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Roberts AD, Taraska JW. B cell receptor (BCR) endocytosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:159-177. [PMID: 36631191 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The B cell receptor (BCR) interacts with foreign antigens to mediate B cell activation and secretion of antibodies. B cell activation begins with initiation of signaling pathways, such as NFAT, NF-κB, and MAPK, and endocytosis of the BCR-antigen complex. Many studies have investigated the signaling pathways associated with BCR activation, and this work has led to significant advances in drug therapies to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases that are linked to aberrant BCR signaling. Less is known, however, about the mechanisms of BCR endocytosis and the role endocytosis plays in B cell pathogenesis. This chapter will review key characteristics of the BCR, including a review of signaling pathways, and endocytic mechanisms associated with the activated BCR. We will also review recent studies investigating the role of BCR endocytosis disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleah D Roberts
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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2
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McShane AN, Malinova D. The Ins and Outs of Antigen Uptake in B cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892169. [PMID: 35572544 PMCID: PMC9097226 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of our current knowledge of B cell antigen uptake mechanisms, the relevance of these processes to pathology, and outstanding questions in the field. Specific antigens induce B cell activation through the B cell receptor (BCR) which initiates downstream signaling and undergoes endocytosis. While extensive research has shed light on the signaling pathways in health and disease, the endocytic mechanisms remain largely uncharacterized. Given the importance of BCR-antigen internalization for antigen presentation in initiating adaptive immune responses and its role in autoimmunity and malignancy, understanding the molecular mechanisms represents critical, and largely untapped, potential therapeutics. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in our understanding of BCR endocytic mechanisms and the role of the actin cytoskeleton and post-translational modifications in regulating BCR uptake. We discuss dysregulated BCR endocytosis in the context of B cell malignancies and autoimmune disorders. Finally, we pose several outstanding mechanistic questions which will critically advance our understanding of the coordination between BCR endocytosis and B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Nathan McShane
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Dessislava Malinova
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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3
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Dobson CS, Reich AN, Gaglione S, Smith BE, Kim EJ, Dong J, Ronsard L, Okonkwo V, Lingwood D, Dougan M, Dougan SK, Birnbaum ME. Antigen identification and high-throughput interaction mapping by reprogramming viral entry. Nat Methods 2022; 19:449-460. [PMID: 35396484 PMCID: PMC9012700 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering immune recognition is critical for understanding a broad range of diseases and for the development of effective vaccines and immunotherapies. Efforts to do so are limited by a lack of technologies capable of simultaneously capturing the complexity of adaptive immunoreceptor repertoires and the landscape of potential antigens. To address this, we present receptor-antigen pairing by targeted retroviruses, which combines viral pseudotyping and molecular engineering approaches to enable one-pot library-on-library interaction screens by displaying antigens on the surface of lentiviruses and encoding their identity in the viral genome. Antigen-specific viral infection of cell lines expressing human T or B cell receptors allows readout of both antigen and receptor identities via single-cell sequencing. The resulting system is modular, scalable and compatible with any cell type. These techniques provide a suite of tools for targeted viral entry, molecular engineering and interaction screens with broad potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor S Dobson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anna N Reich
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Gaglione
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Blake E Smith
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen J Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiayi Dong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Vintus Okonkwo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Dougan
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
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Tang X, Ma X, Cao J, Sheng X, Xing J, Chi H, Zhan W. The Influence of Temperature on the Antiviral Response of mIgM+ B Lymphocytes Against Hirame Novirhabdovirus in Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Front Immunol 2022; 13:802638. [PMID: 35197977 PMCID: PMC8858815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.802638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV) is an ongoing threat to the aquaculture industry. The water temperature for the onset of HIRRV is below 15°C, the peak is about 10°C, but no mortality is observed over 20°C. Previous studies found the positive signal of matrix protein of HIRRV (HIRRV-M) was detected in the peripheral blood leukocytes of viral-infected flounder. Flow cytometry and indirect immunofluorescence assay showed that HIRRV-M was detected in mIgM+ B lymphocytes in viral-infected flounder maintained at 10°C and 20°C, and 22% mIgM+ B lymphocytes are infected at 10°C while 13% are infected at 20°C, indicating that HIRRV could invade into mIgM+ B lymphocytes. Absolute quantitative RT-PCR showed that the viral copies in mIgM+ B lymphocytes were significantly increased at 24 h post infection (hpi) both at 10°C and 20°C, but the viral copies in 10°C infection group were significantly higher than that in 20°C infection group at 72 hpi and 96 hpi. Furthermore, the B lymphocytes were sorted from HIRRV-infected flounder maintained at 10°C and 20°C for RNA-seq. The results showed that the differentially expression genes in mIgM+ B lymphocyte of healthy flounder at 10°C and 20°C were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways. Lipid metabolism and Amino acid metabolism were enhanced at 10°C, while Glucose metabolism was enhanced at 20°C. In contrast, HIRRV infection at 10°C induced the up-regulation of the Complement and coagulation cascades, FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, Platelets activation, Leukocyte transendothelial migration and Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity pathways at 72 hpi. HIRRV infection at 20°C induced the up-regulation of the Antigen processing and presentation pathway at 72 hpi. Subsequently, the temporal expression patterns of 16 genes involved in Antigen processing and presentation pathway were investigated by qRT-PCR, and results showed that the pathway was significantly activated by HIRRV infection at 20°C but inhibited at 10°C. In conclusion, HIRRV could invade into mIgM+ B lymphocytes and elicit differential immune response under 10°C and 20°C, which provide a deep insight into the antiviral response in mIgM+ B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinbiao Ma
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Zhan,
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6
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Białas N, Müller EK, Epple M, Hilger I. Silica-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles for gene silencing of NF-κB p65 by siRNA and their impact on cellular players of inflammation. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121013. [PMID: 34252802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB and its signaling cascade both play key roles in all inflammatory processes. The most critical member of the NF-κB transcription factor family is p65. We investigated the role of cationic silica-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles (spherical, diameter by SEM 50-60 nm; zeta potential about +26 mV; stabilized by polyethyleneimine) carrying encapsulated siRNA against NF-κB p65 and their influence on inflamed cells. The nanoparticles were taken up by cells of the blood compartment involved in the inflammatory response, particularly by monocytes, and to a lesser extent by endothelial cells and B-cells, but not by T-cells. The particles were found in endolysosomes where they were dissolved at low pH and released the siRNA into the cytoplasm. This was confirmed by dissolution experiments of model nanoparticles in simulated endolysosomal medium (pH 4.7) and by intracellular co-localization studies of double-labeled nanoparticles (using a negatively charged model peptide for siRNA). The encapsulated functional siRNA reverted the p65 gene and protein expression in inflamed monocytes, the main cells in immune response and surveillance, almost back to the non-inflammatory condition. Additionally, the nanoparticles suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokine expression profiles (TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-β) in inflamed J774A.1 monocytes. Taken together, such nanoparticles can be applied for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataniel Białas
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Elena K Müller
- Dept. of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07740, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117, Essen, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Hilger
- Dept. of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07740, Jena, Germany.
