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Haider MJA, Albaqsumi Z, Al-Mulla F, Ahmad R, Al-Rashed F. SOCS3 Regulates Dectin-2-Induced Inflammation in PBMCs of Diabetic Patients. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172670. [PMID: 36078084 PMCID: PMC9454960 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 are involved in several innate immune responses and are expressed mainly in dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. Dectin-1 activation exacerbates obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the role of Dectin-2 is not clear in T2D. This study aims to evaluate the expression and function of Dectin-2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from diabetic patients and non-diabetic controls. Flow-cytometry and qRT-PCR were performed to evaluate the expression of Dectin-2 in different leukocyte subpopulations isolated from T2D patients (n = 10) and matched non-diabetic controls (n = 11). The functional activity of Dectin-2 was identified in PBMCs. CRP, IL-1β, and TNF-α concentrations were determined by ELISA. siRNA transfection and Western blotting were performed to assess p-Syk and p-NF-kB expression. siRNA transfection was performed to knock down the gene of interest. Our results show that Dectin-2 expression was the highest in monocytes compared with other leukocyte subpopulations. The expression of Dectin-2 was significantly increased in the monocytes of T2D patients compared with non-diabetic controls. Dectin-2 expression positively correlated with markers of glucose homeostasis, including HOMA-IR and HbA1c. The expression of inflammatory markers was elevated in the PBMCs of T2D patients. Interestingly, SOCS3, a negative regulator of inflammation, was expressed significantly lowlier in the PBMCs of T2D patients. Moreover, SOCS3 expression was negatively correlated with Dectin-2 expression level. The further analysis of inflammatory signaling pathways showed a persistent activation of the Dectin-2-Syk-NFkB pathway that was instigated by the diminished expression of SOCS3. Dectin-2 activation failed to induce SOCS3 expression and suppress subsequent inflammatory responses in the PBMCs of diabetic patients. siRNA-mediated knockdown of SOCS3 in PBMCs displayed a similar inflammatory phenotype to diabetic PBMCs when exposed to Dectin-2 ligands. Altogether, our findings suggest that elevated Dectin-2 and its relationship with SOCS3 could be involved in the abnormal immune response observed in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed J. A. Haider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait
| | - Zahraa Albaqsumi
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Genetics & Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (F.A.-R.); Tel.: +965-2224-2999 (ext. 3584) (R.A.); +965-2224-2999 (ext. 4335) (F.A.-R.)
| | - Fatema Al-Rashed
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (F.A.-R.); Tel.: +965-2224-2999 (ext. 3584) (R.A.); +965-2224-2999 (ext. 4335) (F.A.-R.)
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2
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Tang J, Liu J, Yan Q, Gu Z, August A, Huang W, Jiang Z. Konjac Glucomannan Oligosaccharides Prevent Intestinal Inflammation Through SIGNR1-Mediated Regulation of Alternatively Activated Macrophages. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001010. [PMID: 34390195 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Konjac glucomannan oligosaccharides (KMOS) are prebiotics and may improve intestinal immunity through modulation of macrophage function. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms were unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a mouse model of dextran sulfated sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis, the study demonstrates here that KMOS (400 mg-1 kg-1 d-1 ) can ameliorate intestinal inflammation in a macrophage dependent manner. Oral exposure to KMOS prevents DSS-induced intestinal pathology, improves epithelial integrity, and decreases accumulation of colonic inflammatory leukocytes and cytokines. The therapeutic effects of KMOS are dependent on the function of macrophages, as depletion of macrophages abolished the effects. In colonic lamina propria of DSS-treated mice, as well as in vitro culture of bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs), KMOS skews reprogramming of classically activated macrophages (CAM/M1) into alternatively activated macrophages (AAM/M2). The study further determines that the activation of SIGNR1/phospho-c-Raf (S338)/phospho-p65 (S276)/acetyl-p65 (K310) pathway is responsible for KMOS-induced AAM/M2 polarization. Blockage of SIGNR1 abolishes KMOS-induced AAM/M2 polarization of activated macrophages, expression of phospho-p65 (S276) in colonic macrophages, and alleviation of DSS-induced colitis in mice, suggesting that SIGNR1 is critical for macrophage responses to KMOS. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a SIGNR1-mediated macrophage-dependent pathway that supports regulatory function of KMOS in host immunity and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhenglong Gu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 13843, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 13843, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Singh A, Anang V, Verma C, Saraswati SSK, Rana AK, Bandyopadhyay U, Chadha A, Natarajan K. Bcl2 negatively regulates Protective Immune Responses During Mycobacterial Infection. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:94-109. [PMID: 34304400 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that M. tb on its own as well as together with HIV inhibits macrophage apoptosis by upregulating the expression of Bcl2 and Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP). In addition, recent reports from our lab showed that stimulation of either macrophages or BMDCs results in the significant upregulation of Bcl2. In this report, we delineate the role of Bcl2 in mediating defense responses from dendritic cells (BMDCs) during mycobacterial infection. Inhibiting Bcl2 led to a significant decrease in intracellular bacterial burden in BMDCs. To further characterize the role of Bcl2 in modulating defense responses, we inhibited Bcl2 in BMDCs as well as human PBMCs to monitor their activation and functional status in response to mycobacterial infection and stimulation with M. tb antigen Rv3416. Inhibiting Bcl2 generated protective responses including increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules, oxidative burst, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and autophagy. Finally, co-culturing human PBMCs and BMDCs with antigen-primed T cells increased their proliferation, activation and effector function. These results point towards a critical role for Bcl2 in regulating BMDCs defense responses to mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Singh
