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Brackx W, de Cássia Collaço R, Theys M, Cruyssen JV, Bosmans F. Understanding the physiological role of Na V1.9: Challenges and opportunities for pain modulation. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108416. [PMID: 37061202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-activated Na+ (NaV) channels are crucial contributors to rapid electrical signaling in the human body. As such, they are among the most targeted membrane proteins by clinical therapeutics and natural toxins. Several of the nine mammalian NaV channel subtypes play a documented role in pain or other sensory processes such as itch, touch, and smell. While causal relationships between these subtypes and biological function have been extensively described, the physiological role of NaV1.9 is less understood. Yet, mutations in NaV1.9 can cause striking disease phenotypes related to sensory perception such as loss or gain of pain and chronic itch. Here, we explore our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which NaV1.9 may contribute to pain and elaborate on the challenges associated with establishing links between experimental conditions and human disease. This review also discusses the lack of comprehensive insights into NaV1.9-specific pharmacology, an unfortunate situation since modulatory compounds may have tremendous potential in the clinic to treat pain or as precision tools to examine the extent of NaV1.9 participation in sensory perception processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayra Brackx
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rita de Cássia Collaço
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margaux Theys
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vander Cruyssen
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Bosmans
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Moreland T, Poulain FE. To Stick or Not to Stick: The Multiple Roles of Cell Adhesion Molecules in Neural Circuit Assembly. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:889155. [PMID: 35573298 PMCID: PMC9096351 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.889155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise wiring of neural circuits is essential for brain connectivity and function. During development, axons respond to diverse cues present in the extracellular matrix or at the surface of other cells to navigate to specific targets, where they establish precise connections with post-synaptic partners. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) represent a large group of structurally diverse proteins well known to mediate adhesion for neural circuit assembly. Through their adhesive properties, CAMs act as major regulators of axon navigation, fasciculation, and synapse formation. While the adhesive functions of CAMs have been known for decades, more recent studies have unraveled essential, non-adhesive functions as well. CAMs notably act as guidance cues and modulate guidance signaling pathways for axon pathfinding, initiate contact-mediated repulsion for spatial organization of axonal arbors, and refine neuronal projections during circuit maturation. In this review, we summarize the classical adhesive functions of CAMs in axonal development and further discuss the increasing number of other non-adhesive functions CAMs play in neural circuit assembly.
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Ma T, Li L, Chen R, Yang L, Sun H, Du S, Xu X, Cao Z, Zhang X, Zhang L, Shi X, Liu JY. Protein arginine methyltransferase 7 modulates neuronal excitability by interacting with NaV1.9. Pain 2022; 163:753-764. [PMID: 34326297 PMCID: PMC8929296 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Human NaV1.9 (hNaV1.9), encoded by SCN11A, is preferentially expressed in nociceptors, and its mutations have been linked to pain disorders. NaV1.9 could be a promising drug target for pain relief. However, the modulation of NaV1.9 activity has remained elusive. Here, we identified a new candidate NaV1.9-interacting partner, protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7). Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings showed that coelectroporation of human SCN11A and PRMT7 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of Scn11a-/- mice increased the hNaV1.9 current density. By contrast, a PRMT7 inhibitor (DS-437) reduced mNaV1.9 currents in Scn11a+/+ mice. Using the reporter molecule CD4, we observed an increased distribution of hLoop1 on the cell surface of PRMT7-overexpressing HKE293T cells. Furthermore, we found that PRMT7 mainly binds to residues 563 to 566 within the first intracellular loop of hNaV1.9 (hLoop1) and methylates hLoop1 at arginine residue 519. Moreover, overexpression of PRMT7 increased the number of action potential fired in DRG neurons of Scn11a+/+ mice but not Scn11a-/- mice. However, DS-437 significantly inhibited the action potential frequency of DRG neurons and relieved pain hypersensitivity in Scn11aA796G/A796G mice. In summary, our observations revealed that PRMT7 modulates neuronal excitability by regulating NaV1.9 currents, which may provide a potential method for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingbin Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Lulu Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Luyao Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyue Du
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Luoying Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoliu Shi
- Department of Medical Genetics, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Yu Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Sadik O, Schaffer D, Land W, Xue H, Yazgan I, Kafesçilere AK, Sungur M. A Bayesian Network Concept for Pain Assessment (Preprint). JMIR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.2196/35711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Spead O, Weaver CJ, Moreland T, Poulain FE. Live imaging of retinotectal mapping reveals topographic map dynamics and a previously undescribed role for Contactin 2 in map sharpening. Development 2021; 148:272618. [PMID: 34698769 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Organization of neuronal connections into topographic maps is essential for processing information. Yet, our understanding of topographic mapping has remained limited by our inability to observe maps forming and refining directly in vivo. Here, we used Cre-mediated recombination of a new colorswitch reporter in zebrafish to generate the first transgenic model allowing the dynamic analysis of retinotectal mapping in vivo. We found that the antero-posterior retinotopic map forms early but remains dynamic, with nasal and temporal retinal axons expanding their projection domains over time. Nasal projections initially arborize in the anterior tectum but progressively refine their projection domain to the posterior tectum, leading to the sharpening of the retinotopic map along the antero-posterior axis. Finally, using a CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis approach, we demonstrate that the refinement of nasal retinal projections requires the adhesion molecule Contactin 2. Altogether, our study provides the first analysis of a topographic map maturing in real time in a live animal and opens new strategies for dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying precise topographic mapping in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Spead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Cory J Weaver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Trevor Moreland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Fabienne E Poulain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Mitchell R, Mikolajczak M, Kersten C, Fleetwood-Walker S. ErbB1-dependent signalling and vesicular trafficking in primary afferent nociceptors associated with hypersensitivity in neuropathic pain. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 142:104961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Spider venom-derived peptide induces hyperalgesia in Na v1.7 knockout mice by activating Na v1.9 channels. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2293. [PMID: 32385249 PMCID: PMC7210961 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The sodium channels Nav1.7, Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 are critical for pain perception in peripheral nociceptors. Loss of function of Nav1.7 leads to congenital insensitivity to pain in humans. Here we show that the spider peptide toxin called HpTx1, first identified as an inhibitor of Kv4.2, restores nociception in Nav1.7 knockout (Nav1.7-KO) mice by enhancing the excitability of dorsal root ganglion neurons. HpTx1 inhibits Nav1.7 and activates Nav1.9 but does not affect Nav1.8. This toxin produces pain in wild-type (WT) and Nav1.7-KO mice, and attenuates nociception in Nav1.9-KO mice, but has no effect in Nav1.8-KO mice. These data indicate that HpTx1-induced hypersensitivity is mediated by Nav1.9 activation and offers pharmacological insight into the relationship of the three Nav channels in pain signalling. Loss of function of Nav1.7 leads to congenital insensitivity to pain in humans. Here the authors found that activation of Nav1.9 can restore nociception in Nav1.7 knockout mice, revealed by a venom-derived peptide as a probe.