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7
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Zeber-Lubecka N, Hennig EE. Genetic Susceptibility to Joint Occurrence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: How Far Is Our Understanding? Front Immunol 2021; 12:606620. [PMID: 33746952 PMCID: PMC7968419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.606620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) are endocrine disorders that commonly occur among young women. A higher prevalence of HT in women with PCOS, relative to healthy individuals, is observed consistently. Combined occurrence of both diseases is associated with a higher risk of severe metabolic and reproductive complications. Genetic factors strongly impact the pathogenesis of both PCOS and HT and several susceptibility loci associated with a higher risk of both disorders have been identified. Furthermore, some candidate gene polymorphisms are thought to be functionally relevant; however, few genetic variants are proposed to be causally associated with the incidence of both disorders together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Zeber-Lubecka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa E Hennig
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Genetics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Hong R, Lai N, Xiong E, Ouchida R, Sun J, Zhou Y, Tang Y, Hikida M, Tsubata T, Tagawa M, Wang Y, Wang JY. Distinct roles of BCNP1 in B-cell development and activation. Int Immunol 2020; 32:17-26. [PMID: 31412363 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell novel protein 1 (BCNP1) has recently been identified as a new B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling molecule but its physiological function remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mice deficient in BCNP1 exhibit impaired B-cell maturation and a reduction of B-1a cells. BCNP1-deficient spleen B cells show enhanced survival, proliferation and Ca2+ influx in response to BCR cross-linking as compared with wild-type spleen B cells. Consistently, mutant B cells show elevated phosphorylation of SYK, B-cell linker protein (BLNK) and PLCγ2 upon BCR cross-linking. In vivo, BCNP1-deficient mice exhibit enhanced humoral immune responses to T-independent and T-dependent antigens. Moreover, aged mutant mice contain elevated levels of serum IgM and IgG3 antibodies and exhibit polyclonal and monoclonal B-cell expansion in lymphoid organs. These results reveal distinct roles for BCNP1 in B-cell development, activation and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjian Hong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences.,Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nannan Lai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences
| | - Ermeng Xiong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences
| | - Rika Ouchida
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiping Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences.,Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences
| | - Masaki Hikida
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsubata
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tagawa
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences.,Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Vav1 mutations: What makes them oncogenic? Cell Signal 2020; 65:109438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Verstegen NJM, Unger PPA, Walker JZ, Nicolet BP, Jorritsma T, van Rijssel J, Spaapen RM, de Wit J, van Buul JD, Ten Brinke A, van Ham SM. Human B Cells Engage the NCK/PI3K/RAC1 Axis to Internalize Large Particles via the IgM-BCR. Front Immunol 2019; 10:415. [PMID: 30930895 PMCID: PMC6425997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicate that large antigen-containing particles induce potent T cell-dependent high-affinity antibody responses. These responses require large particle internalization after recognition by the B cell receptor (BCR) on B cells. However, the molecular mechanisms governing BCR-mediated internalization remain unclear. Here we use a high-throughput quantitative image analysis approach to discriminate between B cell particle binding and internalization. We systematically show, using small molecule inhibitors, that human B cells require a SYK-dependent IgM-BCR signaling transduction via PI3K to efficiently internalize large anti-IgM-coated particles. IgM-BCR-mediated activation of PI3K involves both the adaptor protein NCK and the co-receptor CD19. Interestingly, we here reveal a strong NCK-dependence without profound requirement of the co-receptor CD19 in B cell responses to large particles. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the IgM-BCR/NCK signaling event facilitates RAC1 activation to promote actin cytoskeleton remodeling necessary for particle engulfment. Thus, we establish NCK/PI3K/RAC1 as an attractive IgM-BCR signaling axis for biological intervention to prevent undesired antibody responses to large particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J M Verstegen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter-Paul A Unger
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Julia Z Walker
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Benoit P Nicolet
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tineke Jorritsma
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jos van Rijssel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robbert M Spaapen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jelle de Wit
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anja Ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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11
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Moens L, Gouwy M, Bosch B, Pastukhov O, Nieto-Patlàn A, Siler U, Bucciol G, Mekahli D, Vermeulen F, Desmet L, Maebe S, Flipts H, Corveleyn A, Moshous D, Philippet P, Tangye SG, Boisson B, Casanova JL, Florkin B, Struyf S, Reichenbach J, Bustamante J, Notarangelo LD, Meyts I. Human DOCK2 Deficiency: Report of a Novel Mutation and Evidence for Neutrophil Dysfunction. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:298-308. [PMID: 30838481 PMCID: PMC6647034 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
DOCK2 is a guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor for Rac proteins. Activated Rac serves various cellular functions including the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in lymphocytes and neutrophils and production of reactive oxygen species in neutrophils. Since 2015, six unrelated patients with combined immunodeficiency and early-onset severe viral infections caused by bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in DOCK2 have been described. Until now, the function of phagocytes, specifically neutrophils, has not been assessed in human DOCK2 deficiency. Here, we describe a new kindred with four affected siblings harboring a homozygous splice-site mutation (c.2704-2 A > C) in DOCK2. The mutation results in alternative splicing and a complete loss of DOCK2 protein expression. The patients presented with leaky severe combined immunodeficiency or Omenn syndrome. The novel mutation affects EBV-B cell migration and results in NK cell dysfunction similar to previous observations. Moreover, both cytoskeletal rearrangement and reactive oxygen species production are partially impaired in DOCK2-deficient neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Moens
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Barbara Bosch
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Oleksandr Pastukhov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine associated group, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Nieto-Patlàn
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, EU, France.,Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, México, Mexico
| | - Ulrich Siler
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine associated group, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Bucciol
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- Laboratory of Organ Systems, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - François Vermeulen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Lars Desmet
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Sophie Maebe
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Helena Flipts
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Anniek Corveleyn
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Despina Moshous
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, EU, France.,INSERM UMR1163, University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, EU, France
| | - Pierre Philippet
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Chrétien, Montegnée, Liege, EU, Belgium
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, EU, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, EU, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, EU, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benoit Florkin
- Immuno-Hémato-Rhumatologie Pédiatrique, Service de Pédiatrie, CHR Citadelle, Liège, EU, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Janine Reichenbach
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine associated group, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Centre for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, EU, France.,Study Centre for Immunodeficiency, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, France
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium. .,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium.
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12
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Li YQ, Sun L, Li J. Macropinocytosis-dependent endocytosis of Japanese flounder IgM + B cells and its regulation by CD22. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:138-147. [PMID: 30266605 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
B cells in fish are proven to be endocytic and have a great contribution to innate immunity like phagocytosis. In this study, the endocytic capacity and the corresponding internalization pathways of IgM+ B cells in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were investigated. The results showed that IgM+ B cells in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and splenic leukocytes (SL) exhibited different abilities to ingest 0.5 μm and 1 μm latex beads through macropinocytosis-dependent endocytic pathway. Japanese flounder CD22 (PoCD22) co-stimulatory signals were identified to be essential for the innate immune responses in B cells. Most of IgM+ B cells and some IgM- cells were demonstrated to be PoCD22 positive. When PoCD22 was blocked by antibody, the endocytic activities and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activities of SL IgM+ B cells were significantly increased, while the endocytic and ROS activities of PBL IgM+ B cells were significant decreased. These results collectively suggest that Japanese flounder IgM+ B cells are able to employ macropinocytosis-dependent endocytic pathway, which is under the regulation of CD22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology & Biotechnology and Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Sciences and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology & Biotechnology and Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Sciences and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Laboratory for Marine Biology & Biotechnology and Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Sciences and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA.
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13
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Class II MHC antigen processing in immune tolerance and inflammation. Immunogenetics 2018; 71:171-187. [PMID: 30421030 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Presentation of peptide antigens by MHC-II proteins is prerequisite to effective CD4 T cell tolerance to self and to recognition of foreign antigens. Antigen uptake and processing pathways as well as expression of the peptide exchange factors HLA-DM and HLA-DO differ among the various professional and non-professional antigen-presenting cells and are modulated by cell developmental state and activation. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of these cell-specific factors in controlling the source and breadth of peptides presented by MHC-II under different conditions. During inflammation, increased presentation of selected self-peptides has implications for maintenance of peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity.
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Brettschneider K, Schmidt A, Kahle J, Orlowski A, Stichel D, Schwabe D, Königs C. Elimination of factor VIII-specific B cells by immunotoxins composed of a single factor VIII domain fused to Pseudomonas exotoxin A. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:2223-2232. [PMID: 30152083 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Essentials There is still a need for novel therapeutic approaches for hemophilia A patients with inhibitors. A factor VIII domain was used as the targeting moiety for elimination of FVIII-specific B cells. The immunodominant C2 domain was fused to exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (hC2-ETA). Murine C2 domain-specific B cells were selectively and efficiently eliminated by hC2-ETA ex vivo. SUMMARY: Background Today, the most serious complication for patients with hemophilia A undergoing factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy is the development of neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors). Although inhibitors can be eradicated by application of high doses of FVIII, the immune tolerance induction therapy fails in up to 30% of patients. Hence, there is still an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches for patients with persisting inhibitors. Objectives In the present study, the potential use of immunotoxins containing exotoxin A (ETA) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa for selective elimination of FVIII-specific B cells was explored. Methods The immunodominant C2 domain of human FVIII was used as a targeting moiety instead of the full-length FVIII protein and the resulting human C2 domain-ETA fusion protein (hC2-ETA) was produced in Escherichia coli. Results Binding studies with monoclonal C2 domain-specific antibodies confirmed the conformational integrity of the C2 domain in hC2-ETA. The functionality of hC2-ETA was tested ex vivo by incubation of splenocytes from inhibitor-positive FVIII knockout mice with hC2-ETA and controls. FVIII-specific memory B cells from splenocytes were differentiated by FVIII stimulation in antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and detected by an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Although the controls showed no effect, incubation of splenocytes with hC2-ETA reduced the number of C2-specific ASC in a dose-dependent fashion, indicating specific and efficient elimination of C2-specific memory B cells. Conclusions Overall, the results of the study support the fact that FVIII domain immunotoxins might be a potential new tool for the elimination of FVIII-specific B cells in patients with hemophilia A and persisting inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brettschneider
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Science, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Kahle
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Orlowski
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D Stichel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D Schwabe
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C Königs
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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15
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Li YQ, Sun L, Li J. Internalization of large particles by turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) IgM + B cells mainly depends on macropinocytosis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:31-38. [PMID: 29305166 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated support for the endocytic capacities of teleost B cells. In the present study, the ability of turbot IgM+ B cells to ingest microspheres of different sizes and the corresponding internalization pathways were investigated. The results showed that IgM+ B cells exhibited relatively high endocytic capacities for 0.5 μm and 1 μm latex beads, and that different mechanisms were employed for IgM+ and IgM- cells to uptake 0.5 μm and 1 μm beads. For 0.5 μm beads, IgM+ B cells apparently employed macropinocytosis-dependent endocytic pathway, whereas IgM- cells utilized a different process involving both clathrin- and caveolae-mediated pathways. For the uptake of 1 μm beads, IgM+ cells relied mainly on macropinocytosis and partially on caveolae-mediated pathway, while IgM- cells utilized the routes similar to that of internalizing 0.5 μm beads. Consistently, the internalized microspheres were co-localized with high-molecular-mass dextran in IgM+ phagocytic cells. In addition to latex beads, IgM+ B cells could also ingest inactivated bacteria predominately through macropinocytosis and caveolae-mediated endocytosis. These results collectively indicated that macropinocytosis is principally responsible for particle uptake by turbot IgM+ B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Sciences and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA.
