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Gómez-Hernández A, de las Heras N, López-Pastor AR, García-Gómez G, Infante-Menéndez J, González-López P, González-Illanes T, Lahera V, Benito M, Escribano Ó. Severe Hepatic Insulin Resistance Induces Vascular Dysfunction: Improvement by Liver-Specific Insulin Receptor Isoform A Gene Therapy in a Murine Diabetic Model. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082035. [PMID: 34440804 PMCID: PMC8392327 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular dysfunction is linked to insulin-resistant states. In this paper, we analyzed whether the severe hepatic insulin resistance of an inducible liver-specific insulin receptor knockout (iLIRKO) might generate vascular insulin resistance and dysfunction, and whether insulin receptor (IR) isoforms gene therapy might revert it. METHODS We studied in vivo insulin signaling in aorta artery and heart from iLIRKO. Vascular reactivity and the mRNA levels of genes involved in vascular dysfunction were analyzed in thoracic aorta rings by qRT-PCR. Finally, iLIRKO mice were treated with hepatic-specific gene therapy to analyze vascular dysfunction improvement. RESULTS Our results suggest that severe hepatic insulin resistance was expanded to cardiovascular tissues. This vascular insulin resistance observed in aorta artery from iLIRKO mice correlated with a reduction in both PI3K/AKT/eNOS and p42/44 MAPK pathways, and it might be implicated in their vascular alterations characterized by endothelial dysfunction, hypercontractility and eNOS/iNOS levels' imbalance. Finally, regarding long-term hepatic expression of IR isoforms, IRA was more efficient than IRB in the improvement of vascular dysfunction observed in iLIRKO mice. CONCLUSION Severe hepatic insulin resistance is sufficient to produce cardiovascular insulin resistance and dysfunction. Long-term hepatic expression of IRA restored the vascular damage observed in iLIRKO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Gómez-Hernández
- Laboratory of Hepatic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.L.-P.); (J.I.-M.); (P.G.-L.); (T.G.-I.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.-H.); (Ó.E.)
| | - Natalia de las Heras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.l.H.); (V.L.)
| | - Andrea R. López-Pastor
- Laboratory of Hepatic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.L.-P.); (J.I.-M.); (P.G.-L.); (T.G.-I.)
| | - Gema García-Gómez
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Obesity, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.-G.); (M.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance (MOIR2), General Direction of Universities and Investigation (CCMM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Infante-Menéndez
- Laboratory of Hepatic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.L.-P.); (J.I.-M.); (P.G.-L.); (T.G.-I.)
| | - Paula González-López
- Laboratory of Hepatic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.L.-P.); (J.I.-M.); (P.G.-L.); (T.G.-I.)
| | - Tamara González-Illanes
- Laboratory of Hepatic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.L.-P.); (J.I.-M.); (P.G.-L.); (T.G.-I.)
| | - Vicente Lahera
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.l.H.); (V.L.)
| | - Manuel Benito
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Obesity, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.-G.); (M.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance (MOIR2), General Direction of Universities and Investigation (CCMM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Escribano
- Laboratory of Hepatic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.L.-P.); (J.I.-M.); (P.G.-L.); (T.G.-I.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.-H.); (Ó.E.)
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Pechenov S, Bhattacharjee H, Yin D, Mittal S, Subramony JA. Improving drug-like properties of insulin and GLP-1 via molecule design and formulation and improving diabetes management with device & drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 112:106-122. [PMID: 28153578 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is an increased incidence of diabetes worldwide. The discovery of insulin revolutionized the management of diabetes, the revelation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and introduction of GLP-1 receptor agonists to clinical practice was another breakthrough. Continued translational research resulted in better understanding of diabetes, which, in combination with cutting-edge biology, chemistry, and pharmaceutical tools, have allowed for the development of safer, more effective and convenient insulins and GLP-1. Advances in self-administration of insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonist therapies with use of drug-device combination products have further improved the outcomes of diabetes management and quality of life for diabetic patients. The synergies of insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonist actions have led to development of devices that can deliver both molecules simultaneously. New chimeric GLP-1-incretins and insulin-GLP-1-incretin molecules are also being developed. The objective of this review is to summarize molecular designs to improve the drug-like properties of insulin and GLP-1 and to highlight the continued advancement of drug-device combination products to improve diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Himanshu Bhattacharjee
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Daniel Yin
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Sachin Mittal
