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Thaller SA, Andersson L, Schwartz SJ, Mazelle C, Fowler C, Goodrich K, Newman D, Halekas J, Pilinski MD, Pollard M. Bipolar Electric Field Pulses in the Martian Magnetosheath and Solar Wind; Their Implication and Impact Accessed by System Scale Size. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2022; 127:e2022JA030374. [PMID: 36248014 PMCID: PMC9539470 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The scale size of the plasma boundary region between the sheath and ionosphere in the Martian system is often similar to the gyro-radii of sheath protons, ∼200 km. As a result, ion energization via kinetic structures may play an important role in modifying the ion trajectories and thus be important when evaluating the large-scale dynamics of the Martian system. In this paper, we report observations made with the MAVEN Langmuir Probe and Waves instrument of solitary bipolar electric field structures, and assess their potential role in ion energization in the Martian system. The observed structures appear as short duration (∼0.5 ms) bipolar electric field pulses of ∼1-25 mV/m, and are frequently observed in the upstream solar wind and inside the sheath. The study presented in this paper suggests that the bipolar electric field structures observed at Mars have an average electrostatic potential drop of ∼0.07 V. The estimated upper rate at which these structures could further energize the protons is estimated, assuming the protons gain the full 0.07 eV, to be ∼0.13 eV per gyration, or a change in proton energy of ∼0.3%, and a corresponding change in the gyroradius of ∼0.3 km. These numbers imply that to first order the bipolar structures are not a significant source of ion energization in the Martian magnetosheath.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chris Fowler
- Department of Physics and AstronomyWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWVUSA
| | - Katherine Goodrich
- Department of Physics and AstronomyWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWVUSA
| | - David Newman
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsBoulderCOUSA
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Jasper Halekas
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
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2
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Salabei JK, Fishman TJ, Schwartz SJ, Okonoboh P, Iyer UG. Physicians at the crossroad of prognosis and faith: practical help communicating with patients and families during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2021; 11:293-295. [PMID: 34234895 PMCID: PMC8118447 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2021.1890340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Physicians will ultimately face the necessary but unpleasant task of caring for a dying patient at some point in their careers. Communicating with patients or their families during such dire times is very important especially when the patient or family members have unrealistic expectations. Herein, we have highlighted practical suggestions which if applied can prevent unnecessary draining encounters with patients and families; for example, incorporating ancillary staff such as palliative and pastoral care into the care team. We have also proposed a new concept of 'physician optimism'. Based on this concept, the physician can be classified as a pessimist or an optimist with realistic or unrealistic expectations and communicate to patients with or without requisite empathy. To ensure the best outcomes, we conclude that physicians must be realistic optimists who always communicate with empathy. Unrealistic optimism, no matter how well-intentioned, is deceiving to patients and their families will never allow a culture of trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K. Salabei
- School of Medicine/North Florida Regional Medical Center, University of Central Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Troy J. Fishman
- School of Medicine/North Florida Regional Medical Center, University of Central Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- School of Medicine/North Florida Regional Medical Center, University of Central Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology Division of Adult Critical Care, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peters Okonoboh
- School of Medicine/North Florida Regional Medical Center, University of Central Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Uma G. Iyer
- School of Medicine/North Florida Regional Medical Center, University of Central Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Florida Cancer Specialists and Research Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
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3
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Orchard CJ, Cooperstone JL, Gas-Pascual E, Andrade MC, Abud G, Schwartz SJ, Francis DM. Identification and assessment of alleles in the promoter of the Cyc-B gene that modulate levels of β-carotene in ripe tomato fruit. Plant Genome 2021; 14:e20085. [PMID: 33605077 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Novel diversity may be mined from databases and de novo sequencing, but functional characterization remains a limiting step to identifying new alleles. Classical breeding approaches augmented by marker-assisted selection offer a means to rapidly assess the function of new variation in coding or regulatory regions to modulate traits. We used the Cyc-B gene (B) of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for a proof of concept because of its role in the production of β-carotene, a provitamin A carotenoid with importance to human nutrition. We measured carotenoid content in vintage and contemporary varieties and the profiles had a range of β-carotene from 0.2 to 4.06 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight. We characterized variation in B from 84 sequences recovered from public databases and from an additional 29 high β-carotene tomato, S. galapagense S. C. Darwin & Peralta, and S. cheesmaniae (L. Riley) Fosberg accessions. Thirteen unique haplotypes across 1600 bp of sequence 5' to the first ATG were identified with 11 occurring in high β-carotene accessions we sequenced, and additional haplotypes were identified in public data. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the alleles in high β-carotene varieties were derived from wild species. Association analysis suggested two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as the most likely causes of high β-carotene, presumably through their influence on transcription of B that is elevated in ripening fruit. A marker-assisted backcross breeding scheme leveraging SNPs for background genome selection was used to rapidly develop germplasm resources containing different alleles of B in a uniform genetic background. Evaluation demonstrated that distinct promoter haplotypes function as different alleles that can be used to modulate the levels of β-carotene in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Orchard
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, OARDC, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Jessica L Cooperstone
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, OARDC, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 1739 N. High St., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Elisabet Gas-Pascual
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, OARDC, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 120 E. Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Marcela C Andrade
- Deparment of Biology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Abud
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, OARDC, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 1739 N. High St., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - David M Francis
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, OARDC, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
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Roberts KM, Grainger EM, Thomas‐Ahner JM, Hinton A, Gu J, Riedl K, Vodovotz Y, Abaza R, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK. Dose‐Dependent Increases in Ellagitannin Metabolites as Biomarkers of Intake in Humans Consuming Standardized Black Raspberry Food Products Designed for Clinical Trials. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900800. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alice Hinton
- Division of BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Junnan Gu
- Department of Human SciencesThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Ken Riedl
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Nutrient and Phytochemical Analytic Shared ResourceComprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Yael Vodovotz
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Ronney Abaza
- Department of UrologyThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Ohio Health Physician Group Robotic Urologic and Cancer SurgeryDublin Methodist Hospital 7450 Hospital Drive, Suite 300 Dublin OH 8518 43016 USA
| | - Steven J. Schwartz
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Nutrient and Phytochemical Analytic Shared ResourceComprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Steven K. Clinton
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Nutrient and Phytochemical Analytic Shared ResourceComprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Medical OncologyThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
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Schwartz SJ, Fleischner RD, Schwartz AZ, Stephens EM. Realizing the Promise of Olmstead: Ensuring the Informed Choice of Institutionalized Individuals with Disabilities to Receive Services in the Most Integrated Setting. J Leg Med 2020; 40:63-100. [PMID: 32400309 DOI: 10.1080/01947648.2020.1731329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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Halim Y, Schwartz SJ, Francis D, Baldauf NA, Rodriguez-Saona LE. Direct Determination of Lycopene Content in Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) by Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/89.5.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lycopene is a potent antioxidant that has been shown to play critical roles in disease prevention. Efficient assays for detection and quantification of lycopene are desirable as alternatives to time- and labor-intensive methods. Attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy was used for quantification of lycopene in tomato varieties. Calibration models were developed by partial least-squares regression (PLSR) using quantitative measures of lycopene concentration from liquid chromatography as reference method. IR spectra showed a distinct marker band at 957 cm1 for trans Carbon-Hydrogen (CH) deformation vibration of lycopene. PLSR models predicted the lycopene content accurately and reproducibly with a correlation coefficient (σ) of 0.96 and standard error of cross-validation <0.80 mg/100 g. ATR-IR spectroscopy allowed for rapid, simple, and accurate determination of lycopene in tomatoes with minimal sample preparation. Results suggest that the ATR-IR method is applicable for high-throughput quantitative analysis and screening for lycopene in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwana Halim
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Bldg, 2015 Fyffe Rd, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Bldg, 2015 Fyffe Rd, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - David Francis
- The Ohio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, 210 Williams, OARDC-Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Nathan A Baldauf
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Bldg, 2015 Fyffe Rd, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Luis E Rodriguez-Saona
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Bldg, 2015 Fyffe Rd, Columbus, OH 43210
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Wilson LB, Chen LJ, Wang S, Schwartz SJ, Turner DL, Stevens ML, Kasper JC, Osmane A, Caprioli D, Bale SD, Pulupa MP, Salem CS, Goodrich KA. Electron Energy Partition across Interplanetary Shocks. I. Methodology and Data Product. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 2019; 243:10.3847/1538-4365/ab22bd. [PMID: 31806920 PMCID: PMC6894189 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab22bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of 15,314 electron velocity distribution functions (VDFs) within ±2 hr of 52 interplanetary (IP) shocks observed by the Wind spacecraft near 1 au are introduced. The electron VDFs are fit to the sum of three model functions for the cold dense core, hot tenuous halo, and field-aligned beam/strahl component. The best results were found by modeling the core as either a bi-kappa or a symmetric (or asymmetric) bi-self-similar VDF, while both the halo and beam/strahl components were best fit to bi-kappa VDF. This is the first statistical study to show that the core electron distribution is better fit to a self-similar VDF than a bi-Maxwellian under all conditions. The self-similar distribution deviation from a Maxwellian is a measure of inelasticity in particle scattering from waves and/or turbulence. The ranges of values defined by the lower and upper quartiles for the kappa exponents are κ ec ~ 5.40-10.2 for the core, κ eh ~ 3.58-5.34 for the halo, and κ eb ~ 3.40-5.16 for the beam/strahl. The lower-to-upper quartile range of symmetric bi-self-similar core exponents is s ec ~ 2.00-2.04, and those of asymmetric bi-self-similar core exponents are p ec ~ 2.20-4.00 for the parallel exponent and q ec ~ 2.00-2.46 for the perpendicular exponent. The nuanced details of the fit procedure and description of resulting data product are also presented. The statistics and detailed analysis of the results are presented in Paper II and Paper III of this three-part study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn B Wilson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Li-Jen Chen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Shan Wang
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Drew L Turner
- Space Sciences Department, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Stevens
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Justin C Kasper
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, School of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adnane Osmane
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Damiano Caprioli
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stuart D Bale
- University of California Berkeley, Space Sciences Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marc P Pulupa
- University of California Berkeley, Space Sciences Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chadi S Salem
- University of California Berkeley, Space Sciences Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Gu J, Thomas-Ahner JM, Riedl KM, Bailey MT, Vodovotz Y, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK. Dietary Black Raspberries Impact the Colonic Microbiome and Phytochemical Metabolites in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1800636. [PMID: 30763455 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Black raspberries (BRB) are a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals, including anthocyanins and ellagitannins. These phytochemicals are poorly absorbed and may be transformed by gut microbiota into various metabolites that may impact the colonic mucosa or upon absorption have systemic bioactivity. The objective of this study is to define the impact of a BRB-containing diet on the colon microbiome in mice and quantify the phytochemical metabolites in the colon contents and circulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Male mice were fed 10% w/w freeze-dried BRB powder for 6 weeks. The colonic microbiota was evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Anthocyanin and ellagitannin metabolites, protocatechuic acid, and urolithins were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. The BRB diet impacted colon mucosal microbial composition with a more robust effect observed on the luminal microflora. BRB-derived protocatechuic acid and urolithins were quantified in the colon, luminal contents, plasma, liver, and prostate with protocatechuic acid present in higher concentrations compared to urolithins. CONCLUSION This study highlights the complex interactions between dietary phytochemicals, the host microbiome, and metabolism. It is demonstrated that microbially produced phytochemical metabolites are present in the colon and systemic circulation where they may exert biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Gu
- Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
| | | | - Kenneth M Riedl
