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Gale J, Aizenman E. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of copper in the nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:3505-3543. [PMID: 38747014 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Copper is a critical trace element in biological systems due the vast number of essential enzymes that require the metal as a cofactor, including cytochrome c oxidase, superoxide dismutase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Due its key role in oxidative metabolism, antioxidant defence and neurotransmitter synthesis, copper is particularly important for neuronal development and proper neuronal function. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that copper also serves important functions in synaptic and network activity, the regulation of circadian rhythms, and arousal. However, it is important to note that because of copper's ability to redox cycle and generate reactive species, cellular levels of the metal must be tightly regulated to meet cellular needs while avoiding copper-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, it is essential that the intricate system of copper transporters, exporters, copper chaperones and copper trafficking proteins function properly and in coordinate fashion. Indeed, disorders of copper metabolism such as Menkes disease and Wilson disease, as well as diseases linked to dysfunction of copper-requiring enzymes, such as SOD1-linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, demonstrate the dramatic neurological consequences of altered copper homeostasis. In this review, we explore the physiological importance of copper in the nervous system as well as pathologies related to improper copper handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Gale
- Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Dzik KP, Flis DJ, Kaczor-Keller KB, Bytowska ZK, Karnia MJ, Ziółkowski W, Kaczor JJ. Spinal cord abnormal autophagy and mitochondria energy metabolism are modified by swim training in SOD1-G93A mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:379-390. [PMID: 38197966 PMCID: PMC10879285 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may result from the dysfunctions of various mechanisms such as protein accumulation, mitophagy, and biogenesis of mitochondria. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the molecular mechanisms in ALS development and the impact of swim training on these processes. In the present study, an animal model of ALS, SOD1-G93A mice, was used with the wild-type mice as controls. Mice swam five times per week for 30 min. Mice were analyzed before ALS onset (70 days old), at ALS 1 disease onset (116 days old), and at the terminal stage of the disease ALS (130 days old), and compared with the corresponding ALS untrained groups and normalized to the wild-type group. Enzyme activity and protein content were analyzed in the spinal cord homogenates. The results show autophagy disruptions causing accumulation of p62 accompanied by low PGC-1α and IGF-1 content in the spinal cord of SOD1-G93A mice. Swim training triggered a neuroprotective effect, attenuation of NF-l degradation, less accumulated p62, and lower autophagy initiation. The IGF-1 pathway induces pathophysiological adaptation to maintain energy demands through anaerobic metabolism and mitochondrial protection. KEY MESSAGES: The increased protein content of p62 in the spinal cord of SOD1-G93A mice suggests that autophagic clearance and transportation are disrupted. Swim training attenuates neurofilament light destruction in the spinal cord of SOD1-G93A mice. Swim training reducing OGDH provokes suppression of ATP-consuming anabolic pathways. Swim training induces energy metabolic changes and mitochondria protection through the IGF-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Patrycja Dzik
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Bazynskiego 8, 80-309, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Damian Józef Flis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Barbara Kaczor-Keller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Science, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Zofia Kinga Bytowska
- Division of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Faculty of Health Sciences With Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Jakub Karnia
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Bazynskiego 8, 80-309, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wiesław Ziółkowski
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences With Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jan Jacek Kaczor
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Bazynskiego 8, 80-309, Gdansk, Poland.
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Sureshan M, Prabhu D, Kadhirvel S. Computational identification and experimental validation of anti-filarial lead molecules targeting metal binding/substrate channel residues of Cu/Zn SOD1 from Wuchereria bancrofti. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8715-8728. [PMID: 36305196 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2136245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected mosquito-borne parasitic disease, widely caused by Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb) in tropical and sub-tropical countries. During a blood meal, the filarial nematodes are transmitted to humans by the infected mosquito. To counter attack the invaded nematodes, the human immune system produces reactive oxygen species. However, the anti-oxidant enzymes of nematodes counteract the host oxidative cytotoxicity. Cu/Zn Superoxide dismutase (SOD1), a member of antioxidant enzymes and are widely used by the nematodes to sustain the host oxidative stress across its lifecycle, hence targeting SOD1 to develop suitable drug molecules would help to overcome the problems related to efficacy and activity of drugs upon different stages of nematodes. In order to find the potent inhibitors, a three-dimensional structure of Cu/Zn WbSOD1 was modelled and the structural stability was analysed through simulation studies. The structure-guided virtual screening approach has been used to identify lead molecules from the ChemBridge based on the docking score, ADMET properties and protein-ligand complex stability analysis. The identified compounds were observed to interact with the copper, metal binding residues (His48, His63, His80 and His120) and catalytically important residue Arg146, which play a crucial role in the disproportionation of incoming superoxide radicals of Cu/Zn WbSOD1. Further, in vitro validation of the selected leads in the filarial worm Setaria digitata exhibited higher inhibition and better IC50 compared to the standard drug ivermectin. Thus, the identified leads could potentially inhibit enzyme activity, which could subsequently act as drug candidates to control LF.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthusamy Sureshan
- Biomolecular Crystallography Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Dhamodharan Prabhu
- Research and Development Wing, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saraboji Kadhirvel
- Biomolecular Crystallography Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
- Department of Computational Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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4
