1
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Sengupta I, Mondal P, Sengupta A, Mondal A, Singh V, Adhikari S, Dhang S, Roy S, Das C. Epigenetic regulation of Fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase 1 by host transcription factor Speckled 110
kDa
during hepatitis B virus infection. FEBS J 2022; 289:6694-6713. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isha Sengupta
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
| | - Payel Mondal
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute Mumbai India
| | - Amrita Sengupta
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
| | - Atanu Mondal
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute Mumbai India
| | - Vipin Singh
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute Mumbai India
| | - Swagata Adhikari
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute Mumbai India
| | - Sinjini Dhang
- Structural Biology & Bio‐Informatics Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Siddhartha Roy
- Structural Biology & Bio‐Informatics Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Chandrima Das
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute Mumbai India
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2
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Panasiuk YV, Vlasenko NV, Churilova NS, Klushkina VV, Dubodelov DV, Kudryavtseva EN, Korabelnikova MI, Rodionova ZS, Semenenko TA, Kuzin SN, Akimkin VG. [Modern views on the role of X gene of the hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae: Orthohepadnavirus: Hepatitis B virus) in the pathogenesis of the infection it causes]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:7-17. [PMID: 35293184 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The review presents information on the role of hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae: Orthohepadnavirus: Hepatitis B virus) (HBV) X gene and the protein it encodes (X protein) in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis B. The evolution of HBV from primordial to the modern version of hepadnaviruses (Hepadnaviridae), is outlined as a process that began about 407 million years ago and continues to the present. The results of scientific works of foreign researchers on the variety of the influence of X protein on the infectious process and its role in the mechanisms of carcinogenesis are summarized. The differences in the effect of the X protein on the course of the disease in patients of different ethnic groups with regard to HBV genotypes are described. The significance of determining the genetic variability of X gene as a fundamental characteristic of the virus that has significance for the assessment of risks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) spread among the population of the Russian Federation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Panasiuk
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - N V Vlasenko
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - N S Churilova
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - V V Klushkina
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - D V Dubodelov
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - E N Kudryavtseva
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - M I Korabelnikova
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - Z S Rodionova
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - T A Semenenko
- FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - S N Kuzin
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - V G Akimkin
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor)
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3
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Wang L, Sun Y, Song X, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Peng X, Zhang X, Li C, Gao C, Li N, Gao L, Liang X, Wu Z, Ma C. Hepatitis B virus evades immune recognition via RNA adenosine deaminase ADAR1-mediated viral RNA editing in hepatocytes. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1871-1882. [PMID: 34253859 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HBV is considered as a "stealth" virus that does not invoke interferon (IFN) responses; however, the mechanisms by which HBV bypasses innate immune recognition are poorly understood. In this study, we identified adenosine deaminases acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1), which is a key factor in HBV evasion from IFN responses in hepatocytes. Mechanically, ADAR1 interacted with HBV RNAs and deaminated adenosine (A) to generate inosine (I), which disrupted host immune recognition and thus promoted HBV replication. Loss of ADAR1 or its deficient deaminase activity promoted IFN responses and inhibited HBV replication in hepatocytes, and blocking the IFN signaling pathways released the inhibition of HBV replication caused by ADAR1 deficiency. Notably, the HBV X protein (HBx) transcriptionally promoted ADAR1 expression to increase the threshold required to trigger intrinsic immune activation, which in turn enhanced HBV escape from immune recognition, leading to persistent infection. Supplementation with 8-azaadenosine, an ADAR1 inhibitor, efficiently enhanced liver immune activation to promote HBV clearance in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, our results delineate a molecular mechanism by which HBx promotes ADAR1-derived HBV immune escape and suggest a targeted therapeutic intervention for HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojia Song
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yankun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xueqi Peng
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengjiang Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Nailin Li
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lifen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhuanchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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4
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Zhou Q, Yan L, Xu B, Wang X, Sun X, Han N, Tang H, Huang F. Screening of the HBx transactivation domain interacting proteins and the function of interactor Pin1 in HBV replication. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14176. [PMID: 34238995 PMCID: PMC8266847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) has been determined to play a crucial role in the replication and transcription of HBV, and its biological functions mainly depend on the interaction with other host proteins. This study aims at screening the proteins that bind to the key functional domain of HBx by integrated proteomics. Proteins that specifically bind to the transactivation domain of HBx were selected by comparing interactors of full-length HBx and HBx-D5 truncation determined by glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay combined with mass spectrometry (MS). The function of HBx interactor Pin1 in HBV replication was further investigated by in vitro experiments. In this study, a total of 189 proteins were identified from HepG2 cells that specifically bind to the transactivation domain of HBx by GST pull-down and subsequent MS. After gene ontology (GO) analysis, Pin1 was selected as the protein with the highest score in the largest cluster functioning in protein binding, and also classified into the cluster of proteins with the function of structural molecule activity, which is of great potential to be involved in HBV life cycle. The interaction between Pin1 and HBx has been further confirmed by Ni2+-NTA pulldown assay, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence microscopy. HBsAg and HBeAg levels significantly decreased in Pin1 expression inhibited HepG2.2.15 cells. Besides, the inhibition of Pin1 expression in HepG2 cells impeded the restored replication of HBx-deficient HBV repaired by ectopic HBx expression. In conclusion, our study identified Pin1 as an interactor binds to the transactivation domain of HBx, and suggested the potential association between Pin1 and the function of HBx in HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxia Zhou
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, No. 17 Third Renmin Road North, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Yan
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofu Xu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, No. 17 Third Renmin Road North, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Evidence, School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue'er Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, No. 17 Third Renmin Road North, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehong Sun
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, No. 17 Third Renmin Road North, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Han
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feijun Huang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, No. 17 Third Renmin Road North, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Lei Y, Xu X, Liu H, Chen L, Zhou H, Jiang J, Yang Y, Wu B. HBx induces hepatocellular carcinogenesis through ARRB1-mediated autophagy to drive the G 1/S cycle. Autophagy 2021; 17:4423-4441. [PMID: 33866937 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1917948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is involved in the process of hepatocellular carcinoma via the activation of various oncogenes. Our previous study indicated that ARBB1 (arrestin beta 1) promotes hepatocellular carcinogenesis (HCC). However, the role of ARRB1 in HBx-related HCC remains unclear. Herein, we identified that ARRB1 was upregulated by HBx in vivo and in vitro. Arrb1 deficiency suppressed HBx-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis in several mouse models. Furthermore, knockdown of ARRB1 blocked HBx-induced macroautophagic/autophagic flux and disrupted the formation of autophagosomes. ARRB1 interacted with HBx, and the autophagic core protein MAP1LC3/LC3, a scaffolding protein, was essential for complete autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine or interference of ATG5 or ATG7 attenuated HBx-induced cell cycle acceleration and the subsequent proliferative response via the induction of G1/S arrest. The absence of autophagy abolished the phosphorylation of CDK2 and the activity of the CDK2-CCNE1 complex. Our results demonstrate that ARRB1 plays a critical role in HBV-related HCC via modulating autophagy and the CDKN1B-CDK2-CCNE1-E2F1 axis and indicate that ARRB1 may be a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lingjun Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haoxiong Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yidong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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6