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Nutrient & Phytochemical Analytic Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, 43205, OH, USA.,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
| | - Yael Vodovotz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Nutrient & Phytochemical Analytic Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
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Moran NE, Thomas-Ahner JM, Fleming JL, McElroy JP, Mehl R, Grainger EM, Riedl KM, Toland AE, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in β-Carotene Oxygenase 1 are Associated with Plasma Lycopene Responses to a Tomato-Soy Juice Intervention in Men with Prostate Cancer. J Nutr 2019; 149:381-397. [PMID: 30801647 PMCID: PMC6398392 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human plasma and tissue lycopene concentrations are heterogeneous even when consuming controlled amounts of tomato or lycopene. OBJECTIVES Our objective is to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near known or putative carotenoid metabolism genes [β-carotene 15,15' monooxygenase 1 (BCO1), scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SCARB1), ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), apolipoprotein B-48, elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 2 (ELOVL2), and ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1), and an intergenic superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial-associated SNP] are predictive of plasma lycopene responses to steady state tomato juice consumption. METHODS Secondary linear regression analyses of data from a dose-escalation study of prostate cancer patients [n = 47; mean ± SEM age: 60 ± 1 y; BMI (in kg/m2): 32 ± 1] consuming 0, 1, or 2 cans of tomato-soy juice/d (163 mL/can; 20.6 mg lycopene 1.2 mg β-carotene/can) for 24 ± 0.7 d before prostatectomy were conducted to explore 11 SNP genotype effects on the change in plasma lycopene and plasma and prostate tissue concentrations of lycopene, β-carotene, phytoene, and phytofluene. RESULTS Two BCO1 SNP genotypes were significant predictors of the change in plasma lycopene, with SNP effects differing in magnitude and direction, depending on the level of juice intake (rs12934922 × diet group P = 0.02; rs6564851 × diet group P = 0.046). Further analyses suggested that plasma β-carotene changes were predicted by BCO1 rs12934922 (P < 0.01), prostate lycopene by trending interaction and main effects of BCO1 SNPs (rs12934922 × diet group P = 0.09; rs12934922 P = 0.02; rs6564851 P = 0.053), and prostate β-carotene by BCO1 SNP interaction and main effects (rs12934922 × diet group P = 0.01; rs12934922 P < 0.01; rs7501331 P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, SNPs in BCO1 and other genes may modulate human plasma and prostate tissue responses to dietary lycopene intake and warrant validation in larger, human controlled feeding intervention and cohort studies. Genetic variants related to carotenoid metabolism may partially explain heterogeneous human blood and tissue responses and may be critical covariates for population studies and clinical trials. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01009736.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Moran
- Comprehensive Cancer Center,USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Joseph P McElroy
- Comprehensive Cancer Center,Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine
| | | | | | - Ken M Riedl
- Comprehensive Cancer Center,College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences, Department of Food Science and Technology
| | - Amanda E Toland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center,Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center,College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences, Department of Food Science and Technology
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Comprehensive Cancer Center,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Address correspondence to SKC (e-mail: )
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Dzakovich MP, Gas-Pascual E, Orchard CJ, Sari EN, Riedl KM, Schwartz SJ, Francis DM, Cooperstone JL. Analysis of Tomato Carotenoids: Comparing Extraction and Chromatographic Methods. J AOAC Int 2019; 102:1069-1079. [PMID: 30786953 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.19-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) are an economically and nutritionally important crop colored by carotenoids such as lycopene and β-carotene. Market diversification and interest in the health benefits of carotenoids has created the desire in plant, food, and nutritional scientists for improved extraction and quantification protocols that avoid the analytical bottlenecks caused by current methods. Objective: Our objective was to compare standard and rapid extraction as well as chromatographic separation methods for tomato carotenoids. Method: Comparison was based on accuracy and the ability to discriminate between alleles and genetic backgrounds. Estimates of the contribution to variance in the presence of genetic and environmental effects were further used for comparison. Selections of cherry and processing tomatoes with varying carotenoid profiles were assessed using both established extraction and HPLC-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) methods and rapid extraction and ultra-HPLC-DAD (UHPLC-DAD) protocols. Results: Discrimination of alleles in samples extracted rapidly (<5 min/sample) was similar to samples extracted using a standard method (10 min/sample), although carotenoid concentrations were lower due to reduced extraction efficiency. Quantification by HPLC-DAD (21.5 min/sample) and UHPLC-DAD (4.2 min/sample) were comparable, but the UHPLC-DAD method could not separate all carotenoids and isomers of tangerine tomatoes. Random effects modeling indicated that extraction and chromatographic methods explained a small proportion of variance compared with genetic and environmental sources. Conclusions: The rapid extraction and UHPLC-DAD methods could enhance throughput for some applications compared with standard protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Dzakovich
- The Ohio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, 2001 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Elisabet Gas-Pascual
- The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Caleb J Orchard
- The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Eka N Sari
- The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Ken M Riedl
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, 2015 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, 2015 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - David M Francis
- The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Jessica L Cooperstone
- The Ohio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, 2001 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH 43210
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11
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Grainger EM, Moran NE, Francis DM, Schwartz SJ, Wan L, Thomas-Ahner J, Kopec RE, Riedl KM, Young GS, Abaza R, Bahnson RR, Clinton SK. A Novel Tomato-Soy Juice Induces a Dose-Response Increase in Urinary and Plasma Phytochemical Biomarkers in Men with Prostate Cancer. J Nutr 2019; 149:26-35. [PMID: 30476157 PMCID: PMC6351139 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tomato and soy intake is associated with reduced prostate cancer risk or severity in epidemiologic and experimental studies. Objective On the basis of the principle that multiple bioactives in tomato and soy may act on diverse anticancer pathways, we developed and characterized a tomato-soy juice for clinical trials. In this phase 2 dose-escalating study, we examined plasma, prostate, and urine biomarkers of carotenoid and isoflavone exposure. Methods Men scheduled for prostatectomy were recruited to consume 0, 1, or 2 cans of tomato-soy juice/d before surgery (mean ± SD duration: 24 ± 4.6 d). The juice provided 20.6 mg lycopene and 66 mg isoflavone aglycone equivalents/177-mL can. Plasma carotenoids and urinary isoflavone metabolites were quantified by HPLC-photometric diode array and prostate carotenoids and isoflavones by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Results We documented significant dose-response increases (P < 0.05) in plasma concentrations of tomato carotenoids. Plasma concentrations were 1.86-, 1.69-, 1.73-, and 1.69-fold higher for lycopene, β-carotene, phytoene, and phytofluene, respectively, for the 1-can/d group and 2.34-, 3.43-, 2.54-, and 2.29-fold higher, respectively, for the 2-cans/d group compared with 0 cans/d. Urinary isoflavones daidzein, genistein, and glycitein increased in a dose-dependent manner. Prostate carotenoid and isoflavone concentrations were not dose-dependent in this short intervention; yet, correlations between plasma carotenoid and urinary isoflavones with respective prostate concentrations were documented (R2 = 0.78 for lycopene, P < 0.001; R2 = 0.59 for dihydrodaidzein, P < 0.001). Secondary clustering analyses showed urinary isoflavone metabolite phenotypes. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the phytoene and phytofluene in prostate tissue after a dietary intervention. Secondary analysis showed that the 2-cans/d group experienced a nonsignificant decrease in prostate-specific antigen slope compared with 0 cans/d (P = 0.078). Conclusion These findings provide the foundation for evaluating a well-characterized tomato-soy juice in human clinical trials to define the impact on human prostate carcinogenesis. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01009736.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Grainger
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Nancy E Moran
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David M Francis
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Lei Wan
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jennifer Thomas-Ahner
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Rachel E Kopec
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ken M Riedl
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Gregory S Young
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,Center for Biostatistics College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ronney Abaza
- Department of Urology College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Robert R Bahnson
- Department of Urology College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Steven K Clinton
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,Division of Medical Oncology, College of Medicine The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,Address correspondence to SKC (e-mail: )
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12
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Cooperstone JL, Novotny JA, Riedl KM, Cichon MJ, Francis DM, Curley RW, Schwartz SJ, Harrison EH. Limited appearance of apocarotenoids is observed in plasma after consumption of tomato juices: a randomized human clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:784-792. [PMID: 30239552 PMCID: PMC6186210 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonvitamin A apocarotenoids occur in foods. Some function as retinoic acid receptor antagonists in vitro, though it is unclear if apocarotenoids are absorbed or accumulate to levels needed to elicit biological function. Objective The aim of this study was to quantify carotenoids and apocarotenoids (β-apo-8'-, -10'-, -12'-, and -14'-carotenal, apo-6'-, -8'-, -10'-, -12'-, and -14'-lycopenal, retinal, acycloretinal, β-apo-13-carotenone, and apo-13-lycopenone) in human plasma after controlled consumption of carotenoid-rich tomato juices. Design Healthy subjects (n = 35) consumed a low-carotenoid diet for 2 wk, then consumed 360 mL of high-β-carotene tomato juice (30.4 mg of β-carotene, 34.5 μg total β-apocarotenoids/d), high-lycopene tomato juice (42.5 mg of lycopene, 119.2 μg total apolycopenoids/d), or a carotenoid-free control (cucumber juice) per day for 4 wk. Plasma was sampled at baseline (after washout) and after 2 and 4 wk, and analyzed for carotenoids and apocarotenoids using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The methods used to analyze the apocarotenoids had limits of detection of ∼ 100 pmol/L. Results Apocarotenoids are present in tomato juices at 0.1-0.5% of the parent carotenoids. Plasma lycopene and β-carotene increased (P < 0.001) after consuming high-lycopene and β-carotene tomato juices, respectively, while retinol remained unchanged. β-Apo-13-carotenone was found in the blood of all subjects at every visit, although elevated (P < 0.001) after consuming β-carotene tomato juice for 4 wk (1.01 ± 0.27 nmol/L) compared with both baseline (0.37 ± 0.17 nmol/L) and control (0.46 ± 0.11 nmol/L). Apo-6'-lycopenal was detected or quantifiable in 29 subjects, while β-apo-10'- and 12'-carotenal were detected in 6 and 2 subjects, respectively. No other apolycopenoids or apocarotenoids were detected. Conclusions β-Apo-13-carotenone was the only apocarotenoid that was quantifiable in all subjects, and was elevated in those consuming high-β-carotene tomato juice. Levels were similar to previous reports of all-trans-retinoic acid. Other apocarotenoids are either poorly absorbed or rapidly metabolized or cleared, and so are absent or limited in blood. β-Apo-13-carotenone may form from vitamin A and its presence warrants further investigation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02550483.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Cooperstone
- Horticulture and Crop Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Address correspondence to JLC (e-mail: )
| | - Janet A Novotny
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD
| | - Ken M Riedl
- Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Morgan J Cichon
- Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - David M Francis
- Horticulture and Crop Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Robert W Curley
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Earl H Harrison
- Human Sciences, Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Address correspondence to EHH (e-mail: )
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13
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Turner DL, Wilson LB, Liu TZ, Cohen IJ, Schwartz SJ, Osmane A, Fennell JF, Clemmons JH, Blake JB, Westlake J, Mauk BH, Jaynes AN, Leonard T, Baker DN, Strangeway RJ, Russell CT, Gershman DJ, Avanov L, Giles BL, Torbert RB, Broll J, Gomez RG, Fuselier SA, Burch JL. Autogenous and efficient acceleration of energetic ions upstream of Earth's bow shock. Nature 2018; 561:206-210. [PMID: 30209369 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Earth and its magnetosphere are immersed in the supersonic flow of the solar-wind plasma that fills interplanetary space. As the solar wind slows and deflects to flow around Earth, or any other obstacle, a 'bow shock' forms within the flow. Under almost all solar-wind conditions, planetary bow shocks such as Earth's are collisionless, supercritical shocks, meaning that they reflect and accelerate a fraction of the incident solar-wind ions as an energy dissipation mechanism1,2, which results in the formation of a region called the ion foreshock3. In the foreshock, large-scale, transient phenomena can develop, such as 'hot flow anomalies'4-9, which are concentrations of shock-reflected, suprathermal ions that are channelled and accumulated along certain structures in the upstream magnetic field. Hot flow anomalies evolve explosively, often resulting in the formation of new shocks along their upstream edges5,10, and potentially contribute to particle acceleration11-13, but there have hitherto been no observations to constrain this acceleration or to confirm the underlying mechanism. Here we report observations of a hot flow anomaly accelerating solar-wind ions from roughly 1-10 kiloelectronvolts up to almost 1,000 kiloelectronvolts. The acceleration mechanism depends on the mass and charge state of the ions and is consistent with first-order Fermi acceleration14,15. The acceleration that we observe results from only the interaction of Earth's bow shock with the solar wind, but produces a much, much larger number of energetic particles compared to what would typically be produced in the foreshock from acceleration at the bow shock. Such autogenous and efficient acceleration at quasi-parallel bow shocks (the normal direction of which are within about 45 degrees of the interplanetary magnetic field direction) provides a potential solution to Fermi's 'injection problem', which requires an as-yet-unexplained seed population of energetic particles, and implies that foreshock transients may be important in the generation of cosmic rays at astrophysical shocks throughout the cosmos.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Turner
- Space Sciences Department, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA.