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Guan T, Zhou T, Zhang X, Guo Y, Yang C, Lin J, Zhang JV, Cheng Y, Marzban H, Wang YT, Kong J. Selective removal of misfolded SOD1 delays disease onset in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:304. [PMID: 37752364 PMCID: PMC11072549 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease. There is no cure currently. The discovery that mutations in the gene SOD1 are a cause of ALS marks a breakthrough in the search for effective treatments for ALS. SOD1 is an antioxidant that is highly expressed in motor neurons. Human SOD1 is prone to aberrant modifications. Familial ALS-linked SOD1 variants are particularly susceptible to aberrant modifications. Once modified, SOD1 undergoes conformational changes and becomes misfolded. This study aims to determine the effect of selective removal of misfolded SOD1 on the pathogenesis of ALS. METHODS Based on the chaperone-mediated protein degradation pathway, we designed a fusion peptide named CT4 and tested its efficiency in knocking down intracellularly misfolded SOD1 and its efficacy in modifying the pathogenesis of ALS. RESULTS Expression of the plasmid carrying the CT4 sequence in human HEK cells resulted in robust removal of misfolded SOD1 induced by serum deprivation. Co-transfection of the CT4 and the G93A-hSOD1 plasmids at various ratios demonstrated a dose-dependent knockdown efficiency on G93A-hSOD1, which could be further increased when misfolding of SOD1 was enhanced by serum deprivation. Application of the full-length CT4 peptide to primary cultures of neurons expressing the G93A variant of human SOD1 revealed a time course of the degradation of misfolded SOD1; misfolded SOD1 started to decrease by 2 h after the application of CT4 and disappeared by 7 h. Intravenous administration of the CT4 peptide at 10 mg/kg to the G93A-hSOD1 reduced human SOD1 in spinal cord tissue by 68% in 24 h and 54% in 48 h in presymptomatic ALS mice. Intraperitoneal administration of the CT4 peptide starting from 60 days of age significantly delayed the onset of ALS and prolonged the lifespan of the G93A-hSOD1 mice. CONCLUSIONS The CT4 peptide directs the degradation of misfolded SOD1 in high efficiency and specificity. Selective removal of misfolded SOD1 significantly delays the onset of ALS, demonstrating that misfolded SOD1 is the toxic form of SOD1 that causes motor neuron death. The study proves that selective removal of misfolded SOD1 is a promising treatment for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaosha Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Chaoxian Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Neurobiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Justin Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jiasi Vicky Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yongquan Cheng
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Mavadat E, Seyedalipour B, Hosseinkhani S, Colagar AH. Role of charged residues of the "electrostatic loop" of hSOD1 in promotion of aggregation: Implications for the mechanism of ALS-associated mutations under amyloidogenic conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125289. [PMID: 37307969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and amyloid formation are hallmarks of numerous diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in which hSOD1 aggregation is involved in pathogenesis. We used two point mutations in the electrostatic loop, G138E and T137R, to analyze charge distribution under destabilizing circumstances to gain more about how ALS-linked mutations affect SOD1 protein stability or net repulsive charge. We show that protein charge is important in the ALS disease process using bioinformatics and experiments. The MD simulation findings demonstrate that the mutant protein differs significantly from WT SOD1, which is consistent with the experimental evidence. The specific activity of the wild type was 1.61 and 1.48 times higher than that of the G138E and T137R mutants, respectively. Under amyloid induction conditions, the intensity of intrinsic and ANS fluorescence in both mutants reduced. Increasing the content of β-sheet structures in mutants can be attributed to aggregation propensity, which was confirmed using CD polarimetry and FTIR spectroscopy. Our findings show that two ALS-related mutations promote the formation of amyloid-like aggregates at near physiological pH under destabilizing conditions, which were detected using spectroscopic probes such as Congo red and ThT fluorescence, and also further confirmation of amyloid-like species by TEM. Overall, our results provide evidence supporting the notion that negative charge changes combined with other destabilizing factors play an important role in increasing protein aggregation by reducing repulsive negative charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Mavadat
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Bagher Seyedalipour
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Zaji HD, Seyedalipour B, Hanun HM, Baziyar P, Hosseinkhani S, Akhlaghi M. Computational insight into in silico analysis and molecular dynamics simulation of the dimer interface residues of ALS-linked hSOD1 forms in apo/holo states: a combined experimental and bioinformatic perspective. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:92. [PMID: 36845075 PMCID: PMC9944573 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of misfolded SOD1 proteins in neurodegenerative illnesses is a key pathological hallmark in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). SOD1 is stabilized and enzymatically activated after binding to Cu/Zn and forming intramolecular disulfide. SOD1 aggregation/oligomerization is triggered by the dissociation of Cu and/or Zn ions. Therefore, we compared the possible effects of ALS-associated point mutations of the holo/apo forms of WT/I149T/V148G SOD1 variants located at the dimer interface to determine structural characterization using spectroscopic methods, computational approaches as well as molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Predictive results of computational analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) suggested that mutant SOD1 has a deleterious effect on activity and structure destabilization. MD data analysis indicated that changes in flexibility, stability, hydrophobicity of the protein as well as increased intramolecular interactions of apo-SOD1 were more than holo-SOD1. Furthermore, a decrease in enzymatic activity in apo-SOD1 was observed compared to holo-SOD1. Comparative intrinsic and ANS fluorescence results of holo/apo-WT-hSOD1 and mutants indicated structural alterations in the local environment of tryptophan residue and hydrophobic patches, respectively. Experimental and MD data supported that substitution effect and metal deficiency of mutants (apo forms) in the dimer interface may promote the tendency to protein mis-folding and aggregation, consequently disrupting the dimer-monomer equilibrium and increased propensity to dissociation dimer into SOD-monomer ultimately leading to loss of stability and function. Overall, data analysis of apo/holo SOD1 forms on protein structure and function using computational and experimental studies will contribute to a better understanding of ALS pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Dakhil Zaji
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Bagher Seyedalipour
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Haider Munzer Hanun
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Payam Baziyar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Akhlaghi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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7
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Chen L, Min J, Wang F. Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:378. [PMID: 36414625 PMCID: PMC9681860 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As an essential micronutrient, copper is required for a wide range of physiological processes in virtually all cell types. Because the accumulation of intracellular copper can induce oxidative stress and perturbing cellular function, copper homeostasis is tightly regulated. Recent studies identified a novel copper-dependent form of cell death called cuproptosis, which is distinct from all other known pathways underlying cell death. Cuproptosis occurs via copper binding to lipoylated enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which leads to subsequent protein aggregation, proteotoxic stress, and ultimately cell death. Here, we summarize our current knowledge regarding copper metabolism, copper-related disease, the characteristics of cuproptosis, and the mechanisms that regulate cuproptosis. In addition, we discuss the implications of cuproptosis in the pathogenesis of various disease conditions, including Wilson's disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer, and we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting cuproptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XThe Fourth Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China ,grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918The First Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,The First Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
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Abstract
