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Shi Y, Lu S, Zhou X, Wang X, Zhang C, Wu N, Dong T, Xing S, Wang Y, Xiao W, Yao M. Systematic metabolic engineering enables highly efficient production of vitamin A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2024; 10:58-67. [PMID: 39247801 PMCID: PMC11380465 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2024.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is a micronutrient critical for versatile biological functions and has been widely used in the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering enable microbes, especially the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae (generally recognised as safe) to possess great potential for the production of vitamin A. Herein, we first generated a vitamin A-producing strain by mining β-carotene 15,15'-mono(di)oxygenase from different sources and identified two isoenzymes Mbblh and Ssbco with comparable catalytic properties but different catalytic mechanisms. Combinational expression of isoenzymes increased the flux from β-carotene to vitamin A metabolism. To modulate the vitamin A components, retinol dehydrogenase 12 from Homo sapiens was introduced to achieve more than 90 % retinol purity using shake flask fermentation. Overexpressing POS5Δ17 enhanced the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate pool, and the titer of vitamin A was elevated by almost 46 %. Multi-copy integration of the key rate-limiting step gene Mbblh further improved the synthesis of vitamin A. Consequently, the titer of vitamin A in the strain harbouring the Ura3 marker was increased to 588 mg/L at the shake-flask level. Eventually, the highest reported titer of 5.21 g/L vitamin A in S. cerevisiae was achieved in a 1-L bioreactor. This study unlocked the potential of S. cerevisiae for synthesising vitamin A in a sustainable and economical way, laying the foundation for the commercial-scale production of bio-based vitamin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
| | - Shuhuan Lu
- CABIO Bioengineering (Wuhan) Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
| | - Tianyu Dong
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
| | - Shilong Xing
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, China
- Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Shenzhen, 518071, China
| | - Mingdong Yao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
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Konrad KR, Gao S, Zurbriggen MD, Nagel G. Optogenetic Methods in Plant Biology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:313-339. [PMID: 37216203 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-071122-094840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is a technique employing natural or genetically engineered photoreceptors in transgene organisms to manipulate biological activities with light. Light can be turned on or off, and adjusting its intensity and duration allows optogenetic fine-tuning of cellular processes in a noninvasive and spatiotemporally resolved manner. Since the introduction of Channelrhodopsin-2 and phytochrome-based switches nearly 20 years ago, optogenetic tools have been applied in a variety of model organisms with enormous success, but rarely in plants. For a long time, the dependence of plant growth on light and the absence of retinal, the rhodopsin chromophore, prevented the establishment of plant optogenetics until recent progress overcame these difficulties. We summarize the recent results of work in the field to control plant growth and cellular motion via green light-gated ion channels and present successful applications to light-control gene expression with single or combined photoswitches in plants. Furthermore, we highlight the technical requirements and options for future plant optogenetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai R Konrad
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; ,
| | - Matias D Zurbriggen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology and CEPLAS, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; ,
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Abstract
Carotenoids constitute an essential dietary component of animals and other non-carotenogenic species which use these pigments in both their modified and unmodified forms. Animals utilize uncleaved carotenoids to mitigate light damage and oxidative stress and to signal fitness and health. Carotenoids also serve as precursors of apocarotenoids including retinol, and its retinoid metabolites, which carry out essential functions in animals by forming the visual chromophore 11-cis-retinaldehyde. Retinoids, such as all-trans-retinoic acid, can also act as ligands of nuclear hormone receptors. The fact that enzymes and biochemical pathways responsible for the metabolism of carotenoids in animals bear resemblance to the ones in plants and other carotenogenic species suggests an evolutionary relationship. We will explore some of the modes of transmission of carotenoid genes from carotenogenic species to metazoans. This apparent relationship has been successfully exploited in the past to identify and characterize new carotenoid and retinoid modifying enzymes. We will review approaches used to identify putative animal carotenoid enzymes, and we will describe methods used to functionally validate and analyze the biochemistry of carotenoid modifying enzymes encoded by animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Moise
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