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Bennett DL, Clark AJ, Huang J, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD. The Role of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels in Pain Signaling. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1079-1151. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00052.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pain signaling has a key protective role and is highly evolutionarily conserved. Chronic pain, however, is maladaptive, occurring as a consequence of injury and disease, and is associated with sensitization of the somatosensory nervous system. Primary sensory neurons are involved in both of these processes, and the recent advances in understanding sensory transduction and human genetics are the focus of this review. Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are important determinants of sensory neuron excitability: they are essential for the initial transduction of sensory stimuli, the electrogenesis of the action potential, and neurotransmitter release from sensory neuron terminals. Nav1.1, Nav1.6, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 are all expressed by adult sensory neurons. The biophysical characteristics of these channels, as well as their unique expression patterns within subtypes of sensory neurons, define their functional role in pain signaling. Changes in the expression of VGSCs, as well as posttranslational modifications, contribute to the sensitization of sensory neurons in chronic pain states. Furthermore, gene variants in Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 have now been linked to human Mendelian pain disorders and more recently to common pain disorders such as small-fiber neuropathy. Chronic pain affects one in five of the general population. Given the poor efficacy of current analgesics, the selective expression of particular VGSCs in sensory neurons makes these attractive targets for drug discovery. The increasing availability of gene sequencing, combined with structural modeling and electrophysiological analysis of gene variants, also provides the opportunity to better target existing therapies in a personalized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alex J. Clark
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jianying Huang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephen G. Waxman
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sulayman D. Dib-Hajj
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
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Towards precision medicine for pain: diagnostic biomarkers and repurposed drugs. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:501-522. [PMID: 30755720 PMCID: PMC6477790 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We endeavored to identify objective blood biomarkers for pain, a subjective sensation with a biological basis, using a stepwise discovery, prioritization, validation, and testing in independent cohorts design. We studied psychiatric patients, a high risk group for co-morbid pain disorders and increased perception of pain. For discovery, we used a powerful within-subject longitudinal design. We were successful in identifying blood gene expression biomarkers that were predictive of pain state, and of future emergency department (ED) visits for pain, more so when personalized by gender and diagnosis. MFAP3, which had no prior evidence in the literature for involvement in pain, had the most robust empirical evidence from our discovery and validation steps, and was a strong predictor for pain in the independent cohorts, particularly in females and males with PTSD. Other biomarkers with best overall convergent functional evidence for involvement in pain were GNG7, CNTN1, LY9, CCDC144B, and GBP1. Some of the individual biomarkers identified are targets of existing drugs. Moreover, the biomarker gene expression signatures were used for bioinformatic drug repurposing analyses, yielding leads for possible new drug candidates such as SC-560 (an NSAID), and amoxapine (an antidepressant), as well as natural compounds such as pyridoxine (vitamin B6), cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), and apigenin (a plant flavonoid). Our work may help mitigate the diagnostic and treatment dilemmas that have contributed to the current opioid epidemic.
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Touska F, Turnquist B, Vlachova V, Reeh PW, Leffler A, Zimmermann K. Heat-resistant action potentials require TTX-resistant sodium channels Na V1.8 and Na V1.9. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:1125-1144. [PMID: 29970412 PMCID: PMC6080895 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201711786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociceptors prevent damage by being able to detect and transmit noxious stimuli, such as hot temperatures. Touska et al. show that the TTX-resistant NaV channels, NaV1.8 and NaV1.9, are required for heat-resistant nociceptors to encode noxious heat and that the current through NaV1.9 increases at higher temperatures. Damage-sensing nociceptors in the skin provide an indispensable protective function thanks to their specialized ability to detect and transmit hot temperatures that would block or inflict irreversible damage in other mammalian neurons. Here we show that the exceptional capacity of skin C-fiber nociceptors to encode noxiously hot temperatures depends on two tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant sodium channel α-subunits: NaV1.8 and NaV1.9. We demonstrate that NaV1.9, which is commonly considered an amplifier of subthreshold depolarizations at 20°C, undergoes a large gain of function when temperatures rise to the pain threshold. We also show that this gain of function renders NaV1.9 capable of generating action potentials with a clear inflection point and positive overshoot. In the skin, heat-resistant nociceptors appear as two distinct types with unique and possibly specialized features: one is blocked by TTX and relies on NaV1.9, and the second type is insensitive to TTX and composed of both NaV1.8 and NaV1.9. Independent of rapidly gated TTX-sensitive NaV channels that form the action potential at pain threshold, NaV1.8 is required in all heat-resistant nociceptors to encode temperatures higher than ∼46°C, whereas NaV1.9 is crucial for shaping the action potential upstroke and keeping the NaV1.8 voltage threshold within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Touska
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie am Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Brian Turnquist
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Bethel University, St. Paul, MN
| | - Viktorie Vlachova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter W Reeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Leffler
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Zimmermann
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie am Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Takahara K, Yamamoto T, Uchida K, Zhu HL, Shibata A, Inai T, Noguchi M, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Teramoto N. Effects of 4,9-anhydrotetrodotoxin on voltage-gated Na + channels of mouse vas deferens myocytes and recombinant Na V1.6 channels. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:489-499. [PMID: 29453527 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular investigations were performed in order to determine the major characteristics of voltage-gated Na+ channel β-subunits in mouse vas deferens. The use of real-time quantitative PCR showed that the expression of Scn1b was significantly higher than that of other β-subunit genes (Scn2b - Scn4b). Immunoreactivity of Scn1b proteins was also detected in the inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle of mouse vas deferens. In whole-cell recordings, the actions of 4,9-anhydroTTX on voltage-gated Na+ current peak amplitude in myocytes (i.e., native INa) were compared with its inhibitory potency on recombinant NaV1.6 channels (expressed in HEK293 cells). A depolarizing rectangular voltage-pulse elicited a fast and transient inward native INa and recombinant NaV1.6 expressed in HEK293 cells (i.e., recombinant INa). The current decay of native INa was similar to the recombinant NaV1.6 current co-expressed with β1-subunits. The current-voltage (I-V) relationships of native INa were similar to those of recombinant NaV1.6 currents co-expressed with β1-subunits. Application of 4,9-anhydroTTX inhibited the peak amplitude of native INa (K i = 510 nM), recombinant INa (K i = 112 nM), and recombinant INa co-expressed with β1-subunits (K i = 92 nM). The half-maximal (Vhalf) activation and inactivation of native INa values were similar to those observed in recombinant INa co-expressed with β1-subunits. These results suggest that β1-subunit proteins are likely to be expressed mainly in the smooth muscle layers of murine vas deferens and that 4,9-anhydroTTX inhibited not only native INa but also recombinant INa and recombinant INa co-expressed with β1-subunits in a concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Takahara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Uchida
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hai-Lei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Inai
- Department of Morphological Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Noguchi
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry of Natural Products, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Teramoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan. .,Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan.