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16
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Nguyen DC, Lewis HC, Joyner C, Warren V, Xiao H, Kissick HT, Wu R, Galipeau J, Lee FEH. Extracellular vesicles from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells support ex vivo survival of human antibody secreting cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1463778. [PMID: 29713426 PMCID: PMC5917896 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1463778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) are novel mechanisms of cell-cell communication over short and long distances. BM-MSC have been shown to support human antibody secreting cells (ASC) survival ex vivo, but whether the crosstalk between the MSC-ASC interaction can occur via EVs is not known. Thus, we evaluated the role of EVs in ASC survival and IgG secretion. EVs were isolated from irradiated and non-irradiated primary BM-MSC and were quantified. They were further characterized by electron microscopy (EM) and CD63 and CD81 immuno-gold EM staining. Human ASC were isolated via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and cultured ex vivo with the EV fractions, the EV-reduced fractions, or conventional media. IgG Elispots were used to measure the survival and functionality of the ASC. Contents of the EV fractions were evaluated by proteomics. We saw that both irradiated and non-irradiated MSC secretome preparations afforded vesicles of a size consistent with EVs. Both preparations appeared comparable in EM morphology and CD63 and CD81 immuno-gold EM. Both irradiated and non-irradiated EV fractions supported ASC function, at 88% and 90%, respectively, by day 3. In contrast, conventional media maintained only 4% ASC survival by day 3. To identify the specific factors that provided in vitro ASC support, we compared proteomes of the irradiated and non-irradiated EV fractions with conventional media. Pathway analysis of these proteins identified factors involved in the vesicle-mediated delivery of integrin signalling proteins. These findings indicate that BM-MSC EVs provide an effective support system for ASC survival and IgG secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C. Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Holly C. Lewis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chester Joyner
- International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vivien Warren
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haopeng Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haydn T. Kissick
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ronghu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacques Galipeau
- Department of Medicine and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin in Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Yaghi NK, Wei J, Hashimoto Y, Kong LY, Gabrusiewicz K, Nduom EK, Ling X, Huang N, Zhou S, Kerrigan BCP, Levine JM, Fajt VR, Levine G, Porter BF, Marcusson EG, Tachikawa K, Chivukula P, Webb DC, Payne JE, Heimberger AB. Immune modulatory nanoparticle therapeutics for intracerebral glioma. Neuro Oncol 2017; 19:372-382. [PMID: 27765835 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previously we showed therapeutic efficacy of unprotected miR-124 in preclinical murine models of glioblastoma, including in heterogeneous genetically engineered murine models by exploiting the immune system and thereby negating the need for direct tumor delivery. Although these data were promising, to implement clinical trials, we required a scalable formulation that afforded protection against circulatory RNases. Methods We devised lipid nanoparticles that encapsulate and protect the miRs from degradation and provide enhanced delivery into the immune cell compartment and tested in vivo antitumor effects. Results Treatment with nanoparticle-encapsulated miR-124, LUNAR-301, demonstrated a median survival exceeding 70 days, with an associated reversal of tumor-mediated immunosuppression and induction of immune memory. In both canine and murine models, the safety profile of LUNAR-301 was favorable. Conclusions For the first time, we show that nanoparticles can direct a therapeutic response by targeting intracellular immune pathways. Although shown in the context of gliomas, this therapeutic approach would be applicable to other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser K Yaghi
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jun Wei
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuuri Hashimoto
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ling-Yuan Kong
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Konrad Gabrusiewicz
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Edjah K Nduom
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Ling
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Neal Huang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shouhao Zhou
- Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jonathan M Levine
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Virginia R Fajt
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Levine
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Brian F Porter
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - David C Webb
- Arcturus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Amy B Heimberger
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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18
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Klose D, Woitok M, Niesen J, Beerli RR, Grawunder U, Fischer R, Barth S, Fendel R, Nachreiner T. Generation of an artificial human B cell line test system using Transpo-mAbTM technology to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of novel antigen-specific fusion proteins. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180305. [PMID: 28704435 PMCID: PMC5509223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigen-specific targeting of autoreactive B cells via their unique B cell receptors (BCRs) is a novel and promising alternative to the systemic suppression of humoral immunity. We generated and characterized cytolytic fusion proteins based on an existing immunotoxin comprising tetanus toxoid fragment C (TTC) as the targeting component and the modified Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA') as the cytotoxic component. The immunotoxin was reconfigured to replace ETA' with either the granzyme B mutant R201K or MAPTau as human effector domains. The novel cytolytic fusion proteins were characterized with a recombinant human lymphocytic cell line developed using Transpo-mAb™ technology. Genes encoding a chimeric TTC-reactive immunoglobulin G were successfully integrated into the genome of the precursor B cell line REH so that the cells could present TTC-reactive BCRs on their surface. These cells were used to investigate the specific cytotoxicity of GrB(R201K)-TTC and TTC-MAPTau, revealing that the serpin proteinase inhibitor 9-resistant granzyme B R201K mutant induced apoptosis specifically in the lymphocytic cell line. Our data confirm that antigen-based fusion proteins containing granzyme B (R201K) are suitable candidates for the depletion of autoreactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Klose
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mira Woitok
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith Niesen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rolf Fendel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Nachreiner
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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19
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Identification of autoreactive B cells with labeled nucleosomes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:602. [PMID: 28377609 PMCID: PMC5428865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has not been completely elucidated yet, and only a few specific treatments have been developed so far. In autoimmune diseases mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, the specific detection and analysis of autoreactive B cells is crucial for a better understanding of the physiopathology. Biological characterization of these cells may help to define new therapeutic targets. Very few techniques allowing the precise detection of autoreactive B cells have been described so far. Herein we propose a new flow cytometry technique for specific detection of anti-nucleosome B cells, which secrete autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus, using labeled nucleosomes. We produced different fluorochrome-labeled nucleosomes, characterized them, and finally tested them in flow cytometry. Nucleosomes labeled via the cysteines present in H3 histone specifically bind to autoreactive B cells in the anti-DNA transgenic B6.56R mice model. The present work validates the use of fluorochrome-labeled nucleosomes via cysteines to identify anti-nucleosome B cells and offers new opportunities for the description of autoreactive B cell phenotype.
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20
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Abstract
Despite the rising incidence of autoimmunity, therapeutic options for patients with autoimmune disease still rely on decades-old immunosuppressive strategies that risk severe and potentially fatal complications. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches for autoimmune diseases are greatly needed in order to minimize treatment-related toxicity. Such strategies would ideally target only the autoreactive immune components to preserve beneficial immunity. Here, we review how several decades of basic, translational, and clinical research on the immunology of pemphigus vulgaris (PV), an autoantibody-mediated skin disease, have enabled the development of targeted immunotherapeutic strategies. We discuss research to elucidate the pathophysiology of PV and how the knowledge afforded by these studies has led to the preclinical and clinical testing of targeted approaches to neutralize autoantibodies, to induce antigen-specific tolerance, and to specifically eliminate autoreactive B cells in PV.