| | - Sepalika Bandara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Shin KC, Seo MJ, Kim YS, Yeom SJ. Molecular Properties of β-Carotene Oxygenases and Their Potential in Industrial Production of Vitamin A and Its Derivatives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1180. [PMID: 35740077 PMCID: PMC9227343 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1) and β-carotene 9',10'-oxygenase (BCO2) are potential producers of vitamin A derivatives, since they can catalyze the oxidative cleavage of dietary provitamin A carotenoids to retinoids and derivative such as apocarotenal. Retinoids are a class of chemical compounds that are vitamers of vitamin A or are chemically related to it, and are essential nutrients for humans and highly valuable in the food and cosmetics industries. β-carotene oxygenases (BCOs) from various organisms have been overexpressed in heterogeneous bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, and their biochemical properties have been studied. For the industrial production of retinal, there is a need for increased production of a retinal producer and biosynthesis of retinal using biocatalyst systems improved by enzyme engineering. The current review aims to discuss BCOs from animal, plants, and bacteria, and to elaborate on the recent progress in our understanding of their functions, biochemical properties, substrate specificity, and enzyme activities with respect to the production of retinoids in whole-cell conditions. Moreover, we specifically propose ways to integrate BCOs into retinal biosynthetic bacterial systems to improve the performance of retinal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Min-Ju Seo
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Yeong-Su Kim
- Wild Plants Industrialization Research Division, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yeom
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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Park H, Lee D, Kim JE, Park S, Park JH, Ha CW, Baek M, Yoon SH, Park KH, Lee P, Hahn JS. Efficient production of retinol in Yarrowia lipolytica by increasing stability using antioxidant and detergent extraction. Metab Eng 2022; 73:26-37. [PMID: 35671979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The demand for bio-based retinol (vitamin A) is currently increasing, however its instability represents a major bottleneck in microbial production. Here, we developed an efficient method to selectively produce retinol in Yarrowia lipolytica. The β-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase (BCO) cleaves β-carotene into retinal, which is reduced to retinol by retinol dehydrogenase (RDH). Therefore, to produce retinol, we first generated β-carotene-producing strain based on a high-lipid-producer via overexpressing genes including heterologous β-carotene biosynthetic genes, GGS1F43I mutant of endogenous geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase isolated by directed evolution, and FAD1 encoding flavin adenine dinucleotide synthetase, while deleting several genes previously known to be beneficial for carotenoid production. To produce retinol, 11 copies of BCO gene from marine bacterium 66A03 (Mb.Blh) were integrated into the rDNA sites of the β-carotene overproducer. The resulting strain produced more retinol than retinal, suggesting strong endogenous promiscuous RDH activity in Y. lipolytica. The introduction of Mb.BCO led to a considerable reduction in β-carotene level, but less than 5% of the consumed β-carotene could be detected in the form of retinal or retinol, implying severe degradation of the produced retinoids. However, addition of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) led to a >20-fold increase in retinol production, suggesting oxidative damage is the main cause of intracellular retinol degradation. Overexpression of GSH2 encoding glutathione synthetase further improved retinol production. Raman imaging revealed co-localization of retinol with lipid droplets, and extraction of retinol using Tween 80 was effective in improving retinol production. By combining BHT treatment and extraction using Tween 80, the final strain CJ2104 produced 4.86 g/L retinol and 0.26 g/L retinal in fed-batch fermentation in a 5-L bioreactor, which is the highest retinol production titer ever reported. This study demonstrates that Y. lipolytica is a suitable host for the industrial production of bio-based retinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Park
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Dongpil Lee
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Jae-Eung Kim
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Seonmi Park
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Park
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Cheol Woong Ha
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Minji Baek
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Seok-Hwan Yoon
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Peter Lee
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Sook Hahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Hu Q, Zhang T, Yu H, Ye L. Selective biosynthesis of retinol in S. cerevisiae. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:22. [PMID: 38647788 PMCID: PMC10991881 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin A component retinol has become an increasingly sought-after cosmetic ingredient. In previous efforts for microbial biosynthesis of vitamin A, a mixture of retinoids was produced. In order to efficiently produce retinol at high purity, the precursor and NADPH supply was first enhanced to improve retinoids accumulation in the S. cerevisiae strain constructed from a β-carotene producer by introducing β-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase, following by screening of heterologous and endogenous oxidoreductases for retinal reduction. Env9 was found as an endogenous retinal reductase and its activity was verified in vitro. By co-expressing Env9 with the E. coli ybbO, as much as 443.43 mg/L of retinol was produced at 98.76% purity in bi-phasic shake-flask culture when the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene was added to prevent retinoids degradation. The retinol titer reached 2479.34 mg/L in fed-batch fermentation. The success in selective biosynthesis of retinol would lay a solid foundation for its biotechnological production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyue Hu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tanglei Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Lidan Ye
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, China.