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Tao S, Pan S, Gu C, Wei L, Kang N, Xie Y, Liu J. Characterization and engineering of broadly reactive monoclonal antibody against hepatitis B virus X protein that blocks its interaction with DDB1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20323. [PMID: 31889135 PMCID: PMC6937242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) plays diverse roles in both viral life cycle and HBV-related carcinogenesis. Its interaction with DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1) was shown to be essential for engendering cellular conditions favorable for optimal viral transcription and replication. Previously, we described a mouse monoclonal antibody against HBx (anti-HBx 2A7) recognizing HBx encoded by representative strains from 7 of 8 known HBV genotypes. In this work, we further characterized 2A7 in order to explore its potential usefulness in HBx-targeting applications. We demonstrated that 2A7 recognizes a linear epitope mapped to L89PKVLHKR96 on HBx, a segment that is highly conserved across genotypes and coincidentally overlaps with the DDB1-interacting segment. HBx-DDB1 binding could be inhibited by 2A7 in vitro, suggesting therapeutic potential. Nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of 2A7 were then obtained, which allowed construction of recombinant antibody and single chain variable fragments (scFv). 2A7-derived recombinant antibody and scFv recapitulate 2A7's HBx-binding capacity and epitope specificity. We also reported preliminary results using cell-penetrating peptide for delivering 2A7 antibody across cell membrane to target intracellular HBx. Anti-HBx 2A7 and 2A7-derived scFv characterized here may give rise to novel HBx-targeting diagnostics and therapeutics for HBV- and HBx-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Tao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaokun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenjian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Wei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Lee WY, Bachtiar M, Choo CCS, Lee CG. Comprehensive review of Hepatitis B Virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma research through text mining and big data analytics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:353-367. [PMID: 30105774 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PubMed was text mined to glean insights into the role of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from the massive number of publications (9249) available to date. Reports from ∼70 countries identified >1300 human genes associated with either the Core, Surface or X gene in HBV-associated HCC. One hundred and forty-three of these host genes, which can potentially yield 1180 biomolecular interactions, each were reported in at least three different publications to be associated with the same HBV. These 143 genes function in 137 pathways, involved mainly in the cell cycle, apoptosis, inflammation and signalling. Fourteen of these molecules, primarily transcriptional regulators or kinases, play roles in several pathways pertinent to the hallmarks of cancers. 'Chronic' was the most frequent word used across the 9249 abstracts. A key event in chronic HBV infection is the integration of HBV into the host genome. The advent of cost-effective, next-generation sequencing technology facilitated the employment of big-data analytics comprehensively to characterize HBV-host integration within HCC patients. A total of 5331 integration events were reported across seven publications, with most of these integrations observed between the Core/X gene and the introns of genes. Nearly one-quarter of the intergenic integrations are within repeats, especially long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE) repeats. Integrations within 13 genes were each reported by at least three different studies. The human gene with the most HBV integrations observed is the TERT gene where a total of 224 integrations, primarily at its promoter and within the tumour tissue, were reported by six of seven publications. This unique review, which employs state-of-the-art text-mining and data-analytics tools, represents the most complete, systematic and comprehensive review of nearly all the publications associated with HBV-associated HCC research. It provides important resources to either focus future research or develop therapeutic strategies to target key molecules reported to play important roles in key pathways of HCC, through the systematic analyses of the commonly reported molecules associated with the various HBV genes in HCC, including information about the interactions amongst these commonly reported molecules, the pathways in which they reside as well as detailed information regarding the viral and host genes associated with HBV integration in HCC patients. Hence this review, which highlights pathways and key human genes associated with HBV in HCC, may facilitate the deeper elucidation of the role of HBV in hepato-carcinogenesis, potentially leading to timely intervention against this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Yeow Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Maulana Bachtiar
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Cheryl C S Choo
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Caroline G Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169547, Singapore
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8
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Zheng Q, Yang Y, Cui X, Zhang D, Liu S, Yan Q. AP1 mediates uPA/uPAR induced FUT4 expression and trophoblast invasion. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6442-6451. [PMID: 29278651 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblast invasion is crucial for embryo implantation and successful pregnancy. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) are expressed on trophoblasts and involved in trophoblast invasion. The transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP1) (c-Fos and cJun) and fucosyltransferase IV (FUT4) have been found to be involved in this process. However, the relationship of uPA/uPAR, AP1 and FUT4 is unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the role of AP1 in uPA/uPAR induced FUT4 expression and trophoblast invasion. We found that p-c-Fos and p-c-Jun were decreased in abortion patients compared to that in normal pregnant women. Employing human trophoblastic cells, we then demonstrated that uPA/uPAR induced the expression of p-c-Fos and p-c-Jun. Applying an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we further proved that transcription factor AP1 bound to FUT4 promoter that could increase FUT4 transcriptional activity, further promoting trophoblast cell migration and invasion through JNK MAPK signaling pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that uPA/uPAR induces FUT4 expression, and trophoblast cell invasion mediated by AP1 transcription factor (c-Fos and c-Jun). Our findings provide novel insights into the relationship between AP1 and abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyuan Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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9
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Sengupta I, Das D, Singh SP, Chakravarty R, Das C. Host transcription factor Speckled 110 kDa (Sp110), a nuclear body protein, is hijacked by hepatitis B virus protein X for viral persistence. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20379-20393. [PMID: 29046350 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.796839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NB) are sub-nuclear organelles that are the hub of numerous proteins. DNA/RNA viruses often hijack the cellular factors resident in PML-NBs to promote their proliferation in host cells. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), belonging to Hepadnaviridae family, remains undetected in early infection as it does not induce the innate immune response and is known to be the cause of several hepatic diseases leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The association of PML-NB proteins and HBV is being addressed in a number of recent studies. Here, we report that the PML-NB protein Speckled 110 kDa (Sp110) is SUMO1-modified and undergoes a deSUMOylation-driven release from the PML-NB in the presence of HBV. Intriguingly, Sp110 knockdown significantly reduced viral DNA load in the culture supernatant by activation of the type I interferon-response pathway. Furthermore, we found that Sp110 differentially regulates several direct target genes of hepatitis B virus protein X (HBx), a viral co-factor. Subsequently, we identified Sp110 as a novel interactor of HBx and found this association to be essential for the exit of Sp110 from the PML-NB during HBV infection and HBx recruitment on the promoter of these genes. HBx, in turn, modulates the recruitment of its associated transcription cofactors p300/HDAC1 to these co-regulated genes, thereby altering the host gene expression program in favor of viral persistence. Thus, we report a mechanism by which HBV can evade host immune response by hijacking the PML-NB protein Sp110, and therefore, we propose it to be a novel target for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Sengupta
