1
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Grell TA, Mason M, Thompson AA, Gómez-Tamayo JC, Riley D, Wagner MV, Steele R, Ortiz-Meoz RF, Wadia J, Shaffer PL, Tresadern G, Sharma S, Yu X. Integrative structural and functional analysis of human malic enzyme 3: A potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12392. [PMID: 36590518 PMCID: PMC9801130 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malic enzymes (ME1, ME2, and ME3) are involved in cellular energy regulation, redox homeostasis, and biosynthetic processes, through the production of pyruvate and reducing agent NAD(P)H. Recent studies have implicated the third and least well-characterized isoform, mitochondrial NADP+-dependent malic enzyme 3 (ME3), as a therapeutic target for pancreatic cancers. Here, we utilized an integrated structure approach to determine the structures of ME3 in various ligand-binding states at near-atomic resolutions. ME3 is captured in the open form existing as a stable tetramer and its dynamic Domain C is critical for activity. Catalytic assay results reveal that ME3 is a non-allosteric enzyme and does not require modulators for activity while structural analysis suggests that the inner stability of ME3 Domain A relative to ME2 disables allostery in ME3. With structural information available for all three malic enzymes, the foundation has been laid to understand the structural and biochemical differences of these enzymes and could aid in the development of specific malic enzyme small molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsehai A.J. Grell
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Mark Mason
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Aaron A. Thompson
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Daniel Riley
- Lead Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Michelle V. Wagner
- Emerging Science Initiative, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ruth Steele
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Rodrigo F. Ortiz-Meoz
- Lead Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Jay Wadia
- Emerging Science Initiative, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Paul L. Shaffer
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Computational Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Beerse, B2340, Belgium
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States,Structural and Protein Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, California 92121, United States,Corresponding author.
| | - Xiaodi Yu
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States,Corresponding author.
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2
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Gerrard Wheeler MC, Arias CL, E Mello JDFR, Cirauqui Diaz N, Rodrigues CR, Drincovich MF, de Souza AMT, Alvarez CE. Structural insights into the allosteric site of Arabidopsis NADP-malic enzyme 2: role of the second sphere residues in the regulatory signal transmission. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:37-48. [PMID: 34333694 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
NADP-ME2 from Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits a distinctive and complex regulation by fumarate, acting as an activator or an inhibitor according to substrate and effector concentrations. In this work, we used molecular modeling approach and site-directed mutagenesis to characterized the NADP-ME2 structural determinants necessary for allosteric regulation providing new insights for enzyme optimization. Structure-function studies contribute to deciphering how small modifications in the primary structure could introduce desirable characteristics into enzymes without affecting its overall functioning. Malic enzymes (ME) are ubiquitous and responsible for a wide variety of functions. The availability of a high number of ME crystal structures from different species facilitates comparisons between sequence and structure. Specifically, the structural determinants necessary for fumarate allosteric regulation of ME has been of particular interest. NADP-ME2 from Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits a distinctive and complex regulation by fumarate, acting as an activator or an inhibitor according to substrate and effector concentrations. However, the 3D structure for this enzyme is not yet reported. In this work, we characterized the NADP-ME2 allosteric site by structural modeling, molecular docking, normal mode analysis and mutagenesis. The regulatory site model and its docking analysis suggested that other C4 acids including malate, NADP-ME2 substrate, could also fit into fumarate's pocket. Besides, a non-conserved cluster of hydrophobic residues in the second sphere of the allosteric site was identified. The substitution of one of those residues, L62, by a less flexible residue as tryptophan, resulted in a complete loss of fumarate activation and a reduction of substrate affinities for the active site. In addition, normal mode analysis indicated that conformational changes leading to the activation could originate in the region surrounding L62, extending through the allosteric site till the active site. Finally, the results in this work contribute to the understanding of structural determinants necessary for allosteric regulation providing new insights for enzyme optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Claudia Gerrard Wheeler
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CEFOBI-CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 570, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cintia Lucía Arias
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CEFOBI-CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 570, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Juliana da Fonseca Rezende E Mello
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular & QSAR (ModMolQSAR), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 bloco L subsolo, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nuria Cirauqui Diaz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular & QSAR (ModMolQSAR), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 bloco L subsolo, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rangel Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular & QSAR (ModMolQSAR), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 bloco L subsolo, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - María Fabiana Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CEFOBI-CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 570, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alessandra Mendonça Teles de Souza
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular & QSAR (ModMolQSAR), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 bloco L subsolo, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Clarisa Ester Alvarez
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CEFOBI-CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 570, Rosario, Argentina.