| | - L B Wilson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - T Z Liu
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - I J Cohen
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | - A Osmane
- School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.,Rudolf Peierls Centre of Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J F Fennell
- Space Sciences Department, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA
| | - J H Clemmons
- Space Sciences Department, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA
| | - J B Blake
- Space Sciences Department, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA
| | - J Westlake
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - B H Mauk
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - A N Jaynes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - T Leonard
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D N Baker
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R J Strangeway
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C T Russell
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D J Gershman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - L Avanov
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - B L Giles
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - R B Torbert
- Institute For the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA.,Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J Broll
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Departoment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - R G Gomez
- Space Sciences Department, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA
| | - S A Fuselier
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Departoment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J L Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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14
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Teegarden MD, Schwartz SJ, Cooperstone JL. Profiling the impact of thermal processing on black raspberry phytochemicals using untargeted metabolomics. Food Chem 2018; 274:782-788. [PMID: 30373008 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and laboratory studies have implicated black raspberries (BRBs) and their associated phytochemicals in the modulation of several chronic diseases. Most research on the health benefits of BRBs is conducted using freeze-dried or otherwise minimally processed products, yet BRBs are typically consumed as thermally processed goods like jams and syrups. The objective of this work was to profile the chemical changes that result from thermal processing of BRB powder into a nectar beverage. Using an untargeted UHPLC-QTOF-MS metabolomics approach, key degradation products of anthocyanins were identified along with several other proposed phenolic degradants. The effects of processing on other key BRB compound groups, including ellagitannins, are also discussed. This work demonstrates the utility of an untargeted metabolomics approach in describing the chemistry of complex food systems and provides a foundation for future research on the impact of processing on BRB product bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Teegarden
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jessica L Cooperstone
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, 2001 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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15
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Gershman DJ, F.-Viñas A, Dorelli JC, Goldstein ML, Shuster J, Avanov LA, Boardsen SA, Stawarz JE, Schwartz SJ, Schiff C, Lavraud B, Saito Y, Paterson WR, Giles BL, Pollock CJ, Strangeway RJ, Russell CT, Torbert RB, Moore TE, Burch JL. Energy partitioning constraints at kinetic scales in low- β turbulence. Phys Plasmas 2018; 25:022303. [PMID: 30344429 PMCID: PMC6190670 DOI: 10.1063/1.5009158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Turbulence is a fundamental physical process through which energy injected into a system at large scales cascades to smaller scales. In collisionless plasmas, turbulence provides a critical mechanism for dissipating electromagnetic energy. Here we present observations of plasma fluctuations in low-β turbulence using data from NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission in Earth's magnetosheath. We provide constraints on the partitioning of turbulent energy density in the fluid, ion-kinetic, and electron-kinetic ranges. Magnetic field fluctuations dominated the energy density spectrum throughout the fluid and ion-kinetic ranges, consistent with previous observations of turbulence in similar plasma regimes. However, at scales shorter than the electron inertial length, fluctuation power in electron kinetic energy significantly exceeded that of the magnetic field, resulting in an electron-motion-regulated cascade at small scales. This dominance should be highly relevant for the study of turbulence in highly magnetized laboratory and astrophysical plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Melvyn L. Goldstein
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771
- Goddard Planetary Heliophysics Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, 21250
| | - Jason Shuster
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Levon A. Avanov
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Scott A. Boardsen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771
- Goddard Planetary Heliophysics Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, 21250
| | | | | | - Conrad Schiff
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771
| | - Benoit Lavraud
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, UPS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, France
| | - Yoshifumi Saito
- JAXA Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Robert J. Strangeway
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - Christopher T. Russell
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - Roy B. Torbert
- Physics Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824
- Southwest Research Institute Durham, Durham, NH, 03824
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16
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Cichon MJ, Riedl KM, Wan L, Thomas‐Ahner JM, Francis DM, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ. Plasma Metabolomics Reveals Steroidal Alkaloids as Novel Biomarkers of Tomato Intake in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J. Cichon
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Ken M. Riedl
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Lei Wan
- Interdisciplinary Nutrition ProgramThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | | | - David M. Francis
- Department of Horticulture and Crop SciencesThe Ohio State University Wooster OH USA
| | - Steven K. Clinton
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Division of Medical OncologyDepartment of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Steven J. Schwartz
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
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17
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Westphal A, Riedl KM, Cooperstone JL, Kamat S, Balasubramaniam VM, Schwartz SJ, Böhm V. High-Pressure Processing of Broccoli Sprouts: Influence on Bioactivation of Glucosinolates to Isothiocyanates. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:8578-8585. [PMID: 28929757 PMCID: PMC7104659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Effects of high-pressure processing (HPP, 100-600 MPa for 3 min at 30 °C) on the glucosinolate content, conversion to isothiocyanates, and color changes during storage in fresh broccoli sprouts were investigated. A mild heat treatment (60 °C) and boiling (100 °C) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Glucosinolates were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and isothiocyanates were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection. A formation of isothiocyanates was observed in all high-pressure-treated sprouts. The highest degree of conversion (85%) was observed after the 600 MPa treatment. Increased isothiocyanate formation at 400-600 MPa suggests an inactivation of the epithiospecifier protein. During storage, color changed from green to brownish, reflected by increasing a* values and decreasing L* values. This effect was less pronounced for sprouts treated at 100 and 600 MPa, indicating an influence on the responsible enzymes. In summary, HPP had no negative effects on the glucosinolate-myrosinase system in broccoli sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Westphal
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kenneth M. Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jessica L. Cooperstone
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Shreya Kamat
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - V. M. Balasubramaniam
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Steven J. Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Corresponding Author: Telephone: +49-3641-949633. Fax: +49-3641-949702.
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18
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Teegarden MD, Campbell AR, Cooperstone JL, Tober KL, Schwartz SJ, Oberyszyn TM. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 and its C-3 epimer are elevated in the skin and serum of Skh-1 mice supplemented with dietary vitamin D 3. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28589636 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE UV exposure is a risk factor for keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) while critical for endogenous vitamin D production. We investigated dietary modulation of skin and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3 ) and its C-3 epimer (C3epi) in a mouse model of KC. C3epi is an under-investigated metabolite of vitamin D with respect to its biological implications. METHODS AND RESULTS Male and female Skh-1 mice were supplemented with 25, 150 or 1000 IU/kg diet vitamin D3 for 25 weeks, with some exposed to UV light. Skin and serum vitamin D metabolites were quantitated using HPLC-MS/MS (n = 3 per dose/sex/UV treatment). Serum and skin 25OHD3 and C3epi significantly increased with dose (P<0.0001), but with different response patterns. UV exposure significantly attenuated serum, but not skin, levels of both metabolites (P<0.001, P = 0.0287), while up-regulating expression of renal Cyp24a1 (P < 0.01). A dose by sex interaction trended toward significance with serum and skin levels of C3epi, wherein male mice attained higher levels of C3epi with higher dietary vitamin D3 . This reflected a similar, but non-significant pattern in average tumor size. CONCLUSION The complex relationship between vitamin D and KC requires further investigation. This study provides insight into modulation of local and systemic vitamin D status with dietary supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Teegarden
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amanda R Campbell
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jessica L Cooperstone
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen L Tober
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tatiana M Oberyszyn
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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19
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Cooperstone JL, Goetz HJ, Riedl KM, Harrison EH, Schwartz SJ, Kopec RE. Relative contribution of α-carotene to postprandial vitamin A concentrations in healthy humans after carrot consumption. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:59-66. [PMID: 28515067 PMCID: PMC5486200 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.150821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Asymmetric α-carotene, a provitamin A carotenoid, is cleaved to produce retinol (vitamin A) and α-retinol (with negligible vitamin A activity). The vitamin A activity of α-carotene-containing foods is likely overestimated because traditional analytic methods do not separate α-retinol derivatives from active retinol.Objective: This study aimed to accurately characterize intestinal α-carotene cleavage and its relative contribution to postprandial vitamin A in humans after consumption of raw carrots.Design: Healthy adults (n = 12) consumed a meal containing 300 g raw carrot (providing 27.3 mg β-carotene and 18.7 mg α-carotene). Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fractions of plasma were isolated and extracted, and α-retinyl palmitate (αRP) and retinyl palmitate were measured over 12 h postprandially via high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The complete profile of all α-retinyl esters and retinyl esters was measured at 6 h, and total absorption of α- and β-carotene was calculated.Results: αRP was identified and quantified in every subject. No difference in preference for absorption of β- over α-carotene was observed (adjusting for dose, 28% higher, P = 0.103). After absorption, β-carotene trended toward preferential cleavage compared with α-carotene (22% higher, P = 0.084). A large range of provitamin A carotenoid conversion efficiencies was observed, with α-carotene contributing 12-35% of newly converted vitamin A (predicted contribution = 25.5%). In all subjects, a majority of α-retinol was esterified to palmitic acid (as compared with other fatty acids).Conclusions: α-Retinol is esterified in the enterocyte and transported in the blood analogous to retinol. The percentage of absorption of α-carotene from raw carrots was not significantly different from β-carotene when adjusting for dose, although a trend toward higher cleavage of β-carotene was observed. The results demonstrate large interindividual variability in α-carotene conversion. The contribution of newly absorbed α-carotene to postprandial vitamin A should not be estimated but should be measured directly to accurately assess the vitamin A capacity of α-carotene-containing foods. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01432210.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ken M Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology and
| | - Earl H Harrison
- Division of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
| | | | - Rachel E Kopec
- Division of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and .,Security and Quality of Products of Plant Origin, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 408, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Avignon, France
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20
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Ahn-Jarvis JH, Knobloch TJ, Oghumu S, Reidl KM, Brock G, Clinton SK, Vodovotz Y, Schwartz SJ, Weghorst CM. Abstract CT105: Validation of a tobacco smoke exposure gene expression signature and exploration of intraoral metabolite profiles following administration of a strawberry functional confection in smokers and nonsmokers. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-ct105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dietary administration of whole strawberries has demonstrated great potential as a strategy for oral and esophageal cancer prevention in preclinical trials. We hypothesize that following consumption of a novel confection containing strawberries (i) gene expression profiles in oral mucosa will be modulated in a manner that favor anti-cancer activities, and (ii) unique intraoral metabolites will segregate smokers and nonsmokers. A 6-week randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase I crossover trial using functional confections delivering 24g/day of freeze-dried whole ripe strawberries was examined in smoking and nonsmoking men and women.