- From the Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata-700064
| | - Dipanwita Das
- the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Virus Unit, Kolkata, Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital Campus, Kolkata 700010, and
| | - Shivaram Prasad Singh
- the Kalinga Gastroenterology Foundation, Beam Diagnostics Premises, Cuttack-753001, India
| | - Runu Chakravarty
- the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Virus Unit, Kolkata, Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital Campus, Kolkata 700010, and
| | - Chandrima Das
- From the Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata-700064,
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10
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Gao Q, Wang K, Chen K, Liang L, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Xiang J, Tang N. HBx protein-mediated ATOH1 downregulation suppresses ARID2 expression and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1328-1337. [PMID: 28498550 PMCID: PMC5497798 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. We previously showed that the tumor suppressor ARID2 inhibits hepatoma cell cycle progression and tumor growth. Here, we evaluated whether hepatitis B virus X protein was involved in the modulation of ARID2 expression and hepatocarcinogenesis associated with hepatitis B virus infection. ARID2 expression was downregulated in HBV‐replicative hepatoma cells, HBV transgenic mice, and HBV‐related clinical HCC tissues. The expression levels of HBx were negatively associated with those of ARID2 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Furthermore, HBx suppressed ARID2 at transcriptional level. Mechanistically, the promoter region of ARID2 gene inhibited by HBx was located at nt‐1040/nt‐601 and contained potential ATOH1 binding elements. In addition, ectopic expression of ATOH1 or mutation of ATOH1 binding sites within ARID2 promoter partially abolished HBx‐triggered ARID2 transcriptional repression. Functionally, ARID2 abrogated HBx‐enhanced migration and proliferation of hepatoma cells, whereas depletion of ATOH1 enhanced tumorigenecity of HCC cells. Therefore, our findings suggested that deregulation of ARID2 by HBx through ATOH1 may be involved in HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaqiu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (CCID), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Kong F, You H, Tang R, Zheng K. The regulation of proteins associated with the cytoskeleton by hepatitis B virus X protein during hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2514-2520. [PMID: 28454428 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major malignant disease worldwide, and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the primary causes for this type of cancer. Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is a non-structural protein encoded by the viral genome that has significant effects on the pathogenesis of HCC. With the development of high-throughput assays and technologies, the abnormal HBx-induced expression of certain cellular proteins with assorted biological functions has been investigated. These target proteins identified by various methods include specific proteins associated with the cellular cytoskeleton, which contribute to HBx-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. In addition, the cytoskeletal proteins deregulated by HBx are involved in cell morphogenesis, adhesion, migration and proliferation. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the expression profiles of HBx-associated cytoskeletal proteins, as well as their complex functions and underlying mechanisms in hepatocarcinogenesis. Considering that the potential therapeutics for various types of tumors may function through the stabilization of cytoskeletal proteins in order to restrict cellular movement and limit intracellular processes, clarifying the mechanisms underlying protein-associated cytoskeleton dysregulation by HBx may provide novel possibilities and potent therapeutic targets for HBV-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyun Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Hongjuan You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
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12
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Shrinet J, Srivastava P, Sunil S. Transcriptome analysis of Aedes aegypti in response to mono-infections and co-infections of dengue virus-2 and chikungunya virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 492:617-623. [PMID: 28161634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Dengue virus (DENV) spread via the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. Both these viruses exist as co-infections in the host as well as the vector and are known to exploit their cellular machinery for their replication. While there are studies reporting the changes in Aedes transcriptome when infected with DENV and CHIKV individually, the effect both these viruses have on the mosquitoes when present as co-infections is not clearly understood. In the present study, we infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with DENV and CHIKV individually and as co-infection through nanoinjections. We performed high throughput RNA sequencing of the infected Aedes aegypti to understand the changes in the Aedes transcriptome during the early stages of infection, i.e., 24 h post infection and compared the transcriptome profiles during DENV and CHIKV mono-infections with that of co-infections. We identified 190 significantly regulated genes identified in CHIKV infected library, 37 genes from DENV library and 100 genes from co-infected library and they were classified into different pathways. Our study reveal that distinct pathways and transcripts are being regulated during the three types of infection states in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Shrinet
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pratibha Srivastava
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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13
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Li W, Li M, Liao D, Lu X, Gu X, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Li H. Carboxyl-terminal truncated HBx contributes to invasion and metastasis via deregulating metastasis suppressors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:55110-55127. [PMID: 27391153 PMCID: PMC5342405 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx), a trans-regulator, is frequently expressed in truncated form without carboxyl-terminus in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its functional mechanisms are not fully defined. In this report, we investigated frequency of this natural HBx mutant in HCCs and its functional significance. In 102 HBV-infected patients with HCC, C-terminal truncation of HBx, in contrast to full-length HBx, were more prevalent in tumors (70.6%) rather than adjacent non-tumorous tissues (29.4%) (p = 0.0032). Furthermore, two naturally-occurring HBx variants (HBxΔ31), which have 31 amino acids (aa) deleted (codons 123-125/124-126) at C-terminus were identified in tumors and found that the presence of HBxΔ31 significantly correlated with intrahepatic metastasis. We also show that over-expression of HBxΔ31 enhanced hepatoma cell invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo compared to full-length HBx. Interestingly, HBxΔ31 exerts this function via down-regulating Maspin, RhoGDIα and CAPZB, a set of putative metastasis-suppressors in HCC, in part, by enhancing the binding of transcriptional repressor, myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ) to the promoters through physical association with MAZ. Notably, these HBxΔ31-repressed proteins were also significantly lower expression in a subset of HCC tissues with C-terminal HBx truncation than the adjacent non-tumorous tissues, highlighting the clinical significance of this novel HBxΔ31-driven metastatic molecular cascade. Our data suggest that C-terminal truncation of HBx, particularly breakpoints at 124aa, plays a role in enhancing hepatoma cell invasion and metastasis by deregulating a set of metastasis-suppressors partially through MAZ, thus uncovering a novel mechanism for the progression of HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital of Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatology, Hepatitis Research Room, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Dongjiang Liao
- Pathology Research Room, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xinpeng Lu
- Pathology Research Room, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xia Gu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatology, Hepatitis Research Room, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatology, Hepatitis Research Room, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatology, Hepatitis Research Room, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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14
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Wu Y, Zhang J, Zhang H, Zhai Y. Hepatitis B virus X protein mediates yes-associated protein 1 upregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1971-1974. [PMID: 27602122 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) is implicated in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) is an important proto-oncogene, which is a downstream effector molecule in the Hippo signaling pathway. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between HBx expression in HCC samples and YAP expression in the Hippo pathway. A total of 20 pathologically confirmed HCC samples, 20 corresponding adjacent non-tumor liver tissues and 5 normal liver tissue samples were collected. The expression of HBx and YAP in the tissues was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The intensity and location of YAP expression were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. YAP mRNA and protein expression levels in HCC samples infected with HBV were significantly higher than those of normal liver tissues. Furthermore, YAP expression was positively correlated with HBx expression in HBV-positive HCC samples. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that YAP was predominantly expressed in the nuclei in HBV-positive HCC tissues. YAP expression was significantly decreased in the normal liver tissue and corresponding adjacent liver tissue when compared with the HCC tissues and by contrast to HCC tissues, YAP was predominantly located in the cytoplasm. In conclusion, these results indicate that the YAP gene is a key driver of HBx-induced liver cancer. Therefore, YAP may present a novel target in the treatment of HBV-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanyang City Central Hospital, Nanyang, Henan 473000, P.R. China