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3
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Burley KH, Cuthbert BJ, Basu P, Newcombe J, Irimpan EM, Quechol R, Foik IP, Mobley DL, Beste DJV, Goulding CW. Structural and Molecular Dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Malic Enzyme, a Potential Anti-TB Drug Target. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:174-188. [PMID: 33356117 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the most lethal bacterial infectious disease worldwide. It is notoriously difficult to treat, requiring a cocktail of antibiotics administered over many months. The dense, waxy outer membrane of the TB-causing agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), acts as a formidable barrier against uptake of antibiotics. Subsequently, enzymes involved in maintaining the integrity of the Mtb cell wall are promising drug targets. Recently, we demonstrated that Mtb lacking malic enzyme (MEZ) has altered cell wall lipid composition and attenuated uptake by macrophages. These results suggest that MEZ contributes to lipid biosynthesis by providing reductants in the form of NAD(P)H. Here, we present the X-ray crystal structure of MEZ to 3.6 Å. We use biochemical assays to demonstrate MEZ is dimeric in solution and to evaluate the effects of pH and allosteric regulators on its kinetics and thermal stability. To assess the interactions between MEZ and its substrate malate and cofactors, Mn2+ and NAD(P)+, we ran a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. First, the MD analysis corroborates our empirical observations that MEZ is unusually flexible, which persists even with the addition of substrate and cofactors. Second, the MD simulations reveal that dimeric MEZ subunits alternate between open and closed states, and that MEZ can stably bind its NAD(P)+ cofactor in multiple conformations, including an inactive, compact NAD+ form. Together the structure of MEZ and insights from its dynamics can be harnessed to inform the design of MEZ inhibitors that target Mtb and not human malic enzyme homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piyali Basu
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Newcombe
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Dany J. V. Beste
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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4
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Alvarez CE, Bovdilova A, Höppner A, Wolff CC, Saigo M, Trajtenberg F, Zhang T, Buschiazzo A, Nagel-Steger L, Drincovich MF, Lercher MJ, Maurino VG. Molecular adaptations of NADP-malic enzyme for its function in C 4 photosynthesis in grasses. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:755-765. [PMID: 31235877 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In C4 grasses of agronomical interest, malate shuttled into the bundle sheath cells is decarboxylated mainly by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)-malic enzyme (C4-NADP-ME). The activity of C4-NADP-ME was optimized by natural selection to efficiently deliver CO2 to Rubisco. During its evolution from a plastidic non-photosynthetic NADP-ME, C4-NADP-ME acquired increased catalytic efficiency, tetrameric structure and pH-dependent inhibition by its substrate malate. Here, we identified specific amino acids important for these C4 adaptions based on strict differential conservation of amino acids, combined with solving the crystal structures of maize and sorghum C4-NADP-ME. Site-directed mutagenesis and structural analyses show that Q503, L544 and E339 are involved in catalytic efficiency; E339 confers pH-dependent regulation by malate, F140 is critical for the stabilization of the oligomeric structure and the N-terminal region is involved in tetramerization. Together, the identified molecular adaptations form the basis for the efficient catalysis and regulation of one of the central biochemical steps in C4 metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa E Alvarez
- Centro de Estudios Fotosinteticos y Bioquimicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Anastasiia Bovdilova
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Astrid Höppner
- Center for Structural Studies, Hreinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian-Claus Wolff
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mariana Saigo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosinteticos y Bioquimicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Felipe Trajtenberg
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institut of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Jülich, Germany
| | - Alejandro Buschiazzo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Integrative Microbiology of Zoonotic Agents, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Luitgard Nagel-Steger
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institut of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Jülich, Germany
| | - Maria F Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosinteticos y Bioquimicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Martin J Lercher
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Computer Science and Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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5
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Hsieh JY, Shih WT, Kuo YH, Liu GY, Hung HC. Functional Roles of Metabolic Intermediates in Regulating the Human Mitochondrial NAD(P) +-Dependent Malic Enzyme. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9081. [PMID: 31235710 PMCID: PMC6591397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme (m-NAD(P)-ME) has a dimer of dimers quaternary structure with two independent allosteric sites in each monomer. Here, we reveal the different effects of nucleotide ligands on the quaternary structure regulation and functional role of the human m-NAD(P)-ME exosite. In this study, size distribution analysis was utilized to investigate the monomer-dimer-tetramer equilibrium of m-NAD(P)-ME in the presence of different ligands, and the monomer-dimer (Kd,12) and dimer-tetramer (Kd,24) dissociation constants were determined with these ligands. With NAD+, the enzyme formed more tetramers, and its Kd,24 (0.06 µM) was 6-fold lower than the apoenzyme Kd,24 (0.34 µM). When ATP was present, the enzyme displayed more dimers, and its Kd,24 (2.74 µM) was 8-fold higher than the apoenzyme. Similar to the apoenzyme, the ADP-bound enzyme was present as a tetramer with a small amount of dimers and monomers. These results indicate that NAD+ promotes association of the dimeric enzyme into tetramers, whereas ATP stimulates dissociation of the tetrameric enzyme into dimers, and ADP has little effect on the tetrameric stability of the enzyme. A series of exosite mutants were created using site-directed mutagenesis. Size distribution analysis and kinetic studies of these mutants with NAD+ or ATP indicated that Arg197, Asn482 and Arg556 are essential for the ATP binding and ATP-induced dissociation of human m-NAD(P)-ME. In summary, the present results demonstrate that nucleotides perform discrete functions regulating the quaternary structure and catalysis of m-NAD(P)-ME. Such regulation by the binding of different nucleotides may be critically associated with the physiological concentrations of these ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yi Hsieh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Shih