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Sahoyama Y, Hamazato F, Shiozawa M, Nakagawa T, Suda W, Ogata Y, Hachiya T, Kawakami E, Hattori M. Multiple nutritional and gut microbial factors associated with allergic rhinitis: the Hitachi Health Study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3359. [PMID: 35233003 PMCID: PMC8888718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest the involvement of dietary habits and gut microbiome in allergic diseases. However, little is known about the nutritional and gut microbial factors associated with the risk of allergic rhinitis (AR). We recruited 186 participants with symptoms of AR and 106 control subjects without symptoms of AR at the Hitachi Health Care Center, Japan. The habitual consumption of 42 selected nutrients were examined using the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Faecal samples were collected and subjected to amplicon sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene hypervariable regions. Association analysis revealed that four nutrients (retinol, vitamin A, cryptoxanthin, and copper) were negatively associated with AR. Among 40 genera examined, relative abundance of Prevotella and Escherichia were associated with AR. Furthermore, significant statistical interactions were observed between retinol and Prevotella. The age- and sex-adjusted odds of AR were 25-fold lower in subjects with high retinol intake and high Prevotella abundance compared to subjects with low retinol intake and low Prevotella abundance. Our data provide insights into complex interplay between dietary nutrients, gut microbiome, and the development of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Sahoyama
- Technology Innovation Div., Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, Business Tower, Toranomon Hills, 1-17-1 Minato-ku, Toranomon, Tokyo, 105-6409, Japan.
| | - Fumiaki Hamazato
- Technology Innovation Div., Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, Business Tower, Toranomon Hills, 1-17-1 Minato-ku, Toranomon, Tokyo, 105-6409, Japan
| | - Manabu Shiozawa
- Technology Innovation Div., Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, Business Tower, Toranomon Hills, 1-17-1 Minato-ku, Toranomon, Tokyo, 105-6409, Japan
| | - Tohru Nakagawa
- Hitachi Health Care Center, Hitachi Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Wataru Suda
- Laboratory for Microbiome Sciences, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ogata
- Laboratory for Microbiome Sciences, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Eiryo Kawakami
- Medical Sciences Innovation Hub Program, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan.,Artificial Intelligence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Laboratory for Microbiome Sciences, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Membrane proteins, particularly those that are α-helical, such as transporters and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), have significant biological relevance. However, their expression and purification pose difficulties because of their poor water solubilities, which impedes progress in this field. The QTY method, a code-based protein-engineering approach, was recently developed to produce soluble transmembrane proteins. Here, we describe a comprehensive Web server built for QTY design and its relevance for in silico analyses. Typically, the simple design model is expected to require only 2 to 4 min of computer time, and the library design model requires 2 to 5 h, depending on the target protein size and the number of transmembrane helices. Detailed protocols for using the server with both the simple design and library design modules are provided. Methods for experiments following the QTY design are also included to facilitate the implementation of this approach. The design pipeline was further evaluated using microbial transmembrane proteins and structural alignment between the designed proteins and their origins by employing AlphaFold2. The results reveal that mutants generated by the developed pipeline were highly identical to their origins in terms of three-dimensional (3D) structures. In summary, the utilization of our Web server and associated protocols will enable QTY-based protein engineering to be implemented in a convenient, fast, accurate, and rational manner. The Protein Solubilizing Server (PSS) is publicly available at http://pss.sjtu.edu.cn. IMPORTANCE Water-soluble expression and purification are of considerable importance for protein identification and characterization. However, there has been a lack of an effective method for water-soluble expression of membrane proteins, which has severely hampered their studies. Here, an enabling comprehensive Web server, PSS, was developed for designing water-soluble mutants of α-helical membrane proteins, based on QTY design, a code-based protein-engineering approach. With microbial transmembrane proteins and GPCRs as examples, we systematically evaluated the server and demonstrated its successful performance. PSS is readily available for worldwide users as a Web-based tool, rendering QTY-based protein engineering convenient, efficient, accurate, and rational.
