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Kim G, Chen Z, Li J, Luo J, Castro-Martinez F, Wisniewski J, Cui K, Wang Y, Sun J, Ren X, Crawford SE, Becerra SP, Zhu J, Liu T, Wang S, Zhao K, Wu C. Gut-liver axis calibrates intestinal stem cell fitness. Cell 2024; 187:914-930.e20. [PMID: 38280375 PMCID: PMC10923069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The gut and liver are recognized to mutually communicate through the biliary tract, portal vein, and systemic circulation. However, it remains unclear how this gut-liver axis regulates intestinal physiology. Through hepatectomy and transcriptomic and proteomic profiling, we identified pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a liver-derived soluble Wnt inhibitor, which restrains intestinal stem cell (ISC) hyperproliferation to maintain gut homeostasis by suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, we found that microbial danger signals resulting from intestinal inflammation can be sensed by the liver, leading to the repression of PEDF production through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα). This repression liberates ISC proliferation to accelerate tissue repair in the gut. Additionally, treating mice with fenofibrate, a clinical PPARα agonist used for hypolipidemia, enhances colitis susceptibility due to PEDF activity. Therefore, we have identified a distinct role for PEDF in calibrating ISC expansion for intestinal homeostasis through reciprocal interactions between the gut and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girak Kim
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jialie Luo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Felipe Castro-Martinez
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jan Wisniewski
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kairong Cui
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jialei Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaobai Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Research Institute, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - S Patricia Becerra
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jimin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Jones IC, Dass CR. Roles of pigment epithelium-derived factor in cardiomyocytes: implications for use as a cardioprotective therapeutic. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023:7146108. [PMID: 37104852 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, with patients having limited options for treatment. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an endogenous multifunctional protein with several mechanisms of action. Recently, PEDF has emerged as a potential cardioprotective agent in response to myocardial infarction. However, PEDF is also associated with pro-apoptotic effects, complicating its role in cardioprotection. This review summarises and compares knowledge of PEDF's activity in cardiomyocytes with other cell types and draws links between them. Following this, the review offers a novel perspective of PEDF's therapeutic potential and recommends future directions to understand the clinical potential of PEDF better. KEY FINDINGS PEDF's mechanisms as a pro-apoptotic and pro-survival protein are not well understood, despite PEDF's implication in several physiological and pathological activities. However, recent evidence suggests that PEDF may have significant cardioprotective properties mediated by key regulators dependent on cell type and context. CONCLUSIONS While PEDF's cardioprotective activity shares some key regulators with its apoptotic activity, cellular context and molecular features likely allow manipulation of PEDF's cellular activity, highlighting the importance of further investigation into its activities and its potential to be applied as a therapeutic to mitigate damage from a range of cardiac pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C Jones
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
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NCOR1 Sustains Colorectal Cancer Cell Growth and Protects against Cellular Senescence. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174414. [PMID: 34503224 PMCID: PMC8430780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary NCOR1 is a scaffold protein that interacts with multiple partners to repress gene transcription. NCOR1 controls immunometabolic functions in several tissues and has been recently shown to protect against experimental colitis in mice. Our laboratory has observed a pro-proliferative role of NCOR1 in normal intestinal epithelial cells. However, it is unclear whether NCOR1 is functionally involved in colon cancer. This study demonstrated that NCOR1 is required for colorectal cancer cell growth. Depletion of NCOR1 caused these cells to become senescent. Transcriptomic signatures confirmed these observations but also predicted the potential for these cells to become pro-invasive. Thus, NCOR1 plays a novel role in preventing cancer-associated senescence and could represent a target for controlling colon cancer progression. Abstract NCOR1 is a corepressor that mediates transcriptional repression through its association with nuclear receptors and specific transcription factors. Some evidence supports a role for NCOR1 in neonatal intestinal epithelium maturation and the maintenance of epithelial integrity during experimental colitis in mice. We hypothesized that NCOR1 could control colorectal cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenicity. Conditional intestinal epithelial deletion of Ncor1 in ApcMin/+ mice resulted in a significant reduction in polyposis. RNAi targeting of NCOR1 in Caco-2/15 and HT-29 cell lines led to a reduction in cell growth, characterized by cellular senescence associated with a secretory phenotype. Tumor growth of HT-29 cells was reduced in the absence of NCOR1 in the mouse xenografts. RNA-seq transcriptome profiling of colon cancer cells confirmed the senescence phenotype in the absence of NCOR1 and predicted the occurrence of a pro-migration cellular signature in this context. SOX2, a transcription factor essential for pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, was induced under these conditions. In conclusion, depletion of NCOR1 reduced intestinal polyposis in mice and caused growth arrest, leading to senescence in human colorectal cell lines. The acquisition of a pro-metastasis signature in the absence of NCOR1 could indicate long-term potential adverse consequences of colon-cancer-induced senescence.