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21
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Akatsu C, Shinagawa K, Numoto N, Liu Z, Ucar AK, Aslam M, Phoon S, Adachi T, Furukawa K, Ito N, Tsubata T. CD72 negatively regulates B lymphocyte responses to the lupus-related endogenous toll-like receptor 7 ligand Sm/RNP. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2691-2706. [PMID: 27810925 PMCID: PMC5110020 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Akatsu and colleagues show that CD72 specifically recognizes Sm/RNP, a lupus-related self-antigen and an endogenous TLR7 ligand, and inhibits B cell responses to Sm/RNP. In mice, CD72 prevents production of anti-Sm/RNP antibodies crucial for lupus development. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) plays an essential role in development of systemic lupus erythematosus by co-stimulating B cells reactive to the endogenous TLR7 ligand Sm/ribonucleoprotein (RNP), a crucial lupus self-antigen. However, how the TLR7-mediated autoimmune response is regulated is not yet known. In this study, we demonstrate that CD72, an inhibitory B cell co-receptor known to prevent development of lupus, recognizes Sm/RNP at the extracellular C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) and specifically inhibits B cell response to Sm/RNP. Moreover, the CTLD of CD72c, a lupus-susceptible allele, binds to Sm/RNP less strongly than that of lupus-resistant CD72a. Reduced binding of CD72c is supported by x-ray crystallographic analysis that reveals a considerable alteration in charge at the putative ligand-binding site. Thus, CD72 appears to specifically inhibit B cell response to the endogenous TLR7 ligand Sm/RNP through CTLD-mediated recognition of Sm/RNP, thereby preventing production of anti-Sm/RNP antibody crucial for development of lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuru Akatsu
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenro Shinagawa
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Numoto
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.,Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China
| | - Ayse Konuskan Ucar
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Mohammad Aslam
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shirly Phoon
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Koji Furukawa
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsubata
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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22
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Klose D, Saunders U, Barth S, Fischer R, Jacobi AM, Nachreiner T. Novel fusion proteins for the antigen-specific staining and elimination of B cell receptor-positive cell populations demonstrated by a tetanus toxoid fragment C (TTC) model antigen. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:18. [PMID: 26883813 PMCID: PMC4756516 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an earlier study we developed a unique strategy allowing us to specifically eliminate antigen-specific murine B cells via their distinct B cell receptors using a new class of fusion proteins. In the present work we elaborated our idea to demonstrate the feasibility of specifically addressing and eliminating human memory B cells. RESULTS The present study reveals efficient adaptation of the general approach to selectively target and eradicate human memory B cells. In order to demonstrate the feasibility we engineered a fusion protein following the principle of recombinant immunotoxins by combining a model antigen (tetanus toxoid fragment C, TTC) for B cell receptor targeting and a truncated version of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA') to induce apoptosis after cellular uptake. The TTC-ETA' fusion protein not only selectively bound to a TTC-reactive murine B cell hybridoma cell line in vitro but also to freshly isolated human memory B cells from immunized donors ex vivo. Specific toxicity was confirmed on an antigen-specific population of human CD27(+) memory B cells. CONCLUSIONS This protein engineering strategy can be used as a generalized platform approach for the construction of therapeutic fusion proteins with disease-relevant antigens as B cell receptor-binding domains, offering a promising approach for the specific depletion of autoreactive B-lymphocytes in B cell-driven autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Klose
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstr. 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ute Saunders
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, 7925, Observatory, South Africa.
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstr. 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Annett Marita Jacobi
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany. .,Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Brandenburg Medical School, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816, Neuruppin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Nachreiner
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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23
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Dudek I, Skoda M, Jarosz A, Szukiewicz D. The Molecular Influence of Graphene and Graphene Oxide on the Immune System Under In Vitro and In Vivo Conditions. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:195-215. [PMID: 26502273 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and graphene oxide (GO), due to their physicochemical properties and biocompatibility, can be used as an innovative biomedical material in biodetection, drug distribution in the body, treating neoplasms, regenerative medicine, and in implant surgery. Research on the biomedical use of graphene and GO that has been carried out until now is very promising and shows that carbon nanomaterials present high biocompatibility. However, the intolerance of the immune system to graphene nanomaterials, however low, may in consequence make it impossible to use them in medicine. This paper shows the specific mechanism of the molecular influence of graphene and GO on macrophages and lymphocytes under in vitro and in vivo conditions and their practical application in medicine. Under in vitro conditions graphene and GO cause an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mainly IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α, as a result of the activation of Toll-like receptors in macrophages. Graphene activates apoptosis in macrophages through the TGFbr/Smad/Bcl-2 pathway and also through JNK kinases that are stimulated by an increase of ROS in the cell or through a signal received by Smad proteins. Under in vivo conditions, graphene nanomaterials induce the development of the local inflammatory reaction and the development of granulomas in parenchymal organs. However, there is a huge discrepancy between the results obtained by different research groups, which requires a detailed analysis. In this work we decided to collect and analyze existing research and tried to explain the discrepancies. Understanding the precise mechanism of how this nanomaterial influences immune system cells allows estimating the potential influence of grapheme and GO on the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Dudek
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology with Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Skoda
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology with Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Jarosz
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology with Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology with Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Martín-Bermudo MD, Bardet PL, Bellaïche Y, Malartre M. The vav oncogene antagonises EGFR signalling and regulates adherens junction dynamics during Drosophila eye development. Development 2015; 142:1492-501. [PMID: 25813543 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organ shaping and patterning depends on the coordinated regulation of multiple processes. The Drosophila compound eye provides an excellent model to study the coordination of cell fate and cell positioning during morphogenesis. Here, we find that loss of vav oncogene function during eye development is associated with a disorganised retina characterised by the presence of additional cells of all types. We demonstrate that these defects result from two distinct roles of Vav. First, and in contrast to its well-established role as a positive effector of the EGF receptor (EGFR), we show that readouts of the EGFR pathway are upregulated in vav mutant larval eye disc and pupal retina, indicating that Vav antagonises EGFR signalling during eye development. Accordingly, decreasing EGFR signalling in vav mutant eyes restores retinal organisation and rescues most vav mutant phenotypes. Second, using live imaging in the pupal retina, we observe that vav mutant cells do not form stable adherens junctions, causing various defects, such as recruitment of extra primary pigment cells. In agreement with this role in junction dynamics, we observe that these phenotypes can be exacerbated by lowering DE-Cadherin or Cindr levels. Taken together, our findings establish that Vav acts at multiple times during eye development to prevent excessive cell recruitment by limiting EGFR signalling and by regulating junction dynamics to ensure the correct patterning and morphogenesis of the Drosophila eye.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre-Luc Bardet
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France
| | - Marianne Malartre
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41013, Spain Université Paris-Sud, INSERM UMR-S757, Orsay 91405, France Centre de Génétique Moléculaire (UPR3404), CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-Sur-Yvette 91198, France
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25
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Vaughn SE, Foley C, Lu X, Patel ZH, Zoller EE, Magnusen AF, Williams AH, Ziegler JT, Comeau ME, Marion MC, Glenn SB, Adler A, Shen N, Nath S, Stevens AM, Freedman BI, Tsao BP, Jacob CO, Kamen DL, Brown EE, Gilkeson GS, Alarcón GS, Reveille JD, Anaya JM, James JA, Moser KL, Criswell LA, Vilá LM, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Petri M, Scofield RH, Kimberly RP, Ramsey-Goldman R, Binjoo Y, Choi J, Bae SC, Boackle SA, Vyse TJ, Guthridge JM, Namjou B, Gaffney PM, Langefeld CD, Kaufman KM, Kelly JA, Harley ITW, Harley JB, Kottyan LC. Lupus risk variants in the PXK locus alter B-cell receptor internalization. Front Genet 2015; 5:450. [PMID: 25620976 PMCID: PMC4288052 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome wide association studies have identified variants in PXK that confer risk for humoral autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus), rheumatoid arthritis and more recently systemic sclerosis. While PXK is involved in trafficking of epidermal growth factor Receptor (EGFR) in COS-7 cells, mechanisms linking PXK to lupus pathophysiology have remained undefined. In an effort to uncover the mechanism at this locus that increases lupus-risk, we undertook a fine-mapping analysis in a large multi-ancestral study of lupus patients and controls. We define a large (257kb) common haplotype marking a single causal variant that confers lupus risk detected only in European ancestral populations and spans the promoter through the 3′ UTR of PXK. The strongest association was found at rs6445972 with P < 4.62 × 10−10, OR 0.81 (0.75–0.86). Using stepwise logistic regression analysis, we demonstrate that one signal drives the genetic association in the region. Bayesian analysis confirms our results, identifying a 95% credible set consisting of 172 variants spanning 202 kb. Functionally, we found that PXK operates on the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR); we confirmed that PXK influenced the rate of BCR internalization. Furthermore, we demonstrate that individuals carrying the risk haplotype exhibited a decreased rate of BCR internalization, a process known to impact B cell survival and cell fate. Taken together, these data define a new candidate mechanism for the genetic association of variants around PXK with lupus risk and highlight the regulation of intracellular trafficking as a genetically regulated pathway mediating human autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Vaughn