Objectives
Validate an annotated targeted oral epithelial gene expression profile in smokers and nonsmokers.
Establish a strawberry-associated oral epithelial gene expression profile in smokers and nonsmokers following localized delivery of a novel strawberry functional confection.
Define an intraoral metabolic profile of strawberry compounds in saliva for smokers and nonsmokers.
Methods: Total RNA was isolated from tongue oral epithelium brush biopsies and gene expression was measured using RT-qPCR analyses with 44 pre-validated TaqMan gene expression assays corresponding to known tobacco-smoke associated oral transcriptome biomarkers. Anthocyanin and ellagitannins as well as other strawberry metabolites in saliva were quantified using HPLC with photodiode-array and UPLC with tandem mass spectroscopy. Salivary amylase and beta-glucosidase activity was measured colorimetrically using p-nitrophenol endpoints.
Results: A 7-gene over-expression signature (ALOX12B, CD207, HTR3A, KRT10, LOR, PNLIPRP3, TRNP1) was validated that segregated smokers and nonsmokers (adjusted p-value<0.05, FDR<0.20). The effects of strawberry intervention compared to placebo on this gene signature were modest and did not effectively distinguish the groups. No smoking-strawberry interaction effects achieved significance in this pilot study. In saliva, β-glucosidase activity was significantly (p=0.039) greater in smokers than nonsmokers. Anthocyanin profiles in saliva between smokers and nonsmokers differed significantly (p≤0.05). An exploratory cluster analysis was conducted to identify ellagitannin metabolizing phenotypes and examined these phenotypes in the context of gene expression profiles.
Conclusions: Significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers were observed in gene expression, salivary enzyme activity and in intraoral strawberry metabolites following administration of a strawberry functional confection. While this pilot study interrogated an existing tobacco smoke driven transcriptional profile, the global strawberry bioactive driven transcriptome remains uncharacterized. Moreover, complementary changes in oral epithelial gene expression and intraoral metabolites between smokers and nonsmokers warrant the need for long-term cancer prevention studies using strawberries.
Citation Format: Jennifer H. Ahn-Jarvis, Thomas J. Knobloch, Steve Oghumu, Ken M. Reidl, Guy Brock, Steven K. Clinton, Yael Vodovotz, Steven J. Schwartz, Christopher M. Weghorst. Validation of a tobacco smoke exposure gene expression signature and exploration of intraoral metabolite profiles following administration of a strawberry functional confection in smokers and nonsmokers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr CT105. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-CT105
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Abstract
Flavones are a class of flavonoids that are a subject of increasing interest because of their biological activities in vitro and in vivo. This article reviews the major sources of flavones and their concentrations in food and beverages, which vary widely between studies. It also covers the roles of flavones in plants, the influence of growing conditions on their concentrations, and their stability during food processing. The absorption and metabolism of flavones are also reviewed, in particular the intestinal absorption of both O- and C-glycosides. Pharmacokinetic studies in both animals and humans are described, comparing differences between species and the effects of glycosylation on bioavailability. Biological activity in animal models and human dietary intervention studies is also reviewed. A better understanding of flavone sources and bioavailability is needed to understand mechanisms of action and nutritional intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Hostetler
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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22
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Gershman DJ, F-Viñas A, Dorelli JC, Boardsen SA, Avanov LA, Bellan PM, Schwartz SJ, Lavraud B, Coffey VN, Chandler MO, Saito Y, Paterson WR, Fuselier SA, Ergun RE, Strangeway RJ, Russell CT, Giles BL, Pollock CJ, Torbert RB, Burch JL. Wave-particle energy exchange directly observed in a kinetic Alfvén-branch wave. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14719. [PMID: 28361881 PMCID: PMC5380972 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alfvén waves are fundamental plasma wave modes that permeate the universe. At small kinetic scales, they provide a critical mechanism for the transfer of energy between electromagnetic fields and charged particles. These waves are important not only in planetary magnetospheres, heliospheres and astrophysical systems but also in laboratory plasma experiments and fusion reactors. Through measurement of charged particles and electromagnetic fields with NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission, we utilize Earth's magnetosphere as a plasma physics laboratory. Here we confirm the conservative energy exchange between the electromagnetic field fluctuations and the charged particles that comprise an undamped kinetic Alfvén wave. Electrons confined between adjacent wave peaks may have contributed to saturation of damping effects via nonlinear particle trapping. The investigation of these detailed wave dynamics has been unexplored territory in experimental plasma physics and is only recently enabled by high-resolution MMS observations. Alfvén waves are fundamental plasma modes that provide a mechanism for the transfer of energy between particles and fields. Here the authors confirm experimentally the conservative energy exchange between Alfvén wave fields and plasma particles via high-resolution MMS observations of Earth's magnetosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gershman
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Adolfo F-Viñas
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - John C Dorelli
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Scott A Boardsen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.,Goddard Planetary Heliophysics Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Levon A Avanov
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Paul M Bellan
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | | | - Benoit Lavraud
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31400, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5277, Toulouse F-31400, France
| | | | | | - Yoshifumi Saito
- JAXA Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | | | | | - Robert E Ergun
- Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Robert J Strangeway
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Christopher T Russell
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Barbara L Giles
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Craig J Pollock
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Roy B Torbert
- Physics Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA.,Southwest Research Institute Durham, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - James L Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA
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23
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Abbaoui B, Telu KH, Lucas CR, Thomas-Ahner JM, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK, Freitas MA, Mortazavi A. The impact of cruciferous vegetable isothiocyanates on histone acetylation and histone phosphorylation in bladder cancer. J Proteomics 2017; 156:94-103. [PMID: 28132875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetable intake is associated with reduced risk of bladder cancer, yet mechanisms remain unclear. Cruciferous vegetable isothiocyanates (ITCs), namely sulforaphane (SFN) and erucin (ECN), significantly inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in human bladder cancer cells representing superficial to invasive biology (59-83% inhibition with 20μM, 48h treatment), and in bladder cancer xenografts (59±3% ECN inhibition). Individual HDACs inhibited by SFN and ECN include HDACs 1, 2, 4 and 6. Interestingly, global acetylation status of histones H3 or H4 remain unaltered. The interplay between HDAC inhibition and modest modulation of AcH3 and AcH4 status is partially explained by decreased histone acetyl transferase activity (48.8±5.3%). In contrast, a significant decrease in phosphorylation status of all isoforms of histone H1 was observed, concomitant with increased phosphatase PP1β and PP2A activity. Together, these findings suggest that ITCs modulate histone status via HDAC inhibition and phosphatase enhancement. This allows for reduced levels of histone H1 phosphorylation, a marker correlated with human bladder cancer progression. Therefore, ITC-mediated inhibition of histone H1 phosphorylation presents a novel direction of research in elucidating epidemiological relationships and supports future food-based prevention strategies. SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, our findings suggest that the cruciferous vegetable isothiocyanates: sulforaphane (SFN) and erucin (ECN), impact histones status in bladder cancer cells by modulating specific HDACs and HATs, and enhancing phosphatase activity, resulting in reduction of histone H1 phosphorylation. These findings are significant due to the fact that our previous work positively correlated histone H1 phosphorylation with bladder cancer carcinogenesis and progression. Therefore, we propose that SFN and ECN may inhibit bladder carcinogenesis via epigenetic modulation of gene expression associated with histone H1 phosphorylation. These efforts may elucidate biomarkers useful in epidemiologic studies related to cruciferous vegetable intake and cancer risk or provide intermediate biomarkers for food-based clinical intervention studies in high-risk cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besma Abbaoui
- The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kelly H Telu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christopher R Lucas
- The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Steven J Schwartz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine; The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael A Freitas
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Amir Mortazavi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine; The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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24
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Cichon MJ, Riedl KM, Schwartz SJ. A metabolomic evaluation of the phytochemical composition of tomato juices being used in human clinical trials. Food Chem 2017; 228:270-278. [PMID: 28317724 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Juices from the traditional red tomato and a unique tangerine tomato variety are being investigated as health promoting foods in human clinical trials. However, it is unknown how the tangerine and red tomato juices differ in biologically relevant phytochemicals beyond carotenoids. Here liquid-chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry metabolomics was used to evaluate broadly the similarities and differences in carotenoids and other phytochemicals between red and tangerine tomato juices intended for clinical interventions. This untargeted approach was successful in the rapid detection and extensive characterization of phytochemicals belonging to various compound classes. The tomato juices were found to differ significantly in a number of phytochemicals, including carotenoids, chlorophylls, neutral lipids, and cinnamic acid derivatives. The largest differences were in carotenoids, including lycopene, phytoene, phytofluene, neurosporene, and ζ-carotene. Smaller, but significant, differences were observed in polar phytochemicals, such as chlorogenic acid, hydroxyferulic acid, phloretin-di-C-glycoside, and isopropylmalic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J Cichon
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Ken M Riedl
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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25
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Obodai M, Mensah DLN, Fernandes Â, Kortei NK, Dzomeku M, Teegarden M, Schwartz SJ, Barros L, Prempeh J, Takli RK, Ferreira ICFR. Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant Potential of Wild Ganoderma Species from Ghana. Molecules 2017; 22:E196. [PMID: 28125070 PMCID: PMC6155870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical characterization and antioxidant potential of twelve wild strains of Ganoderma sp. from Ghana, nine (LS1-LS9) of which were found growing wild simultaneously on the same dying Delonix regia tree, were evaluated. Parameters evaluated included the nutritional value, composition in sugars, fatty acids, phenolic and other organic compounds and some vitamins and vitamin precursors. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by investigating reducing power, radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition using five in vitro assays. Protein, carbohydrate, fat, ash and energy contents ranged between 15.7-24.5 g/100 g·dw, 73.31-81.90 g/100 g, 0.48-1.40 g/100 g, 0.68-2.12 g/100 g ash and 396.1-402.02 kcal/100 g, respectively. Fatty acids such as linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids were relatively abundant. Free sugars included rhamnose, fructose, mannitol, sucrose and trehalose. Total tocopherols, organic acids and phenolic compounds' content ranged between 741-3191 µg/100 g, 77-1003 mg/100 g and 7.6-489 µg/100 g, respectively. There were variations in the β-glucans, ergosterol and vitamin D₂ contents. The three major minerals in decreasing order were K > P > S. Ganoderma sp. strain AM1 showed the highest antioxidant activity. This study reveals, for the first time, chemical characteristics of Ganoderma spp. which grew simultaneously on the same tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Obodai
- CSIR-Food Research Institute, Mycology Unit, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | - Ângela Fernandes
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, Bragança 5300-253, Portugal.
| | - Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Matilda Dzomeku
- CSIR-Food Research Institute, Mycology Unit, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Matthew Teegarden
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Lillian Barros
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, Bragança 5300-253, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1134, Bragança 5301-857, Portugal.
| | - Juanita Prempeh
- CSIR-Food Research Institute, Mycology Unit, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Richard K Takli
- CSIR-Food Research Institute, Mycology Unit, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, Bragança 5300-253, Portugal.