Amyloids are organized suprastructural polypeptide arrangements. The prevalence of amyloid-related processes of pathophysiological relevance has been linked to aging-related degenerative diseases. Besides the role of genetic polymorphisms on the relative risk of amyloid diseases, the contributions of nongenetic ontogenic cluster of factors remain elusive. In recent decades, mounting evidences have been suggesting the role of essential micronutrients, in particular transition metals, in the regulation of amyloidogenic processes, both directly (such as binding to amyloid proteins) or indirectly (such as regulating regulatory partners, processing enzymes, and membrane transporters). The features of transition metals as regulatory cofactors of amyloid proteins and the consequences of metal dyshomeostasis in triggering amyloidogenic processes, as well as the evidences showing amelioration of symptoms by dietary supplementation, suggest an exaptative role of metals in regulating amyloid pathways. The self- and cross-talk replicative nature of these amyloid processes along with their systemic distribution support the concept of their metastatic nature. The role of amyloidosis as nutrient sensors would act as intra- and transgenerational epigenetic metabolic programming factors determining health span and life span, viability, which could participate as an evolutive selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Maurício T R Lima
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - pbiotech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory for Macromolecules (LAMAC-DIMAV), National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tháyna Sisnande
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - pbiotech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hsueh SCC, Nijland M, Peng X, Hilton B, Plotkin SS. First Principles Calculation of Protein-Protein Dimer Affinities of ALS-Associated SOD1 Mutants. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:845013. [PMID: 35402516 PMCID: PMC8988244 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.845013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a 32 kDa homodimer that converts toxic oxygen radicals in neurons to less harmful species. The dimerization of SOD1 is essential to the stability of the protein. Monomerization increases the likelihood of SOD1 misfolding into conformations associated with aggregation, cellular toxicity, and neuronal death in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS). The ubiquity of disease-associated mutations throughout the primary sequence of SOD1 suggests an important role of physicochemical processes, including monomerization of SOD1, in the pathology of the disease. Herein, we use a first-principles statistical mechanics method to systematically calculate the free energy of dimer binding for SOD1 using molecular dynamics, which involves sequentially computing conformational, orientational, and separation distance contributions to the binding free energy. We consider the effects of two ALS-associated mutations in SOD1 protein on dimer stability, A4V and D101N, as well as the role of metal binding and disulfide bond formation. We find that the penalty for dimer formation arising from the conformational entropy of disordered loops in SOD1 is significantly larger than that for other protein–protein interactions previously considered. In the case of the disulfide-reduced protein, this leads to a bound complex whose formation is energetically disfavored. Somewhat surprisingly, the loop free energy penalty upon dimerization is still significant for the holoprotein, despite the increased structural order induced by the bound metal cations. This resulted in a surprisingly modest increase in dimer binding free energy of only about 1.5 kcal/mol upon metalation of the protein, suggesting that the most significant stabilizing effects of metalation are on folding stability rather than dimer binding stability. The mutant A4V has an unstable dimer due to weakened monomer-monomer interactions, which are manifested in the calculation by a separation free energy surface with a lower barrier. The mutant D101N has a stable dimer partially due to an unusually rigid β-barrel in the free monomer. D101N also exhibits anticooperativity in loop folding upon dimerization. These computational calculations are, to our knowledge, the most quantitatively accurate calculations of dimer binding stability in SOD1 to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn C C Hsueh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark Nijland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Xubiao Peng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Center for Quantum Technology Research, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Benjamin Hilton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven S Plotkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Genome Science and Technology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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10
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Timucin AC, Cinaroglu SS, Sezerman OU, Timucin E. Bridging the Bridging Imidazolate in the Bimetallic Center of the Cu/Zn SOD1 and ALS. Front Chem 2021; 9:716438. [PMID: 34540798 PMCID: PMC8446448 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.716438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallation status of human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). All of the amino acids found in the bimetallic center have been associated with ALS except for two positions. H63 which forms the bridging imidazolate ion in the bimetallic center and K136 which is not directly involved in coordination but located in the bimetallic center were not reported to be mutated in any of the identified ALS cases. In this study, we investigated the structure and flexibility of five SOD1 variants by using classical molecular dynamics simulations. These variants include three substitutions on the non-ALS-linked positions; H63A, H63R, K136A and ALS-linked positions; G37R, H46R/H48D. We have generated four systems for each variant differing in metallation and presence of the intramolecular disulfide bond. Overall, a total of 24 different dimers including the wild-type were generated and simulated at two temperatures, 298 and 400 K. We have monitored backbone mobility, fluctuations and compactness of the dimer structures to assess whether the hypothetical mutations would behave similar to the ALS-linked variants. Results showed that particularly two mutants, H63R and K136A, drastically affected the dimer dynamics by increasing the fluctuations of the metal binding loops compared with the control mutations. Further, these variants resulted in demetallation of the dimers, highlighting probable ALS toxicity that could be elicited by the SOD1 variants of H63R and K136A. Overall, this study bridges two putative SOD1 positions in the metallic center and ALS, underlining the potential use of atomistic simulations for studying disease variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Can Timucin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Acibadem MAA University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Osman Ugur Sezerman
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Acibadem MAA University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Timucin
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Acibadem MAA University, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Trist BG, Hilton JB, Hare DJ, Crouch PJ, Double KL. Superoxide Dismutase 1 in Health and Disease: How a Frontline Antioxidant Becomes Neurotoxic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9215-9246. [PMID: 32144830 PMCID: PMC8247289 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a frontline antioxidant enzyme catalysing superoxide breakdown and is important for most forms of eukaryotic life. The evolution of aerobic respiration by mitochondria increased cellular production of superoxide, resulting in an increased reliance upon SOD1. Consistent with the importance of SOD1 for cellular health, many human diseases of the central nervous system involve perturbations in SOD1 biology. But far from providing a simple demonstration of how disease arises from SOD1 loss-of-function, attempts to elucidate pathways by which atypical SOD1 biology leads to neurodegeneration have revealed unexpectedly complex molecular characteristics delineating healthy, functional SOD1 protein from that which likely contributes to central nervous system disease. This review summarises current understanding of SOD1 biology from SOD1 genetics through to protein function and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Trist