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Kuo
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,iEGG & Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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6
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Bester SM, Adipietro KA, Funk VL, Myslinski JM, Keul ND, Cheung J, Wilder PT, Wood ZA, Weber DJ, Height JJ, Pegan SD. The structural and biochemical impacts of monomerizing human acetylcholinesterase. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1106-1114. [PMID: 30993792 PMCID: PMC6856767 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Serving a critical role in neurotransmission, human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) is the target of organophosphate nerve agents. Hence, there is an active interest in studying the mechanism of inhibition and recovery of enzymatic activity, which could lead to better countermeasures against nerve agents. As hAChE is found in different oligomeric assemblies, certain approaches to studying it have been problematic. Herein, we examine the biochemical and structural impact of monomerizing hAChE by using two mutations: L380R/F535K. The activities of monomeric hAChE L380R/F535K and dimeric hAChE were determined to be comparable utilizing a modified Ellman's assay. To investigate the influence of subunit-subunit interactions on the structure of hAChE, a 2.1 Å X-ray crystallographic structure was determined. Apart from minor shifts along the dimer interface, the overall structure of the hAChE L380R/F535K mutant is similar to that of dimeric hAChE. To probe whether the plasticity of the active site was overtly impacted by monomerizing hAChE, the kinetic constants of (PR/S ) - VX (ethyl({2-[bis(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}sulfanyl)(methyl)phosphinate) inhibition and subsequent rescue of hAChE L380R/F535K activity with HI-6 (1-(2'-hydroxyiminomethyl-1'-pyridinium)-3-(4'-carbamoyl-1-pyridinium)) were determined and found to be comparable to those of dimeric hAChE. Thus, hAChE L380R/F535K could be used as a substitute for dimeric hAChE when experimentally probing the ability of the hAChE active site to accommodate future nerve agent threats or judge the ability of new therapeutics to access the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Bester
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia 30602
| | - Kaylin A. Adipietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular TherapeuticsUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland 21201
| | - Vanessa L. Funk
- U.S. Army Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland 21010‐5424
| | - James M. Myslinski
- U.S. Army Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland 21010‐5424
| | - Nicholas D. Keul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia 30602
| | - Jonah Cheung
- New York Structural Biology CenterNew YorkNew York 10027
| | - Paul T. Wilder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular TherapeuticsUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland 21201
| | - Zachary A. Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia 30602
| | - David J. Weber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular TherapeuticsUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland 21201
| | - Jude J. Height
- U.S. Army Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland 21010‐5424
| | - Scott D. Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia 30602
- U.S. Army Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland 21010‐5424
- United States Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving GroundEdgewoodMaryland
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7
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Giordana L, Sosa MH, Leroux AE, Mendoza EFR, Petray P, Nowicki C. Molecular and functional characterization of two malic enzymes from Leishmania parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 219:67-76. [PMID: 29128656 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites cause a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations in humans and the available clinical treatments are far from satisfactory. Since these pathogens require large amounts of NADPH to maintain intracellular redox homeostasis, oxidoreductases that catalyze the production of NADPH are considered as potential drug targets against these diseases. In the sequenced genomes of most Leishmania spp. two putative malic enzymes (MEs) with an identity of about 55% have been identified. In this work, the ME from L. major (LmjF24.0770, Lmj_ME-70) and its less similar homolog from L. mexicana (LmxM.24.0761, Lmex_ME-61) were cloned and functionally characterized. Both MEs specifically catalyzed NADPH production, but only Lmex_ME-61 was activated by l-aspartate. Unlike the allosterically activated human ME, Lmex_ME-61 exhibited typical hyperbolic curves without any sign of cooperativity in the absence of l-aspartate. Moreover, Lmex_ME-61 and Lmj_ME-70 differ from higher eukaryotic homologs in that they display dimeric instead of tetrameric molecular organization. Homology modeling analysis showed that Lmex_ME-61 and Lmj_ME-70 notably differ in their surface charge distribution; this feature encompasses the coenzyme binding pockets as well. However, in both isozymes, the residues directly involved in the coenzyme binding exhibited a good degree of conservation. Besides, only Lmex_ME-61 and its closest homologs were immunodetected in cell-free extracts from L. mexicana, L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis promastigotes. Our findings provide a first glimpse into the biochemical properties of leishmanial MEs and suggest that MEs could be potentially related to the metabolic differences among the species of Leishmania parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Giordana
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB-CONICET), Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Máximo Hernán Sosa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas en alianza estratégica con UBA-CONICET (ININFA) Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro E Leroux