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Long Z, Zhao Y, Xue Y, Wang M, Li J, Su Z, Sun J, Liu Q, Liu H, Mao D, Wei T. A novel thermophilic β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase with broad substrate specificity from the marine bacterium Candidatus Pelagibacter sp. HTCC7211. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:2233-2241. [PMID: 34618272 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To characterize a novel thermophilic β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase BCMO7211 isolated from the marine bacterium Candidatus Pelagibacter sp. HTCC7211. BCMO7211 was functionally overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and Superdex-200 gel filtration chromatography. Labeling experiments with H218O demonstrated that the oxygen atom in the terminal aldehyde group of the produced retinal molecules was provided from both molecular oxygen and water, indicating that BCMO7211 is the first characterized bacterial β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase. BCMO7211 exhibited broad carotenoid substrate specificity toward α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, zeaxanthin, and lutein. The optimum temperature, pH, and concentrations of the substrate and enzyme for retinal production were 60 °C, 9.0, 500 mg β-carotene/L, and 2.5 U/ml, respectively. Under optimum conditions, 888.3 mg/L retinal was produced in 60 min with a conversion rate of 89.0% (w/w). BCMO7211 is a potential candidate for the enzymatic synthesis of retinal in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangde Long
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530001, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yuzhe Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yun Xue
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530001, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jigang Li
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Zan Su
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Jiansheng Sun
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Qibin Liu
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Hong Liu
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Duobin Mao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Tao Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Zhou Y, Ding M, Nagel G, Konrad KR, Gao S. Advances and prospects of rhodopsin-based optogenetics in plant research. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:572-589. [PMID: 35237820 PMCID: PMC8491038 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microbial rhodopsins have advanced optogenetics since the discovery of channelrhodopsins almost two decades ago. During this time an abundance of microbial rhodopsins has been discovered, engineered, and improved for studies in neuroscience and other animal research fields. Optogenetic applications in plant research, however, lagged largely behind. Starting with light-regulated gene expression, optogenetics has slowly expanded into plant research. The recently established all-trans retinal production in plants now enables the use of many microbial opsins, bringing extra opportunities to plant research. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of rhodopsin-based plant optogenetics and provide a perspective for future use, combined with fluorescent sensors to monitor physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Meiqi Ding
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Kai R. Konrad
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97070, Germany
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An integrative approach to improving the biocatalytic reactions of whole cells expressing recombinant enzymes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:105. [PMID: 34037845 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation is a selective, stereospecific, efficient, and environment friendly method, compared to chemical synthesis, and a feasible tool for industrial and pharmaceutical applications. The design of biocatalysts using enzyme engineering and metabolic engineering tools has been widely reviewed. However, less importance has been given to the biocatalytic reaction of whole cells expressing recombinant enzymes. Along with the remarkable development of biotechnology tools, a variety of techniques have been applied to improve the biocatalytic reaction of whole cell biotransformation. In this review, techniques related to the biocatalytic reaction are examined, reorganized, and summarized via an integrative approach. Moreover, equilibrium-shifted biotransformation is reviewed for the first time.
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Zhou Y, Ding M, Gao S, Yu-Strzelczyk J, Krischke M, Duan X, Leide J, Riederer M, Mueller MJ, Hedrich R, Konrad KR, Nagel G. Optogenetic control of plant growth by a microbial rhodopsin. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:144-151. [PMID: 33594268 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00853-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While rhodopsin-based optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience1,2, poor expression of opsins and the absence of the essential cofactor all-trans-retinal has complicated the application of rhodopsins in plants. Here, we demonstrate retinal production in plants and improved rhodopsin targeting for green light manipulation of plant cells using the Guillardia theta light-gated anion channelrhodopsin GtACR13. Green light induces a massive increase in anion permeability and pronounced membrane potential changes when GtACR1 is expressed, enabling non-invasive manipulation of plant growth and leaf development. Using light-driven anion loss, we could mimic drought conditions and bring about leaf wilting despite sufficient water supply. Expressed in pollen tubes, global GtACR1 activation triggers membrane potential depolarizations due to large anion currents. While global illumination was associated with a reversible growth arrest, local GtACR1 activation at the flanks of the apical dome steers growth direction away from the side with increased anion conductance. These results suggest a crucial role of anion permeability for the guidance of pollen tube tip growth. This plant optogenetic approach could be expanded to create an entire pallet of rhodopsin-based tools4, greatly facilitating dissection of plant ion-signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Physiological Institute, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Meiqi Ding
