1
|
Tripathi S, Gupta E, Galande S. Statins as anti-tumor agents: A paradigm for repurposed drugs. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e2078. [PMID: 38711272 PMCID: PMC11074523 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins, frequently prescribed medications, work by inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) in the mevalonate pathway to reduce cholesterol levels. Due to their multifaceted benefits, statins are being adapted for use as cost-efficient, safe and effective anti-cancer treatments. Several studies have shown that specific types of cancer are responsive to statin medications since they rely on the mevalonate pathway for their growth and survival. RECENT FINDINGS Statin are a class of drugs known for their potent inhibition of cholesterol production and are typically prescribed to treat high cholesterol levels. Nevertheless, there is growing interest in repurposing statins for the treatment of malignant neoplastic diseases, often in conjunction with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The mechanism behind statin treatment includes targeting apoptosis through the BCL2 signaling pathway, regulating the cell cycle via the p53-YAP axis, and imparting epigenetic modulations by altering methylation patterns on CpG islands and histone acetylation by downregulating DNMTs and HDACs respectively. Notably, some studies have suggested a potential chemo-preventive effect, as decreased occurrence of tumor relapse and enhanced survival rate were reported in patients undergoing long-term statin therapy. However, the definitive endorsement of statin usage in cancer therapy hinges on population based clinical studies with larger patient cohorts and extended follow-up periods. CONCLUSIONS The potential of anti-cancer properties of statins seems to reach beyond their influence on cholesterol production. Further investigations are necessary to uncover their effects on cancer promoting signaling pathways. Given their distinct attributes, statins might emerge as promising contenders in the fight against tumorigenesis, as they appear to enhance the efficacy and address the limitations of conventional cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Tripathi
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & EpigeneticsIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchPuneIndia
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & EpigeneticsIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchPuneIndia
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & EpigeneticsIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchPuneIndia
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Life SciencesShiv Nadar Institution of EminenceGautam Buddha NagarIndia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kang N, Ji Z, Li Y, Gao J, Wu X, Zhang X, Duan Q, Zhu C, Xu Y, Wen L, Shi X, Liu W. Metabolite-derived damage-associated molecular patterns in immunological diseases. FEBS J 2024; 291:2051-2067. [PMID: 37432883 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are typically derived from the endogenous elements of necrosis cells and can trigger inflammatory responses by activating DAMPs-sensing receptors on immune cells. Failure to clear DAMPs may lead to persistent inflammation, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of immunological diseases. This review focuses on a newly recognized class of DAMPs derived from lipid, glucose, nucleotide, and amino acid metabolic pathways, which are then termed as metabolite-derived DAMPs. This review summarizes the reported molecular mechanisms of these metabolite-derived DAMPs in exacerbating inflammation responses, which may attribute to the pathology of certain types of immunological diseases. Additionally, this review also highlights both direct and indirect clinical interventions that have been explored to mitigate the pathological effects of these DAMPs. By summarizing our current understanding of metabolite-derived DAMPs, this review aims to inspire future thoughts and endeavors on targeted medicinal interventions and the development of therapies for immunological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenglin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinfeng Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medical of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Wen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medical of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medical of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kiani M, Moraffah F, Khonsari F, Kharazian B, Dinarvand R, Shokrgozar MA, Atyabi F. Co-delivery of simvastatin and microRNA-21 through liposome could accelerates the wound healing process. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213658. [PMID: 37866233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The gene delivery approach, mainly microRNAs (miRNA) as key wound healing mediators, has recently received extensive attention. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) has strongly impacted wound healing by affecting the inflammation and proliferation phases. Previous studies have also demonstrated the beneficial effect of simvastatin on wound healing. Therefore, we designed a dual-drug/gene delivery system using PEGylated liposomes that could simultaneously attain the co-encapsulation and co-delivery of miRNA and simvastatin (SIM) to explore the combined effect of this dual-drug delivery system on wound healing. The PEG-liposomes for simvastatin and miR-21 plasmid (miR-21-P/SIM/Liposomes) were prepared using the thin-film hydration method. The liposomes showed 85 % entrapment efficiency for SIM in the lipid bilayer and high physical entrapment of miR-21-P in the inner cavity. In vitro studies demonstrated no cytotoxicity for the carrier on normal human dermal fibroblast cells (NHDF) and 97 % cellular uptake over 2 h incubation. The scratch test revealed excellent cell proliferation and migration after treatment with miR-21-P/SIM/Liposomes. For the in vivo experiments, a full-thickness cutaneous wound model was used. The wound closure on day 8 was higher for Liposomal formulation containing miR-21-P promoting faster re-epithelialization. On day 12, all treated groups showed complete wound closure. However, following histological analysis, the miR-21-P/SIM/Liposomes revealed the best tissue regeneration, similar to normal functional skin, by reduced inflammation and increased re-epithelialization, collagen deposition and angiogenesis. In conclusion, the designed miR-21-P/SIM/Liposomes could significantly accelerate the process of wound healing, which provides a new strategy for the management of chronic wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melika Kiani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moraffah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khonsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Kharazian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Pharmacy, De Mont Fort University, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pastar I, Balukoff NC, Marjanovic J, Chen VY, Stone RC, Tomic-Canic M. Molecular Pathophysiology of Chronic Wounds: Current State and Future Directions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041243. [PMID: 36123031 PMCID: PMC10024648 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Venous leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, and pressure ulcers are complex chronic wounds with multifactorial etiologies that are associated with high patient morbidity and mortality. Despite considerable progress in deciphering the pathologies of chronic wounds using "omics" approaches, considerable gaps in knowledge remain, and current therapies are often not efficacious. We provide a comprehensive overview of current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that impair healing and current knowledge on cell-specific dysregulation including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells and their contributions to impaired reepithelialization, inflammation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling that characterize chronic wounds. We also provide a rationale for further elucidation of ulcer-specific pathologic processes that can be therapeutically targeted to shift chronic nonhealing to acute healing wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller Medical School, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Nathan C Balukoff
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller Medical School, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Jelena Marjanovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller Medical School, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Vivien Y Chen
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller Medical School, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Rivka C Stone
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller Medical School, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller Medical School, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ding W, Xu S, Zhou B, Zhou R, Liu P, Hui X, Long Y, Su L. Dynamic Plasma Lipidomic Analysis Revealed Cholesterol Ester and Amides Associated with Sepsis Development in Critically Ill Patients after Cardiovascular Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111838. [PMID: 36579569 PMCID: PMC9693300 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sepsis in patients after cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has a high rate of mortality. We sought to determine whether changes in lipidomics can predict sepsis after cardiac surgery. Methods: We used high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to explore global lipidome changes in samples from a prospective case-control cohort (30 sepsis vs. 30 nonsepsis) hospitalized with cardiovascular surgery. All patients were sampled before and within 48−72 h after surgery. A bioinformatic pipeline was applied to acquire reliable features and MS/MS-driven identifications. Furthermore, a multiple-step machine learning framework was performed for signature discovery and performance evaluation. Results: Compared with preoperative samples, 94 features were upregulated and 282 features were downregulated in the postoperative samples of the sepsis group, and 73 features were upregulated and 265 features were downregulated in the postoperative samples of the nonsepsis group. “Autophagy”, “pathogenic Escherichia coli infection” and “glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis” pathways were significantly enriched in the pathway enrichment analysis. A multistep machine learning framework further confirmed that two cholesterol esters, CE (18:0) and CE (16:0), were significantly decreased in the sepsis group (p < 0.05). In addition, oleamide and stearamide were increased significantly in the postoperative sepsis group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study revealed characteristic lipidomic changes in the plasma of septic patients before and after cardiac surgery with CPB. We discovered two cholesterol esters and two amides from peripheral blood that could be promising signatures for sepsis within a dynamic detection between the preoperative and postoperative groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Ding
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shaohang Xu
- Deepxomics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Baojin Zhou
- Deepxomics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ruo Zhou
- Deepxomics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiangyi Hui
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yun Long
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Longxiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