| | - Junhe Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Huaihong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanyang City Central Hospital, Nanyang, Henan 473000, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Zhai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanyang City Central Hospital, Nanyang, Henan 473000, P.R. China
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15
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Jin J, Jung HY, Lee KH, Yi NJ, Suh KS, Jang JJ, Lee KB. Nuclear Expression of Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Is Associated with Recurrence of Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinomas: Role of Viral Protein in Tumor Recurrence. J Pathol Transl Med 2016; 50:181-9. [PMID: 27086597 PMCID: PMC4876087 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2016.03.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) plays well-known roles in tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in infected patients. However, HBV-associated protein status in tumor tissues and the relevance to tumor behavior has not been reported. Our study aimed to examine the expression of HBV-associated proteins in HCC and adjacent nontumorous tissue and their clinicopathologic implication in HCC patients. Methods: HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), HBV core antigen (HBcAg), and HBV X protein (HBx) were assessed in 328 HBV-associated HCCs and in 155 matched nontumorous tissues by immunohistochemistry staining. Results: The positive rates of HBsAg and cytoplasmic HBx staining in tumor tissue were lower than those in nontumorous tissue (7.3% vs. 57.4%, p < .001; 43.4% vs. 81.3%, p < .001). Conversely, nuclear HBx was detected more frequently in tumors than in nontumorous tissue (52.1% vs. 30.3%, p < .001). HCCs expressing HBsAg, HBcAg, or cytoplasmic HBx had smaller size; lower Edmondson-Steiner (ES) nuclear grade, pT stage, and serum alpha-fetoprotein, and less angioinvasion than HCCs not expressing HBV-associated proteins. Exceptionally, nuclear HBx-positive HCCs showed higher ES nuclear grade and more frequent large-vessel invasion than did nuclear HBx-negative HCCs. In survival analysis, only nuclear HBx-positive HCCs had shorter disease-free survival than nuclear HBx-negative HCCs in pT1 and ES nuclear grade 1–2 HCC subgroup (median, 126 months vs. 35 months; p = .015). Conclusions: Our data confirmed that expression of normal HBV-associated proteins generally decreases in tumor cells in comparison to nontumorous hepatocytes, with the exception of nuclear HBx, which suggests that nuclear HBx plays a role in recurrence of well-differentiated and early-stage HCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Yoen Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Ho Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam-Joon Yi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Suk Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja-June Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Bun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Ghosh A, Ghosh S, Dasgupta D, Ghosh A, Datta S, Sikdar N, Datta S, Chowdhury A, Banerjee S. Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Upregulates hELG1/ ATAD5 Expression through E2F1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:30-41. [PMID: 26722215 PMCID: PMC4679396 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise mechanism by which HBx protein of hepatitis B virus (HBV) impacts on hepato-carcinogenesis remain largely elusive despite strong evidences for its' involvement in the process. Here, we have investigated the role of HBx on expression of a novel gene hELG1/ATAD5, which is required for genome maintenance and its' importance in hepatocarcinogenesis. This study has for the first time showed that the expression of this gene was significantly higher in human cancer such as HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and in different HCC cell lines compared to normal liver. In addition, a significant elevation in ATAD5 expression was also found in HBx transfected HCC cell lines implicating HBx mediated transcriptional regulation on ATAD5. Using different deletion mutant constructs of putative promoter, the active promoter region was first identified here and subsequently the regulatory region of HBx was mapped by promoter-luciferase assay. But ChIP assay with anti-HBx antibody revealed that HBx was not physically present in ATAD5 transcription machinery whereas anti-E2F1 antibody showed the presence of E2F1 in the complex. Luciferase assay with E2F1 binding site mutant had further confirmed it. Moreover, both loss-and gain-of-function studies of ATAD5 showed that ATAD5 could enhance HBV production in transfected cells whereas knock down of ATAD5 increased the sensitivity of HCC cell line to chemotherapeutics 5-fluorouracil. Overall, this data suggests that a positive feedback loop regulation between ATAD5 and HBV contributed to both viral replication and chemo-resistance of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alip Ghosh
- 1. Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Suchandrima Ghosh
- 1. Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Debanjali Dasgupta
- 1. Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- 1. Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Somenath Datta
- 1. Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Simanti Datta
- 1. Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhijit Chowdhury
- 3. Department of Hepatology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Soma Banerjee
- 1. Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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17
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Niller HH, Ay E, Banati F, Demcsák A, Takacs M, Minarovits J. Wild type HBx and truncated HBx: Pleiotropic regulators driving sequential genetic and epigenetic steps of hepatocarcinogenesis and progression of HBV-associated neoplasms. Rev Med Virol 2015; 26:57-73. [PMID: 26593760 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the causative agents of hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis are complex. One of the host factors involved is apparently the long-lasting inflammatory reaction which accompanies chronic HBV infection. Although HBV lacks a typical viral oncogene, the HBx gene encoding a pleiotropic regulatory protein emerged as a major player in liver carcinogenesis. Here we review the tumorigenic functions of HBx with an emphasis on wild type and truncated HBx variants, and their role in the transcriptional dysregulation and epigenetic reprogramming of the host cell genome. We suggest that HBx acquired by the HBV genome during evolution acts like a cellular proto-onc gene that is activated by deletion during hepatocarcinogenesis. The resulting viral oncogene (v-onc gene) codes for a truncated HBx protein that facilitates tumor progression. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva Ay
- Department of Retrovirology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Banati
- RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Center, Mosonmagyarovar, Hungary
| | - Anett Demcsák
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maria Takacs
- Division of Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Minarovits
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Szeged, Hungary
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18
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Lu JW, Ho YJ, Yang YJ, Liao HA, Ciou SC, Lin LI, Ou DL. Zebrafish as a disease model for studying human hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12042-12058. [PMID: 26576090 PMCID: PMC4641123 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i42.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the world’s most common cancers and the second leading cause of cancer deaths. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a primary hepatic cancer, accounts for 90%-95% of liver cancer cases. The pathogenesis of HCC consists of a stepwise process of liver damage that extends over decades, due to hepatitis, fatty liver, fibrosis, and cirrhosis before developing fully into HCC. Multiple risk factors are highly correlated with HCC, including infection with the hepatitis B or C viruses, alcohol abuse, aflatoxin exposure, and metabolic diseases. Over the last decade, genetic alterations, which include the regulation of multiple oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes and the activation of tumorigenesis-related pathways, have also been identified as important factors in HCC. Recently, zebrafish have become an important living vertebrate model organism, especially for translational medical research. In studies focusing on the biology of cancer, carcinogen induced tumors in zebrafish were found to have many similarities to human tumors. Several zebrafish models have therefore been developed to provide insight into the pathogenesis of liver cancer and the related drug discovery and toxicology, and to enable the evaluation of novel small-molecule inhibitors. This review will focus on illustrative examples involving the application of zebrafish models to the study of human liver disease and HCC, through transgenesis, genome editing technology, xenografts, drug discovery, and drug-induced toxic liver injury.