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Physiological Institute, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Jing Yu-Strzelczyk
- Physiological Institute, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Krischke
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Xiaodong Duan
- Physiological Institute, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Jana Leide
- Department of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Riederer
- Department of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kai R Konrad
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Georg Nagel
- Physiological Institute, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Srinivasan K, Buys EM. Insights into the role of bacteria in vitamin A biosynthesis: Future research opportunities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 59:3211-3226. [PMID: 30638045 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1546670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Significant efforts have been made to address the hidden hunger challenges due to iron, zinc, iodine, and vitamin A since the beginning of the 21st century. Prioritizing the vitamin A deficiency (VAD) disorders, many countries are looking for viable alternative strategies such as biofortification. One of the leading causes of VAD is the poor bioconversion of β-carotene into retinoids. This review is focused on the opportunities of bacterial biosynthesis of retinoids, in particular, through the gut microbiota. The proposed hypothesis starts with the premise that an animal can able to store and timely convert carotenoids into retinoids in the liver and intestinal tissues. This theory is experimental with many scientific insights. The syntrophic metabolism, potential crosstalk of bile acids, lipocalins and lipopolysaccharides of gut microbiota are reported to contribute significantly to the retinoid biosynthesis. The gut bacteria respond to these kinds of factors by genetic restructuring driven mainly by events like horizontal gene transfer. A phylogenetic analysis of β-carotene 15, 15'-mono (di) oxygenase enzymes among a selected group of prokaryotes and eukaryotes was carried out to validate the hypotheses. Shedding light on the probiotic strategies through non-genetically modified organism such as gut bacteria capable of synthesizing vitamin A would address the VAD disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Srinivasan
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield Campus, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elna M Buys
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield Campus, Pretoria, South Africa
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Species Widely Distributed in Halophilic Archaea Exhibit Opsin-Mediated Inhibition of Bacterioruberin Biosynthesis. J Bacteriol 2018; 201:JB.00576-18. [PMID: 30373756 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00576-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophilic Archaea are a distinctive pink color due to a carotenoid pigment called bacterioruberin. To sense or utilize light, many halophilic Archaea also produce rhodopsins, complexes of opsin proteins with a retinal prosthetic group. Both bacterioruberin and retinal are synthesized from isoprenoid precursors, with lycopene as the last shared intermediate. We previously described a regulatory mechanism by which Halobacterium salinarum bacterioopsin and Haloarcula vallismortis cruxopsin inhibit bacterioruberin synthesis catalyzed by lycopene elongase. In this work, we found that opsins in all three major Halobacteria clades inhibit bacterioruberin synthesis, suggesting that this regulatory mechanism existed in the common Halobacteria ancestor. Halophilic Archaea, which are generally heterotrophic and aerobic, likely evolved from an autotrophic, anaerobic methanogenic ancestor by acquiring many genes from Bacteria via lateral gene transfer. These bacterial "imports" include genes encoding opsins and lycopene elongases. To determine if opsins from Bacteria inhibit bacterioruberin synthesis, we tested bacterial opsins and found that an opsin from Curtobacterium, in the Actinobacteria phylum, inhibits bacterioruberin synthesis catalyzed by its own lycopene elongase, as well as that catalyzed by several archaeal enzymes. We also determined that the lycopene elongase from Halococcus salifodinae, a species from a family of Halobacteria lacking opsin homologs, retained the capacity to be inhibited by opsins. Together, our results indicate that opsin-mediated inhibition of bacterioruberin biosynthesis is a widely distributed mechanism found in both Archaea and Bacteria, possibly predating the divergence of the two domains. Further analysis may provide insight into the acquisition and evolution of the genes and their host species.IMPORTANCE All organisms use a variety of mechanisms to allocate limited resources to match their needs in their current environment. Here, we explore how halophilic microbes use a novel mechanism to allow efficient production of rhodopsin, a complex of an opsin protein and a retinal prosthetic group. We previously demonstrated that Halobacterium salinarum bacterioopsin directs available resources toward retinal by inhibiting synthesis of bacterioruberin, a molecule that shares precursors with retinal. In this work, we show that this mechanism can be carried out by proteins from halophilic Archaea that are not closely related to H. salinarum and those in at least one species of Bacteria Therefore, opsin-mediated inhibition of bacterioruberin synthesis may be a highly conserved, ancient regulatory mechanism.