El-Nabarawi M, Nafady M, Elmenshawe S, Elkarmalawy M, Teaima M. Liver Targeting of Daclatasvir via Tailoring Sterically Stabilized Bilosomes: Fabrication, Comparative In Vitro/In Vivo Appraisal and Biodistribution Studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6413-6426. [PMID: 34556987 PMCID: PMC8455511 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s319255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant public health concern that threatens millions of individuals worldwide. Daclatasvir (DAC) is a promising direct-acting antiviral approved for treating HCV infection around the world. The goal of this study was to encapsulate DAC into novel polyethylene glycol (PEG) decorated bilosomes (PEG-BILS) to achieve enhanced drug delivery to the liver. METHODS DAC-loaded BILS were primed by a thin film hydrating technique. The study of the impact of various formulation variables on the properties of BILS and selection of the optimal formulation was generated using Design-Expert® software. The optimum preparation was then pegylated via the incorporation of PEG-6-stearate (5% w/w, with respect to the lipid phase). RESULTS The optimum PEG-BILS formulation, containing PL:SDC ratio (5:1), 5 mg cholesterol, and 30 min sonication, yielded spherical vesicles in the nanoscale (200±15.2 nm), elevated percent of entrapment efficiency (95.5±7.77%), and a sustained release profile of DAC with 35.11±2.3% release. In vivo and drug distribution studies revealed an enhanced hepatocellular delivery of DAC-loaded PEG-BILS compared to DAC-unPEG-BILS and DAC suspension, where DAC-PEG-BILS achieved 1.19- and 1.54 times the AUC0-24 of DAC-unPEG-BILS and DAC suspension, respectively. Compared with DAC-unPEG-BILS and DAC suspension, DAC-PEG-BILS delivered about 2 and 3 times higher DAC into the liver, respectively. CONCLUSION The innovative encapsulation of DAC-PEG-BILS has a great potential for liver targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Nabarawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nafady
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Shahira Elmenshawe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marwa Elkarmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University of Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Teaima
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sanda K, Ayukawa Y, Yasunami N, Adachi N, Furuhashi A, Imai M, Matsunaka K, Koyano K. Therapeutic effect of fluvastatin on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Periodontol 2021; 93:837-846. [PMID: 34510440 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractory jaw osteonecrosis that occurs in osteoporotic or cancer patients treated with bisphosphonates is called medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw but its underlying mechanism is unclear. Statins, therapeutic agents for dyslipidemia, lower blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Fluvastatin promotes the healing of tooth extraction sockets and reduces the risk of developing medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw-like lesions. We used a rat model to investigate whether injecting fluvastatin at extraction sites promoted the healing of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw-like lesions. METHODS Upper first molars of rats administered zoledronate and dexamethasone for 2 weeks were extracted. Two weeks after tooth extraction, rats with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw-like lesions (bone exposure) were included in this study. A single injection of fluvastatin was administered in the vicinity of the medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw-like onset site in rats. RESULTS The distance between the edges of the epithelia, the length of the necrotic bone exposed toward the oral cavity, the area of the necrotic bone, and the necrotic bone ratio were significantly smaller in the fluvastatin-administered group compared with the saline group. A single application of fluvastatin near the site of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw onset showed a tendency to close the epithelium, reduce necrotic bone, and form new bone, even when symptoms had already developed. CONCLUSION This study suggests that a single topical administration of fluvastatin may be a novel treatment for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koma Sanda
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ayukawa
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Yasunami
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naomi Adachi
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Furuhashi
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikio Imai
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Matsunaka
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Koyano
- Division of Advanced Dental Devices and Therapeutics, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu H, Shen Y, Liang C, Wang H, Huang J, Xue P, Luo M. Inhibition of the mevalonate pathway improves myocardial fibrosis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:224. [PMID: 33603833 PMCID: PMC7851600 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mevalonate (MVA) pathway serves an important role in ventricular remodeling. Targeting the MVA pathway has protective effects against myocardial fibrosis. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism behind these effects. Primary cultured cardiac fibroblasts from C57BL/6 mice were treated in vitro in 5 groups: i) negative control; ii) angiotensin II (Ang II) model (1x10-5 mol/l); iii) Ang II + rosuvastatin (ROS); iv) Ang II + alendronate (ALE); and v) Ang II + fasudil (FAS). Collagen and crystal violet staining were used to assess morphological changes in cardiac fibroblasts. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to analyze the expression of key signaling molecules involved in the MVA pathway. Collagen staining in the ALE, FAS, and ROS groups was weak compared with the Ang II group, while the rate of cell proliferation in the ROS, ALE, and FAS groups was slower compared with that in the Ang II group. In addition, the expression of key signaling molecules in the MVA pathway, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), collagen type I α1 (COL1A1), vascular endothelial growth factor 2 (VEGF2) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), was decreased in the FAS and ROS groups compared with the Ang II model. Compared with the Ang II group, 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) gene expression was significantly lowered in the drug intervention groups, whereas farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FDPS) expression was downregulated in the ALE group, but elevated in the FAS and ROS groups. Compared with that in the Ang II group, ras homolog family member A (RhoA) expression was downregulated in the FAS and ROS groups, whilst mevalonate kinase expression was reduced in the ROS group. Protein expression of TGF-β1, COL1A1 and HSP47 were decreased following intervention with each of the three drugs compared with the Ang II group. Overall, rosuvastatin, aledronate and fasudil decreased the proliferation of myocardial fibroblasts and inhibited collagen synthesis. Rosuvastatin had the strongest protective effects against myocardial fibrosis compared with the other drugs tested, suggesting this to be a potential agent for the clinical treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Chenyu Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Junling Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Pengcheng Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Awasthi A, Singh SK, Kumar B, Gulati M, Kumar R, Wadhwa S, Khursheed R, Corrie L, Kr A, Kumar R, Patni P, Kaur J, Vishwas S, Yadav A. Treatment Strategies Against Diabetic Foot Ulcer: Success so Far and the Road Ahead. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:421-436. [PMID: 33143613 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816999201102125537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the leading complications of type-2 diabetes mellitus. It is associated with neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease of the lower limb in patients with diabetes. There are four stages of wound healing, namely hemostasis phase, inflammatory phase, proliferative phase and maturation phase. In the case of DFU, all these stages are disturbed which lead to delay in healing and consequently to lower limb amputation. Conventional dosage forms like tablets, creams, ointments, gels and capsules have been used for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer for many years. INTRODUCTION In this review, the global prevalence as well as etiopathogenesis related to diabetic foot ulcer have been discussed. The potential role of various synthetic and herbal drugs, as well as their conventional dosage forms in the effective management of DFU have been discussed in detail. METHODS Structured search of bibliographic databases from previously published peer-reviewed research papers was explored and data has been represented in terms of various approaches that are used for the treatment of DFU. RESULTS About 148 papers, including both research and review articles, were included in this review to produce a comprehensive as well as a readily understandable article. A series of herbal and synthetic drugs have been discussed along with their current status of treatment in terms of dose and mechanism of action. CONCLUSION DFU has become one of the most common complications in patients having diabetes for more than ten years. Hence, understanding the root cause and its successful treatment is a big challenge because it depends upon multiple factors such as the judicious selection of drugs as well as proper control of blood sugar level. Most of the drugs that have been used so far either belong to the category of antibiotics, antihyperglycaemic or they have been repositioned. In clinical practice, much focus has been given to dressings that have been used to cover the ulcer. The complete treatment of DFU is still a farfetched dream to be achieved and it is expected that combination therapy of herbal and synthetic drugs with multiple treatment pathways could be able to offer better management of DFU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Awasthi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Bimlesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Sheetu Wadhwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Rubiya Khursheed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Leander Corrie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Arya Kr
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Rajan Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja Patni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Jaskiran Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Ankit Yadav
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paus R, Ramot Y, Kirsner RS, Tomic-Canic M. Topical L-thyroxine: The Cinderella among hormones waiting to dance on the floor of dermatological therapy? Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:910-923. [PMID: 32682336 PMCID: PMC7722149 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Topical hormone therapy with natural or synthetic ligands of nuclear hormone receptors such as glucocorticoids, vitamin D analogues and retinoids has a long and highly successful tradition in dermatology. Yet the dermatological potential of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) agonists has been widely ignored, despite abundant clinical, cell and molecular biology, mouse in vivo, and human skin and hair follicle organ culture data documenting a role of TR-mediated signalling in skin physiology and pathology. Here, we review this evidence, with emphasis on wound healing and hair growth, and specifically highlight the therapeutic potential of repurposing topical L-thyroxine (T4) for selected applications in future dermatological therapy. We underscore the known systemic safety and efficacy profile of T4 in clinical medicine, and the well-documented impact of thyroid hormones on, for example, human epidermal and hair follicle physiology, hair follicle epithelial stem cells and pigmentation, keratin expression, mitochondrial energy metabolism and wound healing. On this background, we argue that short-term topical T4 treatment deserves careful further preclinical and clinical exploration for repurposing as a low-cost, effective and widely available dermatotherapeutic, namely in the management of skin ulcers and telogen effluvium, and that its predictable adverse effects are well-manageable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
| | - Yuval Ramot
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Robert S. Kirsner
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Provesicular elastic carriers of Simvastatin for enhanced wound healing activity: An in-vitro/in-vivo study. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
12
|