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Vandana Anang
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Chaitenya Verma
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | | | - Ankush Kumar Rana
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Upasana Bandyopadhyay
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Attinder Chadha
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Krishnamurthy Natarajan
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Rodrigues TS, Conti BJ, Fraga-Silva TFDC, Almeida F, Bonato VLD. Interplay between alveolar epithelial and dendritic cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1139-1156. [PMID: 32620048 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0520-112r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate response plays a crucial role in the protection against tuberculosis development. Moreover, the initial steps that drive the host-pathogen interaction following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are critical for the development of adaptive immune response. As alveolar Mϕs, airway epithelial cells, and dendritic cells can sense the presence of M. tuberculosis and are the first infected cells. These cells secrete mediators, which generate inflammatory signals that drive the differentiation and activation of the T lymphocytes necessary to clear the infection. Throughout this review article, we addressed the interaction between epithelial cells and M. tuberculosis, as well as the interaction between dendritic cells and M. tuberculosis. The understanding of the mechanisms that modulate those interactions is critical to have a complete view of the onset of an infection and may be useful for the development of dendritic cell-based vaccine or immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Silva Rodrigues
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno José Conti
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda de Campos Fraga-Silva
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia Luiza Deperon Bonato
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Kim WS, Yoon JH, Shin MK, Shin SJ. Infection of Dendritic Cells With Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis Exhibits a Functionally Tolerogenic Phenotype in Response to Toll-Like Receptor Agonists via IL-10/Cox2/PGE2/EP2 Axis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1795. [PMID: 31440223 PMCID: PMC6692481 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis (MAH) is the most common agent causing nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in humans. It mainly causes chronic and slowly progressive pulmonary disease (PD), which requires a long-term treatment and allows opportunistic co-infection by common pulmonary pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus spp., thereby resulting in alteration of host immune response. In the present study, we investigated the phenotypical and functional alterations of dendritic cells (DCs), a bridge antigen-presenting cell between innate and adaptive immunity, following MAH infection in response to various toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists mimicking co-infection conditions, along with subsequent T cell response. Interestingly, MAH-infected DCs produced interleukin (IL)-10 significantly and decreased the level of IL-12p70 in response to Poly I:C and LPS, although not so in response to Pam3CSK4, imiquimod, or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, thereby indicating that the TLR3 and TLR4 agonists functionally altered MAH-infected DCs toward a tolerogenic phenotype. Moreover, IL-10-producing tolerogenic DCs were remarkably induced by MAH and P. aeruginosa co-infection. To precisely elucidate how these TLR agonists induce tolerogenic DCs upon MAH infection, we sought to clarify the major mechanisms involved, using LPS, which caused the greatest increase in IL-10 production by the TLR agonists. Increased IL-10 stimulated the creation of tolerogenic DCs by significantly reducing MHC class II expression and MHC class II-antigen presentation, eventually inhibiting CD4+ T cell proliferation, along with decreased IFN-γ and IL-2. The tolerogenic phenotypes of MAH/LPS-treated DCs were restored by anti-IL-10 neutralization, validating the induction of tolerogenicity by IL-10. Interestingly, IL-10-producing-tolerogenic DCs were observed after infection with live MAH, rather than with inactivated or dead MAH. In addition, TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- DCs confirmed the association of IL-10 production with TLR2 and TLR4 signaling; IL-10 production synergistically increased when both TLR4 and TLR2 were involved. Expression of Cox2 and PGE2 increased along with IL-10 while that of IL-10 was inhibited by their selective inhibitors celecoxib and anti-EP2 antibody, respectively. Thus, the tolerogenic phenotypes of MAH/LPS-treated DCs were proven to be induced by Cox-2/PGE2-dependent EP2 signaling as the main mechanism. These findings may provide important clues that the tolerogenic cascade in MAH-infected DCs induced by TLR 4 signaling can alter host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Primary Role of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 in Mycobacterium bovis BCG Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00376-18. [PMID: 30181351 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00376-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) is a negative regulator of JAK/STAT signaling and is induced by mycobacterial infection. To understand the major function of SOCS1 during infection, we established a novel system in which recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin expressed dominant-negative SOCS1 (rBCG-SOCS1DN) because it would not affect the function of SOCS1 in uninfected cells. When C57BL/6 mice and RAG1-/- mice were intratracheally inoculated with rBCG-SOCS1DN, the amount of rBCG-SOCS1DN in the lungs was significantly reduced compared to that in the lungs of mice inoculated with a vector control counterpart and wild-type BCG. However, these significant differences were not observed in NOS2-/- mice and RAG1-/- NOS2-/- double-knockout mice. These findings demonstrated that SOCS1 inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production to establish mycobacterial infection and that rBCG-SOCS1DN has the potential to be a powerful tool for studying the primary function of SOCS1 in mycobacterial infection.