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Hillen AEJ, Burbach JPH, Hol EM. Cell adhesion and matricellular support by astrocytes of the tripartite synapse. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 165-167:66-86. [PMID: 29444459 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to the formation, function, and plasticity of synapses. Their processes enwrap the neuronal components of the tripartite synapse, and due to this close interaction they are perfectly positioned to modulate neuronal communication. The interaction between astrocytes and synapses is facilitated by cell adhesion molecules and matricellular proteins, which have been implicated in the formation and functioning of tripartite synapses. The importance of such neuron-astrocyte integration at the synapse is underscored by the emerging role of astrocyte dysfunction in synaptic pathologies such as autism and schizophrenia. Here we review astrocyte-expressed cell adhesion molecules and matricellular molecules that play a role in integration of neurons and astrocytes within the tripartite synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E J Hillen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Taha O, Opitz T, Mueller M, Pitsch J, Becker A, Evert BO, Beck H, Jeub M. Neuropathic pain in experimental autoimmune neuritis is associated with altered electrophysiological properties of nociceptive DRG neurons. Exp Neurol 2017; 297:25-35. [PMID: 28734788 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute, immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy characterized by rapidly progressive paresis and sensory disturbances. Moderate to severe and often intractable neuropathic pain is a common symptom of GBS, but its underlying mechanisms are unknown. Pathology of GBS is classically attributed to demyelination of large, myelinated peripheral fibers. However, there is increasing evidence that neuropathic pain in GBS is associated with impaired function of small, unmyelinated, nociceptive fibers. We therefore examined the functional properties of small DRG neurons, the somata of nociceptive fibers, in a rat model of GBS (experimental autoimmune neuritis=EAN). EAN rats developed behavioral signs of neuropathic pain. This was accompanied by a significant shortening of action potentials due to a more rapid repolarization and an increase in repetitive firing in a subgroup of capsaicin-responsive DRG neurons. Na+ current measurements revealed a significant increase of the fast TTX-sensitive current and a reduction of the persistent TTX-sensitive current component. These changes of Na+ currents may account for the significant decrease in AP duration leading to an overall increase in excitability and are therefore possibly directly linked to pathological pain behavior. Thus, like in other animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain, Na+ channels seem to be crucially involved in the pathology of GBS and may constitute promising targets for pain modulating pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omneya Taha
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany; Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thoralf Opitz
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcus Mueller
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julika Pitsch
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert Becker
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Oliver Evert
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Heinz Beck
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Monika Jeub
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany; Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Reduced excitability and impaired nociception in peripheral unmyelinated fibers from Nav1.9-null mice. Pain 2016; 158:58-67. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lin Z, Santos S, Padilla K, Printzenhoff D, Castle NA. Biophysical and Pharmacological Characterization of Nav1.9 Voltage Dependent Sodium Channels Stably Expressed in HEK-293 Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161450. [PMID: 27556810 PMCID: PMC4996523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage dependent sodium channel Nav1.9, is expressed preferentially in peripheral sensory neurons and has been linked to human genetic pain disorders, which makes it target of interest for the development of new pain therapeutics. However, characterization of Nav1.9 pharmacology has been limited due in part to the historical difficulty of functionally expressing recombinant channels. Here we report the successful generation and characterization of human, mouse and rat Nav1.9 stably expressed in human HEK-293 cells. These cells exhibit slowly activating and inactivating inward sodium channel currents that have characteristics of native Nav1.9. Optimal functional expression was achieved by coexpression of Nav1.9 with β1/β2 subunits. While recombinantly expressed Nav1.9 was found to be sensitive to sodium channel inhibitors TC-N 1752 and tetracaine, potency was up to 100-fold less than reported for other Nav channel subtypes despite evidence to support an interaction with the canonical local anesthetic (LA) binding region on Domain 4 S6. Nav1.9 Domain 2 S6 pore domain contains a unique lysine residue (K799) which is predicted to be spatially near the local anesthetic interaction site. Mutation of this residue to the consensus asparagine (K799N) resulted in an increase in potency for tetracaine, but a decrease for TC-N 1752, suggesting that this residue can influence interaction of inhibitors with the Nav1.9 pore. In summary, we have shown that stable functional expression of Nav1.9 in the widely used HEK-293 cells is possible, which opens up opportunities to better understand channel properties and may potentially aid identification of novel Nav1.9 based pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Lin
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonia Santos
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Karen Padilla
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Printzenhoff
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Neil A. Castle
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Hoffmann T, Kistner K, Nassar M, Reeh PW, Weidner C. Use dependence of peripheral nociceptive conduction in the absence of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel subtypes. J Physiol 2016; 594:5529-41. [PMID: 27105013 DOI: 10.1113/jp272082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS This study examines conduction in peripheral nerves and its use dependence in tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTXr) sodium channel (Nav 1.8, Nav 1.9) knockout and wildtype animals. We observed use-dependent decreases of single fibre and compound action potential amplitude in peripheral mouse C-fibres (wildtype). This matches the previously published hypothesis that increased Na/K-pump activity is not the underlying mechanism for use-dependent changes of neural conduction. Knocking out TTXr sodium channels influences use-dependent changes of conductive properties (action potential amplitude, latency, conduction safety) in the order Nav 1.8 KO > Nav 1.9KO > wildtype. This is most likely explained by different subsets of presumably (relatively) Nav 1.7-rich conducting fibres in knockout animals as compared to wildtypes, in combination with reduced per-pulse sodium influx. ABSTRACT Use dependency of peripheral nerves, especially of nociceptors, correlates with receptive properties. Slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels has been discussed to be the underlying mechanism - pointing to a receptive class-related difference of sodium channel equipment. Using electrophysiological recordings of single unmyelinated cutaneous fibres and their compound action potential (AP), we evaluated use-dependent changes in mouse peripheral nerves, and the contribution of the tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTXr) sodium channels Nav 1.8 and Nav 1.9 to these changes. Nerve fibres were electrically stimulated using single or double pulses at 2 Hz. Use-dependent changes of latency, AP amplitude, and duration as well as the fibres' ability to follow the stimulus were evaluated. AP amplitudes substantially diminished in used fibres from C57BL/6 but increased in Nav 1.8 knockout (KO) mice, with Nav 1.9 KO in between. Activity-induced latency slowing was in contrast the most pronounced in Nav 1.8 KOs and the least in wildtype mice. The genotype was also predictive of how long fibres could follow the double pulsed stimulus with wildtype fibres blocking first and Nav 1.8 KO fibres enduring the longest. In contrast, changes in spike duration were less pronounced and displayed no significant tendency. Thus, all major measures of peripheral nerve accommodation (amplitude, latency and durability) depended on genotype. All use-dependent changes appeared in the order NaV 1.8 KO > NaV 1.9 KO > wildtype, which is most likely explained by the relative contribution of Nav 1.7 varying in the same order and the amounts of per-pulse sodium influx expected in the opposite order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Hoffmann
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Kistner
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Peter W Reeh
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Weidner
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Hockley JRF, Winchester WJ, Bulmer DC. The voltage-gated sodium channel NaV 1.9 in visceral pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:316-26. [PMID: 26462871 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral pain is a common symptom for patients with gastrointestinal (GI) disease. It is unpleasant, debilitating, and represents a large unmet medical need for effective clinical treatments. Recent studies have identified NaV 1.9 as an important regulator of afferent sensitivity in visceral pain pathways to mechanical and inflammatory stimuli, suggesting that NaV 1.9 could represent an important therapeutic target for the treatment of visceral pain. This potential has been highlighted by the identification of patients who have an insensitivity to pain or painful neuropathies associated with mutations in SCN11A, the gene encoding voltage-gated sodium channel subtype 1.9 (NaV 1.9). PURPOSE Here, we address the role of NaV 1.9 in visceral pain and what known human NaV 1.9 mutants can tell us about NaV 1.9 function in gut physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R F Hockley
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - D C Bulmer
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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18
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Abstract
Multifocal motor neuropathy is an immune mediated disease presenting with multifocal muscle weakness and conduction block. IgM auto-antibodies against the ganglioside GM1 are detectable in about 50% of the patients. Auto-antibodies against the paranodal proteins contactin-1 and neurofascin-155 and the nodal protein neurofascin-186 have been detected in subgroups of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Recently, auto-antibodies against neurofascin-186 and gliomedin were described in more than 60% of patients with multifocal motor neuropathy. In the current study, we aimed to validate this finding, using a combination of different assays for auto-antibody detection. In addition we intended to detect further auto-antibodies against paranodal proteins, specifically contactin-1 and neurofascin-155 in multifocal motor neuropathy patients’ sera. We analyzed sera of 33 patients with well-characterized multifocal motor neuropathy for IgM or IgG anti-contactin-1, anti-neurofascin-155 or -186 antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, binding assays with transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells and murine teased fibers. We did not detect any IgM or IgG auto-antibodies against contactin-1, neurofascin-155 or -186 in any of our multifocal motor neuropathy patients. We conclude that auto-antibodies against contactin-1, neurofascin-155 and -186 do not play a relevant role in the pathogenesis in this cohort with multifocal motor neuropathy.