Lim Y, Lee H, Woodby B, Valacchi G. Ozonated Oils and Cutaneous Wound Healing. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2264-2278. [PMID: 31267858 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190702100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wound tissue repair is a complex and dynamic process of restoring cellular structures and tissue layers. Improvement in this process is necessary to effectively treat several pathologies characterized by a chronic delayed wound closure, such as in diabetes, and the investigation of new approaches aimed to ameliorate the wound healing process is under continuous evolution. Recently, the usage of vegetable matrices in the form of ozonated oils has been proposed, and several researchers have shown positive effects on wound healing, due to the bactericidal, antiviral, and antifungal properties of these ozonated oils. In the present review, we intend to summarize the actual state of the art of the topical usage of ozonated oil in cutaneous wounds with special emphasis to the importance of the ozonated degree of the oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunsook Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Heaji Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Brittany Woodby
- Plant for Human Health Institute, Kannapolis Research Center, North Carolina State University, 28081, NC, United States
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.,Plant for Human Health Institute, Kannapolis Research Center, North Carolina State University, 28081, NC, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Adachi N, Ayukawa Y, Yasunami N, Furuhashi A, Imai M, Sanda K, Atsuta I, Koyano K. Preventive effect of fluvastatin on the development of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5620. [PMID: 32221325 PMCID: PMC7101417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) occurs in patients undergoing oral surgery while medicated with bisphosphonate, denosumab or anti-angiogenic agents. We employed a MRONJ-like rat model to investigate whether injecting fluvastatin at extraction sites prevents MRONJ-like lesion. A MRONJ-like model was created by treating rats with zoledronate and dexamethasone, extracting teeth, and immediately injecting fluvastatin at the extraction site. The experimental group comprised three subgroups treated with low (0.1 mg/kg; FS-L), medium (1.0 mg/kg; FS-M) and high concentrations (10 mg/kg; FS-H) of fluvastatin. Necrotic bone exposure was significantly lower in the FS-M (p = 0.028) and FS-H (p = 0.041) groups than in the MRONJ group. The distance between the edges of the epithelial surfaces was significantly shorter in the FS-M (p = 0.042) and FS-H (p = 0.041) groups. The area of necrotic bone and the necrotic bone ratio were significantly smaller in the FS-H group (p = 0.041 and p = 0.042 respectively). Bone volume fraction calculated on μ-CT images was significantly larger in the FS-H group than in the MRONJ group (p = 0.021). Our findings suggest that a single local injection of fluvastatin following tooth extraction can potentially reduce the chance of developing MRONJ-like lesion in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Adachi
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ayukawa
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Noriyuki Yasunami
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Reconstructive Science, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, CT, USA
| | - Akihiro Furuhashi
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikio Imai
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koma Sanda
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ikiru Atsuta
- Division of Advanced Dental Devices and Therapeutics, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Koyano
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jozic I, Sawaya AP, Pastar I, Head CR, Wong LL, Glinos GD, Wikramanayake TC, Brem H, Kirsner RS, Tomic-Canic M. Pharmacological and Genetic Inhibition of Caveolin-1 Promotes Epithelialization and Wound Closure. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1992-2004. [PMID: 31409528 PMCID: PMC6838864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds-including diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers-represent a major health problem that demands an urgent solution and new therapies. Despite major burden to patients, health care professionals, and health care systems worldwide, there are no efficacious therapies approved for treatment of chronic wounds. One of the major obstacles in achieving wound closure in patients is the lack of epithelial migration. Here, we used multiple pre-clinical wound models to show that Caveolin-1 (Cav1) impedes healing and that targeting Cav1 accelerates wound closure. We found that Cav1 expression is significantly upregulated in wound edge biopsies of patients with non-healing wounds, confirming its healing-inhibitory role. Conversely, Cav1 was absent from the migrating epithelium and is downregulated in acutely healing wounds. Specifically, Cav1 interacted with membranous glucocorticoid receptor (mbGR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner to inhibit cutaneous healing. However, pharmacological disruption of caveolae by MβCD or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Cav1 knockdown resulted in disruption of Cav1-mbGR and Cav1-EGFR complexes and promoted epithelialization and wound healing. Our data reveal a novel mechanism of inhibition of epithelialization and wound closure, providing a rationale for pharmacological targeting of Cav1 as potential therapy for patients with non-healing chronic wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jozic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Andrew P Sawaya
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Cheyanne R Head
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lulu L Wong
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - George D Glinos
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Tongyu Cao Wikramanayake
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Harold Brem
- Division of Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, RWJBarnabas Health, Newark, NJ 07112, USA
| | - Robert S Kirsner
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bratt JM, Chang KY, Rabowsky M, Franzi LM, Ott SP, Filosto S, Goldkorn T, Arif M, Last JA, Kenyon NJ, Zeki AA. Farnesyltransferase Inhibition Exacerbates Eosinophilic Inflammation and Airway Hyperreactivity in Mice with Experimental Asthma: The Complex Roles of Ras GTPase and Farnesylpyrophosphate in Type 2 Allergic Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:3840-3856. [PMID: 29703864 PMCID: PMC5964018 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ras, a small GTPase protein, is thought to mediate Th2-dependent eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. Ras requires cell membrane association for its biological activity, and this requires the posttranslational modification of Ras with an isoprenyl group by farnesyltransferase (FTase) or geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase). We hypothesized that inhibition of FTase using FTase inhibitor (FTI)-277 would attenuate allergic asthma by depleting membrane-associated Ras. We used the OVA mouse model of allergic inflammation and human airway epithelial (HBE1) cells to determine the role of FTase in inflammatory cell recruitment. BALB/c mice were first sensitized then exposed to 1% OVA aerosol or filtered air, and half were injected daily with FTI-277 (20 mg/kg per day). Treatment of mice with FTI-277 had no significant effect on lung membrane-anchored Ras, Ras protein levels, or Ras GTPase activity. In OVA-exposed mice, FTI-277 treatment increased eosinophilic inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and airway hyperreactivity. Human bronchial epithelial (HBE1) cells were pretreated with 5, 10, or 20 μM FTI-277 prior to and during 12 h IL-13 (20 ng/ml) stimulation. In HBE1 cells, FTase inhibition with FTI-277 had no significant effect on IL-13-induced STAT6 phosphorylation, eotaxin-3 peptide secretion, or Ras translocation. However, addition of exogenous FPP unexpectedly augmented IL-13-induced STAT6 phosphorylation and eotaxin-3 secretion from HBE1 cells without affecting Ras translocation. Pharmacological inhibition of FTase exacerbates allergic asthma, suggesting a protective role for FTase or possibly Ras farnesylation. FPP synergistically augments epithelial eotaxin-3 secretion, indicating a novel Ras-independent farnesylation mechanism or direct FPP effect that promotes epithelial eotaxin-3 production in allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Bratt
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
| | - Kevin Y Chang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
| | - Michelle Rabowsky
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
| | - Lisa M Franzi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
| | - Sean P Ott
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
| | - Simone Filosto
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Signal Transduction, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Tzipora Goldkorn
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Signal Transduction, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
| | - Jerold A Last
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
| | - Amir A Zeki
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Glinos GD, Verne SH, Aldahan AS, Liang L, Nouri K, Elliot S, Glassberg M, Cabrera DeBuc D, Koru-Sengul T, Tomic-Canic M, Pastar I. Optical coherence tomography for assessment of epithelialization in a human ex vivo wound model. Wound Repair Regen 2018; 25:1017-1026. [PMID: 29235208 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ex vivo human skin wound model is a widely accepted model to study wound epithelialization. Due to a lack of animal models that fully replicate human conditions, the ex vivo model is a valuable tool to study mechanisms of wound reepithelialization, as well as for preclinical testing of novel therapeutics. The current standard for assessment of wound healing in this model is histomorphometric analysis, which is labor intensive, time consuming, and requires multiple biological and technical replicates in addition to assessment of different time points. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging noninvasive imaging technology originally developed for noninvasive retinal scans that avoids the deleterious effects of tissue processing. This study investigated OCT as a novel method for assessing reepithelialization in the human ex vivo wound model. Excisional ex vivo wounds were created, maintained at air-liquid interface, and healing progression was assessed at days 4 and 7 with OCT and histology. OCT provided adequate resolution to identify the epidermis, the papillary and reticular dermis, and importantly, migrating epithelium in the wound bed. We have deployed OCT as a noninvasive tool to produce, longitudinal "optical biopsies" of ex vivo human wound healing process, and we established an optimal quantification method of re-epithelialization based on en face OCT images of the total wound area. Pairwise statistical analysis of OCT and histology based quantifications for the rate of epithelialization have shown the feasibility and superiority of OCT technology for noninvasive monitoring of human wound epithelialization. Furthermore, we have utilized OCT to evaluate therapeutic potential of allogeneic adipose stem cells revealing their ability to promote reepithelialization in human ex vivo wounds. OCT technology is promising for its applications in wound healing and evaluation of novel therapeutics in both the laboratory and the clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George D Glinos
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Miami, Florida
| | - Sebastian H Verne
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Adam S Aldahan
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Miami, Florida
| | - Keyvan Nouri
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Sharon Elliot
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Marilyn Glassberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Delia Cabrera DeBuc
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Tulay Koru-Sengul
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Miami, Florida