- Immunology Graduate Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Xiaoming Lu
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zubin H Patel
- Immunology Graduate Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Erin E Zoller
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Albert F Magnusen
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adrienne H Williams
- Center for Public Health Genomics and the Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Julie T Ziegler
- Center for Public Health Genomics and the Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mary E Comeau
- Center for Public Health Genomics and the Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Miranda C Marion
- Center for Public Health Genomics and the Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Stuart B Glenn
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Adam Adler
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Nan Shen
- Immunology Graduate Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Joint Molecular Rheumatology Laboratory of the Institute of Health Sciences and Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, and Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Swapan Nath
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anne M Stevens
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute Seattle, WA, USA ; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Betty P Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chaim O Jacob
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diane L Kamen
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Brown
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gary S Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Graciela S Alarcón
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John D Reveille
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Disease Research, Universidad del Rosario Bogota, Colombia
| | - Judith A James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City, OK, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kathy L Moser
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Lindsey A Criswell
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P Engleman Rheumatology Research Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Luis M Vilá
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City, OK, USA ; Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucia Granada, Spain
| | - Michelle Petri
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City, OK, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, OK, USA ; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Robert P Kimberly
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman
- Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Young Binjoo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongim Choi
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases Seoul, Korea
| | - Susan A Boackle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Timothy J Vyse
- Divisions of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Immunology, King's College London London, UK
| | - Joel M Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Bahram Namjou
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Patrick M Gaffney
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Center for Public Health Genomics and the Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth M Kaufman
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kelly
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Isaac T W Harley
- Immunology Graduate Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John B Harley
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
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26
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Visentini M, Marrapodi R, Conti V, Mitrevski M, Camponeschi A, Lazzeri C, Carbonari M, Catizone A, Quinti I, Fiorilli M. Dysregulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling associated with impaired B-cell receptor endocytosis in patients with common variable immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:401-10. [PMID: 24792875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by B-cell dysfunction and, in a subgroup, by expansion of CD21(low) B cells. The CD21(low) B cells display defects in early B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling resembling those of anergic B cells. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether B cells from patients with CVID, like anergic B cells, have defects in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and in endocytic trafficking of the BCR. METHODS Using flow cytometry, we evaluated phosphorylated ERK (pERK) expression and internalization of cross-linked BCR in B-cell subsets. The localization of internalized BCR to lysosome-associated membrane protein 1-positive late endosomes was evaluated with confocal microscopy. RESULTS Constitutive pERK levels were increased in naive and IgM(+) memory B cells of patients with CVID compared with those of healthy donors, whereas the pERK increment induced by BCR cross-linking was relatively reduced. Intravenous immunoglobulin administration enhanced these anomalies, but they appeared to be intrinsic to B cells from patients with CVID. Cross-linking-induced BCR endocytosis was decreased in the IgM(+) memory B cells, especially in those with a CD21(low) phenotype, but not in the naive B cells of patients with CVID with CD21(low) expansion. Internalized BCR localized normally to late endosomes. Pharmacologic inhibition of ERK phosphorylation suppressed BCR endocytosis in B cells of healthy patients and those with CVID. CONCLUSIONS The B cells of patients with CVID with CD21(low) B-cell expansion resemble anergic B cells based on high constitutive pERK expression. The IgM(+) memory B cells of these patients, especially those that are CD21(low), have a defect in BCR endocytosis seemingly caused by dysregulated ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Visentini
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ramona Marrapodi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Conti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Milica Mitrevski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Lazzeri
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Carbonari
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Catizone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Fiorilli
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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27
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Hauser JT, Lindner R. Coalescence of B cell receptor and invariant chain MHC II in a raft-like membrane domain. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:843-55. [PMID: 25024398 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0713-353r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The BCR binds antigen for processing and subsequent presentation on MHC II molecules. Polyvalent antigen induces BCR clustering and targeting to endocytic processing compartments, which are also accessed by Ii-MHC II. Here, we report that clustered BCR is able to team up with Ii-MHC II already at the plasma membrane of mouse B-lymphocytes. Colocalization of BCR and Ii-MHC II on the cell surface required clustering of both types of molecules. The clustering of only one type did not trigger the recruitment of the other. Ii-bound MIF (a ligand of Ii) also colocalized with clustered BCR upon oligomerization of MIF on the surface of the B cell. Abundant surface molecules, such as B220 or TfnR, did not cocluster with the BCR. Some membrane raft-associated molecules, such as peptide-loaded MHC II, coclustered with the BCR, whereas others, such as GM1, did not. The formation of a BCR- and Ii-MHC II-containing membrane domain by antibody-mediated clustering was independent of F-actin and led to the coendocytosis of its constituents. With a rapid Brij 98 extraction method, it was possible to capture this membrane domain biochemically as a DRM. Ii and clustered BCR were present on the same DRM, as shown by immunoisolation. The coalescence of BCR and Ii-MHC II increased tyrosine phosphorylation, indicative of enhanced BCR signaling. Our work suggests a novel role for MIF and Ii-MHC II in BCR-mediated antigen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian T Hauser
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Anatomy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Lindner
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Anatomy, Hannover, Germany
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28
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Nothelfer K, Arena ET, Pinaud L, Neunlist M, Mozeleski B, Belotserkovsky I, Parsot C, Dinadayala P, Burger-Kentischer A, Raqib R, Sansonetti PJ, Phalipon A. B lymphocytes undergo TLR2-dependent apoptosis upon Shigella infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1215-29. [PMID: 24863068 PMCID: PMC4042640 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Shigella flexneri interacts with B cells and induces apoptosis via IpaD binding to TLR2. Antibody-mediated immunity to Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, requires several episodes of infection to get primed and is short-lasting, suggesting that the B cell response is functionally impaired. We show that upon ex vivo infection of human colonic tissue, invasive S. flexneri interacts with and occasionally invades B lymphocytes. The induction of a type three secretion apparatus (T3SA)–dependent B cell death is observed in the human CL-01 B cell line in vitro, as well as in mouse B lymphocytes in vivo. In addition to cell death occurring in Shigella-invaded CL-01 B lymphocytes, we provide evidence that the T3SA needle tip protein IpaD can induce cell death in noninvaded cells. IpaD binds to and induces B cell apoptosis via TLR2, a signaling receptor thus far considered to result in activation of B lymphocytes. The presence of bacterial co-signals is required to sensitize B cells to apoptosis and to up-regulate tlr2, thus enhancing IpaD binding. Apoptotic B lymphocytes in contact with Shigella-IpaD are detected in rectal biopsies of infected individuals. This study therefore adds direct B lymphocyte targeting to the diversity of mechanisms used by Shigella to dampen the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nothelfer
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, FranceInstitut Pasteur, INSERM U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ellen T Arena
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, FranceInstitut Pasteur, INSERM U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laurie Pinaud
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, FranceInstitut Pasteur, INSERM U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, France Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur UPMC, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- INSERM U913, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Brian Mozeleski
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1041, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, 75015 Paris, France Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1041, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ilia Belotserkovsky
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, FranceInstitut Pasteur, INSERM U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Claude Parsot
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, FranceInstitut Pasteur, INSERM U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Anke Burger-Kentischer
- Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, FranceInstitut Pasteur, INSERM U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, France Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Armelle Phalipon
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, FranceInstitut Pasteur, INSERM U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75015 Paris, France
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29
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Temchura VV, Kozlova D, Sokolova V, Uberla K, Epple M. Targeting and activation of antigen-specific B-cells by calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded with protein antigen. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6098-105. [PMID: 24776487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linking of the B-cell receptors of an antigen-specific B-cell is the initial signal for B-cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation into antibody secreting plasma cells. Since multivalent particulate structures are efficient activators of antigen-specific B-cells, we developed biodegradable calcium phosphate nanoparticles displaying protein antigens on their surface and explored the efficacy of the B-cell activation after exposure to these nanoparticles. The calcium phosphate nanoparticles were functionalized with the model antigen Hen Egg Lysozyme (HEL) to take advantage of a HEL-specific B-cell receptor transgenic mouse model. The nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The functionalized calcium phosphate nanoparticles were preferentially bound and internalized by HEL-specific B-cells. Co-cultivation of HEL-specific B-cells with the functionalized nanoparticles also increased surface expression of B-cell activation markers. Functionalized nanoparticles were able to effectively cross-link B-cell receptors at the surface of antigen-matched B-cells and were 100-fold more efficient in the activation of B-cells than soluble HEL. Thus, calcium phosphate nanoparticles coated with protein antigens are promising vaccine candidates for induction humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Temchura
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Diana Kozlova
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Viktoriya Sokolova
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Klaus Uberla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
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30
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Courtney AH, Bennett NR, Zwick DB, Hudon J, Kiessling LL. Synthetic antigens reveal dynamics of BCR endocytosis during inhibitory signaling. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:202-10. [PMID: 24131142 DOI: 10.1021/cb400532y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
B cells detect foreign antigens through their B cell antigen receptor (BCR). The BCR, when engaged by antigen, initiates a signaling cascade. Concurrent with signaling is endocytosis of the BCR complex, which acts to downregulate signaling and facilitate uptake of antigen for processing and display on the cell surface. The relationship between signaling and BCR endocytosis is poorly defined. Here, we explore the interplay between BCR endocytosis and antigens that either promote or inhibit B cell activation. Specifically, synthetic antigens were generated that engage the BCR alone or both the BCR and the inhibitory co-receptor CD22. The lectin CD22, a member of the Siglec family, binds sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates found on host tissues, inhibiting BCR signaling to prevent erroneous B cell activation. At low concentrations, antigens that can cocluster the BCR and CD22 promote rapid BCR endocytosis; whereas, slower endocytosis occurs with antigens that bind only the BCR. At higher antigen concentrations, rapid BCR endocytosis occurs upon treatment with either stimulatory or inhibitory antigens. Endocytosis of the BCR, in response to synthetic antigens, results in its entry into early endocytic compartments. Although the CD22-binding antigens fail to activate key regulators of antigen presentation (e.g., Syk), they also promote BCR endocytosis, indicating that inhibitory antigens can be internalized. Together, our observations support a functional role for BCR endocytosis in downregulating BCR signaling. The reduction of cell surface BCR levels in the absence of B cell activation should raise the threshold for BCR subsequent activation. The ability of the activating synthetic antigens to trigger both signaling and entry of the BCR into early endosomes suggests strategies for targeted antigen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H. Courtney
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nitasha R. Bennett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel B. Zwick
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jonathan Hudon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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31
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Kenny EF, Quinn SR, Doyle SL, Vink PM, van Eenennaam H, O'Neill LAJ. Bruton's tyrosine kinase mediates the synergistic signalling between TLR9 and the B cell receptor by regulating calcium and calmodulin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74103. [PMID: 23967355 PMCID: PMC3743783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells signal through both the B cell receptor (BCR) which binds antigens and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) including TLR9 which recognises CpG DNA. Activation of TLR9 synergises with BCR signalling when the BCR and TLR9 co-localise within an auto-phagosome-like compartment. Here we report that Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is required for synergistic IL6 production and up-regulation of surface expression of MHC-class-II, CD69 and CD86 in primary murine and human B cells. We show that BTK is essential for co-localisation of the BCR and TLR9 within a potential auto-phagosome-like compartment in the Namalwa human B cell line. Downstream of BTK we find that calcium acting via calmodulin is required for this process. These data provide new insights into the role of BTK, an important target for autoimmune diseases, in B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine F Kenny
- Immunology Research Centre, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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32
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The actin cytoskeleton coordinates the signal transduction and antigen processing functions of the B cell antigen receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 8:475-485. [PMID: 24999354 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-013-1272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The B cell antigen receptor (BCR) is the sensor on the B cell surface that surveys foreign molecules (antigen) in our bodies and activates B cells to generate antibody responses upon encountering cognate antigen. The binding of antigen to the BCR induces signaling cascades in the cytoplasm, which provides the first signal for B cell activation. Subsequently, BCRs internalize and target bound antigen to endosomes, where antigen is processed into T cell recognizable forms. T helper cells generate the second activation signal upon binding to antigen presented by B cells. The optimal activation of B cells requires both signals, thereby depending on the coordination of BCR signaling and antigen transport functions. Antigen binding to the BCR also induces rapid remodeling of the cortical actin network of B cells. While being initiated and controlled by BCR signaling, recent studies reveal that this actin remodeling is critical for both the signaling and antigen processing functions of the BCR, indicating a role for actin in coordinating these two pathways. Here we will review previous and recent studies on actin reorganization during BCR activation and BCR-mediated antigen processing, and discuss how actin remodeling translates BCR signaling into rapid antigen uptake and processing while providing positive and negative feedback to BCR signaling.
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33
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Song W, Liu C, Upadhyaya A. The pivotal position of the actin cytoskeleton in the initiation and regulation of B cell receptor activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:569-78. [PMID: 23886914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a dynamic cellular network known for its function in cell morphology and motility. Recent studies using high resolution and real time imaging techniques have revealed that actin plays a critical role in signal transduction, primarily by modulating the dynamics and organization of membrane-associated receptors and signaling molecules. This review summarizes what we have learned so far about a regulatory niche of the actin cytoskeleton in the signal transduction of the B cell receptor (BCR). The activation of the BCR is initiated and regulated by a close coordination between the dynamics of surface BCRs and the cortical actin network. The actin cytoskeleton is involved in regulating the signaling threshold of the BCR to antigenic stimulation, the kinetics and amplification of BCR signaling activities, and the timing and kinetics of signaling downregulation. Actin exerts its regulatory function by controlling the kinetics, magnitude, subcellular location, and nature of BCR clustering and BCR signaling complex formation at every stage of signaling. The cortical actin network is remodeled by initial detachment from the plasma membrane, disassembly and subsequent reassembly into new actin structures in response to antigenic stimulation. Signaling responsive actin regulators translate BCR stimulatory and inhibitory signals into a series of actin remodeling events, which enhance signaling activation and down-regulation by modulating the lateral mobility and spatial organization of surface BCR. The mechanistic understanding of actin-mediated signaling regulation in B cells will help us explore B cell-specific manipulations of the actin cytoskeleton as treatments for B cell-mediated autoimmunity and B cell cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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34
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Jux B, Staratschek-Jox A, Penninger JM, Schultze JL, Kolanus W. Vav1 regulates MHCII expression in murine resting and activated B cells. Int Immunol 2013; 25:307-17. [PMID: 23391492 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vav1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho GTPases, which is exclusively expressed in cells of the hematopoietic system. In addition to its well-documented GEF activity, it was suggested to have other functions due to the presence of multiple domains and nuclear localization signals in its protein structure. Although GEF-dependent and GEF-independent functions of vav have been implicated in T-cell development and T-cell receptor signaling, the role of vav1 in antigen-presenting cells is poorly understood. We found that vav1 is an important regulator of MHCII expression and transport. Microarray analysis of unstimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages revealed a novel role of vav1 in transcriptional regulation of the MHCII locus, possibly by indirect means. Primary immune cells from vav1-deficient mice had a significantly lower constitutive surface expression of MHCII with the strongest impact observed on splenic and peritoneal B cells. Impaired MHCII expression resulted in a diminished capacity for T-cell activation. Using 6-thio-GTP, a specific inhibitor of the GEF function of vav1, we were able to show that the GEF activity is required for MHCII upregulation in B cells after stimulation with LPS. Furthermore, our data show that vav1 not only affects transcription of the MHCII locus but also is an important regulator of MHCII protein transport to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Jux
- Department of Molecular Immune and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany.