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Doppler K, Appeltshauser L, Wilhelmi K, Villmann C, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG, Mäurer M, Weishaupt A, Sommer C. Destruction of paranodal architecture in inflammatory neuropathy with anti-contactin-1 autoantibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:720-8. [PMID: 25694474 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoantibodies against paranodal proteins have been described in patients with inflammatory neuropathies, but their association with pathology of nodes of Ranvier is unclear. We describe the clinical phenotype and histopathological changes of paranodal architecture of patients with autoantibodies against contactin-1, identified from a cohort with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (n=53) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (n=21). METHODS We used ELISA to detect autoantibodies against contactin-1. Specificity of the autoantibodies was confirmed by immunoblot assay, binding to contactin-1-transfected human embryonic kidney cells, binding to paranodes of murine teased fibres and preabsorption experiments. Paranodal pathology was investigated by immunofluorescence labelling of dermal myelinated fibres. RESULTS High reactivity to contactin-1 by ELISA was found in four patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and in none of the patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome, which was confirmed by cell binding assays in all four patients. The four patients presented with a typical clinical picture, namely acute onset of disease and severe motor symptoms, with three patients manifesting action tremor. Immunofluorescence-labelling of paranodal proteins of dermal myelinated fibres revealed disruption of paranodal architecture. Semithin sections showed axonal damage but no classical signs of demyelination. INTERPRETATION We conclude that anti-contactin-1-related neuropathy constitutes a presumably autoantibody-mediated form of inflammatory neuropathy with distinct clinical symptoms and disruption of paranodal architecture as a pathological correlate. Anti-contactin-1-associated neuropathy does not meet morphological criteria of demyelinating neuropathy and therefore, might rather be termed a 'paranodopathy' rather than a subtype of demyelinating inflammatory neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Doppler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Kai Wilhelmi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Villmann
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sulayman D Dib-Hajj
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA Center of Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, USA
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA Center of Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, USA
| | - Mathias Mäurer
- Department of Neurology, Caritas-Krankenhaus Bad Mergentheim GmbH, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Weishaupt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Sommer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Vanoye CG, Kunic JD, Ehring GR, George AL. Mechanism of sodium channel NaV1.9 potentiation by G-protein signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 141:193-202. [PMID: 23359282 PMCID: PMC3557314 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201210919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant voltage-gated Na (Na(V)) channels have been implicated in nociception. In particular, Na(V)1.9 contributes to expression of persistent Na current in small diameter, nociceptive sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia and is required for inflammatory pain sensation. Using ND7/23 cells stably expressing human Na(V)1.9, we elucidated the biophysical mechanisms responsible for potentiation of channel activity by G-protein signaling to better understand the response to inflammatory mediators. Heterologous Na(V)1.9 expression evoked TTX-resistant Na current with peak activation at -40 mV with extensive overlap in voltage dependence of activation and inactivation. Inactivation kinetics were slow and incomplete, giving rise to large persistent Na currents. Single-channel recording demonstrated long openings and correspondingly high open probability (P(o)) accounting for the large persistent current amplitude. Channels exposed to intracellular GTPγS, a proxy for G-protein signaling, exhibited twofold greater current density, slowing of inactivation, and a depolarizing shift in voltage dependence of inactivation but no change in activation voltage dependence. At the single-channel level, intracellular GTPγS had no effect on single-channel amplitude but caused an increased mean open time and greater P(o) compared with recordings made in the absence of GTPγS. We conclude that G-protein activation potentiates human Na(V)1.9 activity by increasing channel open probability and mean open time, causing the larger peak and persistent current, respectively. Our results advance our understanding about the mechanism of Na(V)1.9 potentiation by G-protein signaling during inflammation and provide a cellular platform useful for the discovery of Na(V)1.9 modulators with potential utility in treating inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Vanoye
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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21
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Malykhina AP, Lei Q, Erickson CS, Epstein ML, Saban MR, Davis CA, Saban R. VEGF induces sensory and motor peripheral plasticity, alters bladder function, and promotes visceral sensitivity. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 12:15. [PMID: 23249422 PMCID: PMC3543727 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-12-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This work tests the hypothesis that bladder instillation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) modulates sensory and motor nerve plasticity, and, consequently, bladder function and visceral sensitivity.In addition to C57BL/6J, ChAT-cre mice were used for visualization of bladder cholinergic nerves. The direct effect of VEGF on the density of sensory nerves expressing the transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1) and cholinergic nerves (ChAT) was studied one week after one or two intravesical instillations of the growth factor.To study the effects of VEGF on bladder function, mice were intravesically instilled with VEGF and urodynamic evaluation was assessed. VEGF-induced alteration in bladder dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons was performed on retrogradly labeled urinary bladder afferents by patch-clamp recording of voltage gated Na+ currents. Determination of VEGF-induced changes in sensitivity to abdominal mechanostimulation was performed by application of von Frey filaments. RESULTS In addition to an overwhelming increase in TRPV1 immunoreactivity, VEGF instillation resulted in an increase in ChAT-directed expression of a fluorescent protein in several layers of the urinary bladder. Intravesical VEGF caused a profound change in the function of the urinary bladder: acute VEGF (1 week post VEGF treatment) reduced micturition pressure and longer treatment (2 weeks post-VEGF instillation) caused a substantial reduction in inter-micturition interval. In addition, intravesical VEGF resulted in an up-regulation of voltage gated Na(+) channels (VGSC) in bladder DRG neurons and enhanced abdominal sensitivity to mechanical stimulation. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, evidence is presented indicating that VEGF instillation into the mouse bladder promotes a significant increase in peripheral nerve density together with alterations in bladder function and visceral sensitivity. The VEGF pathway is being proposed as a key modulator of neural plasticity in the pelvis and enhanced VEGF content may be associated with visceral hyperalgesia, abdominal discomfort, and/or pelvic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Malykhina
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Glenolden, 19036-2307, USA
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22
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Waxman SG. Sodium channels, the electrogenisome and the electrogenistat: lessons and questions from the clinic. J Physiol 2012; 590:2601-12. [PMID: 22411010 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.228460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the six decades that have followed the work of Hodgkin and Huxley, multiple generations of neuroscientists and biophysicists have built upon their pivotal contributions. It is now clear that, in mammals, nine genes encode nine distinct voltage-gated sodium channels with different amino acid sequences and different physiological and pharmacological properties. The different sodium channel isoforms produce a multiplicity of distinct sodium currents with different time-dependent characteristics and voltage dependencies, which interact with each other and with the currents produced by other channels (including calcium and potassium channels) to shape neuronal firing patterns. Expression of these sodium channel isoforms is highly dynamic, both in the normal nervous system, and in the injured nervous system. Recent research has shed light on the roles of sodium channels in human disease, a development that may open up new therapeutic strategies. This article examines the pain-signalling system as an example of a neuronal network where multiple sodium channel isoforms play complementary roles in electrogenesis and a strong link with human disease has been established. Recent research suggests that it may be possible to target specific sodium channel isoforms that drive hyperexcitability in pain-signalling neurons, thereby providing new therapeutic strategies for chronic pain, and providing an illustration of the impact of the Hodgkin-Huxley legacy in the clinical domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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23
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Tsai PS, Brooks LR, Rochester JR, Kavanaugh SI, Chung WCJ. Fibroblast growth factor signaling in the developing neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Front Neuroendocrinol 2011; 32:95-107. [PMID: 21129392 PMCID: PMC3050526 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is pivotal to the formation of numerous central regions. Increasing evidence suggests FGF signaling also directs the development of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus, a collection of neuroendocrine neurons originating primarily within the nose and the ventricular zone of the diencephalon. This review outlines evidence for a role of FGF signaling in the prenatal and postnatal development of several hypothalamic neuroendocrine systems. The emphasis is placed on the nasally derived gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, which depend on neurotrophic cues from FGF signaling throughout the neurons' lifetime. Although less is known about neuroendocrine neurons derived from the diencephalon, recent studies suggest they also exhibit variable levels of dependence on FGF signaling. Overall, FGF signaling provides a broad spectrum of cues that ranges from genesis, cell survival/death, migration, morphological changes, to hormone synthesis in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Abnormal FGF signaling will deleteriously impact multiple hypothalamic neuroendocrine systems, resulting in the disruption of diverse physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-San Tsai
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA.