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of PharmacologyThe University of Sydney, CamperdownSydneyNew South Wales2050Australia
| | - James B. Hilton
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of PharmacologyThe University of Sydney, CamperdownSydneyNew South Wales2050Australia
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
- Atomic Medicine InitiativeThe University of Technology SydneyBroadwayNew South Wales2007Australia
| | - Peter J. Crouch
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
| | - Kay L. Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of PharmacologyThe University of Sydney, CamperdownSydneyNew South Wales2050Australia
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Trist BG, Hilton JB, Hare DJ, Crouch PJ, Double KL. Superoxide Dismutase 1 in Health and Disease: How a Frontline Antioxidant Becomes Neurotoxic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Trist
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of Pharmacology The University of Sydney, Camperdown Sydney New South Wales 2050 Australia
| | - James B. Hilton
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of Pharmacology The University of Sydney, Camperdown Sydney New South Wales 2050 Australia
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- Atomic Medicine Initiative The University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales 2007 Australia
| | - Peter J. Crouch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Kay L. Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of Pharmacology The University of Sydney, Camperdown Sydney New South Wales 2050 Australia
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13
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Sheng J, Olrichs NK, Geerts WJ, Kaloyanova DV, Helms JB. Metal ions and redox balance regulate distinct amyloid-like aggregation pathways of GAPR-1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15048. [PMID: 31636315 PMCID: PMC6803662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the CAP superfamily (Cysteine-rich secretory proteins, Antigen 5, and Pathogenesis-Related 1 proteins) are characterized by the presence of a structurally conserved CAP domain. The common structure-function relationship of this domain is still poorly understood. In this study, we unravel specific molecular mechanisms modulating the quaternary structure of the mammalian CAP protein GAPR-1 (Golgi-Associated plant Pathogenesis-Related protein 1). Copper ions are shown to induce a distinct amyloid-like aggregation pathway of GAPR-1 in the presence of heparin. This involves an immediate shift from native multimers to monomers which are prone to form amyloid-like fibrils. The Cu2+-induced aggregation pathway is independent of a conserved metal-binding site and involves the formation of disulfide bonds during the nucleation process. The elongation process occurs independently of the presence of Cu2+ ions, and amyloid-like aggregation can proceed under oxidative conditions. In contrast, the Zn2+-dependent aggregation pathway was found to be independent of cysteines and was reversible upon removal of Zn2+ ions. Together, our results provide insight into the regulation of the quaternary structure of GAPR-1 by metal ions and redox homeostasis with potential implications for regulatory mechanisms of other CAP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick K Olrichs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willie J Geerts
- Biomolecular Imaging, Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dora V Kaloyanova
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Bernd Helms
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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14
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Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, Argueti S, Gupta R, Shvil N, Abu-Hamad S, Gropper Y, Hoeber J, Magrì A, Messina A, Kozlova EN, Shoshan-Barmatz V, Israelson A. A VDAC1-Derived N-Terminal Peptide Inhibits Mutant SOD1-VDAC1 Interactions and Toxicity in the SOD1 Model of ALS. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:346. [PMID: 31474832 PMCID: PMC6702328 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are the second most common cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by the death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. SOD1 neurotoxicity has been attributed to aberrant accumulation of misfolded SOD1, which in its soluble form binds to intracellular organelles, such as mitochondria and ER, disrupting their functions. Here, we demonstrate that mutant SOD1 binds specifically to the N-terminal domain of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC1), an outer mitochondrial membrane protein controlling cell energy, metabolic and survival pathways. Mutant SOD1G93A and SOD1G85R, but not wild type SOD1, directly interact with VDAC1 and reduce its channel conductance. No such interaction with N-terminal-truncated VDAC1 occurs. Moreover, a VDAC1-derived N-terminal peptide inhibited mutant SOD1-induced toxicity. Incubation of motor neuron-like NSC-34 cells expressing mutant SOD1 or mouse embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons with different VDAC1 N-terminal peptides resulted in enhanced cell survival. Taken together, our results establish a direct link between mutant SOD1 toxicity and the VDAC1 N-terminal domain and suggest that VDAC1 N-terminal peptides targeting mutant SOD1 provide potential new therapeutic strategies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shteinfer-Kuzmine
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Shirel Argueti
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Neta Shvil
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Salah Abu-Hamad
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Yael Gropper
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Jan Hoeber
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Magrì
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Messina
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elena N Kozlova
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Adrian Israelson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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15
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Pan X, Song X, Wang C, Cheng T, Luan D, Xu K, Tang B. H 2Se Induces Reductive Stress in HepG2 Cells and Activates Cell Autophagy by Regulating the Redox of HMGB1 Protein under Hypoxia. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1794-1808. [PMID: 31037139 PMCID: PMC6485193 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Selenium has been shown to have chemotherapeutic effects against cancer. However, the anti-cancer mechanism of selenium is not fully understood, and the role of hydrogen selenide (H2Se), which is a common metabolite of dietary selenium compounds, has not been elucidated due to the lack of detection methods. In this study, we revealed a new anti-cancer mechanism of selenite with the help of a H2Se fluorescent probe. Methods: HepG2 cells were cultured under a simulated tumor hypoxic microenvironment. The H2Se and H2O2 levels were detected by fluorescent probes in living cells and in mice. Autophagic and apoptotic proteins were detected by Western blotting. The redox of HMGB1 protein were analyzed by non-reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results: After pharmacological doses of Na2SeO3 treatment of HepG2 cells under hypoxic conditions, high levels of H2Se were produced before cell death. The H2Se accumulation resulted in reductive stress instead of oxidative stress, which was induced by Na2SeO3 treatment under normoxic conditions. Furthermore, H2Se targeted the HMGB1 protein and induced cell autophagy. H2Se could interrupt the disulfide bond in HMGB1 and promote its secretion. The reduced HMGB1 outside the cells stimulated cell autophagy by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR axis. Here, autophagy played a dual role, i.e., mild autophagy inhibited apoptosis, while excessive autophagy led to autophagy-associated cell death. Conclusions: These results show that H2Se plays a key role during HepG2 cell death induced by selenite. Our findings reveal a new anti-cancer mechanism of selenite and provide a new research area for selenium studies.