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19
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Zhu R, Mok MTS, Kang W, Lau SSK, Yip WK, Chen Y, Lai PBS, Wong VWS, To KF, Sung JJY, Cheng ASL, Chan HLY. Truncated HBx-dependent silencing of GAS2 promotes hepatocarcinogenesis through deregulation of cell cycle, senescence and p53-mediated apoptosis. J Pathol 2015; 237:38-49. [PMID: 25925944 DOI: 10.1002/path.4554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a worldwide threat to public health, especially in China, where chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is found in 80-90% of all HCCs. The HBV-encoded X antigen (HBx) is a trans-regulatory protein involved in virus-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Although the carboxyl-terminus-truncated HBx, rather than the full-length counterpart, is frequently overexpressed in human HCCs, its functional mechanisms are not fully defined. We investigated the molecular function of a naturally occurring HBx variant which has 35 amino acids deleted at the C-terminus (HBxΔ35). Genome-wide scanning analysis and PCR validation identified growth arrest-specific 2 (GAS2) as a direct target of HBxΔ35 at transcriptional level in human immortalized liver cells. HBxΔ35 was found to bind the promoter region of GAS2 and attenuate its expression to promote hepatocellular proliferation and tumourigenicity. Further functional assays demonstrated that GAS2 induces p53-dependent apoptosis and senescence to counteract HBxΔ35-mediated tumourigenesis. Notably, GAS2 expression was significantly down-regulated in HCCs compared with the corresponding normal tissues. In conclusion, our integrated study uncovered a novel viral mechanism in hepatocarcinogenesis, wherein HBxΔ35 deregulates cell growth via direct silencing of GAS2 and thereby provides a survival advantage for pre-neoplastic hepatocytes to facilitate cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranxu Zhu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Myth T S Mok
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Suki S K Lau
- Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wing-Kit Yip
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yangchao Chen
- Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Paul B S Lai
- Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Vincent W S Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Alfred S L Cheng
- Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Henry L Y Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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20
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Zhao Y, Xue F, Sun J, Guo S, Zhang H, Qiu B, Geng J, Gu J, Zhou X, Wang W, Zhang Z, Tang N, He Y, Yu J, Xia Q. Genome-wide methylation profiling of the different stages of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma development in plasma cell-free DNA reveals potential biomarkers for early detection and high-risk monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2014; 6:30. [PMID: 25859288 PMCID: PMC4391300 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-6-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that has been described in southeast Asia includes the transition from chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) to liver cirrhosis (LC) and, finally, to HCC. The genome-wide methylation profiling of plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has not previously been used to assess HCC development. Using MethylCap-seq, we analyzed the genome-wide cfDNA methylation profiles by separately pooling healthy control (HC), CHB, LC and HCC samples and independently validating the library data for the tissue DNA and cfDNA by MSP, qMSP and Multiplex-BSP-seq. RESULTS The dynamic features of cfDNA methylation coincided with the natural course of HCC development. Data mining revealed the presence of 240, 272 and 286 differentially methylated genes (DMGs) corresponding to the early, middle and late stages of HCC progression, respectively. The validation of the DNA and cfDNA results in independent tissues identified three DMGs, including ZNF300, SLC22A20 and SHISA7, with the potential for distinguishing between CHB and LC as well as between LC and HCC. The area under the curve (AUC) ranged from 0.65 to 0.80, and the odds ratio (OR) values ranged from 5.18 to 14.2. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed highly dynamic cfDNA methylation profiles in support of HBV-related HCC development. We have identified a panel of DMGs that are predictive for the early, middle and late stages of HCC development, and these are potential markers for the early detection of HCC as well as the screening of high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, LN 2200/25,Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Feng Xue
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Jinfeng Sun
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute,Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, LN 2200/25,Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Bijun Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Junfeng Geng
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Jun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, LN 2200/25,Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices of NPFPC, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, LN 2200/25,Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, LN 2200/25,Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ning Tang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute,Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, LN 2200/25,Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yinghua He
- Shanghai Cancer Institute,Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, LN 2200/25,Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, LN 2200/25,Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
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21
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Mah WC, Thurnherr T, Chow PKH, Chung AYF, Ooi LLPJ, Toh HC, Teh BT, Saunthararajah Y, Lee CGL. Methylation profiles reveal distinct subgroup of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with poor prognosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104158. [PMID: 25093504 PMCID: PMC4122406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. However, the role of epigenetic changes such as aberrant DNA methylation in hepatocarcinogenesis remains largely unclear. In this study, we examined the methylation profiles of 59 HCC patients. Using consensus hierarchical clustering with feature selection, we identified three tumor subgroups based on their methylation profiles and correlated these subgroups with clinicopathological parameters. Interestingly, one tumor subgroup is different from the other 2 subgroups and the methylation profile of this subgroup is the most distinctly different from the non-tumorous liver tissues. Significantly, this subgroup of patients was found to be associated with poor overall as well as disease-free survival. To further understand the pathways modulated by the deregulation of methylation in HCC patients, we integrated data from both the methylation as well as the gene expression profiles of these 59 HCC patients. In these patients, while 4416 CpG sites were differentially methylated between the tumors compared to the adjacent non-tumorous tissues, only 536 of these CpG sites were associated with differences in the expression of their associated genes. Pathway analysis revealed that forty-four percent of the most significant upstream regulators of these 536 genes were involved in inflammation-related NFκB pathway. These data suggest that inflammation via the NFκB pathway play an important role in modulating gene expression of HCC patients through methylation. Overall, our analysis provides an understanding on aberrant methylation profile in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Way-Champ Mah
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Thurnherr
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pierce K. H. Chow
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - London L. P. J. Ooi
- Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yogen Saunthararajah
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Caroline G. L. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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22
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Xie N, Chen X, Zhang T, Liu B, Huang C. Using proteomics to identify the HBx interactome in hepatitis B virus: how can this inform the clinic? Expert Rev Proteomics 2013; 11:59-74. [PMID: 24308553 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.861745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small and enveloped DNA virus, of which chronic infection is the main risk factor of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is a multifunctional protein encoded by HBV genome, which have significant effects on HBV replication and pathogenesis. Through directly interacting with cellular proteins, HBx is capable to promote HBV replication, regulate transcription of host genes, disrupt protein degradation, modulate signaling pathway, manipulate cell death and deregulate cell cycle. In this review, we briefly discuss the diversified effects of HBx-interactome and their potential clinical significances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
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23
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Takao K, Kobayashi K, Hagihara H, Ohira K, Shoji H, Hattori S, Koshimizu H, Umemori J, Toyama K, Nakamura HK, Kuroiwa M, Maeda J, Atsuzawa K, Esaki K, Yamaguchi S, Furuya S, Takagi T, Walton NM, Hayashi N, Suzuki H, Higuchi M, Usuda N, Suhara T, Nishi A, Matsumoto M, Ishii S, Miyakawa T. Deficiency of schnurri-2, an MHC enhancer binding protein, induces mild chronic inflammation in the brain and confers molecular, neuronal, and behavioral phenotypes related to schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1409-25. [PMID: 23389689 PMCID: PMC3682135 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schnurri-2 (Shn-2), an nuclear factor-κB site-binding protein, tightly binds to the enhancers of major histocompatibility complex class I genes and inflammatory cytokines, which have been shown to harbor common variant single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with schizophrenia. Although genes related to immunity are implicated in schizophrenia, there has been no study showing that their mutation or knockout (KO) results in schizophrenia. Here, we show that Shn-2 KO mice have behavioral abnormalities that resemble those of schizophrenics. The mutant brain demonstrated multiple schizophrenia-related phenotypes, including transcriptome/proteome changes similar to those of postmortem schizophrenia patients, decreased parvalbumin and GAD67 levels, increased theta power on electroencephalograms, and a thinner cortex. Dentate gyrus granule cells failed to mature in mutants, a previously proposed endophenotype of schizophrenia. Shn-2 KO mice also exhibited mild chronic inflammation of the brain, as evidenced by increased inflammation markers (including GFAP and NADH/NADPH oxidase p22 phox), and genome-wide gene expression patterns similar to various inflammatory conditions. Chronic administration of anti-inflammatory drugs reduced hippocampal GFAP expression, and reversed deficits in working memory and nest-building behaviors in Shn-2 KO mice. These results suggest that genetically induced changes in immune system can be a predisposing factor in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Takao
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan,Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Katsunori Kobayashi
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Hagihara
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Koji Ohira
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shoji
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Satoko Hattori
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Hisatsugu Koshimizu
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Juzoh Umemori
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Keiko Toyama
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Hironori K Nakamura
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Mahomi Kuroiwa
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan,Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Molecular Neuroimaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kimie Atsuzawa