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET -Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1415FQD, Argentina
| | - Elkin F Rodas Mendoza
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Patricia Petray
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET), Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Nowicki
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB-CONICET), Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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8
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Liang MH, Qv XY, Chen H, Wang Q, Jiang JG. Effects of Salt Concentrations and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Starvations on Neutral Lipid Contents in the Green Microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3190-3197. [PMID: 28368591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dunaliella tertiolecta, a halotolerant alga, can accumulate large amounts of neutral lipid, which makes it a potential biodiesel feedstock. In this study, neutral lipids of D. tertiolecta induced by different salinities or N or P starvation were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), flow cytometry (FCM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). High salinities or N or P starvation resulted in a decrease in cell growth and chlorophyll contents of D. tertiolecta. Neutral lipid contents increased markedly after 3-7 days of N starvation or at low NaCl concentrations (0.5-2.0 M). N starvation had a more dramatic effect on the neutral lipid contents of D. tertiolecta than P starvation. Four putative ME isozymes in different conditions can be detected by using isozyme electrophoresis. Two alternative acetyl-CoA producers, ACL and ACS genes, were up-regulated under low salinities and N starvation. It was suggested that low salinities and N starvation are considered efficient ways to stimulate lipid accumulation in D. tertiolecta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Qv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
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9
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Niedźwiecka N, Gronczewska J, Skorkowski EF. NAD-preferring malic enzyme: localization, regulation and its potential role in herring (Clupea harengus) sperm cells. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:351-360. [PMID: 27630022 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herring spermatozoa exhibit a high activity of NAD-preferring malic enzyme (NAD-ME). This enzyme is involved in the generation of NADH or NADPH in the decarboxylation of malate to form pyruvate and requires some divalent cations to express its activity. In order to confirm that NAD-ME isolated from herring sperm cells is localized in mitochondria, we performed immunofluorescent analysis and assayed spectrophotometrically the malic enzyme reaction. Production of polyclonal rabbit antibodies against NAD-ME from herring spermatozoa enabled identification of mitochondrial localization of this enzyme inside herring spermatozoa. The kinetic studies revealed that NAD-ME was competitively inhibited by ATP up to tenfold. Addition of fumarate reversed ATP-dependent inhibition of NAD-ME to 55 % of its maximum activity. The pH-dependent regulation of malic enzyme activity was also examined. Malic enzyme showed maximum activity at pH near 7.0 in all studied conditions. Finally, the role of malic enzyme activity regulation in mitochondria of herring sperm cells was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Niedźwiecka
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jadwiga Gronczewska
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Edward F Skorkowski
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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10
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Hashemi A, Gharechahi J, Nematzadeh G, Shekari F, Hosseini SA, Salekdeh GH. Two-dimensional blue native/SDS-PAGE analysis of whole cell lysate protein complexes of rice in response to salt stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 200:90-101. [PMID: 27362847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To understand the biology of a plant in response to stress, insight into protein-protein interactions, which almost define cell behavior, is thought to be crucial. Here, we provide a comparative complexomics analysis of leaf whole cell lysate of two rice genotypes with contrasting responses to salt using two-dimensional blue native/SDS-PAGE (2D-BN/SDS-PAGE). We aimed to identify changes in subunit composition and stoichiometry of protein complexes elicited by salt. Using mild detergent for protein complex solubilization, we were able to identify 9 protein assemblies as hetero-oligomeric and 30 as homo-oligomeric complexes. A total of 20 proteins were identified as monomers in the 2D-BN/SDS-PAGE gels. In addition to identifying known protein complexes that confirm the technical validity of our analysis, we were also able to discover novel protein-protein interactions. Interestingly, an interaction was detected for glycolytic enzymes enolase (ENO1) and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) and also for a chlorophyll a-b binding protein and RuBisCo small subunit. To show changes in subunit composition and stoichiometry of protein assemblies during salt stress, the differential abundance of interacting proteins was compared between salt-treated and control plants. A detailed exploration of some of the protein complexes provided novel insight into the function, composition, stoichiometry and dynamics of known and previously uncharacterized protein complexes in response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javad Gharechahi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ghorbanali Nematzadeh
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Sari, Sari, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran; Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Hsieh JY, Li SY, Tsai WC, Liu JH, Lin CL, Liu GY, Hung HC. A small-molecule inhibitor suppresses the tumor-associated mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme (ME2) and induces cellular senescence. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20084-98. [PMID: 26008970 PMCID: PMC4652989 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we found a natural compound, embonic acid (EA), that can specifically inhibit the enzymatic activity of mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme (m-NAD(P)-ME, ME2) either in vitro or in vivo. The in vitro IC50 value of EA for m-NAD(P)-ME was 1.4 ± 0.4 μM. Mutagenesis and binding studies revealed that the putative binding site of EA on m-NAD(P)-ME is located at the fumarate binding site or at the dimer interface near the site. Inhibition studies reveal that EA displayed a non-competitive inhibition pattern, which demonstrated that the binding site of EA was distinct from the active site of the enzyme. Therefore, EA is thought to be an allosteric inhibitor of m-NAD(P)-ME. Both EA treatment and knockdown of m-NAD(P)-ME by shRNA inhibited the growth of H1299 cancer cells. The protein expression and mRNA synthesis of m-NAD(P)-ME in H1299 cells were not influenced by EA, suggesting that the EA-inhibited H1299 cell growth occurs through the suppression of in vivo m-NAD(P)-ME activity EA treatment further induced the cellular senescence of H1299 cells. However, down-regulation of the enzyme-induced cellular senescence was not through p53. Therefore, the EA-evoked senescence of H1299 cells may occur directly through the inhibition of ME2 or a p53-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yi Hsieh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yu Li
