Field in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2674-85. [PMID: 26013465 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During early patterning of the neural plate, a single region of the embryonic forebrain, the eye field, becomes competent for eye development. The hallmark of eye field specification is the expression of the eye field transcription factors (EFTFs). Experiments in fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals have demonstrated largely conserved roles for the EFTFs. Although some of the key signaling events that direct the synchronized expression of these factors to the eye field have been elucidated in fish and frogs, it has been more difficult to study these mechanisms in mammalian embryos. In this study, we have used two different methods for directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to generate eye field cells and retina in vitro to test for a role of the PDZ domain-containing protein GIPC1 in the specification of the mammalian eye primordia. We find that the overexpression of a dominant-negative form of GIPC1 (dnGIPC1), as well as the downregulation of endogenous GIPC1, is sufficient to inhibit the development of eye field cells from mESCs. GIPC1 interacts directly with IGFR and participates in Akt1 activation, and pharmacological inhibition of Akt1 phosphorylation mimics the dnGIPC1 phenotype. Our data, together with previous studies in Xenopus, support the hypothesis that the GIPC1-PI3K-Akt1 pathway plays a key role in eye field specification in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna La Torre
- Department of Biological Structure, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Akina Hoshino
- Department of Biological Structure, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Cavanaugh
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carol B Ware
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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13
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Schmittnaegel M, Levitsky V, Hoffmann E, Georges G, Mundigl O, Klein C, Knoetgen H. Committing Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8 T Cells to Eliminate Tumor Cells by Bifunctional Major Histocompatibility Class I Antibody Fusion Molecules. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:764-76. [PMID: 25691327 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells escape immune eradication through multiple mechanisms, including loss of antigenicity and local suppression of effector lymphocytes. To counteract these obstacles, we aimed to direct the unique cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific immune surveillance against tumor cells. We developed a novel generation of fusion proteins composed of a tumor antigen-specific full immunoglobulin connected to a single major histocompatibility class I complex bearing a covalently linked virus-derived peptide (pMHCI-IgG). Here, we show that tumor antigen-expressing cancer cells, which are decorated with pMHCI-IgGs containing a HLA-A*0201 molecule associated with a CMV-derived peptide, are specifically eliminated through engagement of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cell preparations of CMV-infected humans. These CD8(+) T cells act without additional expansion, preactivation, or provision of costimulatory signals. Elimination of tumor cells is induced at similar concentrations and with similar time kinetics as those seen with bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTE). However, while BiTE-like reagents indiscriminately activate T cells through binding to the T-cell receptor complex, pMHCI-IgGs selectively engage antigen-specific, constantly renewable, differentiated effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes to tumor cells, thereby representing a novel class of anticancer immunotherapeutics with potentially improved safety and efficacy profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schmittnaegel
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Victor Levitsky
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eike Hoffmann
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Guy Georges
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Mundigl
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Knoetgen
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany.
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14
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Liu C, Cui Z, Wang S, Zhang D. CD93 and GIPC expression and localization during central nervous system inflammation. Neural Regen Res 2015; 9:1995-2001. [PMID: 25598782 PMCID: PMC4283283 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.145383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD93 and GAIP-interacting protein, C termius (GIPC) have been shown to interactively alter phagocytic processes of immune cells. CD93 and GIPC expression and localization during central nervous system inflammation have not yet been reported. In this study, we established a rat model of brain inflammation by lipopolysaccharide injection to the lateral ventricle. In the brain of rats with inflammation, western blots showed increased CD93 expression that decreased over time. GIPC expression was unaltered. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated extensive distribution of CD93 expression mainly in cell membranes in the cerebral cortex. After lipopolysaccharide stimulation, CD93 expression increased and then reduced, with distinct staining in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Double immunofluorescence staining in cerebral cortex of normal rats showed that CD93 and GIPC widely expressed in resting microglia and neurons. CD93 was mainly expressed in microglial and neuronal cell membranes, while GIPC was expressed in both cell membrane and cytoplasm. In the cerebral cortex at 9 hours after model establishment, CD93-immunoreactive signal diminished in microglial membrane, with cytoplasmic translocation and aggregation detected. GIPC localization was unaltered in neurons and microglia. These results are the first to demonstrate CD93 participation in pathophysiological processes of central nervous system inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Experimental Animal Center, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhichao Cui
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shengjie Wang
- Experimental Animal Center, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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15
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Katoh M. Functional proteomics, human genetics and cancer biology of GIPC family members. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e26. [PMID: 23743496 PMCID: PMC3701287 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GIPC1, GIPC2 and GIPC3 consist of GIPC homology 1 (GH1) domain, PDZ domain and GH2 domain. The regions around the GH1 and GH2 domains of GIPC1 are involved in dimerization and interaction with myosin VI (MYO6), respectively. The PDZ domain of GIPC1 is involved in interactions with transmembrane proteins [IGF1R, NTRK1, ADRB1, DRD2, TGFβR3 (transforming growth factorβ receptor type III), SDC4, SEMA4C, LRP1, NRP1, GLUT1, integrin α5 and VANGL2], cytosolic signaling regulators (APPL1 and RGS19) and viral proteins (HBc and HPV-18 E6). GIPC1 is an adaptor protein with dimerizing ability that loads PDZ ligands as cargoes for MYO6-dependent endosomal trafficking. GIPC1 is required for cell-surface expression of IGF1R and TGFβR3. GIPC1 is also required for integrin recycling during cell migration, angiogenesis and cytokinesis. On early endosomes, GIPC1 assembles receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and APPL1 for activation of PI3K-AKT signaling, and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and RGS19 for attenuation of inhibitory Gα signaling. GIPC1 upregulation in breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancers promotes tumor proliferation and invasion, whereas GIPC1 downregulation in cervical cancer with human papillomavirus type 18 infection leads to resistance to cytostatic transforming growth factorβ signaling. GIPC2 is downregulated in acute lymphocytic leukemia owing to epigenetic silencing, while Gipc2 is upregulated in estrogen-induced mammary tumors. Somatic mutations of GIPC2 occur in malignant melanoma, and colorectal and ovarian cancers. Germ-line mutations of the GIPC3 or MYO6 gene cause nonsyndromic hearing loss. As GIPC proteins are involved in trafficking, signaling and recycling of RTKs, GPCRs, integrins and other transmembrane proteins, dysregulation of GIPCs results in human pathologies, such as cancer and hereditary deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Katoh
- Division of Integrative Omics and Bioinformatics, National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan.