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7
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Duncan SA, Baganizi DR, Sahu R, Singh SR, Dennis VA. SOCS Proteins as Regulators of Inflammatory Responses Induced by Bacterial Infections: A Review. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2431. [PMID: 29312162 PMCID: PMC5733031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe bacterial infections can lead to both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Innate immunity is the first defense mechanism employed against invading bacterial pathogens through the recognition of conserved molecular patterns on bacteria by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), especially the toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs recognize distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that play a critical role in innate immune responses by inducing the expression of several inflammatory genes. Thus, activation of immune cells is regulated by cytokines that use the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway and microbial recognition by TLRs. This system is tightly controlled by various endogenous molecules to allow for an appropriately regulated and safe host immune response to infections. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of proteins is one of the central regulators of microbial pathogen-induced signaling of cytokines, principally through the inhibition of the activation of JAK/STAT signaling cascades. This review provides recent knowledge regarding the role of SOCS proteins during bacterial infections, with an emphasis on the mechanisms involved in their induction and regulation of antibacterial immune responses. Furthermore, the implication of SOCS proteins in diverse processes of bacteria to escape host defenses and in the outcome of bacterial infections are discussed, as well as the possibilities offered by these proteins for future targeted antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyla A Duncan
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Dieudonné R Baganizi
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Rajnish Sahu
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Shree R Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Vida A Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
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8
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Colliou N, Ge Y, Sahay B, Gong M, Zadeh M, Owen JL, Neu J, Farmerie WG, Alonzo F, Liu K, Jones DP, Li S, Mohamadzadeh M. Commensal Propionibacterium strain UF1 mitigates intestinal inflammation via Th17 cell regulation. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3970-3986. [PMID: 28945202 PMCID: PMC5663347 DOI: 10.1172/jci95376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of human breast milk (HBM) attenuates the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which remains a leading and intractable cause of mortality in preterm infants. Here, we report that this diminution correlates with alterations in the gut microbiota, particularly enrichment of Propionibacterium species. Transfaunation of microbiota from HBM-fed preterm infants or a newly identified and cultured Propionibacterium strain, P. UF1, to germfree mice conferred protection against pathogen infection and correlated with profound increases in intestinal Th17 cells. The induction of Th17 cells was dependent on bacterial dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (DlaT), a major protein expressed on the P. UF1 surface layer (S-layer). Binding of P. UF1 to its cognate receptor, SIGNR1, on dendritic cells resulted in the regulation of intestinal phagocytes. Importantly, transfer of P. UF1 profoundly mitigated induced NEC-like injury in neonatal mice. Together, these results mechanistically elucidate the protective effects of HBM and P. UF1-induced immunoregulation, which safeguard against proinflammatory diseases, including NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Colliou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine
| | - Bikash Sahay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
| | - Minghao Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine
| | - Mojgan Zadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Josef Neu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - William G. Farmerie
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Ken Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shuzhao Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine
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9
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Ravidà A, Aldridge AM, Driessen NN, Heus FAH, Hokke CH, O’Neill SM. Fasciola hepatica Surface Coat Glycoproteins Contain Mannosylated and Phosphorylated N-glycans and Exhibit Immune Modulatory Properties Independent of the Mannose Receptor. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004601. [PMID: 27104959 PMCID: PMC4841591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis, caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, is a neglected tropical disease infecting over 1 million individuals annually with 17 million people at risk of infection. Like other helminths, F. hepatica employs mechanisms of immune suppression in order to evade its host immune system. In this study the N-glycosylation of F. hepatica’s tegumental coat (FhTeg) and its carbohydrate-dependent interactions with bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were investigated. Mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated that FhTeg N-glycans comprised mainly of oligomannose and to a lesser extent truncated and complex type glycans, including a phosphorylated subset. The interaction of FhTeg with the mannose receptor (MR) was investigated. Binding of FhTeg to MR-transfected CHO cells and BMDCs was blocked when pre-incubated with mannan. We further elucidated the role played by MR in the immunomodulatory mechanism of FhTeg and demonstrated that while FhTeg’s binding was significantly reduced in BMDCs generated from MR knockout mice, the absence of MR did not alter FhTeg’s ability to induce SOCS3 or suppress cytokine secretion from LPS activated BMDCs. A panel of negatively charged monosaccharides (i.e. GlcNAc-4P, Man-6P and GalNAc-4S) were used in an attempt to inhibit the immunoregulatory properties of phosphorylated oligosaccharides. Notably, GalNAc-4S, a known inhibitor of the Cys-domain of MR, efficiently suppressed FhTeg binding to BMDCs and inhibited the expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) 3, a negative regulator the TLR and STAT3 pathway. We conclude that F. hepatica contains high levels of