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jyung-Hurng Liu
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Center (ABC), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Center (ABC), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Lin L, Luo Y, Sørensen P, Prætorius H, Vajta G, Callesen H, Pribenszky C, Bolund L, Kristensen TN. Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on genomic expression profiling of porcine parthenogenetic activated and cloned embryos. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 26:469-84. [PMID: 24618454 DOI: 10.1071/rd13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Handmade cloning (HMC) has been used to generate transgenic pigs for biomedical research. Recently, we found that parthenogenetic activation (PA) of porcine oocytes and improved HMC efficiency could be achieved by treatment with sublethal high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of HHP treatment on embryonic development is poorly understood and so was investigated in the present study. Thus, in the present study, we undertook genome-wide gene expression analysis in HHP-treated and untreated oocytes, as well as in 4-cell and blastocyst stage embryos derived by PA or HMC. Hierarchical clustering depicted stage-specific genomic expression profiling. At the 4-cell and blastocyst stages, 103 and 163 transcripts were differentially expressed between the HMC and PA embryos, respectively (P<0.05). These transcripts are predominantly involved in regulating cellular differentiation, gene expression and cell-to-cell signalling. We found that 44 transcripts were altered by HHP treatment, with most exhibiting lower expression in HHP-treated oocytes. Genes involved in embryonic development were prominent among the transcripts affected by HHP. Two of these genes (INHBB and ME3) were further validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We also observed that HHP treatment activated expression of the imprinting gene DLX5 in 4-cell PA embryos. In conclusion, our genomic expression profiling data suggest that HHP alters the RNA constitution in porcine oocytes and affects the expression of imprinting genes during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyer Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyer Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Sørensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Helle Prætorius
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyer Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gabor Vajta
- BGI/HuaDa, Beishan Road 10, 518000, Shenzhen, China
| | - Henrik Callesen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Csaba Pribenszky
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Szent István University, István u. 2, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Lars Bolund
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyer Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Torsten Nygård Kristensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
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13
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Liang YJ, Jiang JG. Characterization of malic enzyme and the regulation of its activity and metabolic engineering on lipid production. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, microbial lipids are employed as the feedstock for biodiesel production, which has attracted great attention across the whole world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Liang
- School of Biological Science & Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- School of Biological Science & Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
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14
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Inhibition of autoimmune Chagas-like heart disease by bone marrow transplantation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3384. [PMID: 25521296 PMCID: PMC4270743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi manifests in mammals as Chagas heart disease. The treatment available for chagasic cardiomyopathy is unsatisfactory. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To study the disease pathology and its inhibition, we employed a syngeneic chicken model refractory to T. cruzi in which chickens hatched from T. cruzi inoculated eggs retained parasite kDNA (1.4 kb) minicircles. Southern blotting with EcoRI genomic DNA digests revealed main 18 and 20 kb bands by hybridization with a radiolabeled minicircle sequence. Breeding these chickens generated kDNA-mutated F1, F2, and F3 progeny. A targeted-primer TAIL-PCR (tpTAIL-PCR) technique was employed to detect the kDNA integrations. Histocompatible reporter heart grafts were used to detect ongoing inflammatory cardiomyopathy in kDNA-mutated chickens. Fluorochromes were used to label bone marrow CD3+, CD28+, and CD45+ precursors of the thymus-dependent CD8α+ and CD8β+ effector cells that expressed TCRγδ, vβ1 and vβ2 receptors, which infiltrated the adult hearts and the reporter heart grafts. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Genome modifications in kDNA-mutated chickens can be associated with disruption of immune tolerance to compatible heart grafts and with rejection of the adult host's heart and reporter graft, as well as tissue destruction by effector lymphocytes. Autoimmune heart rejection was largely observed in chickens with kDNA mutations in retrotransposons and in coding genes with roles in cell structure, metabolism, growth, and differentiation. Moreover, killing the sick kDNA-mutated bone marrow cells with cytostatic and anti-folate drugs and transplanting healthy marrow cells inhibited heart rejection. We report here for the first time that healthy bone marrow cells inhibited heart pathology in kDNA+ chickens and thus prevented the genetically driven clinical manifestations of the disease.