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16
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Singer A, Deuse Y, Koch U, Hölscher T, Pfitzmann D, Jakob C, Hehlgans S, Baretton GB, Rentsch A, Baumann M, Muders MH, Krause M. Impact of the adaptor protein GIPC1/Synectin on radioresistance and survival after irradiation of prostate cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 2012; 188:1125-32. [PMID: 23128896 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-012-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies have shown that GIPC1/Synectin is an essential adaptor protein of receptors that play an important role in cancer progression and therapy resistance. This is the first study to explore the role of GIPC1/Synectin in radioresistance of prostate cancer and as a possible predictive marker for outcome of primary radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of RNA interference-mediated GIPC1/Synectin depletion on clonogenic cell survival after irradiation with 0, 2, 4, or 6 Gy was assayed in two different GIPC1/Synectin-expressing human prostate cancer cell lines. The clinical outcome data of 358 men who underwent radiotherapy of prostate cancer with a curative intention were analyzed retrospectively. Uni- and multivariate analysis was performed of prostate-specific antigen recurrence-free survival and overall survival in correlation with protein expression in pretreatment biopsy specimens. Protein expression was evaluated by standard immunohistochemistry methods. RESULTS In cell culture experiments, no change was detected in radiosensitivity after depletion of GIPC1/Synectin in GIPC1/Synectin-expressing prostate cancer cell lines. Furthermore, there was no correlation between GIPC1/Synectin expression in human pretreatment biopsy samples and overall or biochemical recurrence-free survival after radiotherapy in a retrospective analysis of the study cohort. CONCLUSION Our results do not show a predictive or prognostic function of GIPC1/Synectin expression for the outcome of radiotherapy in prostate cancer. Furthermore, our in vitro results do not support a role of GIPC1 in the cellular radiation response. However, the role of GIPC1 in the progression of prostate cancer and its precursors should be subject to further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Singer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Mu Y, Huang H, Liu S, Cai P, Gao Y. Molecular characterization and ligand binding specificity of the PDZ domain-containing protein GIPC3 from Schistosoma japonicum. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:227. [PMID: 23050840 PMCID: PMC3504512 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a serious global health problem that afflicts more than 230 million people in 77 countries. Long-term mass treatments with the only available drug, praziquantel, have caused growing concerns about drug resistance. PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing proteins are recognized as potential targets for the next generation of drug development. However, the PDZ domain-containing protein family in parasites has largely been unexplored. Methods We present the molecular characteristics of a PDZ domain-containing protein, GIPC3, from Schistosoma japonicum (SjGIPC3) according to bioinformatics analysis and experimental approaches. The ligand binding specificity of the PDZ domain of SjGIPC3 was confirmed by screening an arbitrary peptide library in yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays. The native ligand candidates were predicted by Tailfit software based on the C-terminal binding specificity, and further validated by Y2H assays. Results SjGIPC3 is a single PDZ domain-containing protein comprised of 328 amino acid residues. Structural prediction revealed that a conserved PDZ domain was presented in the middle region of the protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SjGIPC3 and other trematode orthologues clustered into a well-defined cluster but were distinguishable from those of other phyla. Transcriptional analysis by quantitative RT-PCR revealed that the SjGIPC3 gene was relatively highly expressed in the stages within the host, especially in male adult worms. By using Y2H assays to screen an arbitrary peptide library, we confirmed the C-terminal binding specificity of the SjGIPC3-PDZ domain, which could be deduced as a consensus sequence, -[SDEC]-[STIL]-[HSNQDE]-[VIL]*. Furthermore, six proteins were predicted to be native ligand candidates of SjGIPC3 based on the C-terminal binding properties and other biological information; four of these were confirmed to be potential ligands using the Y2H system. Conclusions In this study, we first characterized a PDZ domain-containing protein GIPC3 in S. japonicum. The SjGIPC3-PDZ domain is able to bind both type I and II ligand C-terminal motifs. The identification of native ligand will help reveal the potential biological function of SjGIPC3. These data will facilitate the identification of novel drug targets against S. japonicum infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Mu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Dept, of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, P,R, China
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18
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Effects of somatic mutations in the C-terminus of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor on activity and signaling. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:804801. [PMID: 22778948 PMCID: PMC3384887 DOI: 10.1155/2012/804801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) is overexpressed in several forms of human cancer, and it has emerged as an important target for anticancer drug design. Cancer genome sequencing efforts have recently identified three somatic mutations in IGF1R: A1374V, a deletion of S1278 in the C-terminal tail region of the receptor, and M1255I in the C-terminal lobe of the kinase catalytic domain. The possible effects of these mutations on IGF1R activity and biological function have not previously been tested. Here, we tested the effects of the mutations on the in vitro biochemical activity of IGF1R and on major IGF1R signaling pathways in mammalian cells. While the mutations do not affect the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor, we demonstrate that the basal (unstimulated) levels of MAP kinase and Akt activation are increased in the mutants (relative to wild-type IGF1R). We hypothesize that the enhanced signaling potential of these mutants is due to changes in protein-protein interactions between the IGF1R C-terminus and cellular substrates or modulators.