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26
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Roberts KM, Grainger EM, Thomas-Ahner JM, Hinton A, Gu J, Riedl KM, Vodovotz Y, Abaza R, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK. Application of a low polyphenol or low ellagitannin dietary intervention and its impact on ellagitannin metabolism in men. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 27813248 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Plant polyphenols are widespread in the American diet, yet estimated intake is uncertain. We examine the application of the Polyphenol Explorer® (PED) database to quantify polyphenol and ellagitannin (ET) intake of men with prostate cancer and tested the implementation of diets restricted in polyphenols or ETs. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-four men enrolled in a 4-week trial were randomized to usual, low-polyphenol or low-ET diet. Estimated polyphenol and ET intakes were calculated from 3-day diet records utilizing the PED. Urine and plasma metabolites were quantified by UPLC-MS. Adherence to the restricted diets was 95% for the low polyphenol and 98% for low-ET diet. In the usual diet, estimated dietary polyphenol intake was 1568 ± 939 mg/day, with coffee/tea beverages (1112 ± 1028 mg/day) being the largest contributors and estimated dietary ET intake was 12 ± 13 mg/day. The low-polyphenol and low-ET groups resulted in a reduction of total polyphenols by 45% and 85%, respectively, and omission of dietary ETs. UPLC analysis of urinary host and microbial metabolites reflect ET intake. CONCLUSION PED is a useful database for assessing exposure to polyphenols. Diets restricted in total polyphenol or ET intake are feasible and UPLC assessment of ET metabolites is reflective of dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Roberts
- The OSU Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Alice Hinton
- Division of Biostatistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Junnan Gu
- The OSU Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth M Riedl
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yael Vodovotz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ronney Abaza
- Department of Urology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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27
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Yan B, Martínez-Monteagudo SI, Cooperstone JL, Riedl KM, Schwartz SJ, Balasubramaniam V.M. Impact of Thermal and Pressure-Based Technologies on Carotenoid Retention and Quality Attributes in Tomato Juice. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-016-1859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Johlander A, Schwartz SJ, Vaivads A, Khotyaintsev YV, Gingell I, Peng IB, Markidis S, Lindqvist PA, Ergun RE, Marklund GT, Plaschke F, Magnes W, Strangeway RJ, Russell CT, Wei H, Torbert RB, Paterson WR, Gershman DJ, Dorelli JC, Avanov LA, Lavraud B, Saito Y, Giles BL, Pollock CJ, Burch JL. Rippled Quasiperpendicular Shock Observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale Spacecraft. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:165101. [PMID: 27792387 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.165101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Collisionless shock nonstationarity arising from microscale physics influences shock structure and particle acceleration mechanisms. Nonstationarity has been difficult to quantify due to the small spatial and temporal scales. We use the closely spaced (subgyroscale), high-time-resolution measurements from one rapid crossing of Earth's quasiperpendicular bow shock by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft to compare competing nonstationarity processes. Using MMS's high-cadence kinetic plasma measurements, we show that the shock exhibits nonstationarity in the form of ripples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Johlander
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala 75121, Sweden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - S J Schwartz
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - A Vaivads
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala 75121, Sweden
| | | | - I Gingell
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - I B Peng
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 11428, Sweden
| | - S Markidis
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 11428, Sweden
| | - P-A Lindqvist
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 11428, Sweden
| | - R E Ergun
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - G T Marklund
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 11428, Sweden
| | - F Plaschke
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz 8042, Austria
| | - W Magnes
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz 8042, Austria
| | - R J Strangeway
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C T Russell
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - H Wei
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - R B Torbert
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - W R Paterson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - D J Gershman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J C Dorelli
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - L A Avanov
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - B Lavraud
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31028, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5277, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Y Saito
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, Sagamihara 2525210, Japan
| | - B L Giles
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - C J Pollock
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J L Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA
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29
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Aschoff JK, Riedl KM, Cooperstone JL, Högel J, Bosy-Westphal A, Schwartz SJ, Carle R, Schweiggert RM. Urinary excretion of Citrus flavanones and their major catabolites after consumption of fresh oranges and pasteurized orange juice: A randomized cross-over study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2602-2610. [PMID: 27488098 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Orange juice contains flavanones including hesperidin and narirutin, albeit at lower concentrations as compared to orange fruit. Therefore, we compared bioavailability and colonic catabolism of flavanones from orange juice to a 2.4-fold higher dose from fresh oranges. METHODS AND RESULTS Following a randomized two-way cross-over design, 12 healthy subjects consumed a test meal comprising either fresh oranges or pasteurized orange juice, delivering 1774 and 751 μmol of total Citrus flavanones, respectively. Deglucuronidated and desulfated hesperetin, naringenin, and the flavanone catabolites 3-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid, 3-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)hydracrylic acid, 4-hydroxyhippuric acid, and hippuric acid were quantitated in 24-h urine by UHPLC-MS/MS. Differences in urinary hesperetin excretion were found to be nonsignificant (p = 0.5209) both after consumption of orange fruit (21.6 ± 8.0 μmol) and juice (18.3 ± 7.2 μmol). By analogy, postprandial flavanone catabolite excretions were highly similar between treatments. Excretion of 3-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid was inversely related to that of hesperetin, illustrating the catabolite/precursor relationship. CONCLUSION Despite 2.4-fold higher doses, excretion of flavanones from ingested fresh orange fruit did not differ from that following orange juice consumption, possibly due to a saturation of absorption or their entrapment in the fiber-rich matrix of the fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian K Aschoff
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ken M Riedl
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jessica L Cooperstone
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Josef Högel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralf M Schweiggert
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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30
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Goetz HJ, Kopec RE, Riedl KM, Cooperstone JL, Narayanasamy S, Curley RW, Schwartz SJ. An HPLC-MS/MS method for the separation of α-retinyl esters from retinyl esters. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1029-1030:68-71. [PMID: 27423669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic cleavage of the nonsymmetric provitamin A carotenoid α-carotene results in one molecule of retinal (vitamin A), and one molecule of α-retinal, a biologically inactive analog of true vitamin A. Due to structural similarities, α-retinyl esters and vitamin A esters typically coelute, resulting in the overestimation of vitamin A originating from α-carotene. Herein, we present a set of tools to identify and separate α-retinol products from vitamin A. α-Retinyl palmitate (αRP) standard was synthesized from α-ionone following a Wittig-Horner approach. A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method employing a C30 column was then developed to separate the species. Authentic standards of retinyl esters and the synthesized α-RP confirmed respective identities, while other α-retinyl esters (i.e. myristate, linoleate, oleate, and stearate) were evidenced by their pseudomolecular ions observed in electrospray ionization (ESI) mode, fragmentation, and elution order. For quantitation, an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source operated in positive ion mode was used, and retinol, the predominant in-source parent ion was selected and fragmented. The application of this method to a chylomicron-rich fraction of human plasma is demonstrated. This method can be used to better determine the quantity of vitamin A derived from foods containing α-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary J Goetz
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rachel E Kopec
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; INRA, UMR 408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Avignon, France
| | - Ken M Riedl
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jessica L Cooperstone
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Robert W Curley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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Phinney DM, Frelka JC, Cooperstone JL, Schwartz SJ, Heldman DR. Effect of solvent addition sequence on lycopene extraction efficiency from membrane neutralized caustic peeled tomato waste. Food Chem 2016; 215:354-61. [PMID: 27542486 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lycopene is a high value nutraceutical and its isolation from waste streams is often desirable to maximize profits. This research investigated solvent addition order and composition on lycopene extraction efficiency from a commercial tomato waste stream (pH 12.5, solids ∼5%) that was neutralized using membrane filtration. Constant volume dilution (CVD) was used to desalinate the caustic salt to neutralize the waste. Acetone, ethanol and hexane were used as direct or blended additions. Extraction efficiency was defined as the amount of lycopene extracted divided by the total lycopene in the sample. The CVD operation reduced the active alkali of the waste from 0.66 to <0.01M and the moisture content of the pulp increased from 93% to 97% (wet basis), showing the removal of caustic salts from the waste. Extraction efficiency varied from 32.5% to 94.5%. This study demonstrates a lab scale feasibility to extract lycopene efficiently from tomato processing byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Phinney
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science & Technology, 2015 Fyffe Ct., Columbus, OH 432210, United States.
| | - John C Frelka
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science & Technology, 2015 Fyffe Ct., Columbus, OH 432210, United States.
| | - Jessica L Cooperstone
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science & Technology, 2015 Fyffe Ct., Columbus, OH 432210, United States.
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science & Technology, 2015 Fyffe Ct., Columbus, OH 432210, United States.
| | - Dennis R Heldman
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science & Technology, 2015 Fyffe Ct., Columbus, OH 432210, United States; The Ohio State University, Department of Food Agriculture & Biological Engineering, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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32
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Shi N, Riedl KM, Schwartz SJ, Zhang X, Steven SK, Chen T. Abstract 4317: Black raspberries show potent activity in prevention of experimental squamous cell esophageal cancer compared to a combination of selective COX-2 and iNOS inhibitors. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) remains a major health threat worldwide and preventive strategies are needed. We previously reported that overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are correlated with nitrosamine-induced squamous carcinogenesis of the esophagus and the selective iNOS and COX-2 inhibitors significantly inhibit incidence and progression. We also demonstrated anti-cancer activity of black raspberries (BRB) in a rodent model of esophageal SCC. The objective of the current study was to compare the impact of BRB versus the combination of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, and S,S’-1,4-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)bis-isothiourea (PBIT), a selective iNOS inhibitor, in inhibition of SCC of the esophagus, and to elucidate molecular mechanism of an effective cancer prevention. We found that BRB is superior to the combination of two drugs in suppression of premalignant tissue growth in the rat esophagi. Moreover, rats fed BRB have lower tumor multiplicity than those fed celcecoxib + PBIT. Our data indicated that BRB also shows a potent inhibitory effect on esophageal iNOS and COX-2, in addition to modulating several associated oncogenic cell signaling pathways. We further conducted parallel mechanistic studies in vitro using BRB anthocyanins and the above two drugs. Our findings demonstrated that dietary BRB is superior to the combination of two chemopreventive pharmaceutical agents in prevention of experimental squamous cell esophageal cancer, suggesting the potential value of additional translational studies in developing food-based products using BRB for the prevention of esophageal SCC carcinogenesis in humans (Supported by NIH/NCI R01 CA131073).
Citation Format: Ni Shi, Kenneth M. Riedl, Steven J. Schwartz, Xiaoli Zhang, Steven K. Steven, Tong Chen. Black raspberries show potent activity in prevention of experimental squamous cell esophageal cancer compared to a combination of selective COX-2 and iNOS inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4317.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Shi
- 1The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Kenneth M. Riedl
- 1The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Xiaoli Zhang
- 2The Ohio State University Center for Biostatistics, Columbus, OH
| | - Steven K. Steven
- 1The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Tong Chen
- 1The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
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33
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Ahn-Jarvis JH, Clinton SK, Grainger EM, Simpson C, Gu J, Teegarden MD, Riedl KM, Knobloch TJ, Weghorst CM, Schwartz SJ, Vodovotz Y. Abstract LB-295: Food-based approach to cancer prevention: A phase I assessment of amorphous confections in modulating exposure and metabolism of black raspberry compounds in the oral cavity. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-lb-295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Oral cancer remains a major global malignancy, largely due to persistence of tobacco use worldwide. Preventive strategies focusing upon high risk individuals due to long term tobacco use or presence of pre-malignancy are needed. Based upon strong epidemiologic and laboratory evidence we have developed a black raspberry food-based product targeting this population and have tested variations in a phase I trial.
Objective:
1. To test three amorphous solids (glassy, elastic, and viscous) containing a bioactive rich black raspberry (BRB) fraction in a confectionary system for compliance.
2. To investigate the impact of amorphous structure in modulating oral exposure and metabolism of black raspberry compounds in the oral cavity as measured by differences in duration of black raspberry exposure and profile of black raspberry metabolites from saliva.
Methods: A four week, phase I, randomized, parallel study design with 60 non-smoking adults was used to investigate three amorphous forms having different release rates (prolonged, intermediate, and rapid), each at two doses (4 or 8 g BRB/day). Salivary kinetics and changes in black raspberry composition among and within individuals were assessed. HPLC with Tandem MS/MS was used to quantify and characterize black raspberry compounds from the confections and profile them in the saliva.