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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Vashisth H, Abrams CF. All-atom structural models of insulin binding to the insulin receptor in the presence of a tandem hormone-binding element. Proteins 2013; 81:1017-30. [PMID: 23348915 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Insulin regulates blood glucose levels in higher organisms by binding to and activating insulin receptor (IR), a constitutively homodimeric glycoprotein of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily. Therapeutic efforts in treating diabetes have been significantly impeded by the absence of structural information on the activated form of the insulin/IR complex. Mutagenesis and photo-crosslinking experiments and structural information on insulin and apo-IR strongly suggest that the dual-chain insulin molecule, unlike the related single-chain insulin-like growth factors, binds to IR in a very different conformation than what is displayed in storage forms of the hormone. In particular, hydrophobic residues buried in the core of the folded insulin molecule engage the receptor. There is also the possibility of plasticity in the receptor structure based on these data, which may in part be due to rearrangement of the so-called CT-peptide, a tandem hormone-binding element of IR. These possibilities provide opportunity for large-scale molecular modeling to contribute to our understanding of this system. Using various atomistic simulation approaches, we have constructed all-atom structural models of hormone/receptor complexes in the presence of CT in its crystallographic position and a thermodynamically favorable displaced position. In the "displaced-CT" complex, many more insulin-receptor contacts suggested by experiments are satisfied, and our simulations also suggest that R-insulin potentially represents the receptor-bound form of hormone. The results presented in this work have further implications for the design of receptor-specific agonists/antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Vashisth
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Abstract
Glial cells play a key role in nervous system function, providing neurotrophic factor support to neurons as well as taking part in two-way neuron-glia signaling (e.g., neurotransmitter release). White matter-derived glia are important in certain neurodegenerative diseases involving axonal loss, for example in multiple sclerosis. Here we describe procedures for the preparation and culture of mixed nerve cells from postnatal rat optic nerve, followed by protocols which can serve for the purification of individual populations of glia from this tissue, namely O2A progenitors and oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes and astrocyte precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Phillips NB, Whittaker J, Ismail-Beigi F, Weiss MA. Insulin fibrillation and protein design: topological resistance of single-chain analogs to thermal degradation with application to a pump reservoir. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2012; 6:277-88. [PMID: 22538136 PMCID: PMC3380768 DOI: 10.1177/193229681200600210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is susceptible to thermal fibrillation, a misfolding process that leads to nonnative cross-β assembly analogous to pathological amyloid deposition. Pharmaceutical formulations are ordinarily protected from such degradation by sequestration of the susceptible monomer within native protein assemblies. With respect to the safety and efficacy of insulin pumps, however, this strategy imposes an intrinsic trade-off between pharmacokinetic goals (rapid absorption and clearance) and the requisite physical properties of a formulation (prolonged shelf life and stability within the reservoir). Available rapid-acting formulations are suboptimal in both respects; susceptibility to fibrillation is exacerbated even as absorption is delayed relative to the ideal specifications of a closed-loop system. To circumvent this molecular trade-off, we exploited structural models of insulin fibrils and amyloidogenic intermediates to define an alternative protective mechanism. Single-chain insulin (SCI) analogs were shown to be refractory to thermal fibrillation with maintenance of biological activity for more than 3 months under conditions that promote the rapid fibrillation and inactivation of insulin. The essential idea exploits an intrinsic incompatibility between SCI topology and the geometry of cross-β assembly. A peptide tether was thus interposed between the A- and B-chains whose length was (a) sufficiently long to provide the "play" needed for induced fit of the hormone on receptor binding and yet (b) sufficiently short to impose a topological barrier to fibrillation. Our findings suggest that ultrastable monomeric SCI analogs may be formulated without protective self-assembly and so permit simultaneous optimization of pharmacokinetics and reservoir life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson B. Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of MedicineCleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan Whittaker
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of MedicineCleveland, Ohio
| | - Faramarz Ismail-Beigi
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of MedicineCleveland, Ohio
| | - Michael A. Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of MedicineCleveland, Ohio
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of MedicineCleveland, Ohio
- Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of MedicineCleveland, Ohio
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Emery L, Whelan S, Hirschi KD, Pittman JK. Protein Phylogenetic Analysis of Ca(2+)/cation Antiporters and Insights into their Evolution in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:1. [PMID: 22645563 PMCID: PMC3355786 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cation transport is a critical process in all organisms and is essential for mineral nutrition, ion stress tolerance, and signal transduction. Transporters that are members of the Ca(2+)/cation antiporter (CaCA) superfamily are involved in the transport of Ca(2+) and/or other cations using the counter exchange of another ion such as H(+) or Na(+). The CaCA superfamily has been previously divided into five transporter families: the YRBG, Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX), Na(+)/Ca(2+), K(+) exchanger (NCKX), H(+)/cation exchanger (CAX), and cation/Ca(2+) exchanger (CCX) families, which include the well-characterized NCX and CAX transporters. To examine the evolution of CaCA transporters within higher plants and the green plant lineage, CaCA genes were identified from the genomes of sequenced flowering plants, a bryophyte, lycophyte, and freshwater and marine algae, and compared with those from non-plant species. We found evidence of the expansion and increased diversity of flowering plant genes within the CAX and CCX families. Genes related to the NCX family are present in land plant though they encode distinct MHX homologs which probably have an altered transport function. In contrast, the NCX and NCKX genes which are absent in land plants have been retained in many species of algae, especially the marine algae, indicating that these organisms may share "animal-like" characteristics of Ca(2+) homeostasis and signaling. A group of genes encoding novel CAX-like proteins containing an EF-hand domain were identified from plants and selected algae but appeared to be lacking in any other species. Lack of functional data for most of the CaCA proteins make it impossible to reliably predict substrate specificity and function for many of the groups or individual proteins. The abundance and diversity of CaCA genes throughout all branches of life indicates the importance of this class of cation transporter, and that many transporters with novel functions are waiting to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Emery