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19
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Müller E, Dunstheimer D, Klammt J, Friebe D, Kiess W, Kratzsch J, Kruis T, Laue S, Pfäffle R, Wallborn T, Heidemann PH. Clinical and functional characterization of a patient carrying a compound heterozygous pericentrin mutation and a heterozygous IGF1 receptor mutation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38220. [PMID: 22693602 PMCID: PMC3365032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine and postnatal longitudinal growth is controlled by a strong genetic component that regulates a complex network of endocrine factors integrating them with cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptotic processes in target tissues, particularly the growth centers of the long bones. Here we report on a patient born small for gestational age (SGA) with severe, proportionate postnatal growth retardation, discreet signs of skeletal dysplasia, microcephaly and moyamoya disease. Initial genetic evaluation revealed a novel heterozygous IGF1R p.Leu1361Arg mutation affecting a highly conserved residue with the insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor suggestive for a disturbance within the somatotropic axis. However, because the mutation did not co-segregate with the phenotype and functional characterization did not reveal an obvious impairment of the ligand depending major IGF1R signaling capabilities a second-site mutation was assumed. Mutational screening of components of the somatotropic axis, constituents of the IGF signaling system and factors involved in cellular proliferation, which are described or suggested to provoke syndromic dwarfism phenotypes, was performed. Two compound heterozygous PCNT mutations (p.[Arg585X];[Glu1774X]) were identified leading to the specification of the diagnosis to MOPD II. These investigations underline the need for careful assessment of all available information to derive a firm diagnosis from a sequence aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Müller
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Klammt
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniela Friebe
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tassilo Kruis
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandy Laue
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Pfäffle
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tillmann Wallborn
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
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Siddle K. Molecular basis of signaling specificity of insulin and IGF receptors: neglected corners and recent advances. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:34. [PMID: 22649417 PMCID: PMC3355962 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors utilize common phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways to mediate a broad spectrum of "metabolic" and "mitogenic" responses. Specificity of insulin and IGF action in vivo must in part reflect expression of receptors and responsive pathways in different tissues but it is widely assumed that it is also determined by the ligand binding and signaling mechanisms of the receptors. This review focuses on receptor-proximal events in insulin/IGF signaling and examines their contribution to specificity of downstream responses. Insulin and IGF receptors may differ subtly in the efficiency with which they recruit their major substrates (IRS-1 and IRS-2 and Shc) and this could influence effectiveness of signaling to "metabolic" and "mitogenic" responses. Other substrates (Grb2-associated binder, downstream of kinases, SH2Bs, Crk), scaffolds (RACK1, β-arrestins, cytohesins), and pathways (non-receptor tyrosine kinases, phosphoinositide kinases, reactive oxygen species) have been less widely studied. Some of these components appear to be specifically involved in "metabolic" or "mitogenic" signaling but it has not been shown that this reflects receptor-preferential interaction. Very few receptor-specific interactions have been characterized, and their roles in signaling are unclear. Signaling specificity might also be imparted by differences in intracellular trafficking or feedback regulation of receptors, but few studies have directly addressed this possibility. Although published data are not wholly conclusive, no evidence has yet emerged for signaling mechanisms that are specifically engaged by insulin receptors but not IGF receptors or vice versa, and there is only limited evidence for differential activation of signaling mechanisms that are common to both receptors. Cellular context, rather than intrinsic receptor activity, therefore appears to be the major determinant of whether responses to insulin and IGFs are perceived as "metabolic" or "mitogenic."
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Siddle
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, UK.
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21
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Paek AR, You HJ. GAIP-interacting protein, C-terminus is involved in the induction of zinc-finger protein 143 in response to insulin-like growth factor-1 in colon cancer cells. Mol Cells 2011; 32:415-9. [PMID: 21909943 PMCID: PMC3887697 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that the expression of zinc-finger protein 143 (ZNF143) was induced by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) via reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3-kinase)-linked pathways in colon cancer cells. Here, we investigated whether GAIP-interacting protein, C-terminus (GIPC), a binding partner of IGF-1R, is involved in ZNF143 expression through IGF-1 and IGF-1R signaling in colon cancer cells. The knockdown of GIPC in colon cancer cells reduced ZNF143 expression in response to IGF-1. IGF-1 signaling through its receptor, leading to the phosphorylation and activation of the PI3-kinase-Akt pathway and mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs) was unaffected by the knockdown of GIPC, indicating the independence of the GIPC-linked pathway from PI3-kinase- and MAPK-linked signaling in IGF-1-induced ZNF143 expression. In accordance with previous results in breast cancer cells (Choi et al., 2010), the knockdown of GIPC reduced ROS production in response to IGF-1 in colon cancer cells. Furthermore, the knockdown of GIPC reduced the expression of Rad51, which is regulated by ZNF143, in response to IGF-1 in colon cancer cells. Taken together, these data suggest that GIPC is involved in IGF-1 signaling leading to ZNF143 expression through the regulation of ROS production, which may play a role for colon cancer tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hye Jin You
- Carcinogenesis Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute National Cancer Center, Goyang 410-769, Korea
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22
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Abstract
Over 250 PDZ (PSD95/Dlg/ZO-1) domain-containing proteins have been described in the human proteome. As many of these possess multiple PDZ domains, the potential combinations of associations with proteins that possess PBMs (PDZ-binding motifs) are vast. However, PDZ domain recognition is a highly specific process, and much less promiscuous than originally thought. Furthermore, a large number of PDZ domain-containing proteins have been linked directly to the control of processes whose loss, or inappropriate activation, contribute to the development of human malignancies. These regulate processes as diverse as cytoskeletal organization, cell polarity, cell proliferation and many signal transduction pathways. In the present review, we discuss how PBM–PDZ recognition and imbalances therein can perturb cellular homoeostasis and ultimately contribute to malignant progression.