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35
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Busman-Sahay K, Drake L, Sitaram A, Marks M, Drake JR. Cis and trans regulatory mechanisms control AP2-mediated B cell receptor endocytosis via select tyrosine-based motifs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54938. [PMID: 23372794 PMCID: PMC3553015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following antigen recognition, B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated endocytosis is the first step of antigen processing and presentation to CD4+ T cells, a crucial component of the initiation and control of the humoral immune response. Despite this, the molecular mechanism of BCR internalization is poorly understood. Recently, studies of activated B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma (ABC DLBCL) have shown that mutations within the BCR subunit CD79b leads to increased BCR surface expression, suggesting that CD79b may control BCR internalization. Adaptor protein 2 (AP2) is the major mediator of receptor endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits. The BCR contains five putative AP2-binding YxxØ motifs, including four that are present within two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). Using a combination of in vitro and in situ approaches, we establish that the sole mediator of AP2-dependent BCR internalization is the membrane proximal ITAM YxxØ motif in CD79b, which is a major target of mutation in ABC DLBCL. In addition, we establish that BCR internalization can be regulated at a minimum of two different levels: regulation of YxxØ AP2 binding in cis by downstream ITAM-embedded DCSM and QTAT regulatory elements and regulation in trans by the partner cytoplasmic domain of the CD79 heterodimer. Beyond establishing the basic rules governing BCR internalization, these results illustrate an underappreciated role for ITAM residues in controlling clathrin-dependent endocytosis and highlight the complex mechanisms that control the activity of AP2 binding motifs in this receptor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Lisa Drake
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Anand Sitaram
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Marks
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James R. Drake
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
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36
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García-Pérez BE, De la Cruz-López JJ, Castañeda-Sánchez JI, Muñóz-Duarte AR, Hernández-Pérez AD, Villegas-Castrejón H, García-Latorre E, Caamal-Ley A, Luna-Herrera J. Macropinocytosis is responsible for the uptake of pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria by B lymphocytes (Raji cells). BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:246. [PMID: 23113903 PMCID: PMC3559283 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The classical roles of B cells include the production of antibodies and cytokines and the generation of immunological memory, these being key factors in the adaptive immune response. However, their role in innate immunity is currently being recognised. Traditionally, B cells have been considered non-phagocytic cells; therefore, the uptake of bacteria by B cells is not extensively documented. In this study, we analysed some of the features of non-specific bacterial uptake by B lymphocytes from the Raji cell line. In our model, B cells were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), Mycobacterium smegmatis (MSM), and Salmonella typhimurium (ST). Results Our observations revealed that the Raji B cells were readily infected by the three bacteria that were studied. All of the infections induced changes in the cellular membrane during bacterial internalisation. M. smegmatis and S. typhimurium were able to induce important membrane changes that were characterised by abundant filopodia and lamellipodia formation. These membrane changes were driven by actin cytoskeletal rearrangements. The intracellular growth of these bacteria was also controlled by B cells. M. tuberculosis infection also induced actin rearrangement-driven membrane changes; however, the B cells were not able to control this infection. The phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment of B cells induced filopodia and lamellipodia formation, the production of spacious vacuoles (macropinosomes), and the fluid-phase uptake that is characteristic of macropinocytosis. S. typhimurium infection induced the highest fluid-phase uptake, although both mycobacteria also induced fluid uptake. A macropinocytosis inhibitor such as amiloride was used and abolished the bacterial uptake and the fluid-phase uptake that is triggered during the bacterial infection. Conclusions Raji B cells can internalise S. typhimurium and mycobacteria through an active process, such as macropinocytosis, although the resolution of the infection depends on factors that are inherent in the virulence of each pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Estela García-Pérez
- Immunology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D,F, México
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37
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Schubert KO, Föcking M, Prehn JHM, Cotter DR. Hypothesis review: are clathrin-mediated endocytosis and clathrin-dependent membrane and protein trafficking core pathophysiological processes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder? Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:669-81. [PMID: 21986877 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the best-characterized mechanism governing cellular membrane and protein trafficking. In this hypothesis review, we integrate recent evidence implicating CME and related cellular trafficking mechanisms in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The evidence includes proteomic and genomic findings implicating proteins and genes of the clathrin interactome. Additionally, several important candidate genes for schizophrenia, such as dysbindin, are involved in processes closely linked to CME and membrane trafficking. We discuss that key aspects of psychosis neuropathology such as synaptic dysfunction, white matter changes and aberrant neurodevelopment are all influenced by clathrin-dependent processes, and that other cellular trafficking mechanisms previously linked to psychoses interact with the clathrin interactome in important ways. Furthermore, many antipsychotic drugs have been shown to affect clathrin-interacting proteins. We propose that the targeted pharmacological manipulation of the clathrin interactome may offer fruitful opportunities for novel treatments of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Schubert
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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38
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Chaturvedi A, Martz R, Dorward D, Waisberg M, Pierce SK. Endocytosed BCRs sequentially regulate MAPK and Akt signaling pathways from intracellular compartments. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:1119-26. [PMID: 21964606 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Binding of antigen to the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) triggers both BCR signaling and endocytosis. How endocytosis regulates BCR signaling remains unknown. Here we report that BCR signaling was not extinguished by endocytosis of BCRs; instead, BCR signaling initiated at the plasma membrane continued as the BCR trafficked intracellularly with the sequential phosphorylation of kinases. Blocking the endocytosis of BCRs resulted in the recruitment of both proximal and downstream kinases to the plasma membrane, where mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were hyperphosphorylated and the kinase Akt and its downstream target Foxo were hypophosphorylated, which led to the dysregulation of gene transcription controlled by these pathways. Thus, the cellular location of the BCR serves to compartmentalize kinase activation to regulate the outcome of signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Chaturvedi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
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39
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Oldham AL, Miner CA, Wang HC, Webb CF. The transcription factor Bright plays a role in marginal zone B lymphocyte development and autoantibody production. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:367-79. [PMID: 21963220 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous data suggested that constitutive expression of the transcription factor Bright (B cell regulator of immunoglobulin heavy chain transcription), normally tightly regulated during B cell differentiation, was associated with autoantibody production. Here we show that constitutive Bright expression results in skewing of mature B lineage subpopulations toward marginal zone cells at the expense of the follicular subpopulation. C57Bl/6 transgenic mice constitutively expressing Bright in B lineage cells generated autoantibodies that were not the result of global increases in immunoglobulin or of breaches in key tolerance checkpoints typically defective in other autoimmune mouse models. Rather, autoimmunity correlated with increased numbers of marginal zone B cells and alterations in the phenotype and gene expression profiles of lymphocytes within the follicular B cell compartment. These data suggest a novel role for Bright in the normal development of mature B cell subsets and in autoantibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athenia L Oldham
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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40
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Fuller DM, Zhu M, Ou-Yang CW, Sullivan SA, Zhang W. A tale of two TRAPs: LAT and LAB in the regulation of lymphocyte development, activation, and autoimmunity. Immunol Res 2011; 49:97-108. [PMID: 21136199 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-010-8197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAPs) link antigen receptor engagement to downstream cellular processes. Although these proteins typically lack intrinsic enzymatic activity, they are phosphorylated on multiple tyrosine residues following lymphocyte activation, allowing them to function as scaffolds for the assembly of multi-molecular signaling complexes. Among the many TRAPs that have been discovered in recent years, the LAT (linker for activation of T cells) family of adaptor proteins plays an important role in the positive and negative regulation of lymphocyte maturation, activation, and differentiation. Of the two members in this family, LAT is an indispensable component controlling T cell and mast cell activation and function; LAB (linker for activation of B cells), also called NTAL, is necessary to fine-tune lymphocyte activation and may be a key regulator of innate immune responses. Here, we review recent advances on the function of LAT and LAB in the regulation of development and activation of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre M Fuller
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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41
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Rahaman SO, Zhou G, Silverstein RL. Vav protein guanine nucleotide exchange factor regulates CD36 protein-mediated macrophage foam cell formation via calcium and dynamin-dependent processes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36011-36019. [PMID: 21865158 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.265082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease, results in part from the accumulation of modified lipoproteins in the arterial wall and formation of lipid-laden macrophages, known as "foam cells." Recently, we reported that CD36, a scavenger receptor, contributes to activation of Vav-family guanine nucleotide exchange factors by oxidatively modified LDL in macrophages. We also discovered that CD36-dependent uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in vitro and foam cell formation in vitro and in vivo was significantly reduced in macrophages deficient of Vav proteins. The goal of the present study was to identify the mechanisms by which Vav proteins regulate CD36-dependent foam cell formation. We now show that a Vav-dynamin signaling axis plays a critical role in generating calcium signals in mouse macrophages exposed to CD36-specific oxidized phospholipid ligands. Chelation of intracellular Ca(2+) or inhibition of phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) inhibited Vav activation (85 and 70%, respectively, compared with vehicle control) and reduced foam cell formation (approximately 75%). Knockdown of expression by siRNA or inhibition of GTPase activity of dynamin 2, a Vav-interacting protein involved in endocytic vesicle fission, significantly blocked oxLDL uptake and inhibited foam cell formation. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies showed that Vav1 and dynamin 2 colocalized with internalized oxLDL in macrophages and that activation and mobilization of dynamin 2 by oxLDL was impaired in vav null cells. These studies identified previously unknown components of the CD36 signaling pathway, demonstrating that Vav proteins regulate oxLDL uptake and foam cell formation via calcium- and dynamin 2-dependent processes and thus represent novel therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohidar Rahaman
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.
| | - Gang Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Roy L Silverstein
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.