| | - Irena Pastar
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sawaya AP, Pastar I, Stojadinovic O, Lazovic S, Davis SC, Gil J, Kirsner RS, Tomic-Canic M. Topical mevastatin promotes wound healing by inhibiting the transcription factor c-Myc via the glucocorticoid receptor and the long non-coding RNA Gas5. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1439-1449. [PMID: 29158265 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), a life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, have limited treatment options, often resulting in amputations. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as statins are cholesterol-reducing agents that may provide a new therapeutic option. Statins target the cholesterol pathway and block the synthesis of the wound-healing inhibitors farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and cortisol, ligands for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Here we demonstrate that the naturally occurring statin mevastatin reverses FPP's effects and promotes healing by using in vitro wound healing assays, human ex vivo and porcine in vivo wound models, and DFU tissue. Moreover, we measured cortisol levels by ELISA and found that mevastatin inhibited cortisol synthesis in keratinocytes and biopsies from patients with DFU. Of note, topical mevastatin stimulated epithelialization and angiogenesis in vivo Mevastatin also reversed FPP-mediated induction of the GR target, the transcription factor c-Myc (a biomarker of non-healing wounds), in porcine and human wound models. Importantly, mevastatin reversed c-Myc overexpression in DFUs. It induced expression of the long noncoding RNA Gas5 that blocks c-Myc expression, which was confirmed by overexpression studies. We conclude that topical mevastatin accelerates wound closure by promoting epithelialization via multiple mechanisms: modulation of GR ligands and induction of the long noncoding RNA Gas5, leading to c-Myc inhibition. In light of these findings, we propose that repurposing statin drugs for topical treatment of DFUs may offer another option for managing this serious condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Sawaya
- From the Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program and.,Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136.,the Immunology, Infection, and Inflammation Graduate Program, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia, and
| | - Sonja Lazovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Stephen C Davis
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Joel Gil
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Robert S Kirsner
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136.,the Wound Healing Clinical Research Program, University of Miami Hospital, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- From the Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program and .,Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136.,the Wound Healing Clinical Research Program, University of Miami Hospital, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida 33136
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ko HHT, Lareu RR, Dix BR, Hughes JD. Statins: antimicrobial resistance breakers or makers? PeerJ 2017; 5:e3952. [PMID: 29085751 PMCID: PMC5659212 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The repurposing of non-antibiotic drugs as adjuvant antibiotics may help break antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Statins are commonly prescribed worldwide to lower cholesterol. They also possess qualities of AMR “breakers”, namely direct antibacterial activity, synergism with antibiotics, and ability to stimulate the host immune system. However, statins’ role as AMR breakers may be limited. Their current extensive use for cardiovascular protection might result in selective pressures for resistance, ironically causing statins to be AMR “makers” instead. This review examines statins’ potential as AMR breakers, probable AMR makers, and identifies knowledge gaps in a statin-bacteria-human-environment continuum. The most suitable statin for repurposing is identified, and a mechanism of antibacterial action is postulated based on structure-activity relationship analysis. Methods A literature search using keywords “statin” or “statins” combined with “minimum inhibitory concentration” (MIC) was performed in six databases on 7th April 2017. After screening 793 abstracts, 16 relevant studies were identified. Unrelated studies on drug interactions; antifungal or antiviral properties of statins; and antibacterial properties of mevastatin, cerivastatin, antibiotics, or natural products were excluded. Studies involving only statins currently registered for human use were included. Results Against Gram-positive bacteria, simvastatin generally exerted the greatest antibacterial activity (lowest MIC) compared to atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and fluvastatin. Against Gram-negative bacteria, atorvastatin generally exhibited similar or slightly better activity compared to simvastatin, but both were more potent than rosuvastatin and fluvastatin. Discussion Statins may serve as AMR breakers by working synergistically with existing topical antibiotics, attenuating virulence factors, boosting human immunity, or aiding in wound healing. It is probable that statins’ mechanism of antibacterial activity involves interference of bacterial cell regulatory functions via binding and disrupting cell surface structures such as wall teichoic acids, lipoteichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, and/or surface proteins. The widespread use of statins for cardiovascular protection may favor selective pressures or co-selection for resistance, including dysbiosis of the human gut microbiota, sublethal plasma concentrations in bacteremic patients, and statin persistence in the environment, all possibly culminating in AMR. Conclusion Simvastatin appears to be the most suitable statin for repurposing as a novel adjuvant antibiotic. Current evidence better supports statins as potential AMR breakers, but their role as plausible AMR makers cannot be excluded. Elucidating the mechanism of statins’ antibacterial activity is perhaps the most important knowledge gap to address as this will likely clarify statins’ role as AMR breakers or makers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey H T Ko
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI) Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ricky R Lareu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI) Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brett R Dix
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeffery D Hughes
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gulliver LSM. Xenobiotics and the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 319:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
20
|
Wang C, Yang P, Yang S, Hsieh K, Tseng S, Lin Y. Topical simvastatin promotes healing of Staphylococcus aureus-contaminated cutaneous wounds. Int Wound J 2016; 13:1150-1157. [PMID: 25752328 PMCID: PMC7950148 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wounds are prompt to be contaminated by bacteria, but the clinical benefits of applying antibiotics and antiseptics in wound management have not been proven. Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors commonly used to lower cholesterol levels. Studies indicated that statins, especially simvastatin, promote wound healing in experimental models. As Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important microorganism responsible for wound infections, the aims of this study were to characterise the anti-staphylococcal activity of simvastatin and to evaluate the application of simvastatin as a topical therapy for S. aureus-contaminated wounds. In the present study, simvastatin was bacteriostatic against S. aureus at sub-inhibitory concentrations up to 8 hours after exposure. Further increased concentrations of simvastatin above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) did not enhance the growth inhibitory effect. By contrast, the ability of simvastatin to inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation was concentration dependent. Topical application of simvastatin at its MIC against S. aureus accelerated the healing and bacterial clearance of S. aureus-contaminated wounds in an excisional mice wound model. This effective concentration is well below the safe concentration for topical use. Collectively, topical application of simvastatin has the potential as a novel modality for managing wound infections and promoting wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of PharmacyKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- PhD Program of Toxicology, College of PharmacyKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Po‐Wei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of PharmacyKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Sheau‐Fang Yang
- Department of PathologyKaohsiung Municipal Ta‐Tung HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of PathologyKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Kun‐Pin Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of PharmacyKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Sung‐Pin Tseng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and BiotechnologyKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Ying‐Chi Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of PharmacyKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- PhD Program of Toxicology, College of PharmacyKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liang L, Stone RC, Stojadinovic O, Ramirez H, Pastar I, Maione AG, Smith A, Yanez V, Veves A, Kirsner RS, Garlick JA, Tomic-Canic M. Integrative analysis of miRNA and mRNA paired expression profiling of primary fibroblast derived from diabetic foot ulcers reveals multiple impaired cellular functions. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:943-953. [PMID: 27607190 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are one of the major complications of diabetes. Its molecular pathology remains poorly understood, impeding the development of effective treatments. Although it has been established that multiple cell types, including fibroblasts, keratinocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells, all contribute to inhibition of healing, less is known regarding contributions of individual cell type. Thus, we generated primary fibroblasts from nonhealing DFUs and evaluated their cellular and molecular properties in comparison to nondiabetic foot fibroblasts (NFFs). Specifically, we analyzed both micro-RNA and mRNA expression profiles of primary DFU fibroblasts. Paired genomic analyses identified a total of 331 reciprocal miRNA-mRNA pairs including 21 miRNAs (FC > 2.0) along with 239 predicted target genes (FC > 1.5) that are significantly and differentially expressed. Of these, we focused on three miRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-145-5p) that were induced in DFU fibroblasts as most differentially regulated. The involvement of these microRNAs in wound healing was investigated by testing the expression of their downstream targets as well as by quantifying cellular behaviors in prospectively collected and generated cell lines from 15 patients (seven DFUF and eight NFF samples). We found large number of downstream targets of miR-21-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-145-5p to be coordinately regulated in mRNA profiles, which was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Pathway analysis on paired miRNA-mRNA profiles predicted inhibition of cell movement and cell proliferation, as well as activation of cell differentiation and senescence in DFU fibroblasts, which was confirmed by cellular assays. We concluded that induction of miR-21-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-145-5p in DFU dermal fibroblasts plays an important role in impairing multiple cellular functions, thus contributing to overall inhibition of healing in DFUs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liang
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (UMMSOM), Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program
| | - Rivka C Stone
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (UMMSOM), Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (UMMSOM), Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program.,Wound Healing Clinical Research Program, UM Health System, Miami, Florida