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Malaguarnera R, Belfiore A. The insulin receptor: a new target for cancer therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:93. [PMID: 22654833 PMCID: PMC3356071 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidences have shown that both the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and the insulin receptor (IR) play a role in cancer development and progression. In particular, IR overactivation by IGF-II is common in cancer cells, especially in dedifferentiated/stem-like cells. In spite of these findings, until very recently, only IGF-IR but not IR has been considered a target in cancer therapy. Although several preclinical studies have showed a good anti-cancer activity of selective anti-IGF-IR drugs, the results of the clinical first trials have been disappointing. In fact, only a small subset of malignant tumors has shown an objective response to these therapies. Development of resistance to anti-IGF-IR drugs may include upregulation of IR isoform A (IR-A) in cancer cells and its overactivation by increased secretion of autocrine IGF-II. These findings have led to the concept that co-targeting IR together with IGF-IR may increase therapy efficacy and prevent adaptive resistance to selective anti-IGF-IR drugs. IR blockade should be especially considered in tumors with high IR-A:IGF-IR ratio and high levels of autocrine IGF-II. Conversely, insulin sensitizers, which ameliorate insulin resistance associated with metabolic disorders and cancer treatments, may have important implications for cancer prevention and management. Only few drugs co-targeting the IR and IGF-IR are currently available. Ideally, future IR targeting strategies should be able to selectively inhibit the tumor promoting effects of IR without impairing its metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Malaguarnera
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia of CatanzaroCatanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia of CatanzaroCatanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonino Belfiore, Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario, Viale Europa, località Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy. e-mail:
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Chittenden TW, Pak J, Rubio R, Cheng H, Holton K, Prendergast N, Glinskii V, Cai Y, Culhane A, Bentink S, Schwede M, Mar JC, Howe EA, Aryee M, Sultana R, Lanahan AA, Taylor JM, Holmes C, Hahn WC, Zhao JJ, Iglehart JD, Quackenbush J. Therapeutic implications of GIPC1 silencing in cancer. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15581. [PMID: 21209904 PMCID: PMC3012716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
GIPC1 is a cytoplasmic scaffold protein that interacts with numerous receptor signaling complexes, and emerging evidence suggests that it plays a role in tumorigenesis. GIPC1 is highly expressed in a number of human malignancies, including breast, ovarian, gastric, and pancreatic cancers. Suppression of GIPC1 in human pancreatic cancer cells inhibits in vivo tumor growth in immunodeficient mice. To better understand GIPC1 function, we suppressed its expression in human breast and colorectal cancer cell lines and human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) and assayed both gene expression and cellular phenotype. Suppression of GIPC1 promotes apoptosis in MCF-7, MDA-MD231, SKBR-3, SW480, and SW620 cells and impairs anchorage-independent colony formation of HMECs. These observations indicate GIPC1 plays an essential role in oncogenic transformation, and its expression is necessary for the survival of human breast and colorectal cancer cells. Additionally, a GIPC1 knock-down gene signature was used to interrogate publically available breast and ovarian cancer microarray datasets. This GIPC1 signature statistically correlates with a number of breast and ovarian cancer phenotypes and clinical outcomes, including patient survival. Taken together, these data indicate that GIPC1 inhibition may represent a new target for therapeutic development for the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Chittenden
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, Oxford Centre for Gene Function, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Pak
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Renee Rubio
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Hailing Cheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Kristina Holton
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Niall Prendergast
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Vladimir Glinskii
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Yi Cai
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Aedin Culhane
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stefan Bentink
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mathew Schwede
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Jessica C. Mar
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eleanor A. Howe
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
- Department of Statistics, Oxford Centre for Gene Function, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Aryee
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University and Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States America
| | - Razvan Sultana
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Anthony A. Lanahan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States America
| | | | - Chris Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Oxford Centre for Gene Function, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - William C. Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Jean J. Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - J. Dirk Iglehart
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - John Quackenbush
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Djiane A, Mlodzik M. The Drosophila GIPC homologue can modulate myosin based processes and planar cell polarity but is not essential for development. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11228. [PMID: 20574526 PMCID: PMC2888583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelia often show, in addition to the ubiquitous apico-basal (A/B) axis, a polarization within the plane of the epithelium, perpendicular to the A/B axis. Such planar cell polarity (PCP) is for example evident in the regular arrangement of the stereocilia in the cochlea of the mammalian inner ear or in (almost) all Drosophila adult external structures. GIPCs (GAIP interacting protein, C terminus) were first identified in mammals and bind to the Gαi GTPase activating protein RGS-GAIP. They have been proposed to act in a G-protein coupled complex controlling vesicular trafficking. Although GIPCs have been found to bind to numerous proteins including Frizzled receptors, which participate in PCP establishment, there is little in vivo evidence for the functional role(s) of GIPCs. We show here that overexpressed Drosophila dGIPC alters PCP generation in the wing. We were however unable to find any binding between dGIPC and the Drosophila receptors Fz1 and Fz2. The effect of overexpressed dGIPC is likely due to an effect on the actin cytoskeleton via myosins, since it is almost entirely suppressed by removing a genomic copy of the Myosin VI/jaguar gene. Surprisingly, although dGIPC can interfere with PCP generation and myosin based processes, the complete loss-of-function of dGIPC gives viable adults with no PCP or other detectable defects arguing for a non-essential role of dGIPC in viability and normal Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Djiane