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16
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Maier M, Welt T, Wirth F, Montrasio F, Preisig D, McAfoose J, Vieira FG, Kulic L, Späni C, Stehle T, Perrin S, Weber M, Hock C, Nitsch RM, Grimm J. A human-derived antibody targets misfolded SOD1 and ameliorates motor symptoms in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:10/470/eaah3924. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah3924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) lead to misfolding and aggregation of SOD1 and cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). However, the implications of wild-type SOD1 misfolding in sporadic forms of ALS (SALS) remain unclear. By screening human memory B cells from a large cohort of healthy elderly subjects, we generated a recombinant human monoclonal antibody (α-miSOD1) that selectively bound to misfolded SOD1, but not to physiological SOD1 dimers. On postmortem spinal cord sections from 121 patients with ALS, α-miSOD1 antibody identified misfolded SOD1 in a majority of cases, regardless of their SOD1 genotype. In contrast, the α-miSOD1 antibody did not bind to its epitope in most of the 41 postmortem spinal cord sections from non-neurological control (NNC) patients. In transgenic mice overexpressing disease-causing human SOD1G37R or SOD1G93A mutations, treatment with the α-miSOD1 antibody delayed the onset of motor symptoms, extended survival by up to 2 months, and reduced aggregation of misfolded SOD1 and motor neuron degeneration. These effects were obtained whether α-miSOD1 antibody treatment was administered by direct brain infusion or peripheral administration. These results support the further development of α-miSOD1 antibody as a candidate treatment for ALS involving misfolding of SOD1.
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17
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Zhao S, Cao S, Luo L, Zhang Z, Yuan G, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Guo W, Wang L, Chen F, Wu Q, Li L. A preliminary investigation of metal element profiles in the serum of patients with bloodstream infections using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Clin Chim Acta 2018; 485:323-332. [PMID: 30017616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We determined metal element profiles (MEPs) by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the serum of patients with blood stream infection (BSI) and find out very important (VIP) metal elements in specific infections. METHODS Sixty-eight metal elements were identified in both serum and the bacteria isolated from 14 BSI patients with Staphylococcus infection, 39 with Enterobacteriaceae infection, 5 with Enterococcus infection and 58 healthy subjects without infection by ICP-MS methods. Statistical analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) were performed to process data among different groups, select differential metal elements and operate correlation analysis. RESULTS The MEPs in the serum of BSI patients with 4 types of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, and Klebsiella pneumonia), and the corresponding MEPs of the bacteria were established. VIP metal elements were screened out in different BSI patients. Correlation analysis showed that there were some correlations between serum concentrations of metal elements and bacterial infection. CONCLUSION We found differential metal elements in the serum of BSI patients compared with controls, thus providing a basis for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of BSI from the perspective of metallomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suying Zhao
- Department of laboratory medicine, The Affiliated hospital of Nanjing university of Traditional ChineseMedicine, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shuyuan Cao
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Nanjing entry-exit inspection and quarantine bureau, Nanjing 211106,China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Gehui Yuan
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yanting Yang
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Weihui Guo
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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18
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Zhao B, Zhuang X, Pi Z, Liu S, Liu Z, Song F. Determining the Effect of Catechins on SOD1 Conformation and Aggregation by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Combined with Optical Spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:734-741. [PMID: 29392684 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) plays an important role in the etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). For the disruption of ALS progression, discovering new drugs or compounds that can prevent SOD1 aggregation is important. In this study, ESI-MS was used to investigate the interaction of catechins and SOD1. The noncovalent complex of catechins that interact with SOD1 was found and retained in the gas phase under native ESI-MS condition. The conformation changes of SOD1 after binding with catechins were also explored via traveling wave ion mobility (IM) spectrometry. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) can stabilize SOD1 conformation against unfolding in three catechins. To further evaluate the efficacy of EGCG, we monitored the fluorescence changes of dimer E2,E2,-SOD1(apo-SOD1, E:empty) with and without ligands under denaturation conditions, and found that EGCG can inhibit apo-SOD1 aggregation. In addition, the circular dichroism spectra of the samples showed that EGCG can decrease the β-sheet content of SOD1, which can produce aggregates. These results indicated that orthogonal separation dimension in the gas-phase IM coupled with ESI-MS (ESI-IM-MS) can potentially provide insight into the interaction between SOD1 and small molecules. The advantage is that it dramatically decreases the analysis time. Meantime, optical spectroscopy techniques can be used to confirm ESI-IM-MS results. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhuang
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zifeng Pi
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Shu Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Fengrui Song
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
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19
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Sheykhansari S, Kozielski K, Bill J, Sitti M, Gemmati D, Zamboni P, Singh AV. Redox metals homeostasis in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:348. [PMID: 29497049 PMCID: PMC5832817 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of redox metals such as iron and copper on multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has been intensively studied. However, the origin of these disorders remains uncertain. This review article critically describes the physiology of redox metals that produce oxidative stress, which in turn leads to cascades of immunomodulatory alteration of neurons in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Iron and copper overload has been well established in motor neurons of these diseases’ lesions. On the other hand, the role of other metals like cadmium participating indirectly in the redox cascade of neurobiological mechanism is less studied. In the second part of this review, we focus on this less conspicuous correlation between cadmium as an inactive-redox metal and multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, providing novel treatment modalities and approaches as future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sheykhansari
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Kristen Kozielski
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Joachim Bill
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Donato Gemmati
- Hemostasis & Thrombosis Center - Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Zamboni
- Translational Surgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Ferrara, via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Ajay Vikram Singh
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany.