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Kim H, Park SH, Lee J, Sung GJ, Song JH, Kwak S, Jeong JH, Kong MJ, Hwang JT, Choi HK, Choi KC. TNFα Enhances Tamoxifen Sensitivity through Dissociation of ERα-p53-NCOR1 Complexes in ERα-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112601. [PMID: 34073371 PMCID: PMC8199199 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tamoxifen has been clinically applied as a central chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. However, many ER-positive breast cancer patients with the high ER level demonstrate intrinsic resistance against the tamoxifen therapy. The aim of our study was to find an effective approach to enhance tamoxifen sensitivity. We found that tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) has a potential to overcome tamoxifen resistance through disruption of nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1)-p53-ERα complexes in ER-positive MCF7 xenograft mice. NCOR1 knock-down with TNFα treatment induced ERα destabilization and increased the occupancy of p53 at the p21 promoter. Finally, we confirmed the combinational application with tamoxifen, TNFα and short-hairpin NCOR1 showed the enhanced suppressive effect of tumor growth in MCF xenograft mice compared to single tamoxifen treatment. These results provide a possibility for application of NCOR1 as a putative therapeutic target to overcome tamoxifen resistance in ERα-positive breast cancer. Abstract Tamoxifen is widely used as a medication for estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer, despite the ~50% incidence of tamoxifen resistance. To overcome such resistance, combining tamoxifen with other agents is considered an effective approach. Here, through in vitro studies with ER-positive MCF7 cells and ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, validated by the use of xenograft mice, we investigated the potential of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) to enhance tamoxifen sensitivity and identified NCOR1 as a key downstream regulator. TNFα specifically degraded nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) in MCF7 cells. Moreover, knockdown of NCOR1, similar to TNFα treatment, suppressed cancer cell growth and promoted apoptosis only in MCF7 cells and MCF7 xenograft mice through the stabilization of p53, a tumor suppressor protein. Interestingly, NCOR1 knockdown with TNFα treatment increased the occupancy of p53 at the p21 promoter, while decreasing that of ERα. Notably, NCOR1 formed a complex with p53 and ERα, which was disrupted by TNFα. Finally, combinatorial treatment with tamoxifen, TNFα and short–hairpin (sh)-NCOR1 resulted in enhanced suppression of tumor growth in MCF7 xenograft mice compared to single tamoxifen treatment. In conclusion, TNFα promoted tamoxifen sensitivity through the dissociation of the ERα-p53-NCOR1 complex, pointing at NCOR1 as a putative therapeutic target for overcoming tamoxifen resistance in ERα-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhee Kim
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.); (S.K.); (J.-H.J.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Seung-Ho Park
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.); (S.K.); (J.-H.J.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Jangho Lee
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (J.L.); (J.-T.H.)
| | - Gi-Jun Sung
- Department of Obstetriccs, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 49534, USA;
| | - Ji-Hye Song
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.); (S.K.); (J.-H.J.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Sungmin Kwak
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.); (S.K.); (J.-H.J.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Ji-Hoon Jeong
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.); (S.K.); (J.-H.J.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Min-Jeong Kong
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.); (S.K.); (J.-H.J.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Jin-Taek Hwang
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (J.L.); (J.-T.H.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyoung Choi
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (J.L.); (J.-T.H.)
- Correspondence: (H.-K.C.); (K.-C.C.); Tel.: +82-63-219-9421 (H.-K.C.); +82-2-3010-2087 (K.-C.C.)