mannose residues and phosphorylated glycoproteins that are crucial in modulating its host’s immune system, however the role played by MR appears to be limited to the initial binding event suggesting that other C-type lectin receptors are involved in the immunomodulatory mechanism of FhTeg. Fascioliasis, caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, is a neglected tropical disease infecting over 1 million individuals annually with 17 million people at risk of infection. These worms infect the liver and can survive for many years in its animal or human host because they supress the host’s immune system that is important in clearing worm infection. Worms are similar to humans in that they are made of proteins, fats and sugars, and while there are many studies on worm proteins, few studies have examined the sugars. We are interested in the sugars because we believe that they help the parasite survive for many years within its host. To examine this, we have used a technique called mass spectrometric analysis to characterise the sugars present in F. hepatica. We also have developed systems in the laboratory to test if these sugars can suppress the host’s immune system. We conclude that F. hepatica sugars are crucial in suppressing its host’s immune system; however, the exact way the sugars can do this requires further studies. These studies are important for the development of worm vaccines or therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ravidà
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Allison M. Aldridge
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicole N. Driessen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry A. H. Heus
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H. Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra M. O’Neill
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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10
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Manipulator of Protective Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:131. [PMID: 26927066 PMCID: PMC4813124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is one of the most successful pathogens in human history and remains a global health challenge. MTB has evolved a plethora of strategies to evade the immune response sufficiently to survive within the macrophage in a bacterial-immunological equilibrium, yet causes sufficient immunopathology to facilitate its transmission. This review highlights MTB as the driver of disease pathogenesis and presents evidence of the mechanisms by which MTB manipulates the protective immune response into a pathological productive infection.
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11
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Schlauch KA, Khaiboullina SF, De Meirleir KL, Rawat S, Petereit J, Rizvanov AA, Blatt N, Mijatovic T, Kulick D, Palotás A, Lombardi VC. Genome-wide association analysis identifies genetic variations in subjects with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e730. [PMID: 26859813 PMCID: PMC4872418 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis, also known as chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS, is a multifactorial and debilitating disease that has an impact on over 4 million people in the United States alone. The pathogenesis of ME/CFS remains largely unknown; however, a genetic predisposition has been suggested. In the present study, we used a DNA single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip representing over 906,600 known SNPs to analyze DNA from ME/CFS subjects and healthy controls. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the most comprehensive genome-wide association study (GWAS) of an ME/CFS cohort conducted to date. Here 442 SNPs were identified as candidates for association with ME/CFS (adjusted P-value<0.05). Whereas the majority of these SNPs are represented in non-coding regions of the genome, 12 SNPs were identified in the coding region of their respective gene. Among these, two candidate SNPs resulted in missense substitutions, one in a pattern recognition receptor and the other in an uncharacterized coiled-coil domain-containing protein. We also identified five SNPs that cluster in the non-coding regions of T-cell receptor loci. Further examination of these polymorphisms may help identify contributing factors to the pathophysiology of ME/CFS, as well as categorize potential targets for medical intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Schlauch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - S F Khaiboullina
- Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - K L De Meirleir
- Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - S Rawat
- Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - J Petereit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - A A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - N Blatt
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | | | - D Kulick
- Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - A Palotás
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
- Asklepios-Med (private medical practice and research center), Szeged, Hungary
| | - V C Lombardi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
- Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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12
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Yan X, Li W, Pan L, Fu E, Xie Y, Chen M, Mu D. Lewis Lung Cancer Cells Promote SIGNR1(CD209b)-Mediated Macrophages Polarization Induced by IL-4 to Facilitate Immune Evasion. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1158-66. [PMID: 26447454 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages are a prominent component of lung cancer and contribute to tumor progression by facilitating the immune evasion of cancer cells. DC-SIGN (CD209) assists in the immune evasion of a broad spectrum of pathogens and neoplasms by inhibiting the maturation of DCs and subsequent cytokines production. However, the expression of DC-SIGN in macrophages and its role in mediating immune evasion in lung cancer and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Our study aimed to identify the immunosuppressive role of SIGNR1 in murine macrophage differentiation and lung cancer progression. We found that SIGNR1-positive RAW264.7 macrophages were enriched in mixed cultures with Lewis lung cancer cells (LLC) (ratio of RAW 264.7 to LLC being 1:1) after stimulation with IL-4. Moreover, LLC-educated macrophages exhibited significantly higher levels of IL-10 but lower IL-12 in response to IL-4 treatment as determined by RT-PCR and ELISA. However, inhibition of SIGNR1 markedly hampered the production of IL-10, indicating that SIGNR1 was indispensable for IL-4+LLC induced macrophage polarization towards the M2 subtype. Furthermore, polarized M2 cells immersed in a tumor microenvironment promoted the migration of LLCs, as measured by transwell assays, but migration was suppressed after blockade of SIGNR1 using CD209b antibody. In addition, IL-4+LLC-educated macrophages reduced the proliferation of the activated T cells and reduced IFN-γ-mediated Th1 response in T cells, while SIGNR1 inhibition rescued Th1 cell functions. In conclusion, murine SIGNR1 expressed in LLC-educated macrophages appears to mediate IL-4-induced RAW264.7 macrophage polarization and thus facilitate lung cancer evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wenhai Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Enqing Fu