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Dwulit-Smith JR, Hamilton JJ, Stevenson DM, He S, Oyserman BO, Moya-Flores F, Garcia SL, Amador-Noguez D, McMahon KD, Forest KT. acI Actinobacteria Assemble a Functional Actinorhodopsin with Natively Synthesized Retinal. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01678-18. [PMID: 30315080 PMCID: PMC6275354 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01678-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater lakes harbor complex microbial communities, but these ecosystems are often dominated by acI Actinobacteria Members of this cosmopolitan lineage are proposed to bolster heterotrophic growth using phototrophy because their genomes encode actino-opsins (actR). This model has been difficult to validate experimentally because acI Actinobacteria are not consistently culturable. Based primarily on genomes from single cells and metagenomes, we provide a detailed biosynthetic route for members of acI clades A and B to synthesize retinal and its carotenoid precursors. Consequently, acI cells should be able to natively assemble light-driven actinorhodopsins (holo-ActR) to pump protons, unlike many bacteria that encode opsins but may need to exogenously obtain retinal because they lack retinal machinery. Moreover, we show that all acI clades contain genes for a secondary branch of the carotenoid pathway, implying synthesis of a complex carotenoid. Transcription analysis of acI Actinobacteria in a eutrophic lake shows that all retinal and carotenoid pathway operons are transcribed and that actR is among the most highly transcribed of all acI genes. Furthermore, heterologous expression of acI retinal pathway genes showed that lycopene, retinal, and ActR can be made using the genes encoded in these organisms. Model cells producing ActR and the key acI retinal-producing β-carotene oxygenase formed holo-ActR and acidified solution during illumination. Taken together, our results prove that acI Actinobacteria containing both ActR and acI retinal production machinery have the capacity to natively synthesize a green light-dependent outward proton-pumping rhodopsin.IMPORTANCE Microbes play critical roles in determining the quality of freshwater ecosystems, which are vital to human civilization. Because acI Actinobacteria are ubiquitous and abundant in freshwater lakes, clarifying their ecophysiology is a major step in determining the contributions that they make to nitrogen and carbon cycling. Without accurate knowledge of these cycles, freshwater systems cannot be incorporated into climate change models, ecosystem imbalances cannot be predicted, and policy for service disruption cannot be planned. Our work fills major gaps in microbial light utilization, secondary metabolite production, and energy cycling in freshwater habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Dwulit-Smith
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Program in Biophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua J Hamilton
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David M Stevenson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shaomei He
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ben O Oyserman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Francisco Moya-Flores
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarahi L Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel Amador-Noguez
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Katherine D McMahon
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Katrina T Forest
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Program in Biophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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16
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Guengerich FP, Yoshimoto FK. Formation and Cleavage of C-C Bonds by Enzymatic Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6573-6655. [PMID: 29932643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many oxidation-reduction (redox) enzymes, particularly oxygenases, have roles in reactions that make and break C-C bonds. The list includes cytochrome P450 and other heme-based monooxygenases, heme-based dioxygenases, nonheme iron mono- and dioxygenases, flavoproteins, radical S-adenosylmethionine enzymes, copper enzymes, and peroxidases. Reactions involve steroids, intermediary metabolism, secondary natural products, drugs, and industrial and agricultural chemicals. Many C-C bonds are formed via either (i) coupling of diradicals or (ii) generation of unstable products that rearrange. C-C cleavage reactions involve several themes: (i) rearrangement of unstable oxidized products produced by the enzymes, (ii) oxidation and collapse of radicals or cations via rearrangement, (iii) oxygenation to yield products that are readily hydrolyzed by other enzymes, and (iv) activation of O2 in systems in which the binding of a substrate facilitates O2 activation. Many of the enzymes involve metals, but of these, iron is clearly predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Texas-San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78249-0698 , United States
| | - Francis K Yoshimoto
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Texas-San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78249-0698 , United States
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17
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Solar-panel and parasol strategies shape the proteorhodopsin distribution pattern in marine Flavobacteriia. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1329-1343. [PMID: 29410487 PMCID: PMC5932025 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteorhodopsin (PR) is a light-driven proton pump that is found in diverse bacteria and archaea species, and is widespread in marine microbial ecosystems. To date, many studies have suggested the advantage of PR for microorganisms in sunlit environments. The ecophysiological significance of PR is still not fully understood however, including the drivers of PR gene gain, retention, and loss in different marine microbial species. To explore this question we sequenced 21 marine Flavobacteriia genomes of polyphyletic origin, which encompassed both PR-possessing as well as PR-lacking strains. Here, we show that the possession or alternatively the lack of PR genes reflects one of two fundamental adaptive strategies in marine bacteria. Specifically, while PR-possessing bacteria utilize light energy ("solar-panel strategy"), PR-lacking bacteria exclusively possess UV-screening pigment synthesis genes to avoid UV damage and would adapt to microaerobic environment ("parasol strategy"), which also helps explain why PR-possessing bacteria have smaller genomes than those of PR-lacking bacteria. Collectively, our results highlight the different strategies of dealing with light, DNA repair, and oxygen availability that relate to the presence or absence of PR phototrophy.