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.); (S.K.); (J.-H.J.); (M.-J.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.-K.C.); (K.-C.C.); Tel.: +82-63-219-9421 (H.-K.C.); +82-2-3010-2087 (K.-C.C.)
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Wang J, Li L, Gao L, Guan C, Su K, Li L, Luo W, Chen H, Ji P. Identification of differentially expressed genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma TCA8113 cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7055-7068. [PMID: 29344135 PMCID: PMC5754908 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that cancer cells with increased levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase 'bright' activity (ALDHbr) exhibit stem cell properties compared with cells exhibiting decreased ALDH activity (ALDHlow). To screen possible biomarkers of cancer stem cells in tongue squamous cell carcinoma, ALDHbr and ALDHlow cells were isolated from the tongue squamous cell carcinoma TCA8113 cell line, and suppression subtractive hybridization was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in the two subpopulations. A total of 240 positive clones were randomly selected for sequencing and were functionally characterized using bioinformatical tools. The results of the present study identified the differential expression of 104 clones, 62 of which corresponded to known genes and 42 of which corresponded to unknown genes. Cluster analysis revealed that the known genes were involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and cell differentiation. In addition, analysis of 10 signaling pathways revealed that genes were markedly altered in the ALDHbr cell subpopulation. Additional study is required to identify the function that these genes serve in the biomolecular regulatory mechanisms of cancer stem cells and to assist in explaining the biological behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Periodontal Surgery, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Lifeng Li
- Department of Periodontal Surgery, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Lina Gao
- Department of Periodontal Surgery, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Chao Guan
- Department of Periodontal Surgery, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Kexin Su
- Department of Periodontal Surgery, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Periodontal Surgery, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Wenping Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Chen
- Department of Periodontal Surgery, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Ping Ji
- Department of Periodontal Surgery, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Ping Ji, Department of Periodontal Surgery, College of Stomatology Chongqing Medical University, 426 Songshibei Road, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) is a Determinant of Stem Cell Fate: Lessons from an Ultra-Rare Disease. J Dev Biol 2015; 3:112-128. [PMID: 27239449 PMCID: PMC4883593 DOI: 10.3390/jdb3040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PEDF is a secreted glycoprotein that is widely expressed by multiple organs. Numerous functional contributions have been attributed to PEDF with antiangiogenic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and neurotrophic properties among the most prominent. The discovery that null mutations in the PEDF gene results in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type VI, a rare autosomal recessive bone disease characterized by multiple fractures, highlights a critical developmental function for this protein. This ultra-rare orphan disease has provided biological insights into previous studies that noted PEDF’s effects on various stem cell populations. In addition to bone development, PEDF modulates resident stem cell populations in the brain, muscle, and eye. Functional effects on human embryonic stem cells have also been demonstrated. An overview of recent advances in our understanding by which PEDF regulates stem cells and their potential clinical applications will be evaluated in this review.
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PEDF and its roles in physiological and pathological conditions: implication in diabetic and hypoxia-induced angiogenic diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:805-23. [PMID: 25881671 PMCID: PMC4557399 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a broadly expressed multifunctional member of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) family. This widely studied protein plays critical roles in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including neuroprotection, angiogenesis, fibrogenesis and inflammation. The present review summarizes the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of PEDF in a variety of developing and adult organs, and discusses its functions in maintaining physiological homoeostasis. The major focus of the present review is to discuss the implication of PEDF in diabetic and hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, and the pathways mediating PEDF's effects under these conditions. Furthermore, the regulatory mechanisms of PEDF expression, function and degradation are also reviewed. Finally, the therapeutic potential of PEDF as an anti-angiogenic drug is briefly summarized.