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20
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Nam E, Han J, Suh JM, Yi Y, Lim MH. Link of impaired metal ion homeostasis to mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 43:8-14. [PMID: 29100100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Manganese, iron, copper, and zinc are observed to play essential roles in mitochondria. The overload and depletion of metal ions in mitochondria under pathological conditions, however, could disturb mitochondrial compartments and functions leading to cell death. In this review, we mainly summarize how impaired metal ion homeostasis affects mitochondrial systems, such as membrane potentials, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glutathione metabolism. In addition, based on current findings, we briefly describe a recent understanding of the relationship among metal ion dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the pathogeneses of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Han
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yelim Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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21
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The Role of Metal Binding in the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Related Aggregation of Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091429. [PMID: 28850080 PMCID: PMC6151412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding and conformational changes are common hallmarks in many neurodegenerative diseases involving formation and deposition of toxic protein aggregates. Although many players are involved in the in vivo protein aggregation, physiological factors such as labile metal ions within the cellular environment are likely to play a key role. In this review, we elucidate the role of metal binding in the aggregation process of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) associated to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). SOD1 is an extremely stable Cu-Zn metalloprotein in which metal binding is crucial for folding, enzymatic activity and maintenance of the native conformation. Indeed, demetalation in SOD1 is known to induce misfolding and aggregation in physiological conditions in vitro suggesting that metal binding could play a key role in the pathological aggregation of SOD1. In addition, this study includes recent advances on the role of aberrant metal coordination in promoting SOD1 aggregation, highlighting the influence of metal ion homeostasis in pathologic aggregation processes.
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22
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Habibi M, Rottler J, Plotkin SS. The unfolding mechanism of monomeric mutant SOD1 by simulated force spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017. [PMID: 28629863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical unfolding of mutated apo, disulfide-reduced, monomeric superoxide dismutase 1 protein (SOD1) has been simulated via force spectroscopy techniques, using both an all-atom (AA), explicit solvent model and a coarse-grained heavy-atom Gō (HA-Gō) model. The HA-Gō model was implemented at two different pulling speeds for comparison. The most-common sequence of unfolding in the AA model agrees well with the most-common unfolding sequence of the HA-Gō model, when the same normalized pulling rate was used. Clustering of partially-native structures as the protein unfolds shows that the AA and HA-Gō models both exhibit a dominant pathway for early unfolding, which eventually bifurcates repeatedly to multiple branches after the protein is about half-unfolded. The force-extension curve exhibits multiple force drops, which are concomitant with jumps in the local interaction potential energy between specific β-strands in the protein. These sudden jumps in the potential energy coincide with the dissociation of specific pairs of β-strands, and thus intermediate unfolding events. The most common sequence of β-strand dissociation in the unfolding pathway of the AA model is β-strands 5, 4, 8, 7, 1, 2, then finally β-strands 3 and 6. The observation that β-strand 5 is among the first to unfold here, but the last to unfold in simulations of loop-truncated SOD1, could imply the existence of an evolutionary compensation mechanism, which would stabilize β-strands flanking long loops against their entropic penalty by strengthening intramolecular interactions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biophysics in Canada, edited by Lewis Kay, John Baenziger, Albert Berghuis and Peter Tieleman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Habibi
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jörg Rottler
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Steven S Plotkin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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23
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Insights into the mechanisms of copper dyshomeostasis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Rev Mol Med 2017; 19:e7. [PMID: 28597807 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neuromuscular disease characterised by a progressive loss of motor neurons that usually results in paralysis and death within 2 to 5 years after disease onset. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in ALS remain largely unknown and to date there is no effective treatment for this disease. Here, we review clinical and experimental evidence suggesting that dysregulation of copper homeostasis in the central nervous system is a crucial underlying event in motor neuron degeneration and ALS pathophysiology. We also review and discuss novel approaches seeking to target copper delivery to treat ALS. These novel approaches may be clinically relevant not only for ALS but also for other neurological disorders with abnormal copper homeostasis, such as Parkinson's, Huntington's and Prion diseases.