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18
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Wei T, Jia B, Huang S, Yang K, Jia C, Mao D. Purification and characterization of a novel β-carotene-9',10'-oxygenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae ULI3. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1993-8. [PMID: 26026965 PMCID: PMC4565880 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A novel β-carotene-9,10'-oxygenase (ScBCO2) has been characterized from Saccharomyces cerevisiae ULI3 to convert β-carotene to β-apo-10'-carotenal, which is a precursor of the plant hormone strigolactone. RESULTS The ScBCO2 enzyme was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, Q sepharose and Superdex-200 chromatography. The molecular mass of the enzyme was ~50 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The purified ScBCO2 enzyme displayed optimal activity at 45 °C and pH 8. Tween 20 (1%, w/v), Trition X-100 (1%, w/v), Mg(2+) (5 mM), Zn(2+) (5 mM), Cu(2+) (5 mM), Ca(2+) (5 mM) or DTT (5 mM) increased in the activity by 3, 7, 14, 17, 23, 26 and 27%, respectively. ScBCO2 only exhibited cleavage activity towards carotenoid substrates containing two β-ionone rings and its catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) followed the order β-carotene > α-carotene > lutein. CONCLUSION ScBCO2 could be used as a potential candidate for the enzymatic biotransformation of β-carotene to β-apo-10'-carotenal in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Beilei Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunpeng Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Duobin Mao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
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Culligan EP, Sleator RD, Marchesi JR, Hill C. Metagenomic identification of a novel salt tolerance gene from the human gut microbiome which encodes a membrane protein with homology to a brp/blh-family β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103318. [PMID: 25058308 PMCID: PMC4110020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome consists of at least 3 million non-redundant genes, 150 times that of the core human genome. Herein, we report the identification and characterisation of a novel stress tolerance gene from the human gut metagenome. The locus, assigned brpA, encodes a membrane protein with homology to a brp/blh-family β-carotene monooxygenase. Cloning and heterologous expression of brpA in Escherichia coli confers a significant salt tolerance phenotype. Furthermore, when cultured in the presence of exogenous β-carotene, cell pellets adopt a red/orange pigmentation indicating the incorporation of carotenoids in the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn P. Culligan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roy D. Sleator
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail: (CH); (RDS); (JRM)
| | - Julian R. Marchesi
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CH); (RDS); (JRM)
| | - Colin Hill
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail: (CH); (RDS); (JRM)
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dela Seña C, Riedl KM, Narayanasamy S, Curley RW, Schwartz SJ, Harrison EH. The human enzyme that converts dietary provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A is a dioxygenase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13661-6. [PMID: 24668807 PMCID: PMC4036370 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.557710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Carotene 15-15'-oxygenase (BCO1) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of dietary provitamin A carotenoids to retinal (vitamin A aldehyde). Aldehydes readily exchange their carbonyl oxygen with water, making oxygen labeling experiments challenging. BCO1 has been thought to be a monooxygenase, incorporating oxygen from O2 and H2O into its cleavage products. This was based on a study that used conditions that favored oxygen exchange with water. We incubated purified recombinant human BCO1 and β-carotene in either (16)O2-H2(18)O or (18)O2-H2(16)O medium for 15 min at 37 °C, and the relative amounts of (18)O-retinal and (16)O-retinal were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. At least 79% of the retinal produced by the reaction has the same oxygen isotope as the O2 gas used. Together with the data from (18)O-retinal-H2(16)O and (16)O-retinal-H2(18)O incubations to account for nonenzymatic oxygen exchange, our results show that BCO1 incorporates only oxygen from O2 into retinal. Thus, BCO1 is a dioxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo dela Seña
- From the Department of Human Nutrition
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program
| | | | | | - Robert W. Curley
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | | | - Earl H. Harrison
- From the Department of Human Nutrition
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program
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21