- Department of Anatomy II, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kayoko Esaki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shun Yamaguchi
- Division of Morphological Neuroscience, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Shigeki Furuya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takagi
- RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, Tsukuba, Japan,Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Noah M Walton
- Astellas Research Institute of America LLC, Skokie, IL, USA
| | - Nobuhiro Hayashi
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Molecular Neuroimaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuteru Usuda
- Department of Anatomy II, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Molecular Neuroimaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akinori Nishi
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan,Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | | | - Shunsuke Ishii
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan,Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan,Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan. Tel: +81 562 93 9375, Fax: +81 562 92 5328, E-mail:
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24
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Liu B, Wen X, Huang C, Wei Y. Unraveling the complexity of hepatitis B virus: from molecular understanding to therapeutic strategy in 50 years. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1987-96. [PMID: 23819994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a well-known hepadnavirus with a double-stranded circular DNA genome. Although HBV was first described approximately 50 years ago, the precise mechanisms of HBV infection and effective therapeutic strategies remain unclear. Here, we focus on summarizing the complicated mechanisms of HBV replication and infection, as well as genomic factors and epigenetic regulation. Additionally, we discuss in vivo models of HBV, as well as diagnosis, prevention and therapeutic drugs for HBV. Together, the data in this 50-year review may provide new clues to elucidate molecular mechanisms of HBV pathogenesis and shed new light on the future HBV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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25
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Zhang T, Xie N, He W, Liu R, Lei Y, Chen Y, Tang H, Liu B, Huang C, Wei Y. An integrated proteomics and bioinformatics analyses of hepatitis B virus X interacting proteins and identification of a novel interactor apoA-I. J Proteomics 2013; 84:92-105. [PMID: 23568022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED HBx is well-known to be a multifunctional protein encoded by HBV and its biological functions are mainly dependent on pleiotropic protein-protein interactions (PPIs); however, the global mapping of HBx-interactome has not been established so far. Thus, in this study, we have identified 127 HBx-interacting proteins by a profound GST pull-down assay coupled with mass spectrometry, and constructed an HBx-interactome network and core apoA-I pathways with a series of bioinformatics approaches. One of the identified HBx-binding partners is apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), which has a specific role in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. The HBx-apoA-I protein interaction was confirmed by both GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation. The ectopic overexpression of apoA-I can lead to a significant inhibition on HBV secretion concomitant with the reduction of cellular cholesterol level. In addition, HBV can modulate the function of apoA-I through HBx which might interact with the 44-189 residues of apoA-I and result in dysfunction of apoA-I such as decreased self-association ability, increased carbonyl level and impaired lipid-binding ability. Our results demonstrate an integrated physical association of HBx and host proteins, especially a novel interactor apoA-I that may influence the HBV secretion, which would shed new light on exploring the complicated mechanisms of HBV manipulation on host cellular functions. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE HBx is well-known to be a multifunctional protein encoded by HBV and its biological functions are mainly dependent on pleiotropic protein-protein interactions. Although a series of HBx-interacting proteins have been identified, a global characterization of HBx interactome has not been reported. In this study, we have identified a total of 127 HBx-interacting proteins by a profound GST pull-down assay coupled with mass spectrometry, and constructed an HBx-interactome network with a series of bioinformatics approaches. Our results demonstrate an integrated physical association of HBx and host proteins which may help us explore the complicated mechanisms of HBV manipulation on host cellular functions. In addition, we validated one of the identified HBx-binding partners, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), which played a significant inhibitory effect on HBV secretion, indicating a crucial role of the HBx-apoA-I axis in HBV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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26
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Johnson PJ. How do mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis (HBV, HCV, and NASH) affect our understanding and approach to HCC? Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2013:0011300132. [PMID: 23714479 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2013.33.e132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The major etiologic factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, are now well established by epidemiologic investigations. The mechanisms by which these factors result in HCC have been extensively investigated but have not, to date, resulted in the development of specific therapeutic interventions. Other frequently occurring dysregulated pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, are proving difficult to target, but there are early suggestions that patients with "MET-high" HCC may benefit from the c-MET inhibitor tivantinib. Chronic inflammation and consequent cell damage and regenerative proliferation are common to all etiologic factors, and emerging evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory agents such as aspirin deserve further investigation as preventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Johnson
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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27
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Zhang T, Zhang J, You X, Liu Q, Du Y, Gao Y, Shan C, Kong G, Wang Y, Yang X, Ye L, Zhang X. Hepatitis B virus X protein modulates oncogene Yes-associated protein by CREB to promote growth of hepatoma cells. Hepatology 2012; 56:2051-9. [PMID: 22707013 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) plays critical roles in the development of hepatocellular carcinogenesis (HCC). Yes-associated protein (YAP), a downstream effector of the Hippo-signaling pathway, is an important human oncogene. In the present article, we report that YAP is involved in the hepatocarcinogenesis mediated by HBx. We demonstrated that the expression of YAP was dramatically elevated in clinical HCC samples, hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected hepatoma HepG2.2.15 cell line, and liver cancer tissues of HBx-transgenic mice. Meanwhile, we found that overexpression of HBx resulted in the up-regulation of YAP in stably HBx-transfected HepG2/H7402 hepatoma cell lines, whereas HBx RNA interference reduced YAP expression in a dose-dependent manner in the above-mentioned cell lines, suggesting that HBx up-regulates YAP. Then, we investigated the mechanism underlying the up-regulation of YAP by HBx. Luciferase reporter gene assays revealed that the promoter region of YAP regulated by HBx was located at nt -232/+115 containing cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) element. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) demonstrated that HBx was able to bind to the promoter of YAP, whereas it failed to work when CREB was silenced. Moreover, we confirmed that HBx activated the YAP promoter through CREB by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and luciferase reporter gene assays. Surprisingly, we found that YAP short interfering RNA was able to remarkably block the HBx-enhanced growth of hepatoma cells in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION YAP is a key driver gene in HBx-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in a CREB-dependent manner. YAP may serve as a novel target in HBV-associated HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Cancer Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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28
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van Breugel PC, Robert EI, Mueller H, Decorsière A, Zoulim F, Hantz O, Strubin M. Hepatitis B virus X protein stimulates gene expression selectively from extrachromosomal DNA templates. Hepatology 2012; 56:2116-24. [PMID: 22744635 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for liver cancer development. HBV encodes the hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein that promotes transcription of the viral episomal DNA genome by the host cell RNA polymerase II. Here we provide evidence that HBx accomplishes this task by a conserved and unusual mechanism. Thus, HBx strongly stimulates expression of transiently transfected reporter constructs, regardless of the enhancer and promoter sequences. This activity invariably requires HBx binding to the cellular UV-damaged DDB1 E3 ubiquitin ligase, suggesting a common mechanism. Unexpectedly, none of the reporters tested is stimulated by HBx when integrated into the chromosome, despite remaining responsive to their cognate activators. Likewise, HBx promotes gene expression from the natural HBV episomal template but not from a chromosomally integrated HBV construct. The same was observed with the HBx protein of woodchuck HBV. HBx does not affect nuclear plasmid copy number and functions independently of CpG dinucleotide methylation. CONCLUSION We propose that HBx supports HBV gene expression by a conserved mechanism that acts specifically on episomal DNA templates independently of the nature of the cis-regulatory sequences. Because of its uncommon property and key role in viral transcription, HBx represents an attractive target for new antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter C van Breugel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre (C.M.U.), Geneva, Switzerland
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29
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Altered binding site selection of p53 transcription cassettes by hepatitis B virus X protein. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 33:485-97. [PMID: 23149944 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01189-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The key cellular regulator p53 is a common target of viral oncoproteins. However, the mechanism by which p53 transcription regulation is modulated by hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx), a transcription cofactor implicated in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is poorly understood. By integrating p53 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-on-chip and expression profiling of an HBx-expressing cell culture system, we report that HBx alters p53 binding site selectivity in the regulatory regions of genes, and this is associated with their aberrant expression. Using an HBx-deregulated gene, p53AIP1, as a model, we show that HBx aberrantly increases p53AIP1 expression by conferring p53 selectivity for a more conserved binding site in its regulatory region. We further demonstrate that HBx-deregulated increased p53AIP1 expression is relevant in HCC livers and define a functional role for p53AIP1 in mediating HBx-induced apoptosis in vitro. Significantly, we provide evidence that specific p53-associated transcription cofactors and coregulators are differentially recruited in the presence of HBx, effecting a PCAF-mediated "p53 Lys320 acetylation switch" that results in altered binding site selection of distinct p53 transcription cassettes. The findings here clarify the role of HBx in modulating p53 transcription regulation and provide a novel mechanistic insight into this deregulation.