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Gattu AK, Swenson ES, Iwakiri Y, Samuel VT, Troiano N, Berry R, Church CD, Rodeheffer MS, Carpenter TO, Chung C. Determination of mesenchymal stem cell fate by pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) results in increased adiposity and reduced bone mineral content. FASEB J 2013; 27:4384-94. [PMID: 23887690 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-232900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), the protein product of the SERPINF1 gene, has been linked to distinct diseases involving adipose or bone tissue, the metabolic syndrome, and osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type VI. Since mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into adipocytes vs. osteoblasts can be regulated by specific factors, PEDF-directed dependency of murine and human MSCs was assessed. PEDF inhibited adipogenesis and promoted osteoblast differentiation of murine MSCs, osteoblast precursors, and human MSCs. Blockade of adipogenesis by PEDF suppressed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), adiponectin, and other adipocyte markers by nearly 90% compared with control-treated cells (P<0.001). Differentiation to osteoblasts by PEDF resulted in a common pathway that involved PPARγ suppression (P<0.01). Canonical Wnt-β-catenin signaling results in a MSC differentiation pattern analogous to that seen with PEDF. Thus, adding PEDF enhanced Wnt-β-catenin signal transduction in human MSCs, demonstrating a novel Wnt agonist function. In PEDF knockout (KO) mice, total body adiposity was increased by >50% compared with controls, illustrating its systemic role as a negative regulator of adipogenesis. Bones from KO mice demonstrated a reduction in mineral content recapitulating the OI type VI phenotype. These results demonstrate that the human diseases associated with PEDF reflect its ability to modulate MSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijeet K Gattu
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 1080 LMP, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Craword SE, Fitchev P, Veliceasa D, Volpert OV. The many facets of PEDF in drug discovery and disease: a diamond in the rough or split personality disorder? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:769-92. [PMID: 23642051 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.794781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was discovered as a neurotrophic factor secreted by retinal pigment epithelial cells. A decade later, it re-emerged as a powerful angiogenesis inhibitor guarding ocular function. Since then, significant advances were made identifying PEDF's mechanisms, targets and biomedical applications. AREAS COVERED The authors review several methodologies that have generated significant new information about the potential of PEDF as a drug. Furthermore, the authors review and discuss mechanistic and structure-function analyses combined with the functional mapping of active fragments, which have yielded several short bioactive PEDF peptides. Additionally, the authors present functional studies in knockout animals and human correlates that have provided important information about conditions amenable to PEDF-based therapies. EXPERT OPINION Through its four known receptors, PEDF causes a wide range of cellular events vitally important for the organism, which include survival and differentiation, migration and invasion, lipid metabolism and stem cell maintenance. These processes are deregulated in multiple pathological conditions, including cancer, metabolic and cardiovascular disease. PEDF has been successfully used in countless preclinical models of these conditions and human correlates suggest a wide utility of PEDF-based drugs. The most significant clinical application of PEDF, to date, is its potential therapeutic use for age-related macular degeneration. Moreover, PEDF-based gene therapy has advanced to early stage clinical trials. PEDF active fragments have been mapped and used to design short peptide mimetics conferring distinct functions of PEDF, which may address specific clinical problems and become prototype drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Craword
- St. Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Yang B, Cao L, Liu B, McCaig CD, Pu J. The transition from proliferation to differentiation in colorectal cancer is regulated by the calcium activated chloride channel A1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60861. [PMID: 23593331 PMCID: PMC3625186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breaking the balance between proliferation and differentiation in animal cells can lead to cancer, but the mechanisms maintaining this balance remain largely undefined. The calcium activated chloride channel A1 (CLCA1) is a member of the calcium sensitive chloride conductance family of proteins and is expressed mainly in the colon, small intestine and appendix. We show that CLCA1 plays a functional role in differentiation and proliferation of Caco-2 cells and of intestinal tissue. Caco-2 cells spontaneously differentiate either in confluent culture or when treated with butyrate, a molecule present naturally in the diet. Here, we compared CLCA1 expressional levels between patients with and without colorectal cancer (CRC) and determined the functional role of CLCA1 in differentiation and proliferation of Caco-2 cells. We showed that: 1) CLCA1 and CLCA4 expression were down-regulated significantly in CRC patients; 2) CLCA1 expression was up-regulated in Caco-2 cells induced to differentiate by confluent culture or by treatment with sodium butyrate (NaBT); 3) Knockdown of CLCA1 with siRNA significantly inhibited cell differentiation and promoted cell proliferation in Caco-2 confluent cultures, and 4) In Caco-2 3D culture, suppression of CLCA1 significantly increased cell proliferation and compromised NaBT-induced inhibition of proliferation. In conclusion, CLCA1 may contribute to promoting spontaneous differentiation and reducing proliferation of Caco-2 cells and may be a target of NaBT-induced inhibition of proliferation and therefore a potential diagnostic marker for CRC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JP); (BY)