Results: All confections were well accepted having excellent adherence (94 ± 2%). Toxicities were limited to a grade I toxicity (NIH criteria). Oral residence time was 74% longer and saliva volume was 42% greater with glassy than the other two amorphous forms. Anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside) and ellagitannins were prevalent compounds in the saliva.
Conclusions: Three amorphous confectionary forms of a BRB food-based delivery vehicle demonstrated excellent compliance, with the glassy form showing potential for greater oral distribution, suggesting the potential for greater bioactivity. Food science and technology provides many strategies to develop novel and fully characterized food products for cancer prevention trials.
Citation Format: Jennifer H. Ahn-Jarvis, Steven K. Clinton, Elizabeth M. Grainger, Christina Simpson, Junnan Gu, Matthew D. Teegarden, Kenneth M. Riedl, Thomas J. Knobloch, Christopher M. Weghorst, Steven J. Schwartz, Yael Vodovotz. Food-based approach to cancer prevention: A phase I assessment of amorphous confections in modulating exposure and metabolism of black raspberry compounds in the oral cavity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-295.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Junnan Gu
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Toomey MB, Lind O, Frederiksen R, Curley RW, Riedl KM, Wilby D, Schwartz SJ, Witt CC, Harrison EH, Roberts NW, Vorobyev M, McGraw KJ, Cornwall MC, Kelber A, Corbo JC. Complementary shifts in photoreceptor spectral tuning unlock the full adaptive potential of ultraviolet vision in birds. eLife 2016; 5:e15675. [PMID: 27402384 PMCID: PMC4947394 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Color vision in birds is mediated by four types of cone photoreceptors whose maximal sensitivities (λmax) are evenly spaced across the light spectrum. In the course of avian evolution, the λmax of the most shortwave-sensitive cone, SWS1, has switched between violet (λmax > 400 nm) and ultraviolet (λmax < 380 nm) multiple times. This shift of the SWS1 opsin is accompanied by a corresponding short-wavelength shift in the spectrally adjacent SWS2 cone. Here, we show that SWS2 cone spectral tuning is mediated by modulating the ratio of two apocarotenoids, galloxanthin and 11’,12’-dihydrogalloxanthin, which act as intracellular spectral filters in this cell type. We propose an enzymatic pathway that mediates the differential production of these apocarotenoids in the avian retina, and we use color vision modeling to demonstrate how correlated evolution of spectral tuning is necessary to achieve even sampling of the light spectrum and thereby maintain near-optimal color discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Toomey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Olle Lind
- Department of Philosophy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rikard Frederiksen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Robert W Curley
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Ken M Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
- Nutrient and Phytochemical Shared Resource of the OSU-Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
| | - David Wilby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Christopher C Witt
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Nicholas W Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Misha Vorobyev
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin J McGraw
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - M Carter Cornwall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Almut Kelber
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joseph C Corbo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
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35
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Eriksson S, Wilder FD, Ergun RE, Schwartz SJ, Cassak PA, Burch JL, Chen LJ, Torbert RB, Phan TD, Lavraud B, Goodrich KA, Holmes JC, Stawarz JE, Sturner AP, Malaspina DM, Usanova ME, Trattner KJ, Strangeway RJ, Russell CT, Pollock CJ, Giles BL, Hesse M, Lindqvist PA, Drake JF, Shay MA, Nakamura R, Marklund GT. Magnetospheric Multiscale Observations of the Electron Diffusion Region of Large Guide Field Magnetic Reconnection. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:015001. [PMID: 27419573 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) satellites of a large guide field magnetic reconnection event. The observations suggest that two of the four MMS spacecraft sampled the electron diffusion region, whereas the other two spacecraft detected the exhaust jet from the event. The guide magnetic field amplitude is approximately 4 times that of the reconnecting field. The event is accompanied by a significant parallel electric field (E_{∥}) that is larger than predicted by simulations. The high-speed (∼300 km/s) crossing of the electron diffusion region limited the data set to one complete electron distribution inside of the electron diffusion region, which shows significant parallel heating. The data suggest that E_{∥} is balanced by a combination of electron inertia and a parallel gradient of the gyrotropic electron pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eriksson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - F D Wilder
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - R E Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - S J Schwartz
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - P A Cassak
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
| | - J L Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238-5166, USA
| | - L-J Chen
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R B Torbert
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238-5166, USA
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - T D Phan
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Lavraud
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, 31028 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5277, Toulouse, France
| | - K A Goodrich
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - J C Holmes
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - J E Stawarz
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - A P Sturner
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - D M Malaspina
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - M E Usanova
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - K J Trattner
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - R J Strangeway
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C T Russell
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C J Pollock
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - B L Giles
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Hesse
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - P-A Lindqvist
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-11428 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J F Drake
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M A Shay
- University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Nakamura
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 8042 Graz, Austria
| | - G T Marklund
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-11428 Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Ergun RE, Goodrich KA, Wilder FD, Holmes JC, Stawarz JE, Eriksson S, Sturner AP, Malaspina DM, Usanova ME, Torbert RB, Lindqvist PA, Khotyaintsev Y, Burch JL, Strangeway RJ, Russell CT, Pollock CJ, Giles BL, Hesse M, Chen LJ, Lapenta G, Goldman MV, Newman DL, Schwartz SJ, Eastwood JP, Phan TD, Mozer FS, Drake J, Shay MA, Cassak PA, Nakamura R, Marklund G. Magnetospheric Multiscale Satellites Observations of Parallel Electric Fields Associated with Magnetic Reconnection. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:235102. [PMID: 27341241 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.235102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale satellites of parallel electric fields (E_{∥}) associated with magnetic reconnection in the subsolar region of the Earth's magnetopause. E_{∥} events near the electron diffusion region have amplitudes on the order of 100 mV/m, which are significantly larger than those predicted for an antiparallel reconnection electric field. This Letter addresses specific types of E_{∥} events, which appear as large-amplitude, near unipolar spikes that are associated with tangled, reconnected magnetic fields. These E_{∥} events are primarily in or near a current layer near the separatrix and are interpreted to be double layers that may be responsible for secondary reconnection in tangled magnetic fields or flux ropes. These results are telling of the three-dimensional nature of magnetopause reconnection and indicate that magnetopause reconnection may be often patchy and/or drive turbulence along the separatrix that results in flux ropes and/or tangled magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ergun
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - K A Goodrich
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - F D Wilder
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - J C Holmes
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - J E Stawarz
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - S Eriksson
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - A P Sturner
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - D M Malaspina
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - M E Usanova
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - R B Torbert
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA
| | - P-A Lindqvist
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Khotyaintsev
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics (Uppsala), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J L Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA
| | - R J Strangeway
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C T Russell
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C J Pollock
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - B L Giles
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Hesse
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - L J Chen
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G Lapenta
- Leuven Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M V Goldman
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - D L Newman
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - S J Schwartz
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - J P Eastwood
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - T D Phan
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - F S Mozer
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Drake
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M A Shay
- University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Cassak
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
| | - R Nakamura
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - G Marklund
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Dela Seña C, Sun J, Narayanasamy S, Riedl KM, Yuan Y, Curley RW, Schwartz SJ, Harrison EH. Substrate Specificity of Purified Recombinant Chicken β-Carotene 9',10'-Oxygenase (BCO2). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14609-19. [PMID: 27143479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.723684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Provitamin A carotenoids are oxidatively cleaved by β-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase (BCO1) at the central 15-15' double bond to form retinal (vitamin A aldehyde). Another carotenoid oxygenase, β-carotene 9',10'-oxygenase (BCO2) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids at the 9'-10' bond to yield an ionone and an apo-10'-carotenoid. Previously published substrate specificity studies of BCO2 were conducted using crude lysates from bacteria or insect cells expressing recombinant BCO2. Our attempts to obtain active recombinant human BCO2 expressed in Escherichia coli were unsuccessful. We have expressed recombinant chicken BCO2 in the strain E. coli BL21-Gold (DE3) and purified the enzyme by cobalt ion affinity chromatography. Like BCO1, purified recombinant chicken BCO2 catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the provitamin A carotenoids β-carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin. Its catalytic activity with β-carotene as substrate is at least 10-fold lower than that of BCO1. In further contrast to BCO1, purified recombinant chicken BCO2 also catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of 9-cis-β-carotene and the non-provitamin A carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein, and is inactive with all-trans-lycopene and β-apocarotenoids. Apo-10'-carotenoids were detected as enzymatic products by HPLC, and the identities were confirmed by LC-MS. Small amounts of 3-hydroxy-β-apo-8'-carotenal were also consistently detected in BCO2-β-cryptoxanthin reaction mixtures. With the exception of this activity with β-cryptoxanthin, BCO2 cleaves specifically at the 9'-10' bond to produce apo-10'-carotenoids. BCO2 has been shown to function in preventing the excessive accumulation of carotenoids, and its broad substrate specificity is consistent with this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Dela Seña
- From the Department of Human Nutrition, Ohio State Biochemistry Program
| | - Jian Sun
- From the Department of Human Nutrition
| | | | | | - Yan Yuan
- From the Department of Human Nutrition
| | - Robert W Curley
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | | | - Earl H Harrison
- From the Department of Human Nutrition, Ohio State Biochemistry Program,
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38
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Knobloch TJ, Uhrig LK, Pearl DK, Casto BC, Warner BM, Clinton SK, Sardo-Molmenti CL, Ferguson JM, Daly BT, Riedl K, Schwartz SJ, Vodovotz Y, Buchta AJ, Schuller DE, Ozer E, Agrawal A, Weghorst CM. Suppression of Proinflammatory and Prosurvival Biomarkers in Oral Cancer Patients Consuming a Black Raspberry Phytochemical-Rich Troche. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:159-71. [PMID: 26701664 PMCID: PMC4764140 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Black raspberries (BRB) demonstrate potent inhibition of aerodigestive tract carcinogenesis in animal models. However, translational clinical trials evaluating the ability of BRB phytochemicals to impact molecular biomarkers in the oral mucosa remain limited. The present phase 0 study addresses a fundamental question for oral cancer food-based prevention: Do BRB phytochemicals successfully reach the targeted oral tissues and reduce proinflammatory and antiapoptotic gene expression profiles? Patients with biopsy-confirmed oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) administered oral troches containing freeze-dried BRB powder from the time of enrollment to the date of curative intent surgery (13.9 ± 1.27 days). Transcriptional biomarkers were evaluated in patient-matched OSCCs and noninvolved high at-risk mucosa (HARM) for BRB-associated changes. Significant expression differences between baseline OSCC and HARM tissues were confirmed using a panel of genes commonly deregulated during oral carcinogenesis. Following BRB troche administration, the expression of prosurvival genes (AURKA, BIRC5, EGFR) and proinflammatory genes (NFKB1, PTGS2) were significantly reduced. There were no BRB-associated grade 3-4 toxicities or adverse events, and 79.2% (N = 30) of patients successfully completed the study with high levels of compliance (97.2%). The BRB phytochemicals cyanidin-3-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside were detected in all OSCC tissues analyzed, demonstrating that bioactive components were successfully reaching targeted OSCC tissues. We confirmed that hallmark antiapoptotic and proinflammatory molecular biomarkers were overexpressed in OSCCs and that their gene expression was significantly reduced following BRB troche administration. As these molecular biomarkers are fundamental to oral carcinogenesis and are modifiable, they may represent emerging biomarkers of molecular efficacy for BRB-mediated oral cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Knobloch