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Jeong CY, Han YD, Yoon JH, Yoon HC. Bioelectrocatalytic sensor for triglycerides in human skin sebum based on enzymatic cascade reaction of lipase, glycerol kinase and glycerophosphate oxidase. J Biotechnol 2014; 175:7-14. [PMID: 24530539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of an electrochemical biosensor for the quantification of triglycerides in human skin sebum, based on a multienzyme cascade reaction. The presence of excessive triglycerides in human sebum is one of the leading causes of various skin ailments. However, to the best of our knowledge, no bioelectrocatalytic approach for the quantification of sebum triglycerides has been made. In order to develop triglyceride biosensor, we fabricated a multienzyme-associated electrode incorporating lipase, glycerol kinase, and glycerophosphate oxidase. Enzymes were deposited by electrostatic force and further stabilized via crosslinking between enzymes and polymer matrices. The enzyme-modified biosensing electrode maintained its bioelectrocatalytic activity for five days. An additional constraint was the limited solubility of sebum triglycerides in aqueous electrolytes, impeding the analysis. To address this issue, triglyceride samples were prepared in the form of micelles, enabling efficient sample preparation for biosensor signaling. Calibration tests revealed that the designed assay had a detection range of 15-200mg/dL of micellar triglyceride, which covered the required determination range. The developed biosensing approach was successfully used to determine triglyceride concentrations in real sebum samples of unknown triglyceride content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yong Jeong
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-749, South Korea
| | - Yong Duk Han
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-749, South Korea
| | - Jae Ho Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-749, South Korea
| | - Hyun C Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-749, South Korea.
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22
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Kim YS, Seo ES, Oh DK. Characterization of an apo-carotenoid 13,14-dioxygenase from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans that converts β-apo-8'-carotenal to β-apo-13-carotenone. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1851-6. [PMID: 22711425 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0969-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A putative carotenoid oxygenase from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans was purified with a specific activity of 0.8 U/mg by His-Trap affinity chromatography. The native enzyme was estimated to be a 52 kDa monomer. Enzyme activity for β-apo-8'-carotenal was maximal at pH 8.0 and 45 °C, with a half life of 15.3 h, K(m) of 21 μM, and k(cat) of 25 l/min. The enzyme exhibited cleavage activity only for carotenoids containing one β-ionone ring and its catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) followed the order β-apo-8'-carotenal > β-apo-4'-carotenal > γ-carotene. The enzyme converted these carotenoids to β-apo-13-carotenones by cleaving their C(13)-C(14) double bonds. The oxygen atom of β-apo-13-carotenone originated not from water but from molecular oxygen. Thus, the enzyme was an apo-carotenoid 13,14-dioxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Su Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Enhancement of retinal production by supplementing the surfactant Span 80 using metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 113:461-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Production of β-apo-10′-carotenal from β-carotene by human β-carotene-9′,10′-oxygenase expressed in E. coli. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1195-200. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Kim YS, Oh DK. Biotransformation of carotenoids to retinal by carotenoid 15,15'-oxygenase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 88:807-16. [PMID: 20717662 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Retinal, a precursor of vitamin A, has been used in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and animal feed additives. Carotenoid 15,15'-oxygenases, including β-carotene 15,15'-oxygenases from mammalians, chickens, fruit flies, zebrafishes, the uncultured marine bacterium, and the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, and apo-carotenoid 15,15'-oxygenases from cyanobacteria produce retinal from carotenoids. In this article, the biochemical properties, reaction mechanism, and substrate specificity of carotenoid oxygenases are reviewed, along with a description of the enzymatic biotransformation of carotenoids to retinal. Retinal producing methods using metabolically engineered cells and uncharacterized proteins are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Su Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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26
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Kim YS, Park CS, Oh DK. Retinal production from β-carotene by β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase from an unculturable marine bacterium. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 32:957-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kim YS, Park CS, Oh DK. Hydrophobicity of residue 108 specifically affects the affinity of human beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase for substrates with two ionone rings. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 32:847-53. [PMID: 20221844 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Lys residue at position 108 of human beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase is located on the outside surface of the active tunnel of the enzyme. Hydrophobic mutations (K108F and K108L) at this position substantially decreased the affinity of the enzyme for substrates with ionone rings at both ends, such as alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthine. In contrast, these mutations had little effect on the affinity of the enzyme for substrates with one ionone ring and one open-chain end, such as beta-apo-4'-carotenal and beta-apo-8'-carotenal. The residue 108 may be related to the indirect interaction with the second ionone ring of the substrates with two ionone rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Su Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
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