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15
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Chang YL, Gao HW, Chiang CP, Wang WM, Huang SM, Ku CF, Liu GY, Hung HC. Human mitochondrial NAD(P)(+)-dependent malic enzyme participates in cutaneous melanoma progression and invasion. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:807-815. [PMID: 25202825 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the most life-threatening neoplasm of the skin, accounting for most of the skin cancer deaths. Accumulating evidence suggests that targeting metabolism is an appealing strategy for melanoma therapy. Mitochondrial NAD(P)(+)-dependent malic enzyme (ME2), an oxidative decarboxylase, was evaluated for its biological significance in cutaneous melanoma progression. ME2 mRNA and protein expression significantly increased during melanoma progression, as evidenced by Gene Expression Omnibus analysis and immunohistochemistry on clinically annotated tissue microarrays, respectively. In addition, ME2 knockdown attenuated melanoma cell proliferation in vitro. ME2 ablation resulted in reduced cellular ATP levels and elevated cellular reactive oxygen species production, which activated the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway and inhibited acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Furthermore, ME2 expression was associated with cell migration and invasion. ME2 knockdown decreased anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumor cell growth in vivo. These results suggested that ME2 might be an important factor in melanoma progression and a novel biomarker of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Lung Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wei Gao
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ping Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fen Ku
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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16
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Structural characteristics of the nonallosteric human cytosolic malic enzyme. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1773-83. [PMID: 24998673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cytosolic NADP(+)-dependent malic enzyme (c-NADP-ME) is neither a cooperative nor an allosteric enzyme, whereas mitochondrial NAD(P)(+)-dependent malic enzyme (m-NAD(P)-ME) is allosterically activated by fumarate. This study examines the molecular basis for the different allosteric properties and quaternary structural stability of m-NAD(P)-ME and c-NADP-ME. Multiple residues corresponding to the fumarate-binding site were mutated in human c-NADP-ME to correspond to those found in human m-NAD(P)-ME. Additionally, the crystal structure of the apo (ligand-free) human c-NADP-ME conformation was determined. Kinetic studies indicated no significant difference between the wild-type and mutant enzymes in Km,NADP, Km,malate, and kcat. A chimeric enzyme, [51-105]_c-NADP-ME, was designed to include the putative fumarate-binding site of m-NAD(P)-ME at the dimer interface of c-NADP-ME; however, this chimera remained nonallosteric. In addition to fumarate activation, the quaternary structural stability of c-NADP-ME and m-NAD(P)-ME is quite different; c-NADP-ME is a stable tetramer, whereas m-NAD(P)-ME exists in equilibrium between a dimer and a tetramer. The quaternary structures for the S57K/N59E/E73K/S102D and S57K/N59E/E73K/S102D/H74K/D78P/D80E/D87G mutants of c-NADP-ME are tetrameric, whereas the K57S/E59N/K73E/D102S m-NAD(P)-ME quadruple mutant is primarily monomeric with some dimer formation. These results strongly suggest that the structural features near the fumarate-binding site and the dimer interface are highly related to the quaternary structural stability of c-NADP-ME and m-NAD(P)-ME. In this study, we attempt to delineate the structural features governing the fumarate-induced allosteric activation of malic enzyme.
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17
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Hsieh JY, Liu JH, Yang PC, Lin CL, Liu GY, Hung HC. Fumarate analogs act as allosteric inhibitors of the human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98385. [PMID: 24911153 PMCID: PMC4049574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme (m-NAD(P)-ME) is allosterically activated by the four-carbon trans dicarboxylic acid, fumarate. Previous studies have suggested that the dicarboxylic acid in a trans conformation around the carbon-carbon double bond is required for the allosteric activation of the enzyme. In this paper, the allosteric effects of fumarate analogs on m-NAD(P)-ME are investigated. Two fumarate-insensitive mutants, m-NAD(P)-ME_R67A/R91A and m-NAD(P)-ME_K57S/E59N/K73E/D102S, as well as c-NADP-ME, were used as the negative controls. Among these analogs, mesaconate, trans-aconitate, monomethyl fumarate and monoethyl fumarate were allosteric activators of the enzyme, while oxaloacetate, diethyl oxalacetate, and dimethyl fumarate were found to be allosteric inhibitors of human m-NAD(P)-ME. The IC50 value for diethyl oxalacetate was approximately 2.5 mM. This paper suggests that the allosteric inhibitors may impede the conformational change from open form to closed form and therefore inhibit m-NAD(P)-ME enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yi Hsieh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jyung-Hurng Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Chun Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HCH); (GYL)
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center (ABC), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HCH); (GYL)
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18
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Vadlakonda L, Reddy VDK, Pasupuleti M, Reddanna P. The Pasteur's Dictum: Nitrogen Promotes Growth and Oxygen Reduces the Need for Sugar. Front Oncol 2014; 4:51. [PMID: 24672772 PMCID: PMC3956120 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - V D K Reddy
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- SRM Research Institute, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial University , Chennai , India
| | - Pallu Reddanna
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India ; National Institute of Animal Biotechnology , Hyderabad , India
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19
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Vorapreeda T, Thammarongtham C, Cheevadhanarak S, Laoteng K. Repertoire of malic enzymes in yeast and fungi: insight into their evolutionary functional and structural significance. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:2548-2557. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.065342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tayvich Vorapreeda
- Biochemical Engineering and Pilot Plant Research and Development Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Chinae Thammarongtham
- Biochemical Engineering and Pilot Plant Research and Development Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Supapon Cheevadhanarak
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Kobkul Laoteng
- Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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20
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Sheng Y, Durazo A, Schumacher M, Gralla EB, Cascio D, Cabelli DE, Valentine JS. Tetramerization reinforces the dimer interface of MnSOD. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62446. [PMID: 23667478 PMCID: PMC3646814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two yeast manganese superoxide dismutases (MnSOD), one from Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria (ScMnSOD) and the other from Candida albicans cytosol (CaMnSODc), have most biochemical and biophysical properties in common, yet ScMnSOD is a tetramer and CaMnSODc is a dimer or "loose tetramer" in solution. Although CaMnSODc was found to crystallize as a tetramer, there is no indication from the solution properties that the functionality of CaMnSODc in vivo depends upon the formation of the tetrameric structure. To elucidate further the functional significance of MnSOD quaternary structure, wild-type and mutant forms of ScMnSOD (K182R, A183P mutant) and CaMnSODc (K184R, L185P mutant) with the substitutions at dimer interfaces were analyzed with respect to their oligomeric states and resistance to pH, heat, and denaturant. Dimeric CaMnSODc was found to be significantly more subject to thermal or denaturant-induced unfolding than tetrameric ScMnSOD. The residue substitutions at dimer interfaces caused dimeric CaMnSODc but not tetrameric ScMnSOD to dissociate into monomers. We conclude that the tetrameric assembly strongly reinforces the dimer interface, which is critical for MnSOD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Sheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Armando Durazo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mikhail Schumacher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Edith Butler Gralla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Duilio Cascio
- Department of Energy-Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Cabelli
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - Joan Selverstone Valentine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Murugan S, Hung HC. Biophysical characterization of the dimer and tetramer interface interactions of the human cytosolic malic enzyme. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50143. [PMID: 23284632 PMCID: PMC3528742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic NADP+-dependent malic enzyme (c-NADP-ME) has a dimer-dimer quaternary structure in which the dimer interface associates more tightly than the tetramer interface. In this study, the urea-induced unfolding process of the c-NADP-ME interface mutants was monitored using fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation and enzyme activities. Here, we demonstrate the differential protein stability between dimer and tetramer interface interactions of human c-NADP-ME. Our data clearly demonstrate that the protein stability of c-NADP-ME is affected predominantly by disruptions at the dimer interface rather than at the tetramer interface. First, during thermal stability experiments, the melting temperatures of the wild-type and tetramer interface mutants are 8–10°C higher than those of the dimer interface mutants. Second, during urea denaturation experiments, the thermodynamic parameters of the wild-type and tetramer interface mutants are almost identical. However, for the dimer interface mutants, the first transition of the urea unfolding curves shift towards a lower urea concentration, and the unfolding intermediate exist at a lower urea concentration. Third, for tetrameric WT c-NADP-ME, the enzyme is first dissociated from a tetramer to dimers before the 2 M urea treatment, and the dimers then dissociated into monomers before the 2.5 M urea treatment. With a dimeric tetramer interface mutant (H142A/D568A), the dimer completely dissociated into monomers after a 2.5 M urea treatment, while for a dimeric dimer interface mutant (H51A/D90A), the dimer completely dissociated into monomers after a 1.5 M urea treatment, indicating that the interactions of c-NADP-ME at the dimer interface are truly stronger than at the tetramer interface. Thus, this study provides a reasonable explanation for why malic enzymes need to assemble as a dimer of dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujithkumar Murugan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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22
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Yu Q, Liu J, Wang Z, Nai J, Lü M, Zhou X, Cheng Y. Characterization of the NADP-malic enzymes in the woody plant Populus trichocarpa. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1385-96. [PMID: 23096088 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME, EC 1.1.1.40) participates in a large number of metabolic pathways, but little is known about the NADP-ME family in woody plants or trees. Here, we characterized the tree Populus trichocarpa NADP-ME (PtNADP-ME) family and the properties of the family members. Five NADP-ME genes (PtNADP-ME1-PtNADP-ME5) were found in the genome of Populus. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis show that the transcription levels of PtNADP-ME1 in lignified stems and roots are clearly higher than in other tissues, and PtNADP-ME2, PtNADP-ME3, PtNADP-ME4 and PtNADP-ME5 are broadly expressed in various tissues. PtNADP-ME gene expression was found to respond to salt and osmotic stresses, and NaCl salts upregulated the transcripts of putative plastidic ones (PtNADP-ME4 and PtNADP-ME5) significantly. Further, the NADP-ME activities of Populus seedlings increased at least two-fold under NaCl, mannitol and PEG treatments. Also, the expression of PtNADP-ME2 and PtNADP-ME3 increased during the course of leaf wounding. Each recombinant PtNADP-ME proteins were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli, respectively. Coomassie brilliant blue and NADP-ME activity staining on native polyacrylamide gels showed different oligomeric states of the recombinant PtNADP-MEs in vitro. Noticeably, the cytosolic PtNADP-ME2 aggregates as octamers and hexadecamers while the plastidic PtNADP-ME4 resembles hexamers and octamers. The four PtNADP-ME proteins except for PtNADP-ME1 have high activities on native polyacrylamide gels including different forms for PtNADP-ME2 (octamers and hexadecamers) or for PtNADP-ME4 (hexamers and octamers). High concentrations of NADP substrate decreased the activities of all PtNADP-MEs slightly, while the malate had no effect on them. The kinetic parameters (V (max), K (m), K (cat), and K (cat)/K (m)) of each isoforms were summarized. Our data show the different effects of metabolites (influx into tricarboxylic acid cycle or Calvin cycle) on the activity of the individual PtNADP-ME in vitro. According to phylogenetic analysis, five PtNADP-MEs are clustered into cytosolic dicot, plastidic dicot, and monocot and dicot cytosolic groups in a phylogenetic tree. These results suggest that woody Populus NADP-ME family have diverse properties, and possible roles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