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Zhang C, Gong L, Chen Y, Wang X, Zhu S, Li D, Pang Y, Yin Y, Liu X, Zhu N. A human-derived protein SBP (HBsAg-binding protein) can bind to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and enhance the immune response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine. Mol Immunol 2012; 53:60-71. [PMID: 22809814 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A high titer of antibody to HBsAg (Hepatitis B virus surface antigen) (anti-HBs) is a requisite for the prevention of HB (Hepatitis B), and adjuvants generally play a great role in eliciting special anti-HBs to HB vaccine. However, adjuvants still need to be improved because of their shortages such as unremarkable efficacy, undesirable side effect or poor security. In this study, we used HBsAg separated from HB patient sera to screen a human liver cDNA expression library, and found a novel HBsAg-binding protein (SBP), which is located at the human chromosome 14q32.33 and is similar to human IgG heavy chain in structure. Western blot demonstrated that SBP existed in both healthy human sera and HB patient sera. Furthermore, SBP could bind to HBsAg by its N-terminal domain. Notably, we confirmed that SBP could promote dendritic cells (DC) to phagocytize HBsAg more effectively and enhance the immunogenicity of HB vaccine, when SBP was mixed proportionally with HBsAg and the resulting mixture was infused into mice. These results suggest that SBP could be developed into a safe and promising adjuvant of HB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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31
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Wang C, Yang W, Yan HX, Luo T, Zhang J, Tang L, Wu FQ, Zhang HL, Yu LX, Zheng LY, Li YQ, Dong W, He YQ, Liu Q, Zou SS, Lin Y, Hu L, Li Z, Wu MC, Wang HY. Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) induces tumorigenicity of hepatic progenitor cells in 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine-treated HBx transgenic mice. Hepatology 2012; 55:108-20. [PMID: 21932402 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein is implicated in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated liver carcinogenesis. However, it remains unclear whether HBx-expressing hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are attributed to liver tumor formation. In this study, by using HBx transgenic mice and a 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-induced liver injury model, the relationship between HBx expression and tumorigenicity of HPCs was analyzed. Compared with control mice, an elevated number of EpCAM(+) cells with characteristics of HPCs was observed in HBx mice after 1 month and 4 months of DDC diet feeding. All HBx transgenic mice developed liver tumors characterized by histological features of both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma after 7 months of DDC feeding. Notably, EpCAM(+) HPCs isolated from premalignant HBx mice exposed to a DDC diet for 4 months formed subcutaneous mixed-lineage tumors (four out of six) in nonobese diabetic/severe-combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice, and none of the cells from wildtype (WT) induced tumor, indicating that HBx may induce malignant transformation of HPCs that contributes to tumorigenesis. We also found higher titers of circulating interleukin (IL)-6, activities of IL-6/STAT3, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in HBx transgenic mice, suggesting HBx may induce intrinsic changes in HPCs by way of the above signaling that enables HPCs with tumorigenicity potential. Finally, clinical evidence showed that high HBx expression in human HBV-related HCC was statistically associated with expansion of EpCAM(+) or OV6(+) tumor cells and aggressive clinicopathologic features. CONCLUSION HBx induces intrinsic cellular transformation promoting the expansion and tumorigenicity of HPCs in DDC-treated mice, which may be a possible origin for liver cancer induced by chronic hepatitis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
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Xia L, Tian D, Huang W, Zhu H, Wang J, Zhang Y, Hu H, Nie Y, Fan D, Wu K. Upregulation of IL-23 expression in patients with chronic hepatitis B is mediated by the HBx/ERK/NF-κB pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:753-64. [PMID: 22174449 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-23 is a newly discovered proinflammatory cytokine that contributes to the maintenance and expansion of Th17 cells. IL-23 has recently been identified as playing a critical role in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the regulatory mechanism of IL-23 in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains largely unknown. The aims of this study were to detect the expression of IL-23 in CHB patients and to explore the molecular mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced IL-23 expression. Serum levels and hepatic expression of IL-23 were significantly upregulated in CHB patients. A positive correlation was found between IL-23 expression and the histological activity index score, HBV DNA load, and serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. HBx protein increased IL-23 expression in a dose-dependent manner. It also aided in the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which directly bound to the promoters of IL-23 subunits p19 and p40 to facilitate their transcription. NF-κB inhibitors blocked the effect of HBx on IL-23 induction, and NF-κB subunits p65 and p50 increased the augmented IL-23 expression. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation and transfection with ERK dominant-negative plasmid significantly blocked the HBx-induced IL-23 expression. Furthermore, PI3K and Ras-MEK-MAPK inhibitors significantly decreased the ERK1/2 activation and IL-23 expression. Thus, we report a new molecular mechanism for HBV-induced IL-23 expression, which involves the activation of the ERK/NF-κB pathway by HBx, leading to the transactivation of the IL-23 p19 and p40 promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Yip WK, Cheng ASL, Zhu R, Lung RWM, Tsang DPF, Lau SSK, Chen Y, Sung JG, Lai PBS, Ng EKO, Yu J, Wong N, To KF, Wong VWS, Sung JJY, Chan HLY. Carboxyl-terminal truncated HBx regulates a distinct microRNA transcription program in hepatocellular carcinoma development. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22888. [PMID: 21829663 PMCID: PMC3150371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological pathways and functional properties by which misexpressed microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to liver carcinogenesis have been intensively investigated. However, little is known about the upstream mechanisms that deregulate miRNA expressions in this process. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx), a transcriptional trans-activator, is frequently expressed in truncated form without carboxyl-terminus but its role in miRNA expression and HCC development is unclear. METHODS Human non-tumorigenic hepatocytes were infected with lentivirus-expressing full-length and carboxyl-terminal truncated HBx (Ct-HBx) for cell growth assay and miRNA profiling. Chromatin immunoprecipitation microarray was performed to identify the miRNA promoters directly associated with HBx. Direct transcriptional control was verified by luciferase reporter assay. The differential miRNA expressions were further validated in a cohort of HBV-associated HCC tissues using real-time PCR. RESULTS Hepatocytes expressing Ct-HBx grew significantly faster than the full-length HBx counterparts. Ct-HBx decreased while full-length HBx increased the expression of a set of miRNAs with growth-suppressive functions. Interestingly, Ct-HBx bound to and inhibited the transcriptional activity of some of these miRNA promoters. Notably, some of the examined repressed-miRNAs (miR-26a, -29c, -146a and -190) were also significantly down-regulated in a subset of HCC tissues with carboxyl-terminal HBx truncation compared to their matching non-tumor tissues, highlighting the clinical relevance of our data. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Ct-HBx directly regulates miRNA transcription and in turn promotes hepatocellular proliferation, thus revealing a viral contribution of miRNA deregulation during hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Kit Yip