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Choi JS, Paek AR, Kim SY, You HJ. GIPC mediates the generation of reactive oxygen species and the regulation of cancer cell proliferation by insulin-like growth factor-1/IGF-1R signaling. Cancer Lett 2010; 294:254-63. [PMID: 20206441 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/IGF-1 receptor signaling participates in a variety of cellular processes, including cell survival, growth, and proliferation. Increased expression of IGF-1R and activation of its downstream signaling components have been implicated in human cancers. Although a regulatory role for IGF-1R has been established, the relationship between IGF-1R and its binding partner, GAIP-interacting protein C-terminus (GIPC), in terms of promoting cell proliferation, remains unclear. We found that siRNA-mediated silencing of GIPC expression decreased IGF-1-mediated IGF-1R phosphorylation and cellular proliferation in breast cancer models. IGF-1-mediated cellular proliferation was also inhibited by N-acetylcysteine, which implicates reactive oxygen species generation. siRNA-mediated silencing of GIPC expression also decreased IGF-1-mediated reactive oxygen species generation. Taken together, these data suggest that GIPC contributes to IGF-1-induced cancer cell proliferation via the regulation of reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Seung Choi
- Carcinogenesis Branch, Div. of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Research Institute, 111 Jungbalsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, South Korea
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Muders MH, Vohra PK, Dutta SK, Wang E, Ikeda Y, Wang L, Udugamasooriya DG, Memic A, Rupasinghe CN, Rupashinghe CN, Baretton GB, Aust DE, Langer S, Datta K, Simons M, Spaller MR, Mukhopadhyay D. Targeting GIPC/synectin in pancreatic cancer inhibits tumor growth. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4095-103. [PMID: 19509165 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Various studies have shown the importance of the GAIP interacting protein, COOH-terminus (GIPC, also known as Synectin) as a central adaptor molecule in different signaling pathways and as an important mediator of receptor stability. GIPC/Synectin is associated with different growth-promoting receptors such as insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR) and integrins. These interactions were mediated through its PDZ domain. GIPC/Synectin has been shown to be overexpressed in pancreatic and breast cancer. The goal of this study was to show the importance of GIPC/Synectin in pancreatic cancer growth and to evaluate a possible therapeutic strategy by using a GIPC-PDZ domain inhibitor. Furthermore, the effect of targeting GIPC on the IGF-I receptor as one of its associated receptors was tested. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The in vivo effects of GIPC/Synectin knockdown were studied after lentiviral transduction of luciferase-expressing pancreatic cancer cells with short hairpin RNA against GIPC/Synectin. Additionally, a GIPC-PDZ--targeting peptide was designed. This peptide was tested for its influence on pancreatic cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Knockdown of GIPC/Synectin led to a significant inhibition of pancreatic adenocarcinoma growth in an orthotopic mouse model. Additionally, a cell-permeable GIPC-PDZ inhibitor was able to block tumor growth significantly without showing toxicity in a mouse model. Targeting GIPC was accompanied by a significant reduction in IGF-IR expression in pancreatic cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that targeting GIPC/Synectin and its PDZ domain inhibits pancreatic carcinoma growth and is a potential strategy for therapeutic intervention of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Muders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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28
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Lekishvili T, Fromm E, Mujoomdar M, Berditchevski F. The tumour-associated antigen L6 (L6-Ag) is recruited to the tetraspanin-enriched microdomains: implication for tumour cell motility. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:685-94. [PMID: 18270265 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour-associated antigen L6 (L6-Ag, also known as TM4SF1) regulates tumour cell motility and invasiveness. We found that L6-Ag is abundant on the plasma membrane and on intracellular vesicles, on which it is co-localised with the markers for late endosomal/lysosomal compartments, including Lamp1/Lamp2 proteins and LBPA. Antibody internalisation and live-imaging experiments suggested that L6-Ag is targeted to late endocytic organelles (LEO) predominantly via a biosynthetic pathway. Mapping experiments showed that the presence of transmembrane regions is sufficient for directing L6-Ag to LEO. On the plasma membrane, L6-Ag is associated with tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TERM). All three predicted cytoplasmic regions of L6-Ag are crucial for the effective recruitment of the protein to TERM. Recruitment to TERM correlated with the pro-migratory activity of L6-Ag. Depletion of L6-Ag with siRNA has a selective effect on the surface expression of tetraspanins CD63 and CD82. By contrast, the expression levels of other tetraspanins and beta1 integrins was not affected. We found that L6-Ag is ubiquitylated and that ubiquitylation is essential for its function in cell migration. These data suggest that L6-Ag influences cell motility via TERM by regulating the surface presentation and endocytosis of some of their components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Lekishvili
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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29
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Frasca F, Pandini G, Sciacca L, Pezzino V, Squatrito S, Belfiore A, Vigneri R. The role of insulin receptors and IGF-I receptors in cancer and other diseases. Arch Physiol Biochem 2008; 114:23-37. [PMID: 18465356 DOI: 10.1080/13813450801969715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence, both in vitro and in vivo, that receptor tyrosine kinases play a key role in the formation and progression of human cancer. In particular, the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR), a tyrosine kinase receptor for IGF-I and IGF-II, has been well documented in cell culture, animal studies, and humans to play a role in malignant transformation, progression, protection from apoptosis, and metastasis. In addition, the hormone insulin (which is very closely related to the IGFs) and its tyrosine kinase receptor (the IR, which is very closely related to the IGR-IR) have been documented both in vitro and in vivo to play a key role in cancer biology. Indeed, several epidemiological studies have shown that insulin resistance status, characterized by hyperinsulinaemia, is associated with an increased risk for a number of malignancies, including carcinomas of the breast, prostate, colon and kidney. Recent data have elucidated some molecular mechanisms by which IR is involved in cancer. IR is over-expressed in several human malignancies. Interestingly, one of the two IR isoform (IR-A) is especially over-expressed in cancer. IR-A is the IR foetal isoform and has the peculiar characteristic to bind not only insulin but also IGF-II. In addition, the IR contributes to formation of hybrid receptors with the IGF-IR (HR). By binding to hybrid receptors, insulin may stimulate specific IGF-IR signalling pathways. Over-expression of IR-A is, therefore, a major mechanism of IGF system over-activation in cancer. In this respect, IR-A isoform and hybrid receptors should be regarded as potential molecular targets, in addition to IGF-IR, for novel anti-cancer therapy. These findings may have important implications for both the prevention and treatment of common human malignancies. They underline the concept that hyperinsulinaemia, associated with insulin resistance and obesity, should be treated by changes in life style and/or pharmacological approaches to avoid an increased risk for cancer. Moreover, native insulin and insulin analogue administration should be carefully evaluated in terms of the possible increase in cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Frasca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Catania, Via Palermo 636, Catania, Italy.