| | - Lin Cao
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Colin D. McCaig
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Pu
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JP); (BY)
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Becerra SP, Notario V. The effects of PEDF on cancer biology: mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:258-71. [PMID: 23486238 PMCID: PMC3707632 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The potent actions of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) on tumour-associated cells, and its extracellular localization and secretion, stimulated research on this multifunctional serpin. Such studies have identified several PEDF receptors and downstream signalling pathways. Known cellular PEDF responses have expanded from the initial discovery that PEDF induces retinoblastoma cell differentiation to its anti-angiogenic, antitumorigenic and antimetastatic properties. Although the diversity of PEDF activities seems to be complex, they are consistent with the varied mechanisms that regulate this multimodal factor. If PEDF is to be used for cancer management, a deeper appreciation of its many functions and mechanisms of action is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patricia Becerra
- National Eye Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Végran F, Rebucci M, Chevrier S, Cadouot M, Boidot R, Lizard-Nacol S. Only missense mutations affecting the DNA binding domain of p53 influence outcomes in patients with breast carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55103. [PMID: 23359294 PMCID: PMC3554672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a TP53 gene mutation can influence tumour response to some treatments, especially in breast cancer. In this study, we analysed p53 mRNA expression, LOH at 17p13 and TP53 mutations from exons 2 to 11 in 206 patients with breast carcinoma and correlated the results with disease-free and overall survival. The observed mutations were classified according to their type and location in the three protein domains (transactivation domain, DNA binding domain, oligomerization domain) and correlated with disease-free and overall survival. In our population, neither p53 mRNA expression nor LOH correlated with outcome. Concerning TP53 mutations, 27% of tumours were mutated (53/197) and the presence of a mutation in the TP53 gene was associated with worse overall survival (p = 0.0026) but not with disease-free survival (p = 0.0697), with median survival of 80 months and 78 months, respectively. When alterations were segregated into mutation categories and locations, and related to survival, tumours harbouring mutations other than missense mutations in the DNA binding domain of P53 had the same survival profiles as wild-type tumours. Concerning missense mutations in the DNA binding domain, median disease-free and overall survival was 23 months and 35 months, respectively (p = 0.0021 and p<0.0001, respectively), compared with 78 and 80 months in mutated tumours overall. This work shows that disease-free and overall survival in patients with a frameshift mutation of TP53 or missense mutation in the oligomerization domain are the same as those in wild-type TP53 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Végran
- Unit of Molecular Biology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Magali Rebucci
- Unit of Molecular Biology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Sandy Chevrier
- Unit of Molecular Biology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Muriel Cadouot
- Unit of Molecular Biology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Romain Boidot
- Unit of Molecular Biology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarab Lizard-Nacol
- Unit of Molecular Biology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
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Dai K, Hussain MM. NR2F1 disrupts synergistic activation of the MTTP gene transcription by HNF-4α and HNF-1α. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:901-908. [PMID: 22357705 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m025130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) expression mainly occurs at the transcriptional level. We have previously shown that MTTP gene expression was repressed in nondifferentiated intestinal cells by nuclear receptor 2 family 1 (NR2F1). However, mechanisms involved in the repression of MTP by NR2F1 were not elucidated. Here, we show that MTP expression requires hepatic nuclear factor (HNF)-4α transcription factor. Different HNF-1 proteins synergistically enhance MTP promoter activity along with HNF-4α by binding to different cis elements. NR2F1 does not alter individual effects of HNF-4α and HNF-1 proteins on the MTTP gene promoter. However, NR2F1 suppresses synergistic activation of the MTP promoter by HNF-4α/HNF-1α by binding to a direct repeat 1 (DR1) element. This suppression is further enhanced in the presence of nuclear receptor corepressor 1. In short, these studies identified a novel mechanism of MTP repression that involves binding of NR2F1 to the DR1 element and recruitment of corepressors. In this mechanism, NR2F1 does not affect activities of individual transcription factors; instead, it abrogates synergistic activation by HNF-4α and HNF-1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhi Dai
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Graduate Studies, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Graduate Studies, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY.
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