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Lana K Uhrig
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dennis K Pearl
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bruce C Casto
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Blake M Warner
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven K Clinton
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Division of Medical Oncology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christine L Sardo-Molmenti
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeanette M Ferguson
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Kenneth Riedl
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yael Vodovotz
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - David E Schuller
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Division of Head and Neck Oncology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Enver Ozer
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Division of Head and Neck Oncology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amit Agrawal
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Division of Head and Neck Oncology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher M Weghorst
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Moran NE, Novotny JA, Cichon MJ, Riedl KM, Rogers RB, Grainger EM, Schwartz SJ, Erdman JW, Clinton SK. Absorption and Distribution Kinetics of the 13C-Labeled Tomato Carotenoid Phytoene in Healthy Adults. J Nutr 2016; 146:368-76. [PMID: 26674763 PMCID: PMC4725433 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.220525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytoene is a tomato carotenoid that may contribute to the apparent health benefits of tomato consumption. Although phytoene is a less prominent tomato carotenoid than lycopene, it is a major carotenoid in various human tissues. Phytoene distribution to plasma lipoproteins and tissues differs from lycopene, suggesting the kinetics of phytoene and lycopene differ. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to characterize the kinetic parameters of phytoene absorption, distribution, and excretion in adults, to better understand why biodistribution of phytoene differs from lycopene. METHODS Four adults (2 males, 2 females) maintained a controlled phytoene diet (1-5 mg/d) for 42 d. On day 14, each consumed 3.2 mg (13)C-phytoene, produced using tomato cell suspension culture technology. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1-15, 17, 21, and 24 h and 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, and 28 d after (13)C-phytoene consumption. Plasma-unlabeled and plasma-labeled phytoene concentrations were determined using ultra-HPLC-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry, and data were fit to a 7-compartment carotenoid kinetic model using WinSAAM 3.0.7 software. RESULTS Subjects were compliant with a controlled phytoene diet, consuming a mean ± SE of 2.5 ± 0.6 mg/d, resulting in a plasma unlabeled phytoene concentration of 71 ± 14 nmol/L. A maximal plasma (13)C-phytoene concentration of 55.6 ± 5.9 nM was achieved 19.8 ± 9.2 h after consumption, and the plasma half-life was 2.3 ± 0.2 d. Compared with previous results for lycopene, phytoene bioavailability was nearly double at 58% ± 19%, the clearance rate from chylomicrons was slower, and the rates of deposition into and utilization by the slow turnover tissue compartment were nearly 3 times greater. CONCLUSIONS Although only differing from lycopene by 4 double bonds, phytoene exhibits markedly different kinetic characteristics in human plasma, providing insight into metabolic processes contributing to phytoene enrichment in plasma and tissues compared with lycopene. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01692340.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Moran
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | - Kenneth M Riedl
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center,,Department of Food Science and Technology, and
| | - Randy B Rogers
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | | | - Steven J Schwartz
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center,,Department of Food Science and Technology, and
| | - John W Erdman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Steven K Clinton
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH;
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Moran NE, Cichon MJ, Riedl KM, Grainger EM, Schwartz SJ, Novotny JA, Erdman JW, Clinton SK. Compartmental and noncompartmental modeling of ¹³C-lycopene absorption, isomerization, and distribution kinetics in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:1436-49. [PMID: 26561629 PMCID: PMC4658456 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lycopene, which is a red carotenoid in tomatoes, has been hypothesized to mediate disease-preventive effects associated with tomato consumption. Lycopene is consumed primarily as the all-trans geometric isomer in foods, whereas human plasma and tissues show greater proportions of cis isomers. OBJECTIVE With the use of compartmental modeling and stable isotope technology, we determined whether endogenous all-trans-to-cis-lycopene isomerization or isomeric-bioavailability differences underlie the greater proportion of lycopene cis isomers in human tissues than in tomato foods. DESIGN Healthy men (n = 4) and women (n = 4) consumed (13)C-lycopene (10.2 mg; 82% all-trans and 18% cis), and plasma was collected over 28 d. Unlabeled and (13)C-labeled total lycopene and lycopene-isomer plasma concentrations, which were measured with the use of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, were fit to a 7-compartment model. RESULTS Subjects absorbed a mean ± SEM of 23% ± 6% of the lycopene. The proportion of plasma cis-(13)C-lycopene isomers increased over time, and all-trans had a shorter half-life than that of cis isomers (5.3 ± 0.3 and 8.8 ± 0.6 d, respectively; P < 0.001) and an earlier time to reach maximal plasma concentration than that of cis isomers (28 ± 7 and 48 ± 9 h, respectively). A compartmental model that allowed for interindividual differences in cis- and all-trans-lycopene bioavailability and endogenous trans-to-cis-lycopene isomerization was predictive of plasma (13)C and unlabeled cis- and all-trans-lycopene concentrations. Although the bioavailability of cis (24.5% ± 6%) and all-trans (23.2% ± 8%) isomers did not differ, endogenous isomerization (0.97 ± 0.25 μmol/d in the fast-turnover tissue lycopene pool) drove tissue and plasma isomeric profiles. CONCLUSION (13)C-Lycopene combined with physiologic compartmental modeling provides a strategy for following complex in vivo metabolic processes in humans and reveals that postabsorptive trans-to-cis-lycopene isomerization, and not the differential bioavailability of isomers, drives tissue and plasma enrichment of cis-lycopene. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01692340.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Moran
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | - Kenneth M Riedl
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Food Science and Technology
| | | | - Steven J Schwartz
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Food Science and Technology
| | | | - John W Erdman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Division of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Steven K Clinton
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Internal Medicine-Division of Medical Oncology, and The James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH;
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Ahn-Jarvis JH, Clinton SK, Grainger EM, Riedl KM, Schwartz SJ, Lee MLT, Cruz-Cano R, Young GS, Lesinski GB, Vodovotz Y. Isoflavone pharmacokinetics and metabolism after consumption of a standardized soy and soy-almond bread in men with asymptomatic prostate cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1045-54. [PMID: 26276749 PMCID: PMC4633369 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic associations suggest that populations consuming substantial amounts of dietary soy exhibit a lower risk of prostate cancer. A 20-week randomized, phase II, crossover trial was conducted in 32 men with asymptomatic prostate cancer. The crossover involved 8 weeks each of soy bread (SB) and soy-almond bread (SAB). The primary objective was to investigate isoflavone bioavailability and metabolite profile. Secondary objectives include safety, compliance, and assessment of biomarkers linked to prostate carcinogenesis. Two distinct SBs were formulated to deliver approximately 60 mg aglycone equivalents of isoflavones per day. The isoflavones were present as aglycones (∼78% as aglycones) in the SAB whereas in the standard SB predominantly as glucosides (18% total isoflavones as aglycones). Compliance to SB (97% ± 4%) and SAB (92% ± 18%) was excellent; toxicity was rare and limited to grade 1 gastrointestinal complaints. Pharmacokinetic studies between SB and SAB showed modest differences. Peak serum concentration time (Tmax) was significantly faster with SAB meal compared with SB in some isoflavonoids, and AUC0 to 24 h of dihydrodaidzein and O-desmethylangolensin was significantly greater after an SB meal. An exploratory cluster analysis was used to identify four isoflavone-metabolizing phenotypes. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein increased significantly by 41% (P = 0.024) with soy intervention. Findings from this study provide the necessary framework to study isoflavone-metabolizing phenotypes as a strategy for identification of individuals that might benefit or show resistance to cancer preventive strategies using dietary soy. A standardized SB used for future large-scale randomized clinical trials to affect human prostate carcinogenesis is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Ahn-Jarvis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James and Richard Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.
| | | | - Kenneth M Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mei-Ling T Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Raul Cruz-Cano
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Gregory S Young
- Center for Biostatistics at The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James and Richard Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yael Vodovotz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Kopec RE, Schick J, Tober KL, Riedl KM, Francis DM, Young GS, Schwartz SJ, Oberyszyn TM. Sex differences in skin carotenoid deposition and acute UVB-induced skin damage in SKH-1 hairless mice after consumption of tangerine tomatoes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2491-501. [PMID: 26394800 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE UVB exposure, a major factor in the development of skin cancer, has differential sex effects. Tomato product consumption reduces the intensity of UVB-induced erythema in humans, but the mechanisms are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Four-week-old SKH-1 hairless mice (40 females, 40 males) were divided into two feeding groups (control or with 10% tangerine tomatoes naturally rich in UV-absorbing phytoene and phytofluene) and two UV exposure groups (with or without UV). After 10 weeks of feeding, the UV group was exposed to a single UV dose and sacrificed 48 h later. Blood and dorsal skin samples were taken for carotenoid analysis. Dorsal skin was harvested to assess sex and UV effects on carotenoid deposition, inflammation (skinfold thickness, myeloperoxidase levels), and DNA damage (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, p53). Females had significantly higher levels of both skin and blood carotenoids relative to males. UV exposure significantly reduced skin carotenoid levels in females but not males. Tomato consumption attenuated acute UV-induced increases in CPD in both sexes, and reduced myeloperoxidase activity and percent p53 positive epidermal cells in males. CONCLUSION Tangerine tomatoes mediate acute UV-induced skin damage in SKH-1 mice via reduced DNA damage in both sexes, and through reduced inflammation in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Kopec
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan Schick
- Flow Cytometry Core, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen L Tober
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ken M Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David M Francis
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Gregory S Young
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Shi N, Riedl KM, Schwartz SJ, Zhang X, Pan Z, Clinton SK, Chen T. Abstract 1902: Experimental investigations on the effects of specific berry phytochemicals and metabolites in esophageal cancer prevention in vitro. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In our previous studies, we found that both lyophilized strawberries and black raspberries exhibit significant and similar potential in prevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Berry phytochemicals are considered to be responsible, at least in part, for their health benefits that have been observed in other diseases. The current study was designed to provide leads for the development of specific phytochemicals or metabolites as chemopreventive agents using the principles of pharmacognosy. Lyophilized strawberries (Fragaria ananassa) were obtained from the California Strawberry Commission. Lyophilized black raspberries (Jewel variety) were obtained from the Stokes Raspberry Farm (Wilmington, OH). Sample (100 mg) of lyophilized berries was firstly extracted with acidified acetone. Berry phytochemicals were then identified with a combination of high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), accessible standards, UV-vis and reported mass. The identified compounds were classified into three main categories: anthocyanins (ACN), ellagitannin/ellagic acid/ellagic acid derivatives (EAs) and flavonols. By HPLC-MS/MS analysis, we found that ACN, EAs and flavonols account for 84.2%, 12.2% and 3.6% by dry weight in lyophilized black raspberries, respectively; and 58.4%, 32.8% and 8.8% by dry weight, respectively, in lyophilized strawberries. Cyanidin-3-rutinoside (58.2%) and cyaniding-3-xylorutinoside (18.2%) are the most and second abundant anthocyanins in black raspberries. While in strawberries, pelargonidin-3-glucoside accounts for 41.1%, most individual anthocyanin by dry weight. Pelargonidin-3-rutinoside is the only anthocyanin identified in both black raspberries and strawberries. There are more EAs in strawberries (32.8%) compared to them in black raspberries (12.2%). We also identified agrimoniin, a main ellagitannin, as the second most abundant phenolic by dry weight (16.2%) in strawberries. We treated esophageal SCC KYSE cell lines with cyanidin-3-rutinoside, pelargonidin-3-rutinoside and their metabolites including protocatechuic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Our data showed that major berry anthocyanins and their metabolites can significantly inhibit esophageal SCC cell proliferation in vitro. Further research efforts are needed to test their abilities to modulate oncogenic signaling in esophageal SCC, many of which are currently underway.