| | - Horacio Ramirez
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (UMMSOM), Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program.,Human Genomics and Genetics Graduate Program, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Irena Pastar
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (UMMSOM), Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program
| | - Anna G Maione
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, School of Engineering, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Avi Smith
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (UMMSOM), Miami, Florida
| | - Vanessa Yanez
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (UMMSOM), Miami, Florida
| | | | - Robert S Kirsner
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (UMMSOM), Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program.,Wound Healing Clinical Research Program, UM Health System, Miami, Florida
| | - Jonathan A Garlick
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, School of Engineering, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (UMMSOM), Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program.,Wound Healing Clinical Research Program, UM Health System, Miami, Florida.,Human Genomics and Genetics Graduate Program, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.,John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (UMMSOM), Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Re-Epithelialization of Pathological Cutaneous Wounds Is Improved by Local Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2080-2089. [PMID: 27262545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cutaneous wound healing is a social burden. It occurs as a consequence of glucocorticoid treatment in several pathologies. Glucocorticoids (GC) bind not only to the glucocorticoid receptor but also to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), both expressed by keratinocytes. In addition to its beneficial effects through the glucocorticoid receptor, GC exposure may lead to inappropriate MR occupancy. We hypothesized that dermatological use of MR antagonists (MRA) might be beneficial by overcoming the negative impact of GC treatment on pathological wounds. The potent GC clobetasol, applied as an ointment to mouse skin, or added to cultured human skin explants, induced delayed wound closure and outgrowth of epidermis with reduced proliferation of keratinocytes. Delayed wound re-epithelialization was rescued by local MRA application. Normal skin was unaffected by MRA. The benefit of MR blockade is explained by the increased expression of MR in clobetasol-treated mouse skin. Blockade of the epithelial sodium channel by phenamil also rescued cultured human skin explants from GC-impaired growth of the epidermis. MRA application over post-biopsy wounds of clobetasol-treated skin zones of healthy volunteers (from the Interest of Topical Spironolactone's Administration to Prevent Corticoid-induced Epidermal Atrophy clinical trial) also accelerated wound closure. In conclusion, we propose repositioning MRA for cutaneous application to improve delayed wound closure occurring in pathology.
Collapse
|
23
|
Pastar I, Stojadinovic O, Sawaya AP, Stone RC, Lindley LE, Ojeh N, Vukelic S, Samuels HH, Tomic-Canic M. Skin Metabolite, Farnesyl Pyrophosphate, Regulates Epidermal Response to Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Migration. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2452-63. [PMID: 26916741 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin produces cholesterol and a wide array of sterols and non-sterol mevalonate metabolites, including isoprenoid derivative farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). To characterize FPP action in epidermis, we generated transcriptional profiles of primary human keratinocytes treated with zaragozic acid (ZGA), a squalene synthase inhibitor that blocks conversion of FPP to squalene resulting in endogenous accumulation of FPP. The elevated levels of intracellular FPP resulted in regulation of epidermal differentiation and adherens junction signaling, insulin growth factor (IGF) signaling, oxidative stress response and interferon (IFN) signaling. Immunosuppressive properties of FPP were evidenced by STAT-1 downregulation and prominent suppression of its nuclear translocation by IFNγ. Furthermore, FPP profoundly downregulated genes involved in epidermal differentiation of keratinocytes in vitro and in human skin ex vivo. Elevated levels of FPP resulted in induction of cytoprotective transcriptional factor Nrf2 and its target genes. We have previously shown that FPP functions as ligand for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), one of the major regulator of epidermal homeostasis. Comparative microarray analyses show significant but not complete overlap between FPP and glucocorticoid regulated genes, suggesting that FPP may have wider transcriptional impact. This was further supported by co-transfection and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments where we show that upon binding to GR, FPP recruits β-catenin and, unlike glucocorticoids, recruits co-repressor GRIP1 to suppress keratin 6 gene. These findings have many clinical implications related to epidermal lipid metabolism, response to glucocorticoid therapy as well as pleiotropic effects of cholesterol lowering therapeutics, statins. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2452-2463, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Andrew P Sawaya
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Rivka C Stone
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Linsey E Lindley
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Nkemcho Ojeh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Sasa Vukelic
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Geogria
| | - Herbert H Samuels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fox JD, Baquerizo-Nole KL, Macquhae F, Herskovitz I, Freedman JB, Vileikyte L, Margolis DJ, Kirsner RS. Statins may be associated with six-week diabetic foot ulcer healing. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:454-57. [PMID: 26748844 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) affect 1.5 million Americans annually, of which only a minority heal with standard care, and they commonly lead to amputation. To improve care, investigations are underway to better understand DFU pathogenesis and develop more effective therapies. Some currently used medications may improve healing. One small, randomized clinical trial found statins improve DFU healing. In this secondary analysis of a large multisite prospective observational cohort of 139 patients with DFUs receiving standard care, we investigated whether there was an association between 6-week DFU wound size reduction and use of a variety of medications including alpha-blockers, beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and statins. We found no significant (p < 0.05) association between six-week wound reduction and use of any of the evaluated drugs; however, statins did trend toward an association (p = 0.057). This suggests a potential benefit of statins on DFU healing, and larger, targeted studies are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Fox
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Flor Macquhae
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ingrid Herskovitz
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Loretta Vileikyte
- University of Manchester, Department of Medicine, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David J Margolis
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert S Kirsner
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yasunami N, Ayukawa Y, Furuhashi A, Atsuta I, Rakhmatia YD, Moriyama Y, Masuzaki T, Koyano K. Acceleration of hard and soft tissue healing in the oral cavity by a single transmucosal injection of fluvastatin-impregnated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres. An in vitro and rodent in vivo study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 11:015001. [PMID: 26694986 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/1/015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Antihyperlipidemic drug statins reportedly promote both bone formation and soft tissue healing. We examined the effect of sustained-release, fluvastatin-impregnated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres on the promotion of bone and gingival healing at an extraction socket in vivo, and the effect of fluvastatin on epithelial cells and fibroblasts in vitro. The maxillary right first molar was extracted in rats, then one of the following was immediately injected, as a single dose, into the gingivobuccal fold: control (no administration), PLGA microspheres without a statin (active control), or PLGA microspheres containing 20 or 40 μg kg(-1) of fluvastatin. At days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 after injection, bone and soft tissue healing were histologically evaluated. Cell proliferation was measured under the effect of fluvastatin at dosages of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 50 μM. Cell migration and morphology were observed at dosages of 0 and 0.1 μM. Following tooth extraction, the statin significantly enhanced bone volume and density, connective tissue volume, and epithelial wound healing. In the in vitro study, it promoted significant proliferation and migration of epithelial cells and fibroblasts. A single dose of topically administered fluvastatin-impregnated PLGA microspheres promoted bone and soft tissue healing at the extraction site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Yasunami
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Oryan A, Kamali A, Moshiri A. Potential mechanisms and applications of statins on osteogenesis: Current modalities, conflicts and future directions. J Control Release 2015; 215:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
27
|
Do Statins Have a Role in the Promotion of Postoperative Wound Healing in Cardiac Surgical Patients? Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98:756-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
28
|
Ojeh N, Stojadinovic O, Pastar I, Sawaya A, Yin N, Tomic-Canic M. The effects of caffeine on wound healing. Int Wound J 2014; 13:605-13. [PMID: 25041108 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purine alkaloid caffeine is a major component of many beverages such as coffee and tea. Caffeine and its metabolites theobromine and xanthine have been shown to have antioxidant properties. Caffeine can also act as adenosine-receptor antagonist. Although it has been shown that adenosine and antioxidants promote wound healing, the effect of caffeine on wound healing is currently unknown. To investigate the effects of caffeine on processes involved in epithelialisation, we used primary human keratinocytes, HaCaT cell line and ex vivo model of human skin. First, we tested the effects of caffeine on cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and migration, processes essential for normal wound epithelialisation and closure. We used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) proliferation assay to test the effects of seven different caffeine doses ranging from 0·1 to 5 mM. We found that caffeine restricted cell proliferation of keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, scratch wound assays performed on keratinocyte monolayers indicated dose-dependent delays in cell migration. Interestingly, adhesion and differentiation remained unaffected in monolayer cultures treated with various doses of caffeine. Using a human ex vivo wound healing model, we tested topical application of caffeine and found that it impedes epithelialisation, confirming in vitro data. We conclude that caffeine, which is known to have antioxidant properties, impedes keratinocyte proliferation and migration, suggesting that it may have an inhibitory effect on wound healing and epithelialisation. Therefore, our findings are more in support of a role for caffeine as adenosine-receptor antagonist that would negate the effect of adenosine in promoting wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nkemcho Ojeh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Michael, Barbados.