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alfred Sze-Lok Cheng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ranxu Zhu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Raymond Wai-Ming Lung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daisy Pui-Fong Tsang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Suki Shuk-Kei Lau
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yangchao Chen
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jonathan Gabriel Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Bo-San Lai
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Enders Kai-On Ng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nathalie Wong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vincent Wai-Sun Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joseph Jao-Yiu Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Henry Lik-Yuen Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been identified as a major risk factor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The pathogenesis of HBV-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis is, however, incompletely understood. Evidence suggests that the HBV X protein (HBx) plays a crucial role in HCC development. HBx is a multifunctional regulator that modulates transcription, signal transduction, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, protein degradation pathways, and genetic stability through interaction with host factors. This review describes the current state of knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of HBV-induced HCC, with a focus on the role of HBx in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Ann Ng
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Xiang WQ, Feng WF, Ke W, Sun Z, Chen Z, Liu W. Hepatitis B virus X protein stimulates IL-6 expression in hepatocytes via a MyD88-dependent pathway. J Hepatol 2011; 54:26-33. [PMID: 20937539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) has been implicated in HBV-associated carcinogenesis by activating signal transduction pathways and influencing gene transcription in liver cells. We aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms for HBx-induced production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), one of the major inflammatory mediators that stimulate hepatocellular carcinoma development. METHODS HBx was overexpressed in hepatic and hepatoma cell lines and IL-6 expression levels were measured by quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA. The activation of IRAK-1, ERKs/p38, and NF-κB was determined by Western blotting using specific anti-phosphoprotein antibodies. The role of MyD88 in these processes was analyzed by MyD88 RNAi and expression of an inactive MyD88 mutant. RESULTS Expression of HBx in hepatic and hepatoma cells led to a dramatic enhancement of IL-6 synthesis and secretion. Dysfunction of MyD88 in these cells prevented the HBx-triggered IL-6 production. HBx expression also activated downstream signaling proteins of MyD88 including IRAK-1, ERKs/p38, and NF-κB. Inactivation of these signaling molecules blocked IL-6 synthesis as well. HBx-stimulated the expression of MyD88. CONCLUSIONS In hepatocytes and hepatoma cells, HBx stimulates the production of IL-6 in a MyD88-dependent manner, indicating that parenchymal liver cells are an additional source of high levels of IL-6 in the HBV-infected liver microenvironment. HBx could be involved in HBV-mediated liver carcinogenesis, through this mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Wu ZJ, Zhu Y, Huang DR, Wang ZQ. Constructing the HBV-human protein interaction network to understand the relationship between HBV and hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:146. [PMID: 21078198 PMCID: PMC2999591 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies have clearly validated the association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients with chronic HBV infection are at increased risk of HCC, in particular those with active liver disease and cirrhosis. Methods We catalogued all published interactions between HBV and human proteins, identifying 250 descriptions of HBV and human protein interactions and 146 unique human proteins that interact with HBV proteins by text mining. Results Integration of this data set into a reconstructed human interactome showed that cellular proteins interacting with HBV are made up of core proteins that are interconnected with many pathways. A global analysis based on functional annotation highlighted the enrichment of cellular pathways targeted by HBV. Conclusions By connecting the cellular proteins targeted by HBV, we have constructed a central network of proteins associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, which might be to regard as the basis of a detailed map for tracking new cellular interactions, and guiding future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
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Wang Y, Lu Y, Toh ST, Sung WK, Tan P, Chow P, Chung AYF, Jooi LLP, Lee CGL. Lethal-7 is down-regulated by the hepatitis B virus x protein and targets signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. J Hepatol 2010; 53:57-66. [PMID: 20447714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pleiotropic hepatitis B virus (HBV) x protein (HBx), associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has been implicated in the deregulation of cellular gene expression at the transcriptional level. To date, it remains unknown if HBx regulates the expression of miRNAs which play important roles in gene-regulation at the post-transcriptional and/or translational level. METHODS miRNA microarrays were employed to compare the expression of cellular miRNAs in HBx-versus control-HepG2 cells. Reverse-transcription Taqman realtime-PCR was used to examine let-7a expression in normal liver as well as paired HCC-tumor and adjacent non-tumorous liver. Let-7a miRNA was functionally characterized in cells with transiently altered let-7a expression. The direct target of let-7a was identified in silico and validated using 3'UTR-reporter assay. RESULTS HBx up-regulates 7 and down-regulates 11 miRNAs, including the let-7 family. HBx expression was found to have a significant inverse correlation with the expression of the highly-expressed members of the let-7 family in HCC patients, highlighting the clinical relevance of our observations. Further characterization of let-7a, the most highly expressed let-7 family member, revealed that it negatively regulates cellular proliferation partly through targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). HBx-mediated down-regulation of let-7a and up-regulation of STAT3 supports cell proliferation in HBx cells. CONCLUSION This study thus represents the first demonstration of HBx's ability to deregulate cellular miRNA expression. The deregulation of the expression of the let-7 family of miRNAs by HBx may represent a potential novel pathway through which HBx acts to deregulate cell proliferation leading to hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Differential proteomics identification of HSP90 as potential serum biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:1423-33. [PMID: 20480028 PMCID: PMC2871124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11041423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to identify the potential biomarkers involved in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) carcinogenesis. A comparative proteomics approach was utilized to identify the differentially expressed proteins in the serum of 10 HCC patients and 10 controls. A total of 12 significantly altered proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Of the 12 proteins identified, HSP90 was one of the most significantly altered proteins and its over-expression in the serum of 20 HCC patients was confirmed using ELISA analysis. The observations suggest that HSP90 might be a potential biomarker for early diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring in the therapy of HCC. This work demonstrates that a comprehensive strategy of proteomic identification combined with further validation should be adopted in the field of cancer biomarker discovery.
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