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24
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Tachu BJ, Wüsten KA, Garza MC, Wille H, Tamgüney G. An easy method for bacterial expression and purification of wild-type and mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Protein Expr Purif 2017; 134:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Álvarez-Zaldiernas C, Lu J, Zheng Y, Yang H, Blasi J, Solsona C, Holmgren A. Cellular Redox Systems Impact the Aggregation of Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase Linked to Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17197-208. [PMID: 27261461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS, where mutations of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) account for about 20% of the inherited mutations. Human SOD1 (hSOD1) contains four cysteines, including Cys(57) and Cys(146), which have been linked to protein stability and folding via forming a disulfide bond, and Cys(6) and Cys(111) as free thiols. But the roles of the cellular oxidation-reduction (redox) environment in SOD1 folding and aggregation are not well understood. Here we explore the effects of cellular redox systems on the aggregation of hSOD1 proteins. We found that the known hSOD1 mutations G93A and A4V increased the capability of the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems to reduce hSOD1 compared with wild-type hSOD1. Treatment with inhibitors of these redox systems resulted in an increase of hSOD1 aggregates in the cytoplasm of cells transfected with mutants but not in cells transfected with wild-type hSOD1 or those containing a secondary C111G mutation. This aggregation may be coupled to changes in the redox state of the G93A and A4V mutants upon mild oxidative stress. These results strongly suggest that the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems are the key regulators for hSOD1 aggregation and may play critical roles in the pathogenesis of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Álvarez-Zaldiernas
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden, the Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain, and the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jun Lu
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Yujuan Zheng
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hongqian Yang
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Blasi
- the Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain, and the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Solsona
- the Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain, and the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arne Holmgren
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden,
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Spalloni A, Longone P. Cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, clues from the SOD1 mouse. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 60:12-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dorh N, Zhu S, Dhungana KB, Pati R, Luo FT, Liu H, Tiwari A. BODIPY-Based Fluorescent Probes for Sensing Protein Surface-Hydrophobicity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18337. [PMID: 26679512 PMCID: PMC4683377 DOI: 10.1038/srep18337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mapping surface hydrophobic interactions in proteins is key to understanding molecular recognition, biological functions, and is central to many protein misfolding diseases. Herein, we report synthesis and application of new BODIPY-based hydrophobic sensors (HPsensors) that are stable and highly fluorescent for pH values ranging from 7.0 to 9.0. Surface hydrophobic measurements of proteins (BSA, apomyoglobin, and myoglobin) by these HPsensors display much stronger signal compared to 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS), a commonly used hydrophobic probe; HPsensors show a 10- to 60-fold increase in signal strength for the BSA protein with affinity in the nanomolar range. This suggests that these HPsensors can be used as a sensitive indicator of protein surface hydrophobicity. A first principle approach is used to identify the molecular level mechanism for the substantial increase in the fluorescence signal strength. Our results show that conformational change and increased molecular rigidity of the dye due to its hydrophobic interaction with protein lead to fluorescence enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethaniah Dorh
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Shilei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Kamal B. Dhungana
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Ranjit Pati
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Fen-Tair Luo
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China
| | - Haiying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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Chattopadhyay M, Nwadibia E, Strong CD, Gralla EB, Valentine JS, Whitelegge JP. The Disulfide Bond, but Not Zinc or Dimerization, Controls Initiation and Seeded Growth in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-linked Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) Fibrillation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30624-36. [PMID: 26511321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.666503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a defining feature of familial ALS caused by inherited mutations in the sod1 gene, and misfolded and aggregated forms of wild-type SOD1 are found in both sporadic and familial ALS cases. Mature SOD1 owes its exceptional stability to a number of post-translational modifications as follows: formation of the intramolecular disulfide bond, binding of copper and zinc, and dimerization. Loss of stability due to the failure to acquire one or more of these modifications is proposed to lead to aggregation in vivo. Previously, we showed that the presence of apo-, disulfide-reduced SOD1, the most immature form of SOD1, results in initiation of fibrillation of more mature forms that have an intact Cys-57-Cys-146 disulfide bond and are partially metallated. In this study, we examine the ability of each of the above post-translational modifications to modulate fibril initiation and seeded growth. Cobalt or zinc binding, despite conferring great structural stability, neither inhibits the initiation propensity of disulfide-reduced SOD1 nor consistently protects disulfide-oxidized SOD1 from being recruited into growing fibrils across wild-type and a number of ALS mutants. In contrast, reduction of the disulfide bond, known to be necessary for fibril initiation, also allows for faster recruitment during seeded amyloid growth. These results identify separate factors that differently influence seeded growth and initiation and indicate a lack of correlation between the overall thermodynamic stability of partially mature SOD1 states and their ability to initiate fibrillation or be recruited by a growing fibril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Chattopadhyay
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095,
| | - Ekeoma Nwadibia
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Cynthia D Strong
- the Department of Chemistry, Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, Iowa 52314, and
| | - Edith Butler Gralla
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | | | - Julian P Whitelegge
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, the The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, NPI-Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Khago D, Wong EK, Kingsley CN, Freites JA, Tobias DJ, Martin RW. Increased hydrophobic surface exposure in the cataract-related G18V variant of human γS-crystallin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:325-32. [PMID: 26459004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine whether the cataract-related G18V variant of human γS-crystallin has increased exposure of hydrophobic residues that could explain its aggregation propensity and/or recognition by αB-crystallin. METHODS We used an ANS fluorescence assay and NMR chemical shift perturbation to experimentally probe exposed hydrophobic surfaces. These results were compared to flexible docking simulations of ANS molecules to the proteins, starting with the solution-state NMR structures of γS-WT and γS-G18V. RESULTS γS-G18V exhibits increased ANS fluorescence, suggesting increased exposed hydrophobic surface area. The specific residues involved in ANS binding were mapped by NMR chemical shift perturbation assays, revealing ANS binding sites in γS-G18V that are not present in γS-WT. Molecular docking predicts three binding sites that are specific to γS-G18V corresponding to the exposure of a hydrophobic cavity located at the interdomain interface, as well as two hydrophobic patches near a disordered loop containing solvent-exposed cysteines, all but one of which is buried in γS-WT. CONCLUSIONS Although both proteins display non-specific binding, more residues are involved in ANS binding to γS-G18V, and the affected residues are localized in the N-terminal domain and the nearby interdomain interface, proximal to the mutation site. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Characterization of changes in exposed hydrophobic surface area between wild-type and variant proteins can help elucidate the mechanisms of aggregation propensity and chaperone recognition, presented here in the context of cataract formation. Experimental data and simulations provide complementary views of the interactions between proteins and the small molecule probes commonly used to study aggregation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Crystallin Biochemistry in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domarin Khago