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Muders MH, Dutta SK, Wang L, Lau JS, Bhattacharya R, Smyrk TC, Chari ST, Datta K, Mukhopadhyay D. Expression and regulatory role of GAIP-interacting protein GIPC in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10264-8. [PMID: 17079444 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulator of G-protein signaling-GAIP-interacting protein COOH terminus (GIPC) is involved in protein trafficking, endocytosis, and receptor clustering and is associated with insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), a receptor important for proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. Here, we described GIPC expression in different human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PCA) cell lines and we examined the role of GIPC in the regulation of IGF-IR protein levels in PCA. Interestingly, inhibition of GIPC expression by RNA interference led to reduced IGF-IR protein levels and a subsequent decrease in proliferation of PCA cells. We also determined that the PDZ domain of GIPC is essential for the post-translational regulation and the binding of IGF-IR. The importance of GIPC in pancreatic cancer development and progression is supported by tissue microarray data of 300 pancreatic cancer specimens where GIPC is highly expressed in PCA. Taken together, our data suggest that GIPC is a central molecule for the stability of IGF-IR and could be a target for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Muders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Kedlaya RH, Bhat KM, Mitchell J, Darnell SJ, Setaluri V. TRP1 interacting PDZ-domain protein GIPC forms oligomers and is localized to intracellular vesicles in human melanocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 454:160-9. [PMID: 16962991 PMCID: PMC2877380 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 08/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PDZ proteins coordinate assembly of protein complexes that participate in diverse biological processes. GIPC is a multifunctional PDZ protein that interacts with several soluble and membrane proteins. Unlike most PDZ proteins, GIPC contains single PDZ domain and the mechanisms by which GIPC mediates its actions remain unclear. We investigated the possibility that in lieu of multiple PDZ domains, GIPC forms multimers. Here, we demonstrate that GIPC can bind to itself and that the PDZ domain is involved in GIPC-GIPC interaction. Gel filtration, sucrose gradient centrifugation and chemical cross-linking showed that whereas bulk of cytosolic GIPC was present as monomer, oligomers with an estimated molecular mass corresponding to GIPC homotrimer were readily detectable in the membrane fraction. Modeling of GIPC PDZ domain showed feasibility of trimerization. Immunogold electron microscopy showed that GIPC is present in clusters near vesicles. Our data suggest that oligomers of GIPC mediate its functions in melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumar M.R. Bhat
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Julie Mitchell
- Department of Mathematics and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Steven J. Darnell
- Department of Mathematics and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Bauer TW, Somcio RJ, Fan F, Liu W, Johnson M, Lesslie DP, Evans DB, Gallick GE, Ellis LM. Regulatory role of c-Met in insulin-like growth factor-I receptor-mediated migration and invasion of human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1676-82. [PMID: 16891453 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic carcinoma cells overexpress the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor (IGF-IR) and the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor, c-Met, which are both known to mediate tumor cell migration and invasion. We hypothesized that IGF-IR and c-Met cooperate to induce migration and invasion of human pancreatic carcinoma cells and that IGF-I-mediated migration and invasion depend on c-Met. Migration and invasion assays were done with the human pancreatic cancer cell line L3.6pl treated with PBS, IGF-I, HGF, or IGF-I plus HGF. To determine if c-Met is necessary for IGF-IR-mediated migration and invasion, c-Met was down-regulated in L3.6pl cells via adenoviral infection with a c-Met ribozyme before IGF-I treatment. IGF-I and HGF increased cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, IGF-I plus HGF had a greater than additive effect on cell migration and invasion compared with either growth factor alone. Down-regulation of c-Met nearly completely inhibited IGF-I-mediated migration and invasion. Our findings suggest that IGF-IR and c-Met cooperate to induce migration and invasion of human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Furthermore, c-Met is required for both HGF- and IGF-I-mediated migration and invasion. Elucidation of the signaling pathways that contribute to tumor progression and metastasis should provide a foundation for the development of targeted therapies for pancreatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd W Bauer
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 444, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Wu J, O'Donnell M, Gitler AD, Klein PS. Kermit 2/XGIPC, an IGF1 receptor interacting protein, is required for IGF signaling in Xenopus eye development. Development 2006; 133:3651-60. [PMID: 16914488 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GIPC is a PDZ-domain-containing protein identified in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms through its interaction with a variety of binding partners including many membrane proteins. Despite the multiple reports identifying GIPC, its endogenous function and the physiological significance of these interactions are much less studied. We have previously identified the Xenopus GIPC homolog kermit as a frizzled 3 interacting protein that is required for frizzled 3 induction of neural crest in ectodermal explants. We identified a second Xenopus GIPC homolog, named kermit 2 (also recently described as an IGF receptor interacting protein and named XGIPC). Despite its high amino acid similarity with kermit, kermit 2/XGIPC has a distinct function in Xenopus embryos. Loss-of-function analysis indicates that kermit 2/XGIPC is specifically required for Xenopus eye development. Kermit 2/XGIPC functions downstream of IGF in eye formation and is required for maintaining IGF-induced AKT activation. A constitutively active PI3 kinase partially rescues the Kermit 2/XGIPC loss-of-function phenotype. Our results provide the first in vivo loss of function analysis of GIPC in embryonic development and also indicate that kermit 2/XGIPC is a novel component of the IGF pathway, potentially functioning through modulation of the IGF1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Wu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Huang H, Gao Y. A method for generation of arbitrary peptide libraries using genomic DNA. Mol Biotechnol 2005; 30:135-42. [PMID: 15920283 DOI: 10.1385/mb:30:2:135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Random peptide libraries can be constructed either by in vitro synthesis of random peptides, or through translation of DNA sequences from synthetic random oligonucleotides. Here we describe an alternative way of making arbitrary peptide libraries with high diversity that can be used in screening as random peptide libraries. Genomic DNA digested with a frequent-cutting restriction enzyme recognizing four nucleotides will theoretically consist of small DNA pieces with average length of 256 nucleotides, and on average around 107 fragments can be generated from a genome of 3 x 109 bases. A peptide library translated from these fragments will have sufficient diversity for some protein interaction screening experiments. Moreover, the same genome digested with a different four-cutter enzyme or ligated into different reading frames will result in different nonoverlapping libraries. A series of such libraries could be generated with genomic DNAs from different species. In this study, human genomic DNA was digested with four-cutter restriction enzymes DpnII and Tsp509I, respectively, and cloned into yeast expression vector pGADT7 to generate arbitrary peptide libraries. These libraries were used in yeast two-hybrid assays to screen for binding motifs of the PDZ domain containing protein synectin. Our results showed that in addition to various native carboxy-terminal tails, synectin could also bind to many artificial ones, some of which contained a consensus sequence--(S/T)XC-COOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Proteomics Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
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35