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Gillis BS, Arbieva Z, Gavin IM. Analysis of lead toxicity in human cells. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:344. [PMID: 22839698 PMCID: PMC3424832 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead is a metal with many recognized adverse health side effects, and yet the molecular processes underlying lead toxicity are still poorly understood. Quantifying the injurious effects of lead is also difficult because of the diagnostic limitations that exist when analyzing human blood and urine specimens for lead toxicity. RESULTS We analyzed the deleterious impact of lead on human cells by measuring its effects on cytokine production and gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Lead activates the secretion of the chemokine IL-8 and impacts mitogen-dependent activation by increasing the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and of the chemokines IL-8 and MIP1-α in the presence of phytohemagglutinin. The recorded changes in gene expression affected major cellular functions, including metallothionein expression, and the expression of cellular metabolic enzymes and protein kinase activity. The expression of 31 genes remained elevated after the removal of lead from the testing medium thereby allowing for the measurement of adverse health effects of lead poisoning. These included thirteen metallothionein transcripts, three endothelial receptor B transcripts and a number of transcripts which encode cellular metabolic enzymes. Cellular responses to lead correlated with blood lead levels and were significantly altered in individuals with higher lead content resultantly affecting the nervous system, the negative regulation of transcription and the induction of apoptosis. In addition, we identified changes in gene expression in individuals with elevated zinc protoporphyrin blood levels and found that genes regulating the transmission of nerve impulses were affected in these individuals. The affected pathways were G-protein mediated signaling, gap junction signaling, synaptic long-term potentiation, neuropathic pain signaling as well as CREB signaling in neurons. Cellular responses to lead were altered in subjects with high zinc protoporphyrin blood levels. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study defined specific changes in gene and protein expression in response to lead challenges and determined the injurious effects of exposures to lead on a cellular level. This information can be used for documenting the health effects of exposures to lead which will facilitate identifying and monitoring efficacious treatments for lead-related maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Gillis
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zarema Arbieva
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Igor M Gavin
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Selwood T, Jaffe EK. Dynamic dissociating homo-oligomers and the control of protein function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 519:131-43. [PMID: 22182754 PMCID: PMC3298769 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homo-oligomeric protein assemblies are known to participate in dynamic association/disassociation equilibria under native conditions, thus creating an equilibrium of assembly states. Such quaternary structure equilibria may be influenced in a physiologically significant manner either by covalent modification or by the non-covalent binding of ligands. This review follows the evolution of ideas about homo-oligomeric equilibria through the 20th and into the 21st centuries and the relationship of these equilibria to allosteric regulation by the non-covalent binding of ligands. A dynamic quaternary structure equilibria is described where the dissociated state can have alternate conformations that cannot reassociate to the original multimer; the alternate conformations dictate assembly to functionally distinct alternate multimers of finite stoichiometry. The functional distinction between different assemblies provides a mechanism for allostery. The requirement for dissociation distinguishes this morpheein model of allosteric regulation from the classical MWC concerted and KNF sequential models. These models are described alongside earlier dissociating allosteric models. The identification of proteins that exist as an equilibrium of diverse native quaternary structure assemblies has the potential to define new targets for allosteric modulation with significant consequences for further understanding and/or controlling protein structure and function. Thus, a rationale for identifying proteins that may use the morpheein model of allostery is presented and a selection of proteins for which published data suggests this mechanism may be operative are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Selwood
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111
| | - Eileen K. Jaffe
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111
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del Toro Duany Y, Klostermeier D. Nucleotide-driven conformational changes in the reverse gyrase helicase-like domain couple the nucleotide cycle to DNA processing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:10009-19. [PMID: 21350762 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02859b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reverse gyrase introduces positive supercoils into DNA in an ATP-dependent process. It has a modular structure comprising a helicase-like and a topoisomerase domain. The helicase-like domain consists of two RecA-like subdomains and thus structurally resembles members of the helicase superfamily 2. It is a nucleotide-dependent switch that alters between an ATP state with a slight preference for dsDNA, and an ADP state with a high preference for ssDNA. Inter-domain communication between the helicase-like and the topoisomerase domain is central for their functional cooperation in reverse gyrase. The latch, an insertion into the helicase-like domain, has been suggested as an important element in coordinating their activities. Here, we have dissected the nucleotide cycle of the reverse gyrase helicase-like domain in the absence and presence of different DNA substrates. With this comprehensive thermodynamic characterization of the nucleotide cycle of the helicase-like domain, in combination with single molecule FRET data on the conformation of the helicase-like domain at all stages of the catalytic cycle, a picture emerges as to how the helicase-like domain may guide ATP-dependent positive supercoiling by reverse gyrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoandris del Toro Duany
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, Dept. of Biophysical Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Shekari F, Taei A, Pan TL, Wang PW, Baharvand H, Salekdeh GH. Identification of cytoplasmic and membrane-associated complexes in human embryonic stem cells using blue native PAGE. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2688-701. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05135k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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