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yonghong Xie
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Deguang Mu
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
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13
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Rajaram MVS, Ni B, Dodd CE, Schlesinger LS. Macrophage immunoregulatory pathways in tuberculosis. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:471-85. [PMID: 25453226 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, the major host cells harboring Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), are a heterogeneous cell type depending on their tissue of origin and host they are derived from. Significant discord in macrophage responses to M.tb exists due to differences in M.tb strains and the various types of macrophages used to study tuberculosis (TB). This review will summarize current concepts regarding macrophage responses to M.tb infection, while pointing out relevant differences in experimental outcomes due to the use of divergent model systems. A brief description of the lung environment is included since there is increasing evidence that the alveolar macrophage (AM) has immunoregulatory properties that can delay optimal protective host immune responses. In this context, this review focuses on selected macrophage immunoregulatory pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), cytokines, negative regulators of inflammation, lipid mediators and microRNAs (miRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan V S Rajaram
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bin Ni
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire E Dodd
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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14
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Cellular factors targeting APCs to modulate adaptive T cell immunity. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:750374. [PMID: 25126585 PMCID: PMC4122108 DOI: 10.1155/2014/750374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of adaptive T cell immunity is determined by multiple cellular and molecular factors, among which the cytokine milieu plays the most important role in this process. Depending on the cytokines present during the initial T cell activation, T cells become effector cells that produce different effector molecules and execute adaptive immune functions. Studies thus far have primarily focused on defining how these factors control T cell differentiation by targeting T cells themselves. However, other non-T cells, particularly APCs, also express receptors for the factors and are capable of responding to them. In this review, we will discuss how APCs, by responding to those cytokines, influence T cell differentiation and adaptive immunity.
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15
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Gaurav R, Agrawal DK. Clinical view on the importance of dendritic cells in asthma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:899-919. [PMID: 24128155 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2013.837260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation and may lead to airway remodeling in uncontrolled cases. Genetic predisposition to an atopic phenotype plays a major component in the pathophysiology of asthma. However, with tremendous role of epigenetic factors and environmental stimuli in precipitating an immune response, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are complicated. Dendritic cells are principal antigen-presenting cells and initiators of the immune response in allergic asthma. Their phenotype, guided by multiple factors may dictate the immune reaction to an allergic or tolerogenic response. Involvement of the local cytokine milieu, microbiome and interplay between immune cells add dimension to the fate of immune response. In addition to allergen exposure, these factors modulate DC phenotype and function. In this article, integration of many factors and pathways associated with the recruitment and activation of DCs in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma is presented in a clinical and translational manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Gaurav
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, CRISS II Room 510, 2500 California Plaza Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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16
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van Vliet SJ, Bay S, Vuist IM, Kalay H, García-Vallejo JJ, Leclerc C, van Kooyk Y. MGL signaling augments TLR2-mediated responses for enhanced IL-10 and TNF-α secretion. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:315-23. [PMID: 23744646 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1012520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DCs orchestrate immune responses to infectious pathogens and disturbances in tissue integrity. Equipped with C-type lectins, DCs can respond to environmental changes in glycosylation. Many C-type lectins are capable of modulating TLR activation, thereby facilitating tailor-made immune reactions. Here, we investigated the signaling properties of the C-type lectin MGL and show that MGL engagement by agonistic antibodies or carbohydrate ligands couples to TLR signal transduction for increased IL-10 and TNF-α secretion by human monocyte-derived DCs. MGL triggering especially synergized with TLR2-induced pathways, leading to elevated IL-10 mRNA levels and enhanced TNF-α mRNA stability. In addition, MGL signaling promoted phosphorylation of the MAPK ERK and the transcription factor CREB. Whereas specific inhibitors of p90RSK blocked the MGL-induced cytokine secretion, AP-1 was not involved. Strikingly, NF-κB was only crucial for the IL-10 response and dispensable for TNF-α production. Together, our results demonstrate that MGL activation of the ERK-p90RSK-CREB axis converges with TLR2-induced pathways, thereby fine-tuning the DC maturation phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J van Vliet
- VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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17
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Garcia-Vallejo JJ, van Kooyk Y. The physiological role of DC-SIGN: a tale of mice and men. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:482-6. [PMID: 23608151 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune receptor DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing non-integrin) was discovered over a decade ago and was initially identified as a pattern recognition receptor. In addition to its ability to recognize a broad range of pathogen-derived ligands and self-glycoproteins, DC-SIGN also mediates intercellular adhesion, as well as antigen uptake and signaling, which is a functional hallmark of dendritic cells (DCs). Most research on DC-SIGN has relied on in vitro studies. The in vivo function of DC-SIGN is difficult to address, in part because there are eight genetic homologs in mice with no clear DC-SIGN ortholog. Here, we summarize the functions attributed to DC-SIGN based on in vitro data and discuss the limitations of available mouse models to uncover the physiological role of this receptor in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081BT, The Netherlands
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18
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Delgado-Ortega M, Marc D, Dupont J, Trapp S, Berri M, Meurens F. SOCS proteins in infectious diseases of mammals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 151:1-19. [PMID: 23219158 PMCID: PMC7112700 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As for most biological processes, the immune response to microbial infections has to be tightly controlled to remain beneficial for the host. Inflammation is one of the major consequences of the host's immune response. For its orchestration, this process requires a fine-tuned interplay between interleukins, endothelial cells and various types of recruited immune cells. Suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins are crucially involved in the complex control of the inflammatory response through their actions on various signalling pathways including the JAK/STAT and NF-κB pathways. Due to their cytokine regulatory functions, they are frequent targets for exploitation by infectious agents trying to escape the host's immune response. This review article aims to summarize our current knowledge regarding SOCS family members in the different mammalian species studied so far, and to display their complex molecular interactions with microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Delgado-Ortega
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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19
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Eberle ME, Dalpke AH. Dectin-1 Stimulation Induces Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1, Thereby Modulating TLR Signaling and T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5644-54. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Singhal J, Agrawal N, Vashishta M, Priya NG, Tiwari BK, Singh Y, Raman R, Natarajan K. Suppression of dendritic cell-mediated responses by genes in calcium and cysteine protease pathways during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:11108-21. [PMID: 22337888 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.300319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
With rising incidence of acquired drug resistance among life-threatening pathogens, alternative approaches to improve therapy and vaccination have taken center stage. To this end, genome-wide and pathway-specific siRNA libraries are being employed increasingly to identify genes that regulate immune responses against a number of pathogens. In this study using calcium and cysteine protease pathway-specific siRNA libraries, we identified genes that play critical roles in modulating diverse functions of dendritic cells (DCs) during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Knockdown of many of these genes in the two pathways resulted in reduced bacterial burden within DCs. These included genes that regulated activation of transcription factors, ubiquitin-specific peptidases, and genes that are involved in autophagy and neddylation. Knockdown of certain genes increased the expression of IL-12p40 and surface densities of costimulatory molecules in an antigen- and receptor-specific manner. Increased IL-12p40 and costimulatory molecules on DCs also promoted the development of Th1 responses from a Th2 inducing antigen. Furthermore, modulation of autophagy and oxidative burst appeared to be one of the mechanisms by which these genes regulated survival of M. tuberculosis within DCs. Although some genes regulated specific responses, others regulated multiple responses that included IL-12 production, T cell priming, as well as intracellular survival of M. tuberculosis. Further dissection of the mechanisms such as neddylation, by which these genes regulate immune responses, would improve our understanding of host parameters that are modulated during M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhalak Singhal
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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21
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Soybean agglutinin coated PLA particles entrapping candidate vaccines induces enhanced primary and sustained secondary antibody response from single point immunization. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:282-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Myeloid cells are key drivers of physiological responses to pathogen invasion or tissue damage. Members of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family stand out among the specialized receptors utilized by myeloid cells to orchestrate these responses. CLR ligands include carbohydrate, protein, and lipid components of both pathogens and self, which variably trigger endocytic, phagocytic, proinflammatory, or anti-inflammatory reactions. These varied outcomes rely on a versatile system for CLR signaling that includes tyrosine-based motifs that recruit kinases, phosphatases, or endocytic adaptors as well as nontyrosine-based signals that modulate the activation of other pathways or couple to the uptake machinery. Here, we review the signaling properties of myeloid CLRs and how they impact the role of myeloid cells in innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sancho