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Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG. Isoform-specific and pan-channel partners regulate trafficking and plasma membrane stability; and alter sodium channel gating properties. Neurosci Lett 2010; 486:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
A cardinal feature of inflammation is heightened pain sensitivity at the site of the inflamed tissue. This results from the local release by immune and injured cells of nociceptor sensitizers, including prostaglandin E(2), bradykinin, and nerve growth factor, that reduce the threshold and increase the excitability of the peripheral terminals of nociceptors so that they now respond to innocuous stimuli: the phenomenon of peripheral sensitization. We show here that the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), in addition to producing inflammation and inducing synthesis of several nociceptor sensitizers, also rapidly and directly activates nociceptors to generate action potentials and induce pain hypersensitivity. IL-1beta acts in a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAP kinase)-dependent manner, to increase the excitability of nociceptors by relieving resting slow inactivation of tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channels and also enhances persistent TTX-resistant current near threshold. By acting as an IL-1beta sensor, nociceptors can directly signal the presence of ongoing tissue inflammation.
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Shimoda Y, Watanabe K. Contactins: emerging key roles in the development and function of the nervous system. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:64-70. [PMID: 19262165 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.1.7764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contactins are a subgroup of molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily that are expressed exclusively in the nervous system. The subgroup consists of six members: contactin, TAG-1, BIG-1, BIG-2, NB-2 and NB-3. Since their identification in the late 1980s, contactin and TAG-1 have been studied extensively. Axonal expression and the neurite extension activity of contactin and TAG-1 attracted researchers to study the function of these molecules in axon guidance during development. After the exciting discovery of the molecular function of contactin and TAG-1 in myelination earlier this decade, these two molecules have come to be known as the principal molecules in the function and maintenance of myelinated neurons. In contrast, the function of the other four members of this subgroup remained unknown until recently. Here, we will give an overview of contactin function, including recent progress on BIG-2, NB-2 and NB-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Shimoda
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
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Growth-inhibiting extracellular matrix proteins also inhibit electrical activity by reducing calcium and increasing potassium conductances. Neuroscience 2009; 158:592-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bizzoca A, Corsi P, Gennarini G. The mouse F3/contactin glycoprotein: structural features, functional properties and developmental significance of its regulated expression. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:53-63. [PMID: 19372728 PMCID: PMC2675150 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.1.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
F3/Contactin is an immunoglobulin superfamily component expressed in the nervous tissue of several species. Here we focus on the structural and functional properties of its mouse relative, on the mechanisms driving its regulated expression and on its developmental role. F3/Contactin is differentially expressed in distinct populations of central and peripheral neurons and in some non-neuronal cells. Accordingly, the regulatory region of the underlying gene includes promoter elements undergoing differential activation, associated with an intricate splicing profile, indicating that transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms contribute to its expression. Transgenic models allowed to follow F3/Contactin promoter activation in vivo and to modify F3/Contactin gene expression under a heterologous promoter, which resulted in morphological and functional phenotypes. Besides axonal growth and pathfinding, these concerned earlier events, including precursor proliferation and commitment. This wide role in neural ontogenesis is consistent with the recognized interaction of F3/Contactin with developmental control genes belonging to the Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bizzoca
- Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, Medical School, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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29
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Compton AG, Albrecht DE, Seto JT, Cooper ST, Ilkovski B, Jones KJ, Challis D, Mowat D, Ranscht B, Bahlo M, Froehner SC, North KN. Mutations in contactin-1, a neural adhesion and neuromuscular junction protein, cause a familial form of lethal congenital myopathy. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 83:714-24. [PMID: 19026398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported a group of patients with congenital onset weakness associated with a deficiency of members of the syntrophin-alpha-dystrobrevin subcomplex and have demonstrated that loss of syntrophin and dystrobrevin from the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle can also be associated with denervation. Here, we have further studied four individuals from a consanguineous Egyptian family with a lethal congenital myopathy inherited in an autosomal-recessive fashion and characterized by a secondary loss of beta2-syntrophin and alpha-dystrobrevin from the muscle sarcolemma, central nervous system involvement, and fetal akinesia. We performed homozygosity mapping and candidate gene analysis and identified a mutation that segregates with disease within CNTN1, the gene encoding for the neural immunoglobulin family adhesion molecule, contactin-1. Contactin-1 transcripts were markedly decreased on gene-expression arrays of muscle from affected family members compared to controls. We demonstrate that contactin-1 is expressed at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in mice and man in addition to the previously documented expression in the central and peripheral nervous system. In patients with secondary dystroglycanopathies, we show that contactin-1 is abnormally localized to the sarcolemma instead of exclusively at the NMJ. The cntn1 null mouse presents with ataxia, progressive muscle weakness, and postnatal lethality, similar to the affected members in this family. We propose that loss of contactin-1 from the NMJ impairs communication or adhesion between nerve and muscle resulting in the severe myopathic phenotype. This disorder is part of the continuum in the clinical spectrum of congenital myopathies and congenital myasthenic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Compton
- Institute for Neuromuscular Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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31
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Gold MS. Na(+) channel blockers for the treatment of pain: context is everything, almost. Exp Neurol 2008; 210:1-6. [PMID: 18234194 PMCID: PMC2312090 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Gold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Pinto V, Derkach VA, Safronov BV. Role of TTX-Sensitive and TTX-Resistant Sodium Channels in Aδ- and C-Fiber Conduction and Synaptic Transmission. J Neurophysiol 2008; 99:617-28. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00944.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin afferent axons conduct nociceptive signals from the periphery to the spinal cord. Their somata express two classes of Na+ channels, TTX-sensitive (TTX-S) and TTX-resistant (TTX-R), but their relative contribution to axonal conduction and synaptic transmission is not well understood. We studied this contribution by comparing effects of nanomolar TTX concentrations on currents associated with compound action potentials in the peripheral and central branches of Aδ- and C-fiber axons as well as on the Aδ- and C-fiber-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in spinal dorsal horn neurons of rat. At room temperature, TTX completely blocked Aδ-fibers (IC50, 5–7 nM) in dorsal roots (central branch) and spinal, sciatic, and sural nerves (peripheral branch). The C-fiber responses were blocked by 85–89% in the peripheral branch and by 65–66% in dorsal roots (IC50, 14–33 nM) with simultaneous threefold reduction in their conduction velocity. At physiological temperature, the degree of TTX block in dorsal roots increased to 93%. The Aδ- and C-fiber-mediated EPSCs in dorsal horn neurons were also sensitive to TTX. At room temperature, 30 nM blocked completely Aδ-input and 84% of the C-fiber input, which was completely suppressed at 300 nM TTX. We conclude that in mammals, the TTX-S Na+ channels dominate conduction in all thin primary afferents. It is the only type of functional Na+ channel in Aδ-fibers. In C-fibers, the TTX-S Na+ channels determine the physiological conduction velocity and control synaptic transmission. TTX-R Na+ channels could not provide propagation of full-amplitude spikes able to trigger synaptic release in the spinal cord.