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrew Sawaya
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Natalie Yin
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pastar I, Stojadinovic O, Yin NC, Ramirez H, Nusbaum AG, Sawaya A, Patel SB, Khalid L, Isseroff RR, Tomic-Canic M. Epithelialization in Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:445-464. [PMID: 25032064 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 782] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Keratinocytes, a major cellular component of the epidermis, are responsible for restoring the epidermis after injury through a process termed epithelialization. This review will focus on the pivotal role of keratinocytes in epithelialization, including cellular processes and mechanisms of their regulation during re-epithelialization, and their cross talk with other cell types participating in wound healing. Recent Advances: Discoveries in epidermal stem cells, keratinocyte immune function, and the role of the epidermis as an independent neuroendocrine organ will be reviewed. Novel mechanisms of gene expression regulation important for re-epithelialization, including microRNAs and histone modifications, will also be discussed. Critical Issues: Epithelialization is an essential component of wound healing used as a defining parameter of a successful wound closure. A wound cannot be considered healed in the absence of re-epithelialization. The epithelialization process is impaired in all types of chronic wounds. Future Directions: A comprehensive understanding of the epithelialization process will ultimately lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to promote wound closure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Natalie C. Yin
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Horacio Ramirez
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Aron G. Nusbaum
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Andrew Sawaya
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Shailee B. Patel
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Laiqua Khalid
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Banno T, Blumenberg M. Keratinocyte detachment-differentiation connection revisited, or anoikis-pityriasi nexus redux. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100279. [PMID: 24960166 PMCID: PMC4069014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermis, a continuously self-renewing and differentiating organ, produces a protective stratum corneum that shields us from external chemical, physical and microbial threats. Epidermal differentiation is a multi-step process regulated by influences, some unknown, others insufficiently explored. Detachment of keratinocytes from the basement membrane is one such pro-differentiation stimulus. Here, we define the transcriptional changes during differentiation, especially those caused by detachment from the substratum. Using comprehensive transcriptional profiling, we revisited the effects of detachment as a differentiation signal to keratinocytes. We identified the genes regulated by detachment, the corresponding ontological categories and, using metaanalysis, compared the genes and categories to those regulated by other pro-differentiating stimuli. We identified 762 genes overexpressed in suspended keratinocyte, including known and novel differentiation markers, and 1427 in attached cells, including basal layer markers. Detachment induced epidermis development, cornification and desmosomal genes, but also innate immunity, proliferation inhibitors, transcription regulators and MAPKs; conversely the attached cells overexpressed cell cycle, anchoring, motility, splicing and mitochondrial genes, and both positive and negative regulators of apoptosis. Metaanalysis identified which detachment-regulated categories overlap with those induced by suprabasal location in vivo, by reaching confluency in vitro, and by inhibition of JUN kinases. Attached and in vivo basal cells shared overexpression of mitochondrial components. Interestingly, melanosome trafficking components were also overexpressed in the attached and in vivo basal keratinocytes. These results suggest that specific pro-differentiation signals induce specific features of the keratinization process, which are in vivo orchestrated into harmonious epidermal homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Banno
- The R.O.Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Miroslav Blumenberg
- The R.O.Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Cancer Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Evangelista M, Casintahan M, Villafuerte L. Simvastatin as a novel therapeutic agent for venous ulcers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2014; 170:1151-7. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.T.P. Evangelista
- Department of Dermatology; Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center; Rizal Avenue Sta. Cruz Manila 1003 Philippines
| | - M.F.A. Casintahan
- Department of Dermatology; Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center; Rizal Avenue Sta. Cruz Manila 1003 Philippines
| | - L.L. Villafuerte
- Department of Dermatology; Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center; Rizal Avenue Sta. Cruz Manila 1003 Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stojadinovic O, Lebrun E, Pastar I, Kirsner R, Davis SC, Tomic-Canic M. Statins as potential therapeutic agents for healing disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.10.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
33
|
Low doses amino-bisphosphonates stimulate keratinocytes growth inactivating glucocorticoid receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 721:301-4. [PMID: 24063859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Amino-bisphosphonates (N-BPs) have a wide range of clinical applications to treat bone diseases. Their activity lowered farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) endogenous levels by inhibiting FPP synthase. In epithelial cells it has been demonstrated that FPP reduces both cell proliferation and migration activting glucocorticoid receptor. In this study two N-BPs (zoledronate and neridronate) used at low concentrations (100 nM to 10 μM) are able to stimulate human keratinocytes proliferation reducing glucocorticoid receptor activation.