Citation Format: Ni Shi, Kenneth M. Riedl, Steven J. Schwartz, Xiaoli Zhang, Zui Pan, Steven K. Clinton, Tong Chen. Experimental investigations on the effects of specific berry phytochemicals and metabolites in esophageal cancer prevention in vitro. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1902. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1902
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Shi
- 1The Ohio State University Division of Medical Oncology Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Kenneth M. Riedl
- 2The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Steven J. Schwartz
- 2The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- 3The Ohio State University, Center for Biostatistics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Zui Pan
- 4The Ohio State University, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Steven K. Clinton
- 5The Ohio State University, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Tong Chen
- 5The Ohio State University, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
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Gegelashvili M, Meca A, Schwartz SJ. RELIGIOUS EXCLUSIVITY AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FUNCTIONING. Georgian Med News 2015:45-55. [PMID: 26177135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we sought to clarify links between religious exclusivity, as form of intergroup favoritism, and indices of psychosocial functioning. The study of in group favoritism has generally been invoked within Social Identity Theory and related perspectives. However, there is a lack of literature regarding religious exclusivity from the standpoint of social identity. In particular, the ways in which religious exclusivity is linked with other dimensions of religious belief and practice, and with psychosocial functioning, among individuals from different religious backgrounds are not well understood. A sample of 8545 emerging-adult students from 30 U.S. universities completed special measures. Measure of religious exclusivity was developed and validated for this group. The results suggest that exclusivity appears as predictor for impaired psychosocial functioning, low self-esteem and low psychosocial well-being for individuals from organized faiths, as well as for those identifying as agnostic, atheist, or spiritual/nonreligious. These findings are discussed in terms of Social Identity Theory and Terror Management Theory (TMT).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gegelashvili
- Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; University of Miami, USA
| | - A Meca
- Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; University of Miami, USA
| | - S J Schwartz
- Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; University of Miami, USA
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Chatthongpisut R, Schwartz SJ, Yongsawatdigul J. Antioxidant activities and antiproliferative activity of Thai purple rice cooked by various methods on human colon cancer cells. Food Chem 2015; 188:99-105. [PMID: 26041170 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The changes in anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities of Thai purple rice cooked by various cooking devices, including an electric rice cooker, an autoclave and a microwave oven, were investigated. In raw rice, cyanidin-3-glucoside (cy-3-glu) and peonidin-3-glucoside (pn-3-glu) are predominant anthocyanins, whereas protocatechuic acid (PCA) and vanillic acid (VA) are major free phenolic acids, and ferulic acid (FA) and VA are major bound phenolic acids. The microwave cooking method resulted in a marked loss of phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant activities (p<0.05). A decrease of cy-3-glu occurred concomitantly with an increase of PCA upon any cooking methods applied. A methanolic extract of rice cooked under sterilization exhibited the highest content of PCA and the highest inhibition of Caco-2 cell proliferation with an IC50 (16.11 μg/mL) comparable to that of raw rice. Thai purple rice cooked under sterilization could be a potential source of PCA exerting high antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rassarin Chatthongpisut
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jirawat Yongsawatdigul
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
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Cooperstone JL, Ralston RA, Riedl KM, Haufe TC, Schweiggert RM, King SA, Timmers CD, Francis DM, Lesinski GB, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ. Enhanced bioavailability of lycopene when consumed as cis-isomers from tangerine compared to red tomato juice, a randomized, cross-over clinical trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:658-69. [PMID: 25620547 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Tangerine tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) are rich in tetra-cis-lycopene resulting from natural variation in carotenoid isomerase. Our objective was to compare the bioavailability of lycopene from tangerine to red tomato juice, and elucidate physical deposition forms of these isomers in tomatoes by light and electron microscopy. METHODS AND RESULTS Following a randomized cross-over design, subjects (n = 11, 6 M/5 F) consumed two meals delivering 10 mg lycopene from tangerine (94% cis) or red tomato juice (10% cis). Blood was sampled over 12 h and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fractions of plasma were isolated and analyzed using HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Lycopene was crystalline in red tomato chromoplasts and globular in tangerine tomatoes. With tangerine tomato juice we observed a marked 8.5-fold increase in lycopene bioavailability compared to red tomato juice (p < 0.001). Fractional absorption was 47.70 ± 8.81% from tangerine and 4.98 ± 1.92% from red tomato juices. Large heterogeneity was observed among subjects. CONCLUSION Lycopene is markedly more bioavailable from tangerine than from red tomato juice, consistent with a predominance of cis-lycopene isomers and presence in chromoplasts in a lipid dissolved globular state. These results justify using tangerine tomatoes as a lycopene source in studies examining the potential health benefits of lycopene-rich foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Cooperstone
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Shen Q, Riedl KM, Cole RM, Lehman C, Xu L, Alder H, Belury MA, Schwartz SJ, Ziouzenkova O. Egg yolks inhibit activation of NF-κB and expression of its target genes in adipocytes after partial delipidation. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:2013-25. [PMID: 25620076 PMCID: PMC4362627 DOI: 10.1021/jf5056584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
How composition of egg yolk (EY) influences NF-κB, a key transcription pathway in inflammation, remains unclear. We performed partial delipidation of EY that removed 20-30% of cholesterol and triglycerides. The resulting polar and nonpolar fractions were termed EY-P and EY-NP. NF-κB activation in response to EY from different suppliers and their fractions was examined in 3T3-L1 adipocytes using a NF-κB response element reporter assay and by analyzing expression of 248 inflammatory genes. Although EY-P and EY contained similar level of vitamins, carotenoids, and fatty acids, only delipidated EY-P fraction suppressed NF-κB via down-regulation of toll like receptor-2 and up-regulation of inhibitory toll interacting protein (Tollip) and lymphocyte antigen 96 (Ly96). Our data suggest that anti-inflammatory activity of lutein and retinol were blunted by nonpolar lipids in EY, likely via crosstalk between SREBP and NF-κB pathways in adipocytes. Thus, moderate delipidation may improve the beneficial properties of regular eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Shen
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Ken M. Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Rachel M. Cole
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Christopher Lehman
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hansjuerg Alder
- Nucleic Acid Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Martha A. Belury
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Steven J. Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Ouliana Ziouzenkova
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
- Corresponding author: O.Z., 1787 Neil Avenue, 331A Campbell Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, , Telephone: 614 292 5034, Fax: 614 292 8880
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Arango D, Diosa-Toro M, Rojas-Hernandez LS, Cooperstone JL, Schwartz SJ, Mo X, Jiang J, Schmittgen TD, Doseff AI. Dietary apigenin reduces LPS-induced expression of miR-155 restoring immune balance during inflammation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:763-72. [PMID: 25641956 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE High incidence of inflammatory diseases afflicts the increasing aging-population infringing a great health burden. Dietary flavonoids, including the flavone apigenin, are emerging as important anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals due to their health benefits, lack of adverse effects and reduced costs. MicroRNAs (miRs) play a central role in inflammation by regulating gene expression, yet how dietary ingredients affect miRs is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify miRs involved in the anti-inflammatory activity of apigenin and apigenin-rich diets and determine their immune regulatory mechanisms in macrophages and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS A high-throughput quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR screen of 312 miRs in macrophages revealed that apigenin reduced LPS-induced miR-155 expression. Analyses of miR-155 precursor and primary transcript indicated that apigenin regulated miR-155 transcriptionally. Apigenin-reduced expression of miR-155 led to the increase of anti-inflammatory regulators forkhead box O3a and smooth-muscle-actin and MAD-related protein 2 in LPS-treated macrophages. In vivo, apigenin or a celery-based apigenin-rich diet reduced LPS-induced expression of miR-155 and decreased tumor necrosis factor α in lungs from LPS-treated mice. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that apigenin and apigenin-rich diets exert effective anti-inflammatory activity in vivo by reducing LPS-induced expression of miR-155, thereby restoring immune balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Arango
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Garzón GA, Manns DC, Riedl K, Schwartz SJ, Padilla-Zakour O. Identification of phenolic compounds in petals of nasturtium flowers (Tropaeolum majus) by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and determination of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:1803-1811. [PMID: 25659835 DOI: 10.1021/jf503366c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The contents and profile of polyphenols were analyzed in edible petals of nasturtium flowers (Tropaeolum majus) of three colors, and their oxygen radical absorbance capacities (ORAC) were compared. Three primary anthocyanins (ACNs) and 15 non-ACN phenolic compounds including hydroxycinammic acids (HCAs) and flavonoids (myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol derivatives) were detected. Anthocyanin concentration was within 31.9 ± 21.7 and 114.5 ± 2.3 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside (cy-3-glu)/100 g fresh weight (FW) in yellow and red petals, respectively. The concentration of HCAs varied between 33.3 ± 7.1 and 235.6 ± 8.1 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents/100 g FW for red and yellow flowers, respectively. Red flowers had the highest level of flavonoids (315.1 ± 2.4 mg myricetin equivalents/100 g FW) and the highest ORAC radical-scavenging activity. These results show the diversity and abundance of polyphenolic compounds in nasturtium flowers, which could be the basis for applications in functional foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Astrid Garzón
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia , AA 14490 Bogotá, Colombia
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Ahn-Jarvis JH, Clinton SK, Riedl KM, Sears MT, Knobloch TJ, Schwartz SJ, Weghorst CM, Vodovotz Y. Abstract LB-246: Dietary strawberry phytochemical metabolism in saliva, urine, and genetic biomarkers in smokers and non-smokers. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-lb-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological studies implicate tobacco smoke and alcohol consumption are critical risk factors for oral cancer. Yet diets rich in strawberries have shown in rodent and cell studies to have significant protective effects which lower the risk of oral cancer. A fully-characterized strawberry confection was evaluated for safety and adherence in a 6-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial involving smokers (n=12) and non-smokers (n=13).
Methods: Using HPLC with tandem mass spectroscopy, strawberry phytochemicals in strawberry powder, confection and saliva collected during a 30 minute timed intervention were fully characterized. Buccal tissue was evaluated using pre-validated TaqMan Gene Expression assays corresponding to known smoke-altered oral transcriptome biomarkers used for RT-qPCR analysis. UPLC with mass spectroscopy quantified ellagic acid metabolites (dimethyl-, isourolithin A, urolithin A, B, and C) in 24hr urine collections.
Results: Adherence strawberry confections intervention (equivalent to 2 cups of whole strawberries) in smoker (91%) and nonsmokers (99%) was excellent. Toxicities to strawberry intervention was limited to a grade I toxicity (NIH criteria). Significantly less ellagic acid and ellagitannins were observed in saliva compared to confection (p<0.001). Anthocyanin profiles in saliva of smokers differed significantly than non-smokers. One biomarker, Ankyrin Repeat Domain 37 (ANKRD37), was found to be significantly down-regulated in smokers following strawberry confection intervention (p=0.0484). Significant increase (p<0.001) in urolithin A (4.29 ± 1.16 nmol/24hr) and C (0.13 ± 0.03 nmol/24hr) was observed in all participants after strawberry intervention compared to anthocyanin-free diet or placebo intervention. Isourolithin A and urolithin B was observed in 29% and 24% of participants, respectively.
Conclusions: A fully characterized strawberry confection was utilized and significant changes in biomarkers of strawberry exposure from saliva, urine and genomic materials were observed. Both ellagitannin metabolites, urolithin A and C would be reliable biomarkers of strawberry exposure. Moreover, differences in ellagitannin metabolite profiles and in ANKRD37 between smokers and non-smokers warrant further studies.
Citation Format: Jennifer H. Ahn-Jarvis, Steven K. Clinton, Kenneth M. Riedl, Marta T. Sears, Thomas J. Knobloch, Steven J. Schwartz, Christopher M. Weghorst, Yael Vodovotz. Dietary strawberry phytochemical metabolism in saliva, urine, and genetic biomarkers in smokers and non-smokers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-246. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-246
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