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42
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Büchse T, Horras N, Lenfert E, Krystal G, Körbel S, Schümann M, Krause E, Mikkat S, Tiedge M. CIN85 interacting proteins in B cells-specific role for SHIP-1. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M110.006239. [PMID: 21725061 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.006239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cbl-interacting 85-kDa protein (CIN85) plays an important role as a negative regulator of signaling pathways induced by receptor tyrosine kinases. By assembling multiprotein complexes this versatile adaptor enhances receptor tyrosine kinase-activated clathrin-mediated endocytosis and reduces phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-induced phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate production. Here we report the expression of CIN85 in primary splenic B lymphocytes and the B-lymphoma cell lines WEHI 231 and Ba/F3. Cross-linking of the B cell antigen receptor resulted in an increased association of CIN85 with the ubiquitin ligase Cbl. Through a systematic pull-down proteomics approach we identified 51 proteins that interact with CIN85 in B cells, including proteins not shown previously to be CIN85-associated. Among these proteins, the SH2-containing inositol phosphatase 1 (SHIP-1) co-precipitated with both the full-length CIN85 and each of its three SH3 domains. We also showed that this association is constitutive and depends on a region of 79 amino acids near the carboxyl terminus of SHIP-1, a region rich in potential SH3 domain binding sites. Because SHIP-1 is a major negative regulator of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway in lymphocytes, we hypothesize that the interaction between SHIP-1 and CIN85 might synergistically facilitate the down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Büchse
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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43
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Rahaman SO, Swat W, Febbraio M, Silverstein RL. Vav family Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors regulate CD36-mediated macrophage foam cell formation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:7010-7. [PMID: 21209086 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.192450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-laden macrophages or "foam cells" are the primary components of the fatty streak, the earliest atherosclerotic lesion. Although Vav family guanine nucleotide exchange factors impact processes highly relevant to atherogenesis and are involved in pathways common to scavenger receptor CD36 signaling, their role in CD36-dependent macrophage foam cell formation remains unknown. The goal of the present study was to determine the contribution of Vav proteins to CD36-dependent foam cell formation and to identify the mechanisms by which Vavs participate in the process. We found that CD36 contributes to activation of Vav-1, -2, and -3 in aortae from hyperlipidemic mice and that oxidatively modified LDL (oxLDL) induces activation of macrophage Vav in vitro in a CD36 and Src family kinase-dependent manner. CD36-dependent uptake of oxLDL in vitro and foam cell formation in vitro and in vivo was significantly reduced in Vav null macrophages. These studies for the first time link CD36 and Vavs in a signaling pathway required for macrophage foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohidar Rahaman
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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44
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Clark MR, Tanaka A, Powers SE, Veselits M. Receptors, subcellular compartments and the regulation of peripheral B cell responses: the illuminating state of anergy. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:1281-6. [PMID: 21144589 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Signals through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) are necessary but not sufficient for cellular activation. Co-stimulatory signals must be provided through other immune recognition receptor systems, such as MHC class II/CD40 and the toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 that can only productively acquire their ligands in the processive environment of specialized late endosomes (MHC class II containing compartment or MIIC). It has long been appreciated that the BCR, by effectively capturing complex antigens and delivering them to late endosomes, is the link between activation events on the cell surface and those dependent on late endosomes. However, it has become increasingly apparent that the BCR also directs the translocation of MHC class II and TLR9 into the MIIC and that the endocytic flow of these receptors coincides with that of the BCR. This likely ensures close apposition of receptor complexes within the MIIC and the efficient transfer of ligands from the BCR to MHC class II and TLR9. This complex orchestration of receptor endocytic movement is dependent upon the quality of signals elicited through the BCR. Failure to activate specific signaling pathways, such as occurs in anergic B cells, prevents the entry of the BCR and TLR9 into the MIIC and abrogates TLR9 activation. Like anergy, this block in endocytic trafficking is rapidly reversible. These findings indicate that cellular responsiveness can be determined by mechanisms that control the subcellular location of important immune recognition receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus R Clark
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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45
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Duan J, Chung H, Troy E, Kasper DL. Microbial colonization drives expansion of IL-1 receptor 1-expressing and IL-17-producing gamma/delta T cells. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 7:140-50. [PMID: 20159619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 cytokine production by the Th17 T cell subset is regulated by intestinal commmensals. We show that microbial colonization also regulates innate IL-17 production. A population of CD62L(-) gamma/delta T cells, in particular a lineage expressing the IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1), can be quickly activated by microbes to produce IL-17. Antibiotic treatment and monocolonization of mice suggest that specific commensals-but not metronidazole-sensitive anaerobes like Bacteroides species-are required for maintaining IL-1R1(+) gamma/delta T cells. Signaling through the guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV1, but not through Toll-like receptors or antigen presentation pathways, is essential for inducing IL-1R1(+) gamma/delta T cells. Furthermore, IL-1R1(+) gamma/delta T cells are a potential source of IL-17 that can be activated by IL-23 and IL-1 in both infectious and noninfectious settings in vitro and in vivo. Thus, commensals orchestrate the expansion of phenotypically distinct gammadelta T cells, and innate immunity is a three-way interaction between host, pathogens, and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyou Duan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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46
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Fraser HI, Dendrou CA, Healy B, Rainbow DB, Howlett S, Smink LJ, Gregory S, Steward CA, Todd JA, Peterson LB, Wicker LS. Nonobese diabetic congenic strain analysis of autoimmune diabetes reveals genetic complexity of the Idd18 locus and identifies Vav3 as a candidate gene. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5075-84. [PMID: 20363978 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have used the public sequencing and annotation of the mouse genome to delimit the previously resolved type 1 diabetes (T1D) insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd)18 interval to a region on chromosome 3 that includes the immunologically relevant candidate gene, Vav3. To test the candidacy of Vav3, we developed a novel congenic strain that enabled the resolution of Idd18 to a 604-kb interval, designated Idd18.1, which contains only two annotated genes: the complete sequence of Vav3 and the last exon of the gene encoding NETRIN G1, Ntng1. Targeted sequencing of Idd18.1 in the NOD mouse strain revealed that allelic variation between NOD and C57BL/6J (B6) occurs in noncoding regions with 138 single nucleotide polymorphisms concentrated in the introns between exons 20 and 27 and immediately after the 3' untranslated region. We observed differential expression of VAV3 RNA transcripts in thymocytes when comparing congenic mouse strains with B6 or NOD alleles at Idd18.1. The T1D protection associated with B6 alleles of Idd18.1/Vav3 requires the presence of B6 protective alleles at Idd3, which are correlated with increased IL-2 production and regulatory T cell function. In the absence of B6 protective alleles at Idd3, we detected a second T1D protective B6 locus, Idd18.3, which is closely linked to, but distinct from, Idd18.1. Therefore, genetic mapping, sequencing, and gene expression evidence indicate that alteration of VAV3 expression is an etiological factor in the development of autoimmune beta-cell destruction in NOD mice. This study also demonstrates that a congenic strain mapping approach can isolate closely linked susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather I Fraser
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
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Surface IgM of CLL cells displays unusual glycans indicative of engagement of antigen in vivo. Blood 2010; 115:4198-205. [PMID: 20237321 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-12-254847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface IgM (sIgM) has a key influence on the clinical behavior of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We now report that it exists in 2 forms with different N-glycosylation patterns in the mu-constant region. One glycoform is similar to normal B cells in bearing mature complex glycans common to most cell-surface glycoproteins. The other is an immature mannosylated form more characteristic of mu chains in the endoplasmic reticulum. Unmutated CLL (U-CLL) expresses a higher proportion of mannosylated surface mu chains than mutated CLL. Normal B cells express only the mature glycoform but can express the immature form after persistent engagement of sIgM, suggesting that glycan modification is a consequence of antigen exposure. CLL cells express variable proportions of the mannosylated form and can revert to the mature form after incubation in vitro. Both glycoforms are able to signal after sIgM engagement in vitro, leading to enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation. These findings support the concept that CLL cells are continuously exposed to antigen in vivo, driving the N-glycosylation pattern of expressed sIgM toward a mannosylated form, especially in U-CLL. Strikingly, this is reminiscent of follicular lymphoma, where mannosylated Ig is expressed constitutively via N-glycosylation sites in the variable region, suggesting a functional asset for this glycoform.
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Malhotra S, Kovats S, Zhang W, Coggeshall KM. Vav and Rac activation in B cell antigen receptor endocytosis involves Vav recruitment to the adapter protein LAB. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:36202-36212. [PMID: 19858206 PMCID: PMC2794736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transduction events supporting B cell antigen receptor (BCR) endocytosis are not well understood. We have identified a pathway supporting BCR internalization that begins with tyrosine phosphorylation of the adapter protein LAB. Phosphorylated LAB recruits a complex of Grb2-dynamin and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav. Vav is required for activation of the small GTPases Rac1 and Rac2. All these proteins contribute to (and dynamin, Vav, and Rac1/2 are required for) BCR endocytosis and presentation of antigen to T cells. This is the first description of a sequential signal transduction pathway from BCR to internalization and antigen presentation.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dynamins/genetics
- Dynamins/immunology
- Dynamins/metabolism
- Endocytosis/physiology
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/genetics
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/immunology
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/immunology
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein
- RAC2 GTP-Binding Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Malhotra
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - K Mark Coggeshall
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104.
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