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33
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Cusdin FS, Clare JJ, Jackson AP. Trafficking and cellular distribution of voltage-gated sodium channels. Traffic 2007; 9:17-26. [PMID: 17988224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrical excitability in cells such as neurons and myocytes depends not only upon the expression of voltage-gated sodium channels but also on their correct targeting within the plasma membrane. Placing sodium channels within a broader cell biological context is beginning to shed new light on a variety of important questions such as the integration of neuronal signaling. Mutations that affect sodium channel trafficking have been shown to underlie several life-threatening conditions including cardiac arrhythmias, revealing an important clinical context to these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona S Cusdin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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34
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Padilla F, Couble ML, Coste B, Maingret F, Clerc N, Crest M, Ritter AM, Magloire H, Delmas P. Expression and localization of the Nav1.9 sodium channel in enteric neurons and in trigeminal sensory endings: implication for intestinal reflex function and orofacial pain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 35:138-52. [PMID: 17363266 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nav1.9 sodium channel is expressed in nociceptive DRG neurons where it contributes to spontaneous pain behavior after peripheral inflammation. Here, we used a newly developed antibody to investigate the distribution of Nav1.9 in rat and mouse trigeminal ganglion (TG) nerve endings and in enteric nervous system (ENS). In TGs, Nav1.9 was expressed in the soma of small- and medium-sized, peripherin-positive neurons. Nav1.9 was present along trigeminal afferent fibers and at terminals in lip skin and dental pulp. In the ENS, Nav1.9 was detected within the soma and proximal axons of sensory, Dogiel type II, myenteric and submucosal neurons. Immunological data were correlated with the detection of persistent TTX-resistant Na(+) currents sharing similar properties in DRG, TG and myenteric neurons. Collectively, our data support a potential role of Nav1.9 in the transmission of trigeminal pain and the regulation of intestinal reflexes. Nav1.9 might therefore constitute a molecular target for therapeutic treatments of orofacial pain and gastrointestinal syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Padilla
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Cellulaire, CNRS, UMR 6150, Faculté de Médecine, IFR Jean Roche, Bd. Pierre Dramard, 13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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35
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain remains a large unmet medical need. A number of therapeutic options exist, but efficacy and tolerability are less than satisfactory. Based on animal models and limited data from human patients, the pain and hypersensitivity that characterize neuropathic pain are associated with spontaneous discharges of normally quiescent nociceptors. Sodium channel blockers inhibit this spontaneous activity, reverse nerve injury-induced pain behavior in animals and alleviate neuropathic pain in humans. Several sodium channel subtypes are expressed primarily in sensory neurons and may contribute to the efficacy of sodium channel blockers. In this report, the authors review the current understanding of the role of sodium channels and of specific sodium channel subtypes in neuropathic pain signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit T Priest
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Ion Channels, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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36
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Rush AM, Cummins TR, Waxman SG. Multiple sodium channels and their roles in electrogenesis within dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Physiol 2006; 579:1-14. [PMID: 17158175 PMCID: PMC2075388 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.121483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglion neurons express an array of sodium channel isoforms allowing precise control of excitability. An increasing body of literature indicates that regulation of firing behaviour in these cells is linked to their patterns of expression of specific sodium channel isoforms, which have been discovered to possess distinct biophysical characteristics. The pattern of expression of sodium channels differs in different subclasses of DRG neurons and is not fixed but, on the contrary, changes in response to a variety of disease insults. Moreover, modulation of channels by their environment has been found to play an important role in the response of these neurons to stimuli. In this review we illustrate how excitability can be finely tuned to provide contrasting firing templates in different subclasses of DRG neurons by selective deployment of various sodium channel isoforms, by plasticity of expression of these proteins, and by interactions of these sodium channel isoforms with each other and with other modulatory molecules.
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37
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Abstract
Voltage-gated ion channels have to be at the right place in the right number to endow individual neurons with their specific character. Their biophysical properties together with their spatial distribution define the signalling characteristics of a neuron. Improper channel localization could cause communication defects in a neuronal network. This review covers recent studies of mechanisms for targeting voltage-gated ion channels to axons and dendrites, including trafficking, retention and endocytosis pathways for the preferential localization of particular ion channels. We also discuss how the spatial localization of these channels might contribute to the electrical excitability of neurons, and consider the need for future work in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Lai
- Center for Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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38
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Fetissov SO, Bergström U, Johansen JE, Hökfelt T, Schalling M, Ranscht B. Alterations of arcuate nucleus neuropeptidergic development in contactin-deficient mice: comparison with anorexia and food-deprived mice. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 22:3217-28. [PMID: 16367788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A mutation in the Contactin-1 gene results in an ataxic and anorectic phenotype that is apparent by postnatal day 10 and lethal by postnatal day 19 [Berglund et al. (1999) Neuron 24, 739-750]. The resemblance of this phenotype with the anorexia (anx/anx) mouse mutation prompted us to investigate the hypothalamic neurochemistry of Contactin knock-out (KO) mice. Contactin was expressed in the hypothalamic neuropil of wild-type (WT) but not Contactin KO mice. In the KO condition, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) immunoreactivity (IR) accumulated in the somata of arcuate nucleus neurons, whereas IR for these neuropeptides as well as for alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) decreased in the corresponding axon projections. These changes in the pattern of neuropeptide expression in the Contactin-deficient hypothalamus were similar but more pronounced than those found in anx/anx mice. Increased levels of NPY and AgRP and decreased concentrations of pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA in arcuate neurons accompanied these changes. In relating these alterations a 24-h food deprivation period, we observed in 3-week-old WT mice an elevation of NPY- and AgRP-IR in the perikarya of arcuate neurons without notable reduction of NPY- or AgRP-IR in nerve fibers, suggesting that the decrease of arcuate projections can be associated with postnatal anorectic phenotype. Our data implicate Contactin in the postnatal development of the NPY/AgRP and alpha-MSH arcuate neurons and suggest that similar to anx/anx mutant mice, compromised orexigenic signaling via NPY/AgRP neurons may contribute to reduced food intake by the Contactin-mutant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergueï O Fetissov
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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39
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Eckerich C, Zapf S, Ulbricht U, Müller S, Fillbrandt R, Westphal M, Lamszus K. Contactin is expressed in human astrocytic gliomas and mediates repulsive effects. Glia 2006; 53:1-12. [PMID: 16078236 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Contactin is a cell surface adhesion molecule that is normally expressed by neurons and oligodendrocytes. Particularly high levels of contactin are present during brain development. Using subtractive cloning, we identified contactin transcripts as overexpressed in glioblastomas compared with normal brain. We confirmed contactin overexpression in glioblastomas at the protein level, and localized contactin to the surface of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing glioblastoma cells. In contrast, normal astrocytes did not express contactin. Analyzing different types of astrocytic tumors, we detected an association between increasing malignancy grade and contactin expression. Functionally, contactin had repellent effects on glioma cells in vitro, as demonstrated by adhesion and migration assays. Overexpression of contactin by transfection into glioblastoma cells did not alter the proliferation rate or adhesion to various extracellular matrix proteins as well as adhesion to cells expressing the specific contactin ligand the protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta (PTPzeta). Our findings suggest that contactin has repellent effects on glioma cells to which it is presented as a ligand, but it does not alter the proliferative or adhesive capacities of cells that overexpress the molecule. The repulsive properties of contactin may be a key factor in glioma disaggregation, and may contribute to the diffuse infiltration pattern characteristic of glioma cells in human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Eckerich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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40