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, CNIC, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, E-28029, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Ohtani M, Iyori M, Saeki A, Tanizume N, Into T, Hasebe A, Totsuka Y, Shibata KI. Involvement of suppressor of cytokine signalling-1-mediated degradation of MyD88-adaptor-like protein in the suppression of Toll-like receptor 2-mediated signalling by the murine C-type lectin SIGNR1-mediated signalling. Cell Microbiol 2011; 14:40-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Chatterjee S, Dwivedi VP, Singh Y, Siddiqui I, Sharma P, Van Kaer L, Chattopadhyay D, Das G. Early secreted antigen ESAT-6 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes protective T helper 17 cell responses in a toll-like receptor-2-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002378. [PMID: 22102818 PMCID: PMC3213116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its relatively poor efficacy, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been used as a tuberculosis (TB) vaccine since its development in 1921. BCG induces robust T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses but, for many individuals, this is not sufficient for host resistance against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection. Here we provide evidence that early secreted antigenic target protein 6 (ESAT-6), expressed by the virulent M. tb strain H37Rv but not by BCG, promotes vaccine-enhancing Th17 cell responses. These activities of ESAT-6 were dependent on TLR-2/MyD88 signalling and involved IL-6 and TGF-β production by dendritic cells. Thus, animals that were previously infected with H37Rv or recombinant BCG containing the RD1 region (BCG::RD1) exhibited improved protection upon re-challenge with virulent H37Rv compared with mice previously infected with BCG or RD1-deficient H37Rv (H37RvΔRD1). However, TLR-2 knockout (TLR-2⁻/⁻) animals neither showed Th17 responses nor exhibited improved protection in response to immunization with H37Rv. Furthermore, H37Rv and BCG::RD1 infection had little effect on the expression of the anti-inflammatory microRNA-146a (miR146a) in dendritic cells (DCs), whereas BCG and H37RvΔRD1 profoundly induced its expression in DCs. Consistent with these findings, ESAT-6 had no effect on miR146a expression in uninfected DCs, but dramatically inhibited its upregulation in BCG-infected or LPS-treated DCs. Collectively, our findings indicate that, in addition to Th1 immunity induced by BCG, RD1/ESAT-6-induced Th17 immune responses are essential for optimal vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samit Chatterjee
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Imran Siddiqui
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Gobardhan Das
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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25
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Mishra AK, Driessen NN, Appelmelk BJ, Besra GS. Lipoarabinomannan and related glycoconjugates: structure, biogenesis and role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis physiology and host-pathogen interaction. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:1126-57. [PMID: 21521247 PMCID: PMC3229680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. This bacterium has an unusual lipid-rich cell wall containing a vast repertoire of antigens, providing a hydrophobic impermeable barrier against chemical drugs, thus representing an attractive target for vaccine and drug development. Apart from the mycolyl–arabinogalactan–peptidoglycan complex, mycobacteria possess several immunomodulatory constituents, notably lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan. The availability of whole-genome sequences of M. tuberculosis and related bacilli over the past decade has led to the identification and functional characterization of various enzymes and the potential drug targets involved in the biosynthesis of these glycoconjugates. Both lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan possess highly variable chemical structures, which interact with different receptors of the immune system during host–pathogen interactions, such as Toll-like receptors-2 and C-type lectins. Recently, the availability of mutants defective in the synthesis of these glycoconjugates in mycobacteria and the closely related bacterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum, has paved the way for host–pathogen interaction studies, as well as, providing attenuated strains of mycobacteria for the development of new vaccine candidates. This review provides a comprehensive account of the structure, biosynthesis and immunomodulatory properties of these important glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Mishra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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26
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Carow B, Ye XQ, Gavier-Widén D, Bhuju S, Oehlmann W, Singh M, Sköld M, Ignatowicz L, Yoshimura A, Wigzell H, Rottenberg ME. Silencing suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) in macrophages improves Mycobacterium tuberculosis control in an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26873-87. [PMID: 21622562 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.238287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protection against infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis demands IFN-γ. SOCS1 has been shown to inhibit responses to IFN-γ and might thereby play a central role in the outcome of infection. We found that M. tuberculosis is a highly efficient stimulator of SOCS1 expression in murine and human macrophages and in tissues from infected mice. Surprisingly, SOCS1 reduced responses to IL-12, resulting in an impaired IFN-γ secretion by macrophages that in turn accounted for a deteriorated intracellular mycobacterial control. Despite SOCS1 expression, mycobacteria-infected macrophages responded to exogenously added IFN-γ. SOCS1 attenuated the expression of the majority of genes modulated by M. tuberculosis infection of macrophages. Using a conditional knockdown strategy in mice, we found that SOCS1 expression by macrophages hampered M. tuberculosis clearance early after infection in vivo in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. On the other hand, at later time points, SOCS1 expression by non-macrophage cells protected the host from infection-induced detrimental inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Carow
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
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27