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Simon Whelan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Kendal D. Hirschi
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
| | - Jon K. Pittman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
- *Correspondence: Jon K. Pittman, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK. e-mail:
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Bose J, Pottosin II, Shabala SS, Palmgren MG, Shabala S. Calcium efflux systems in stress signaling and adaptation in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:85. [PMID: 22639615 PMCID: PMC3355617 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Transient cytosolic calcium ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) elevation is an ubiquitous denominator of the signaling network when plants are exposed to literally every known abiotic and biotic stress. These stress-induced [Ca(2+)](cyt) elevations vary in magnitude, frequency, and shape, depending on the severity of the stress as well the type of stress experienced. This creates a unique stress-specific calcium "signature" that is then decoded by signal transduction networks. While most published papers have been focused predominantly on the role of Ca(2+) influx mechanisms to shaping [Ca(2+)](cyt) signatures, restoration of the basal [Ca(2+)](cyt) levels is impossible without both cytosolic Ca(2+) buffering and efficient Ca(2+) efflux mechanisms removing excess Ca(2+) from cytosol, to reload Ca(2+) stores and to terminate Ca(2+) signaling. This is the topic of the current review. The molecular identity of two major types of Ca(2+) efflux systems, Ca(2+)-ATPase pumps and Ca(2+)/H(+) exchangers, is described, and their regulatory modes are analyzed in detail. The spatial and temporal organization of calcium signaling networks is described, and the importance of existence of intracellular calcium microdomains is discussed. Experimental evidence for the role of Ca(2+) efflux systems in plant responses to a range of abiotic and biotic factors is summarized. Contribution of Ca(2+)-ATPase pumps and Ca(2+)/H(+) exchangers in shaping [Ca(2+)](cyt) signatures is then modeled by using a four-component model (plasma- and endo-membrane-based Ca(2+)-permeable channels and efflux systems) taking into account the cytosolic Ca(2+) buffering. It is concluded that physiologically relevant variations in the activity of Ca(2+)-ATPase pumps and Ca(2+)/H(+) exchangers are sufficient to fully describe all the reported experimental evidence and determine the shape of [Ca(2+)](cyt) signatures in response to environmental stimuli, emphasizing the crucial role these active efflux systems play in plant adaptive responses to environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakumar Bose
- School of Agricultural Science, University of TasmaniaHobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Igor I. Pottosin
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de ColimaColima, México
| | | | | | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Agricultural Science, University of TasmaniaHobart, TAS, Australia
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Sohma Y, Hua QX, Whittaker J, Weiss MA, Kent SBH. Design and folding of [GluA4(ObetaThrB30)]insulin ("ester insulin"): a minimal proinsulin surrogate that can be chemically converted into human insulin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:5489-93. [PMID: 20509131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Sohma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Solid Phase Synthesis of an Analogue of Insulin, A0:R glargine, That Exhibits Decreased Mitogenic Activity. Int J Pept Res Ther 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-010-9218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sohma Y, Hua QX, Whittaker J, Weiss M, Kent S. Design and Folding of [GluA4(OβThrB30)]Insulin (“Ester Insulin”): A Minimal Proinsulin Surrogate that Can Be Chemically Converted into Human Insulin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Phillips NB, Wan ZL, Whittaker L, Hu SQ, Huang K, Hua QX, Whittaker J, Ismail-Beigi F, Weiss MA. Supramolecular protein engineering: design of zinc-stapled insulin hexamers as a long acting depot. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11755-9. [PMID: 20181952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c110.105825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bottom-up control of supramolecular protein assembly can provide a therapeutic nanobiotechnology. We demonstrate that the pharmacological properties of insulin can be enhanced by design of "zinc staples" between hexamers. Paired (i, i+4) His substitutions were introduced at an alpha-helical surface. The crystal structure contains both classical axial zinc ions and novel zinc ions at hexamer-hexamer interfaces. Although soluble at pH 4, the combined electrostatic effects of the substitutions and bridging zinc ions cause isoelectric precipitation at neutral pH. Following subcutaneous injection in a diabetic rat, the analog effected glycemic control with a time course similar to that of long acting formulation Lantus. Relative to Lantus, however, the analog discriminates at least 30-fold more stringently between the insulin receptor and mitogenic insulin-like growth factor receptor. Because aberrant mitogenic signaling may be associated with elevated cancer risk, such enhanced specificity may improve safety. Zinc stapling provides a general strategy to modify the pharmacokinetic and biological properties of a subcutaneous protein depot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson B Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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