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Chapter 2 History of Ion Channels in the Pain Sensory System. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(06)57001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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41
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Rome C, Roullot V, Couillaud F. Polymorphism of the untranslated regions of the F3/contactin mRNA in the rat nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 139:184-91. [PMID: 15967539 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
F3/contactin is a neural adhesion molecule implicated in various physiological processes. In rat brain tissues, we cloned various mRNA with the same coding region but differing in 3' and 5'UTR. The 3'UTR presents two polyadenylation signals. At the 5' end, we identified two leader exons, multiple transcription initiation sites and splicing events, leading to at least 19 different 5'UTR. The F3/contactin rat gene differs from the mouse gene for two reasons: (1) it contains two additional untranslated exons that are alternatively spliced and (2) it lacks the homologue mouse untranslated exon 0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Rome
- INSERM U378, Institut François Magendie, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France
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42
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Chahine M, Ziane R, Vijayaragavan K, Okamura Y. Regulation of Na v channels in sensory neurons. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2005; 26:496-502. [PMID: 16125256 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated Na(+) channels have an essential role in the biophysical properties of nociceptive neurons. Factors that regulate Na(+) channel function are of interest from both pathophysiological and therapeutic perspectives. Increasing evidence indicates that changes in expression or inappropriate modulation of these channels leads to electrical instability of the cell membrane and the inappropriate spontaneous activity that is observed following nerve injury, and that this might contribute to neuropathic pain. The role of Na(v) channels in nociception depends on modulation by factors such as auxiliary beta-subunits, cytoskeletal proteins and the phosphorylation state of neurons. In this review we describe the modulation of Na(v) channels on sensory neurons by auxiliary beta-subunits, protein kinases and cytoskeletal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Chahine
- Laval Hospital, Research Centre, Sainte-Foy, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada.
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43
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Rush AM, Craner MJ, Kageyama T, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG, Ranscht B. Contactin regulates the current density and axonal expression of tetrodotoxin-resistant but not tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels in DRG neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 22:39-49. [PMID: 16029194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contactin, a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored predominantly neuronal cell surface glycoprotein, associates with sodium channels Nav1.2, Nav1.3 and Nav1.9, and enhances the density of these channels on the plasma membrane in mammalian expression systems. However, a detailed functional analysis of these interactions and of untested putative interactions with other sodium channel isoforms in mammalian neuronal cells has not been carried out. We examined the expression and function of sodium channels in small-diameter dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from contactin-deficient (CNTN-/-) mice, compared to CNTN+/+ litter mates. Nav1.9 is preferentially expressed in isolectin B4 (IB4)-positive neurons and thus we used this marker to subdivide small-diameter DRG neurons. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recording, we observed a greater than two-fold reduction of tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 current densities in IB4+ DRG neurons cultured from CNTN-/- vs. CNTN+/+ mice. Current densities for TTX-sensitive (TTX-S) sodium channels were unaffected. Contactin's effect was selective for IB4+ neurons as current densities for both TTX-R and TTX-S channels were not significantly different in IB4- DRG neurons from the two genotypes. Consistent with these results, we have demonstrated a reduction in Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 immunostaining on peripherin-positive unmyelinated axons in sciatic nerves from CNTN-/- mice but detected no changes in the expression for the two major TTX-S channels Nav1.6 and Nav1.7. These data provide evidence of a role for contactin in selectively regulating the cell surface expression and current densities of TTX-R but not TTX-S Na+ channel isoforms in nociceptive DRG neurons; this regulation could modulate the membrane properties and excitability of these neurons.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Axons/drug effects
- Axons/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/physiology
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Contactins
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Membrane Potentials/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NAV1.8 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel
- NAV1.9 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/drug effects
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Nociceptors/drug effects
- Nociceptors/metabolism
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Plant Lectins
- Sodium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Sodium Channels/drug effects
- Sodium Channels/metabolism
- Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Rush
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, LCI 707, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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44
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Liu C, Cummins TR, Tyrrell L, Black JA, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD. CAP-1A is a novel linker that binds clathrin and the voltage-gated sodium channel Na(v)1.8. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 28:636-49. [PMID: 15797711 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium channel Na(v)1.8 produces a tetrodotoxin-resistant current and plays a key role in nociception. Annexin II/p11 binds to Na(v)1.8 and facilitates insertion of the channel within the cell membrane. However, the mechanisms responsible for removal of specific channels from the cell membrane have not been studied. We have identified a novel protein, clathrin-associated protein-1A (CAP-1A), which contains distinct domains that bind Na(v)1.8 and clathrin. CAP-1A is abundantly expressed in DRG neurons and colocalizes with Na(v)1.8 and can form a multiprotein complex with Na(v)1.8 and clathrin. Coexpression of CAP-1A and Na(v)1.8 in DRG neurons reduces Na(v)1.8 current density by approximately 50% without affecting the endogenous or recombinant tetrodotoxin-sensitive currents. This effect of CAP-1A is blocked by bafilomycin A1 treatment of transfected DRG neurons. CAP-1A thus is the first example of an adapter protein that links clathrin and a sodium channel and may regulate Na(v)1.8 channel density at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanju Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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45
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Shah BS, Rush AM, Liu S, Tyrrell L, Black JA, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG. Contactin associates with sodium channel Nav1.3 in native tissues and increases channel density at the cell surface. J Neurosci 2004; 24:7387-99. [PMID: 15317864 PMCID: PMC6729770 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0322-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The upregulation of voltage-gated sodium channel Na(v)1.3 has been linked to hyperexcitability of axotomized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which underlies neuropathic pain. However, factors that regulate delivery of Na(v)1.3 to the cell surface are not known. Contactin/F3, a cell adhesion molecule, has been shown to interact with and enhance surface expression of sodium channels Na(v)1.2 and Na(v)1.9. In this study we show that contactin coimmunoprecipitates with Na(v)1.3 from postnatal day 0 rat brain where this channel is abundant, and from human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably transfected with Na(v)1.3 (HEK-Na(v)1.3). Purified GST fusion proteins of the N and C termini of Na(v)1.3 pull down contactin from lysates of transfected HEK 293 cells. Transfection of HEK-Na(v)1.3 cells with contactin increases the amplitude of the current threefold without changing the biophysical properties of the channel. Enzymatic removal of contactin from the cell surface of cotransfected cells does not reduce the elevated levels of the Na(v)1.3 current. Finally, we show that, similar to Na(v)1.3, contactin is upregulated in axotomized DRG neurons and accumulates within the neuroma of transected sciatic nerve. We propose that the upregulation of contactin and its colocalization with Na(v)1.3 in axotomized DRG neurons may contribute to the hyper-excitablity of the injured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaval S Shah