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Bauer TW, Fan F, Liu W, Johnson M, Parikh NU, Parry GC, Callahan J, Mazar AP, Gallick GE, Ellis LM. Insulinlike growth factor-I-mediated migration and invasion of human colon carcinoma cells requires activation of c-Met and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. Ann Surg 2005; 241:748-56; discussion 756-8. [PMID: 15849510 PMCID: PMC1357129 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000160699.59061.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-I) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) cooperate to induce migration and invasion of human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells and whether the effects of IGF-I and/or HGF are mediated through activation of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)/uPA receptor (uPAR) system, a central mediator of tumor-cell migration and invasion. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA CRC cells must invade through the basement membrane of the colon and migrate to form metastases. CRC cells are known to overexpress IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), c-Met, and uPAR, 3 cell-surface receptors known to mediate cell migration and invasion. We hypothesized that IGF-IR and c-Met cooperate to induce migration and invasion in CRC cells and that this signaling is dependent on uPAR. METHODS KM12L4 human CRC cells were treated with IGF-I, HGF, or IGF-I + HGF in transwell migration and invasion chambers; cells that had migrated or invaded were counted. To determine the role of c-Met in IGF-I-induced migration and invasion, c-Met was inhibited by infection of cells with an adenovirus containing a c-Met ribozyme; transwell assays were then repeated. To determine the role of the uPA/uPAR system in IGF-I-induced CRC cell migration and invasion, transwell assays were repeated after pretreating cells with the uPA inhibitor amiloride or with neutralizing antibodies to uPA and uPAR. RESULTS IGF-I and HGF, alone or in combination, increased cell migration and invasion. The c-Met ribozyme inhibited IGF-I- and HGF-mediated migration and invasion, indicating that c-Met is essential for these processes. uPA and uPAR inhibition blocked IGF-I- and HGF-mediated migration and invasion, suggesting that uPAR is downstream of IGF/IGF-IR and HGF/c-Met in the signaling pathways that mediate cell migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS IGF-I and HGF cooperate to induce migration and invasion of CRC cells, and c-Met and uPA/uPAR are required for IGF-I-mediated migration and invasion. In our in vitro model of CRC migration and invasion, uPA and uPAR appear to be downstream of IGF-IR and c-Met and are required for migration and invasion. Elucidation of the pathways that contribute to tumor progression and metastasis should provide a foundation for the rational development and use of targeted therapies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd W Bauer
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77230-1420, USA
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Bohlson SS, Zhang M, Ortiz CE, Tenner AJ. CD93 interacts with the PDZ domain-containing adaptor protein GIPC: implications in the modulation of phagocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 77:80-9. [PMID: 15459234 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0504305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD93 was originally identified as a myeloid cell-surface marker and subsequently associated with an ability to modulate phagocytosis of suboptimally opsonized immunoglobulin G and complement particles in vitro. Recent studies using mice deficient in CD93 have demonstrated that this molecule modulates phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in vivo. To investigate signal transduction mechanisms mediated by CD93, CD93 cytoplasmic tail (CYTO)-binding proteins were identified in a yeast two-hybrid screen. Fifteen of 34 positive clones contained a splice variant or a partial cDNA encoding GIPC, a PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing protein, shown previously to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics. A single clone of the N-terminal kinase-like protein p105 and an uncharacterized stem cell transcript also showed specificity for binding to the CYTO by yeast two-hybrid. Using the yeast two-hybrid system and an in vitro glutathione S-transferase fusion protein-binding assay, the binding of GIPC to the CYTO was shown to involve a newly identified class I PDZ-binding domain in the CD93 carboxyl terminus. Four positively charged amino acids in the juxtamembrane domain of CD93 were shown to be critical in stabilizing these interactions. Treatment of human monocytes with a cell-permeable peptide encoding the C-terminal 11 amino acids of CD93 resulted in an enhancement of phagocytosis, supporting the hypothesis that this protein-protein interaction domain is involved in the modulation of phagocytosis. These protein interactions may participate as molecular switches in modulating cellular phagocytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne S Bohlson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) provide essential signals for the control of embryonic and postnatal development in vertebrate species. In mammals, IGFs act through and are regulated by a system of receptors, binding proteins, and related proteases. In each of the many tissues dependent on this family of growth factors, this system generates a complex interaction specific to the tissue concerned. Studies carried out over the last decade, mostly with transgenic and gene knockout mouse models, have demonstrated considerable variety in the cell type-specific and developmental stage-specific functions of IGF signals. Brain, muscle, bone, cartilage, pancreas, ovary, skin, and fat tissue have been identified as major in vivo targets for IGFs. Concentrating on several of these organ systems, we review here phenotypic analyses of mice with genetically modified IGF systems. Much progress has also been made in understanding the specific intracellular signaling cascades initiated by the binding of circulating IGFs to their cognate receptor. We also summarize the most relevant aspects of this research. Considerable efforts are currently focused on deciphering the functional specificities of intracellular pathways, particularly the molecular mechanisms by which cells distinguish growth-stimulating insulin-like signals from metabolic insulin signals. Finally, there is a growing body of evidence implicating IGF signaling in lifespan control, and it has recently been shown that this function has been conserved throughout evolution. Very rapid progress in this domain seems to indicate that longevity may be subject to IGF-dependent neuroendocrine regulation and that certain periods of the life cycle may be particularly important in the determination of individual lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Dupont
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6073, Nouzilly, France
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Demoulin JB, Seo JK, Ekman S, Grapengiesser E, Hellman U, Rönnstrand L, Heldin CH. Ligand-induced recruitment of Na+/H+-exchanger regulatory factor to the PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) receptor regulates actin cytoskeleton reorganization by PDGF. Biochem J 2003; 376:505-10. [PMID: 12967325 PMCID: PMC1223789 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2003] [Revised: 07/30/2003] [Accepted: 09/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteins interacting with the human PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) beta-receptor were isolated using immobilized peptides derived from the receptor C-terminus as a bait. We identified two PDZ domain proteins, namely NHERF (Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor, also called EBP50) and NHERF2 (E3KARP, SIP-1, TKA-1), which have been shown previously to associate with the murine PDGF receptor [Maudsley, Zamah, Rahman, Blitzer, Luttrell, Lefkowitz and Hall (2000) Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 8352-8363]. In porcine aortic endothelial cells and in fibroblasts, NHERF recruitment was induced by PDGF treatment, but the receptor kinase activity was not required for the formation of the complex, suggesting that NHERF was not recruited in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner. Instead, the interaction was abolished by mutation of the consensus C-terminal PDZ-interacting domain of the receptor (Leu-1106 to Ala), or truncation of the last 75 amino acid residues of the receptor. Disruption of NHERF binding to the receptor enhanced actin filament reorganization, but did not affect PDGF-induced mitogenicity and chemotaxis. Although NHERF was initially characterized as a factor required for intracellular pH regulation by beta2-adrenergic receptors, we observed that it was not involved in pH regulation by PDGF. Collectively, these results suggest that the ligand-induced association of NHERF PDZ domain with the PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase controls the extent of cytoskeleton reorganization in response to PDGF.