Collapse
|
34
|
Stojadinovic O, Minkiewicz J, Sawaya A, Bourne JW, Torzilli P, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Dietrich WD, Keane RW, Tomic-Canic M. Deep tissue injury in development of pressure ulcers: a decrease of inflammasome activation and changes in human skin morphology in response to aging and mechanical load. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69223. [PMID: 23967056 PMCID: PMC3743891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms leading to pressure ulcer development are scarce in spite of high mortality of patients. Development of pressure ulcers that is initially observed as deep tissue injury is multifactorial. We postulate that biomechanical forces and inflammasome activation, together with ischemia and aging, may play a role in pressure ulcer development. To test this we used a newly-developed bio-mechanical model in which ischemic young and aged human skin was subjected to a constant physiological compressive stress (load) of 300 kPa (determined by pressure plate analyses of a person in a reclining position) for 0.5–4 hours. Collagen orientation was assessed using polarized light, whereas inflammasome proteins were quantified by immunoblotting. Loaded skin showed marked changes in morphology and NLRP3 inflammasome protein expression. Sub-epidermal separations and altered orientation of collagen fibers were observed in aged skin at earlier time points. Aged skin showed significant decreases in the levels of NLRP3 inflammasome proteins. Loading did not alter NLRP3 inflammasome proteins expression in aged skin, whereas it significantly increased their levels in young skin. We conclude that aging contributes to rapid morphological changes and decrease in inflammasome proteins in response to tissue damage, suggesting that a decline in the innate inflammatory response in elderly skin could contribute to pressure ulcer pathogenesis. Observed morphological changes suggest that tissue damage upon loading may not be entirely preventable. Furthermore, newly developed model described here may be very useful in understanding the mechanisms of deep tissue injury that may lead towards development of pressure ulcers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Stojadinovic
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller Medical School, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Julia Minkiewicz
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Miami Miller Medical School, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrew Sawaya
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller Medical School, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jonathan W. Bourne
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Torzilli
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - W. Dalton Dietrich
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Keane
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Miami Miller Medical School, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller Medical School, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Stojadinovic O, Sawaya A, Pastar I, Tomic-Canic M. Glucocorticoid receptor localizes to adherens junctions at the plasma membrane of keratinocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63453. [PMID: 23646206 PMCID: PMC3639973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are important regulators of epidermal tissue homeostasis. As such, their clinical applications are widespread, ranging from inflammatory skin disorders to keloids and cancer. Glucocorticoids exert their effect by binding to glucocorticoid receptor (GR) which translocates to the nucleus and regulates gene expression (genomic effect). In addition, GR has rapid non- genomic effects that are mediated by cell signaling proteins and do not involve gene transcription. Although genomic effects of GR in the epidermis are well documented, the non-genomic effects are not completely understood. Therefore, we utilized immunostaining and immunoprecipitations to determine specific localization of the GR in human keratinocytes that may contribute to non-genomic effects of glucocorticoid action. Here we describe a novel finding of GR localization to the plasma membrane of keratinocytes. Immunocytochemistry showed co-localization of GR with α-catenin. Immunoprecipitation of the membranous fraction revealed an association of GR with α-catenin, confirming its localization to adherens junctions. We conclude that GR localization to adherens junctions of keratinocytes provides a new mechanism of non-genomic signaling by glucocorticoids which may have significant biological and clinical impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrew Sawaya
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Godoy-Gijón E, Qiang Man M, Thyssen J, Elias P. New Perspectives in the Treatment of Leg Ulcers. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2013; 104:254-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
37
|
Godoy-Gijón E, Qiang Man M, Thyssen J, Elias P. New Perspectives in the Treatment of Leg Ulcers. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
38
|
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease in the elderly population. The progress of this disease results in the reduction of bone mass and can increase the incidence of fractures. Drugs presently used clinically can block the aggravation of this disease. However, these drugs cannot increase the bone mass and may result in certain side effects. Statins, also known as HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA) reductase inhibitors, have been widely prescribed for CVD (cardiovascular disease) for decades. Nonetheless, several studies have demonstrated that statins exert bone anabolic effect and may be helpful for the treatment of osteoporosis. Several experiments have analysed the mechanisms of bone anabolism regulated by statins. In the present paper, we review the mechanisms of promoting osteogenesis, suppressing osteoblast apoptosis and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.
Collapse
|
39
|
Pastar I, Nusbaum AG, Gil J, Patel SB, Chen J, Valdes J, Stojadinovic O, Plano LR, Tomic-Canic M, Davis SC. Interactions of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in polymicrobial wound infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56846. [PMID: 23451098 PMCID: PMC3579943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathology resulting from Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa polymicrobial wound infections is of great importance due to their ubiquitous nature, increasing prevalence, growing resistance to antimicrobial agents, and ability to delay healing. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus USA300 is the leading cause of community-associated bacterial infections resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. We utilized a well-established porcine partial thickness wound healing model to study the synergistic effects of USA300 and P. aeruginosa on wound healing. Wound re-epithelialization was significantly delayed by mixed-species biofilms through suppression of keratinocyte growth factor 1. Pseudomonas showed an inhibitory effect on USA300 growth in vitro while both species co-existed in cutaneous wounds in vivo. Polymicrobial wound infection in the presence of P. aeruginosa resulted in induced expression of USA300 virulence factors Panton-Valentine leukocidin and α-hemolysin. These results provide evidence for the interaction of bacterial species within mixed-species biofilms in vivo and for the first time, the contribution of virulence factors to the severity of polymicrobial wound infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pastar
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Aron G. Nusbaum
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joel Gil
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shailee B. Patel
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jose Valdes
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lisa R. Plano
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Davis
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Wound healing is a spatially and temporally regulated process that progresses through sequential, yet overlapping phases and aims to restore barrier breach. To study this complex process scientists use various in vivo and in vitro models. Here we provide step-by-step instructions on how to perform and employ an ex vivo wound healing model to assess epithelization during wound healing in human skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller Medical School, Miami, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Migliario M, Rizzi M, Rocchetti V, Pittarella P, Renò F. Low Zoledronate Concentrations Stimulate Human Keratinocyte Proliferation. Pharmacology 2013; 91:201-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000346918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
42
|
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Ansell
- The Healing Foundation Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences; The University of Manchester; Manchester; UK
| | | | - Matthew J. Hardman
- The Healing Foundation Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences; The University of Manchester; Manchester; UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pastar I, Khan AA, Stojadinovic O, Lebrun EA, Medina MC, Brem H, Kirsner RS, Jimenez JJ, Leslie C, Tomic-Canic M. Induction of specific microRNAs inhibits cutaneous wound healing. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29324-35. [PMID: 22773832 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.382135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic nonhealing wounds, such as venous ulcers (VUs), are a widespread and serious medical problem with high morbidity and mortality. The molecular pathology of VUs remains poorly understood, impeding the development of effective treatment strategies. Using mRNA expression profiling of VUs biopsies and computational analysis, we identified a candidate set of microRNAs with lowered target gene expression. Among these candidates, miR-16, -20a, -21, -106a -130a, and -203 were confirmed to be aberrantly overexpressed in a cohort study of 10 VU patients by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridizations. These microRNAs were predicted to target multiple genes important for wound healing, including early growth response factor 3, vinculin, and leptin receptor (LepR). Overexpression of the top up-regulated miRNAs, miR-21 and miR-130a, in primary human keratinocytes down-regulated expression of the endogenous LepR and early growth response factor 3. The luciferase reporter assay verified LepR as a direct target for miR-21 and miR-130a. Both miR-21 and miR-130a delayed epithelialization in an acute human skin wound model. Furthermore, in vivo overexpression of miR-21 inhibited epithelialization and granulation tissue formation in a rat wound model. Our results identify a novel mechanism in which overexpression of specific set of microRNAs inhibits wound healing, resulting in new potential molecular markers and targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zeki AA, Thai P, Kenyon NJ, Wu R. Differential effects of simvastatin on IL-13-induced cytokine gene expression in primary mouse tracheal epithelial cells. Respir Res 2012; 13:38. [PMID: 22583375 PMCID: PMC3445818 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma causes significant morbidity worldwide in adults and children alike, and incurs large healthcare costs. The statin drugs, which treat hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases, have pleiotropic effects beyond lowering cholesterol, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic properties which may benefit lung health. Using an allergic mouse model of asthma, we previously demonstrated a benefit of statins in reducing peribronchiolar eosinophilic inflammation, airway hyperreactivity, goblet cell hyperplasia, and lung IL-4 and IL-13 production. Objectives In this study, we evaluated whether simvastatin inhibits IL-13-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression of asthma-related cytokines in well-differentiated primary mouse tracheal epithelial (MTE) cell cultures. We hypothesized that simvastatin reduces the expression of IL-13-inducible genes in MTE cells. Methods We harvested tracheal epithelial cells from naïve BALB/c mice, grew them under air-liquid interface (ALI) cell culture conditions, then assessed IL-13-induced gene expression in MTE cells using a quantitative real-time PCR mouse gene array kit. Results We found that simvastatin had differential effects on IL-13-mediated gene expression (inhibited eotaxin-1; MCP-1,-2,-3; and osteopontin (SPP1), while it induced caspase-1 and CCL20 (MIP-3α)) in MTE cells. For other asthma-relevant genes such as TNF, IL-4, IL-10, CCL12 (MCP-5), CCL5 (RANTES), and CCR3, there were no significant IL-13-inducible or statin effects on gene expression. Conclusions Simvastatin modulates the gene expression of selected IL-13-inducible pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in primary mouse tracheal epithelial cells. The airway epithelium may be a viable target tissue for the statin drugs. Further research is needed to assess the mechanisms of how statins modulate epithelial gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Zeki