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Natarajan K, Kundu M, Sharma P, Basu J. Innate immune responses to M. tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:427-31. [PMID: 21550855 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A prerequisite for successful establishment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the host is its ability to survive after internalization in alveolar macrophages that they encounter after inhalation. The innate immune response protects some individuals to the extent that they remain uninfected. In others, the innate immune system is not sufficient and an adaptive immune response is generated. This is usually protective, but not sterilizing, and individuals remain latently infected. In susceptible individuals, M. tuberculosis successfully escapes immune surveillance. The interplay between the host innate immune response and the bacterial mechanisms in play to offset this response, is of considerable importance in dictating the course of the disease. In order to gain an understanding of this interplay it is of importance to analyze how M. tuberculosis interacts with innate immune receptors and makes its entry into macrophages, how it subverts the bactericidal effects of macrophages, and dampens processes required for protective immunity, including cytokine and chemokine induction. This review will focus on some of the Indian efforts in these areas, concentrating mainly on the interaction of M. tuberculosis with macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). The role of the PE/PPE family of proteins in regulating the immune response, will not be discussed in this chapter. The genome-wide approaches of analyzing host-M. tuberculosis interactions will also be discussed elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurthy Natarajan
- Infectious Diseases Immunology Lab, Dr. B R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
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28
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Srivastava V, Vashishta M, Gupta S, Singla R, Singla N, Behera D, Natarajan K. Suppressors of cytokine signaling inhibit effector T cell responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89:786-91. [PMID: 21537342 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protective immune responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection are regulated at multiple levels and critically dependent on the balance in the secretion of pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines. A key factor that governs this balance at the cellular level is suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS). We recently demonstrated that toll-like receptor 2 and dendritic cell (DC)-SIGNR1 differentially regulate SOCS1 expression in DCs during M. tuberculosis infection. This consecutively regulated IL-12 production and determined M. tuberculosis survival. In this study, we characterized the role of SOCS1 in regulating effector responses from CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during M. tuberculosis infection. Our data indicate that T cells from M. tuberculosis-infected mice show increased and differential association of SOCS1 with CD3 and CD28, when compared with uninfected mice. While SOCS1 displays increased association with CD3 than CD28 in CD4(+) T cells; SOCS1 is associated more with CD28 than CD3 in CD8(+) T cells. Further, SOCS1 shows increased association with IL-12 and IL-2 receptors in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from infected mice when compared with naive mice. Silencing SOCS1 in T cells increased signal transduction from T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 with enhanced activation of key signaling molecules and proliferation. Significantly, SOCS1-silenced T cells mediated enhanced clearance of M. tuberculosis inside macrophages. Finally, adoptive transfer of SOCS1-silenced T cells in M. tuberculosis-infected mice mediated significant reduction in M. tuberculosis loads in spleen. These results exemplify the negative role played by SOCS1 during T cell priming and effector functions during M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Srivastava
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
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Bożek K, Lengauer T. Positive selection of HIV host factors and the evolution of lentivirus genes. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:186. [PMID: 20565842 PMCID: PMC2906474 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive selection of host proteins that interact with pathogens can indicate factors relevant for infection and potentially be a measure of pathogen driven evolution. RESULTS Our analysis of 1439 primate genes and 175 lentivirus genomes points to specific host factors of high genetic variability that could account for differences in susceptibility to disease and indicate specific mechanisms of host defense and pathogen adaptation. We find that the largest amount of genetic change occurs in genes coding for cellular membrane proteins of the host as well as in the viral envelope genes suggesting cell entry and immune evasion as the primary evolutionary interface between host and pathogen. We additionally detect the innate immune response as a gene functional group harboring large differences among primates that could potentially account for the different levels of immune activation in the HIV/SIV primate infection. We find a significant correlation between the evolutionary rates of interacting host and viral proteins pointing to processes of the host-pathogen biology that are relatively conserved among species and to those undergoing accelerated genetic evolution. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate specific host factors and their functional groups experiencing pathogen driven evolutionary selection pressures. Individual host factors pointed to by our analysis might merit further study as potential targets of antiretroviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bożek
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics Campus E1 4 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Thomas Lengauer
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics Campus E1 4 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Gupta D, Sharma S, Singhal J, Satsangi AT, Antony C, Natarajan K. Suppression of TLR2-Induced IL-12, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression byMycobacterium tuberculosisAntigens Expressed inside Macrophages during the Course of Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5444-55. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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