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Abstract
Actin is found at the cortex of the cell where endocytosis occurs, but does it play a role in this essential process? Recent studies on the unconventional myosin, myosin VI, an actin-based molecular motor, provide compelling evidence that this myosin and therefore actin is involved in two distinct steps of endocytosis in higher eukaryotes: the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles and the movement of nascent uncoated vesicles from the actin-rich cell periphery to the early endosome. Three distinct adapter proteins--GIPC, Dab2 and SAP97--that associate with the cargo-binding tail domain of myosin VI have been identified. These proteins may recruit myosin VI to its sites of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tama Hasson
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 2129 Bonner Hall, MC 0368, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0368, USA.
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Bohula EA, Salisbury AJ, Sohail M, Playford MP, Riedemann J, Southern EM, Macaulay VM. The efficacy of small interfering RNAs targeted to the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is influenced by secondary structure in the IGF1R transcript. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:15991-7. [PMID: 12604614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300714200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is often overexpressed by tumors and mediates growth and apoptosis protection. We previously showed that antisense reagents complementary to the IGF1R translation start site enhance radio- and chemosensitivity and impair Atm function. However these agents induce relatively modest IGF1R down-regulation and affect insulin receptor levels. To identify alternative sites for molecular targeting, we utilized scanning oligonucleotide arrays to probe the secondary structure of IGF1R mRNA. This strategy enabled selection of antisense oligonucleotides that generated high heteroduplex yield with IGF1R but not insulin receptor transcripts. Antisense oligonucleotides that hybridized strongly to IGF1R mRNA caused IGF1R down-regulation within intact tumor cells, whereas weakly hybridizing oligonucleotides were inactive. Furthermore, the ability of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to block IGF1R expression correlated with the accessibility of the target sequence within the transcript. Thus, siRNAs corresponding to weakly hybridizing oligonucleotides caused minor IGF1R down-regulation, whereas siRNAs homologous to accessible targets induced profound sequence-specific IGF1R gene silencing, blocked IGF signaling, and enhanced tumor cell radiosensitivity. This indicates that secondary structure in the target transcript has a major effect on siRNA efficacy. These findings have implications for siRNA design and suggest that IGF1R-targeting agents incorporating this mode of action have potential as anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Bohula
- Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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Nourry C, Grant SGN, Borg JP. PDZ domain proteins: plug and play! SCIENCE'S STKE : SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT 2003; 2003:RE7. [PMID: 12709532 DOI: 10.1126/stke.2003.179.re7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are key elements in building functional protein complexes. Among the plethora of domains identified during the last 10 years, PDZ domains are one of the most commonly found protein-protein interaction domains in organisms from bacteria to humans. Although they may be the sole protein interaction domain within a cytoplasmic protein, they are most often found in combination with other protein interaction domains (for instance, SH3, PTB, WW) participating in complexes that facilitate signaling or determine the localization of receptors. Diversity of PDZ-containing protein function is provided by the large number of PDZ proteins that Mother Nature has distributed in the genome and implicates this protein family in the wiring of a huge number of molecules in molecular networks from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. Although at first sight their binding specificity appeared rather monotonous, involving only binding to the carboxyl-terminus of various proteins, it is now recognized that PDZ domains interact with greater versatility through PDZ-PDZ domain interaction; they bind to internal peptide sequences and even to lipids. Furthermore, PDZ domain-mediated interactions can sometimes be modulated in a dynamic way through target phosphorylation. In this review, we attempt to describe the structural basis of PDZ domain recognition and to give some functional insights into their role in the scaffolding of protein complexes implicated in normal and pathological biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Nourry
- U119 INSERM and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, 27 Boulevard Leï Roure, 13009 Marseille, France
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Kitching R, Li H, Wong MJ, Kanaganayakam S, Kahn H, Seth A. Characterization of a novel human breast cancer associated gene (BCA3) encoding an alternatively spliced proline-rich protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1625:116-21. [PMID: 12527432 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
As part of an integrated study of breast cancer gene expression, partial cDNAs were cloned from normal and tumor breast cells by subtractive-hybridization and differential display cloning. The DNA sequence for one of these breast cancer associated genes was used to construct the larger 1319 bp BCA3 cDNA sequence using ESTs without assigned names or functions. High-level BCA3 mRNA expression was found in breast and prostate tumor cell lines whereas normal breast and prostate tissues have low-level expression. Further analysis revealed possible functional domains and alternative splicing of BCA3 that we confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the protein is expressed in breast tumor cells in vivo, and not in surrounding stromal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kitching
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kiely PA, Sant A, O'Connor R. RACK1 is an insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor-interacting protein that can regulate IGF-1-mediated Akt activation and protection from cell death. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:22581-9. [PMID: 11964397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201758200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), activated by their ligands, control metabolism, cell survival, and proliferation. Although the signaling pathways activated by these receptors are well characterized, regulation of their activity is poorly understood. To identify regulatory proteins we undertook a two-hybrid screen using the IGF-1R beta-chain as bait. This screen identified Receptor for Activated C Kinases (RACK1) as an IGF-1R-interacting protein. RACK1 also interacted with the IGF-1R in fibroblasts and MCF-7 cells and with endogenous insulin receptor in COS cells. Interaction with the IGF-1R did not require tyrosine kinase activity or receptor autophosphorylation but did require serine 1248 in the C terminus. Overexpression of RACK1 in either R+ fibroblasts or MCF-7 cells inhibited IGF-1-induced phosphorylation of Akt, whereas it enhanced phosphorylation of Erks and Jnks. Src, the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and SHP-2 were all associated with RACK1 in these cells. Interestingly, the proliferation of MCF-7 cells was enhanced by overexpression of RACK1, whereas IGF-1-mediated protection from etoposide killing was greatly reduced. Altogether the data indicate that RACK1 is an IGF-1R-interacting protein that can modulate receptor signaling and suggest that RACK1 has a particular role in regulating Akt activation and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Kiely
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioscience Institute, National University of Ireland, Lee Maltings Cork, Ireland
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Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases of the insulin-insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family promote growth and mediate metabolic signals. Despite their extensive structural homology, genetic evidence indicates that their physiological functions are distinct. Nevertheless, there is limited evidence from cell culture systems suggesting that their signalling capabilities differ. Thus, it remains unclear whether the different physiological roles of insulin and IGF-I receptors result from intrinsic differences in their abilities to activate distinct signalling pathways, or arise from extrinsic differences, such as tissue distribution, relative abundance and developmental regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane J Kim
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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