- U.C. Davis, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology & Medicine, Davis, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Stojadinovic O, Gordon KA, Lebrun E, Tomic-Canic M. Stress-Induced Hormones Cortisol and Epinephrine Impair Wound Epithelization. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2012; 1:29-35. [PMID: 24527275 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2011.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress-induced disruption of hormonal balance in animals and humans has a detrimental effect on wound healing. THE PROBLEM After the injury, keratinocytes migrate over the wound bed to repair a wound. However, their nonmigratory phenotype plays a role in pathogenesis of chronic wounds. Despite many therapeutic approaches, there is a dearth of treatments targeting the molecular mechanisms mediated by stress that prevent epithelization. BASIC/CLINICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES Recent studies show that epidermal keratinocytes synthesize stress hormones. During acute wound healing, cortisol synthesis in the epidermis is tightly controlled. Further, a key intermediate molecule in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), can bind glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and activate GR. Additionally, keratinocytes express beta-2-adrenergic-receptor (β2AR), a receptor for the stress hormone epinephrine. Importantly, migratory rates of keratinocytes are reduced by cortisol, FPP, epinephrine, and other β2AR agonists, thus indicating their role in the inhibition of epithelization. Topical inhibition of local glucocorticoid and FPP synthesis, as well as treatment with β2AR antagonists promotes wound epithelization. CLINICAL CARE RELEVANCE Modulation of local stress hormone production may represent an important therapeutic target for wound healing disorders. Topical administration of inhibitors of cortisol synthesis, statins, β2AR antagonists, and systemic beta-blockers can decrease cortisol synthesis, FPP, and epinephrine levels, respectively, thus restoring keratinocyte migration capacity. These treatment modalities could represent a novel therapeutic approach for wound healing disorders. CONCLUSION Attenuation of the local stress-induced hormonal imbalance in epidermis may advance therapeutic modalities, thereby leading to enhanced epithelization and improved wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Stojadinovic
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Katherine A. Gordon
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Elizabeth Lebrun
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Renò F, Migliario M, Rizzi M, Invernizzi M, Cisari C, Cannas M. Low concentration amino-bisphosphonates stimulate human keratinocyte proliferation and in vitro wound healing. Int Wound J 2011; 9:442-50. [PMID: 22182245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2011.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino-bisphosphonates (N-BPs) are widely used to treat a great variety of clinical conditions involving altered calcium metabolism, as well as to prevent bone metastases. The use of N-BPs, however, display well-known side effects, including cellular toxicity, mainly at soft tissue and mucosal level, that arise from N-BPs ability to induce cell apoptosis when administered at clinically relevant concentrations. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in an in vitro wound healing model, the effect of N-BPs low concentration (10 nM-10 µM) stimulation on keratinocyte cellular behaviour. Human keratinocytes were treated with neridronate and zoledronate, two N-BPs with different chemical structure and clinical potency, but sharing a common pharmacological target: farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) synthase. Surprisingly, at the tested concentrations, both drugs stimulated keratinocytes proliferation, upregulating cytokeratin 5 while downregulating filaggrin expression, and wound healing ability, without any significant effect on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity. The lack of N-BPs effect on MMP-9 activity indicates that wound closure, in our experimental model, is mainly due to an increase in cell proliferation rather than to an increase in cell migration. Therefore, it can be hypothesised that the observed wound healing results could be ascribed to an N-BPs mediated reduction of FPP endogenous levels, thus suggesting new possible clinical applications for these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Renò
- Human Anatomy Laboratory, Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University of Eastern Piedmont A. Avogadro, Via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Farsaei S, Khalili H, Farboud ES. Potential role of statins on wound healing: review of the literature. Int Wound J 2011; 9:238-47. [PMID: 22050652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2011.00888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a dynamic and complex biological process, which requires coordinated events including haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, revascularisation and remodelling. Impaired wound healing is a common problem that occurs in both community and hospital settings. Various experimental and clinical studies have evaluated different modalities for the treatment of topical wounds, such as sugar, antibiotics, honey and phytotherapies; also statins have diverse pleiotropic effects that have been suggested to be useful to improve wound healing. Data derived from both animal and human studies showed that statins especially atorvastatin, simvastatin and pravastatin can accelerate the wound-healing process. However, further high-quality and evidence-based studies are needed to address the best statin drug, appropriate dose, the best administration route, duration of treatment and to determine correlation between pleiotropic effects of statins and their probable clinical benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Farsaei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
In humans, there are 48 members of the superfamily of nuclear receptors. These ligand-activated transcription factors help to integrate our growth, reproduction and metabolism via environmental, nutritional and intrinsic cues. It is therefore not surprising that nuclear receptors are commonly used as drug targets. However, perhaps in the rush to discover new drugs that target these receptors, we sometimes lose sight of their 'real' physiological ligands. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal Goto et al. present evidence that the isoprenoid FPP (farnesyl pyrophosphate) may be a bona fide ligand for the master controller of adipocyte differentiation PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ). This work has wide-ranging implications not only for obesity and diabetes, but also for osteoporosis and the control of circadian rhythms in which PPARγ also plays an important role.
Collapse
|
49
|
Weivoda MM, Hohl RJ. The effects of direct inhibition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase on osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1506-13. [PMID: 21503955 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Statins, drugs commonly used to lower serum cholesterol, have been shown to stimulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. These effects have been attributed to the depletion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). In this study, we tested whether specific inhibition of GGPP synthase (GGPPS) with digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP) would similarly lead to increased osteoblast differentiation. DGBP concentration dependently decreased intracellular GGPP levels in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts and primary rat calvarial osteoblasts, leading to impaired Rap1a geranylgeranylation. In contrast to our hypothesis, 1 µM DGBP inhibited matrix mineralization in the MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. Consistent with this, DGBP inhibited the expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in primary osteoblasts. By inhibiting GGPPS, DGBP caused an accumulation of the GGPPS substrate farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). This effect was observed throughout the time course of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast differentiation. Interestingly, DGBP treatment led to activation of the glucocorticoid receptor in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells, consistent with recent findings that FPP activates nuclear hormone receptors. These findings demonstrate that direct inhibition of GGPPS, and the resulting specific depletion of GGPP, does not stimulate osteoblast differentiation. This suggests that in addition to depletion of GGPP, statin-stimulated osteoblast differentiation may depend on the depletion of upstream isoprenoids, including FPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Weivoda
- Department of Pharmacology, 2-471 Bowen Science Building, 51 Newton Road, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Weivoda MM, Hohl RJ. Effects of farnesyl pyrophosphate accumulation on calvarial osteoblast differentiation. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3113-22. [PMID: 21586555 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Statins, drugs commonly used to lower serum cholesterol, have been shown to stimulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), the first step of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, leading to the depletion of the isoprenoids farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). The effects of statins on bone have previously been attributed to the depletion of GGPP, because the addition of exogenous GGPP prevented statin-stimulated osteoblast differentiation in vitro. However, in a recent report, we demonstrated that the specific depletion of GGPP did not stimulate but, in fact, inhibited osteoblast differentiation. This led us to hypothesize that isoprenoids upstream of GGPP play a role in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation. We demonstrate here that the expression of HMGCR and FPP synthase decreased during primary calvarial osteoblast differentiation, correlating with decreased FPP and GGPP levels during differentiation. Zaragozic acid (ZGA) inhibits the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway enzyme squalene synthase, leading to an accumulation of the squalene synthase substrate FPP. ZGA treatment of calvarial osteoblasts led to a significant increase in intracellular FPP and resulted in inhibition of osteoblast differentiation as measured by osteoblastic gene expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, and matrix mineralization. Simultaneous HMGCR inhibition prevented the accumulation of FPP and restored osteoblast differentiation. In contrast, specifically inhibiting GGPPS to lower the ZGA-induced increase in GGPP did not restore osteoblast differentiation. The specificity of HMGCR inhibition to restore osteoblast differentiation of ZGA-treated cultures through the reduction in isoprenoid accumulation was confirmed with the addition of exogenous mevalonate. Similar to ZGA treatment, exogenous FPP inhibited the mineralization of primary calvarial osteoblasts. Interestingly, the effects of FPP accumulation on osteoblasts were found to be independent of protein farnesylation. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that the accumulation of FPP impairs osteoblast differentiation and suggests that the depletion of this isoprenoid may be necessary for normal and statin-induced bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Weivoda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1009, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|