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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46
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Liu CJ, Prazak L, Fajardo M, Yu S, Tyagi N, Di Cesare PE. Leukemia/lymphoma-related factor, a POZ domain-containing transcriptional repressor, interacts with histone deacetylase-1 and inhibits cartilage oligomeric matrix protein gene expression and chondrogenesis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:47081-91. [PMID: 15337766 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405288200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) gene have been linked to the development of pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. We previously cloned the promoter region of the COMP gene and delineated a minimal negative regulatory element (NRE) that is both necessary and sufficient to repress its promoter (Issack, P. S., Fang, C. H., Leslie, M. P., and Di Cesare, P. E. (2000) J. Orthop. Res. 18, 345-350; Issack, P. S., Liu, C. J., Prazak, L., and Di Cesare, P. E. (2004) J. Orthop. Res. 22, 751-758). In this study, a yeast one-hybrid screen for proteins that associate with the NRE led to the identification of the leukemia/lymphoma-related factor (LRF), a transcriptional repressor that contains a POZ (poxvirus zinc finger) domain, as an NRE-binding protein. LRF bound directly to the NRE both in vitro and in living cells. Nine nucleotides (GAGGGTCCC) in the 30-bp NRE are essential for binding to LRF. LRF showed dose-dependent inhibition of COMP-specific reporter gene activity, and exogenous overexpression of LRF repressed COMP gene expression in both rat chondrosarcoma cells and bone morphogenetic protein-2-treated C3H10T1/2 progenitor cells. In addition, LRF also inhibited bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced chondrogenesis in high density micromass cultures of C3H10T1/2 cells, as evidenced by lack of expression of other chondrocytic markers, such as aggrecan and collagen types II, IX, X, and XI, and by Alcian blue staining. LRF associated with histone deacetylase-1 (HDAC1), and experiments utilizing the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A revealed that LRF-mediated repression requires deacetylase activity. LRF is the first transcription factor found to bind directly to the COMP gene promoter, to recruit HDAC1, and to regulate both COMP gene expression and chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-ju Liu
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, New York University-Hospital for Joint Diseases Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York, New York 10003, USA
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47
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Choi JS, Tyrrell L, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD. Functional role of the C-terminus of voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8. FEBS Lett 2004; 572:256-60. [PMID: 15304358 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sodium channel Na(v)1.8 requires stronger depolarization than other sodium channels for activation and inactivation. The contribution of Na(v)1.8 C-terminus to this property was investigated by producing Na(v)1.8 and Na(v)1.4 chimeras and expressing them in ND7/23 cells. Current densities of the chimeras were significantly different than in parental channels, and the voltage-dependence of activation was depolarized in Na(v)1.4/1.8C compared to Na(v)1.4. Analysis of steady-state inactivation showed that only Na(v)1.8 and Na(v)1.4/1.8C currents demonstrate a non-inactivated fraction. Thus, the C-terminus of Na(v)1.8 contributes to regulation of channel density at the cell surface, modulates channel gating, and regulates the generation of sustained current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Choi
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT 06510, USA
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48
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Coste B, Osorio N, Padilla F, Crest M, Delmas P. Gating and modulation of presumptive NaV1.9 channels in enteric and spinal sensory neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 26:123-34. [PMID: 15121184 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Revised: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The NaV1.9 subunit is expressed in nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and sensory myenteric neurons in which it generates 'persistent' tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Na+ currents of yet unknown physiological functions. Here, we have analyzed these currents in details by combining single-channel and whole-cell recordings from cultured rat DRG and myenteric neurons. Comparison of single-channel with whole-cell data indicates that recording using internal CsCl best reflects the basic electrical features of NaV1.9 currents. Inclusion of fluoride in the pipette solution caused a negative shift in the activation and inactivation gates of NaV1.9 but not NaV1.8. Fluoride acts by promoting entry of NaV1.9 channels into a preopen closed state, which causes a strong bias towards opening and enhances the ability of sensory neurons to sustain spiking. Thus, the modulation of the resting-closed states of NaV1.9 channels strongly influences nociceptor excitability and may provide a mechanism by which inflammatory mediators alter pain threshold.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/drug effects
- Action Potentials/physiology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cesium/pharmacology
- Chlorides/pharmacology
- Fluorides/pharmacology
- Ganglia, Autonomic/cytology
- Ganglia, Autonomic/drug effects
- Ganglia, Autonomic/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/pharmacology
- Ion Channel Gating/drug effects
- Ion Channel Gating/physiology
- Male
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Membrane Potentials/physiology
- Myenteric Plexus/cytology
- Myenteric Plexus/drug effects
- Myenteric Plexus/metabolism
- NAV1.9 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/drug effects
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/physiopathology
- Pain Threshold/drug effects
- Pain Threshold/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sodium Channels/drug effects
- Sodium Channels/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Coste
- Intégration des Informations Sensorielles, CNRS, UMR 6150, Faculté de Médecine, IFR Jean Roche, 13916 Marseille 20, France
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49
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Wiedłocha A, Sørensen V. Signaling, internalization, and intracellular activity of fibroblast growth factor. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2004; 286:45-79. [PMID: 15645710 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69494-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family contains 23 members in mammals including its prototype members FGF-1 and FGF-2. FGFs have been implicated in regulation of many key cellular responses involved in developmental and physiological processes. These includes proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and wound healing. FGFs bind to five related, specific cell surface receptors (FGFRs). Four of these have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. Dimerization of the receptor is a prerequisite for receptor transphosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling molecules. All members of the FGF family have a high affinity for heparin and for cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which participate in formation of stable and active FGF-FGFR complexes. FGF-mediated signaling is an evolutionarily conserved signaling module operative in invertebrates and vertebrates. It seems that some members of the family have a dual mode of action. FGF-1, FGF-2, FGF-3, and FGF-11-14 have been found intranuclearly as endogenous proteins. Exogenous FGF-1 and FGF-2 are internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis, in a clathrin-dependent and -independent way. Internalized FGF-1 and FGF-2 are able to cross cellular membranes to reach the cytosol and the nuclear compartment. The role of FGF internalization and the intracellular activity of some FGFs are discussed in the context of the known signaling induced by FGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wiedłocha
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
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50
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Wood JN, Boorman JP, Okuse K, Baker MD. Voltage-gated sodium channels and pain pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 61:55-71. [PMID: 15362153 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain can all be attenuated or abolished by local treatment with sodium channel blockers such as lidocaine. The peripheral input that drives pain perception thus depends on the presence of functional voltage-gated sodium channels. Remarkably, two voltage-gated sodium channel genes (Nav1.8 and Nav1.9) are expressed selectively in damage-sensing peripheral neurons, while a third channel (Nav1.7) is found predominantly in sensory and sympathetic neurons. An embryonic channel (Nav1.3) is also upregulated in damaged peripheral nerves and associated with increased electrical excitability in neuropathic pain states. A combination of antisense and knock-out studies support a specialized role for these sodium channels in pain pathways, and pharmacological studies with conotoxins suggest that isotype-specific antagonists should be feasible. Taken together, these data suggest that isotype-specific sodium channel blockers could be useful analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Department of Biology, University College, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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