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Eric K Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Carolyn N Kingsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - J Alfredo Freites
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Douglas J Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
| | - Rachel W Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
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Hilton JB, White AR, Crouch PJ. Metal-deficient SOD1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:481-7. [PMID: 25754173 PMCID: PMC4408375 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations to the ubiquitous antioxidant enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) were the first established genetic cause of the fatal, adult-onset neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is widely accepted that these mutations do not cause ALS via a loss of antioxidant function, but elucidating the alternate toxic gain of function has proven to be elusive. Under physiological conditions, SOD1 binds one copper ion and one zinc ion per monomer to form a highly stable and functional homodimer, but there is now ample evidence to indicate aberrant persistence of SOD1 in an intermediate metal-deficient state may contribute to the protein’s involvement in ALS. This review briefly discusses some of the data to support a role for metal-deficient SOD1 in the development of ALS and some of the outcomes from drug development studies that have aimed to modify the symptoms of ALS by targeting the metal state of SOD1. The implications for the metal state of SOD1 in cases of sporadic ALS that do not involve mutant SOD1 are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Hilton
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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31
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Yang M, Dutta C, Tiwari A. Disulfide-bond scrambling promotes amorphous aggregates in lysozyme and bovine serum albumin. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3969-81. [PMID: 25689578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are naturally formed in more than 50% of amyloidogenic proteins, but the exact role of disulfide bonds in protein aggregation is still not well-understood. The intracellular reducing agents and/or improper use of antioxidants in extracellular environment can break proteins disulfide bonds, making them unstable and prone to misfolding and aggregation. In this study, we report the effect of disulfide-reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) on hen egg white lysozyme (lysozyme) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) aggregation at pH 7.2 and 37 °C. BSA and lysozyme proteins treated with disulfide-reducing agents form very distinct amorphous aggregates as observed by scanning electron microscope. However, proteins with intact disulfide bonds were stable and did not aggregate over time. BSA and lysozyme aggregates show unique but measurable differences in 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) and 4,4'-dianilino-1,1'-binaphthyl-5,5'-disulfonic acid (bis-ANS) fluorescence, suggesting a loose and flexible aggregate structure for lysozyme but a more compact aggregate structure for BSA. Scrambled disulfide-bonded protein aggregates were observed by nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for both proteins. Similar amorphous aggregates were also generated using a nonthiol-based reducing agent, tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), at pH 7.2 and 37 °C. In summary, formation of distinct amorphous aggregates by disulfide-reduced BSA and lysozyme suggests an alternate pathway for protein aggregation that may be relevant to several proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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32
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Rotunno MS, Auclair JR, Maniatis S, Shaffer SA, Agar J, Bosco DA. Identification of a misfolded region in superoxide dismutase 1 that is exposed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28527-38. [PMID: 25164820 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.581801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations and aberrant post-translational modifications within Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause this otherwise protective enzyme to misfold, leading to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The C4F6 antibody selectively binds misfolded SOD1 in spinal cord tissues from postmortem human ALS cases, as well as from an ALS-SOD1 mouse model, suggesting that the C4F6 epitope reports on a pathogenic conformation that is common to misfolded SOD1 variants. To date, the residues and structural elements that comprise this epitope have not been elucidated. Using a chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry approach, we identified the C4F6 epitope within several ALS-linked SOD1 variants, as well as an oxidized form of WT SOD1, supporting the notion that a similar misfolded conformation is shared among pathological SOD1 proteins. Exposure of the C4F6 epitope was modulated by the SOD1 electrostatic (loop VII) and zinc binding (loop IV) loops and correlated with SOD1-induced toxicity in a primary microglia activation assay. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed Asp(92) and Asp(96) as key residues within the C4F6 epitope required for the SOD1-C4F6 binding interaction. We propose that stabilizing the functional loops within SOD1 and/or obscuring the C4F6 epitope are viable therapeutic strategies for treating SOD1-mediated ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Rotunno
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Jared R Auclair
- the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Stephanie Maniatis
- the Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01545, and
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- the Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01545, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Jeffrey Agar
- the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Daryl A Bosco
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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33
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Solsona C, Kahn TB, Badilla CL, Álvarez-Zaldiernas C, Blasi J, Fernandez JM, Alegre-Cebollada J. Altered thiol chemistry in human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked mutants of superoxide dismutase 1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26722-26732. [PMID: 25096579 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.565333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases share a common characteristic, the presence of intracellular or extracellular deposits of protein aggregates in nervous tissues. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a severe and fatal neurodegenerative disorder, which affects preferentially motoneurons. Changes in the redox state of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) are associated with the onset and development of familial forms of ALS. In human SOD1 (hSOD1), a conserved disulfide bond and two free cysteine residues can engage in anomalous thiol/disulfide exchange resulting in non-native disulfides, a hallmark of ALS that is related to protein misfolding and aggregation. Because of the many competing reaction pathways, traditional bulk techniques fall short at quantifying individual thiol/disulfide exchange reactions. Here, we adapt recently developed single-bond chemistry techniques to study individual disulfide isomerization reactions in hSOD1. Mechanical unfolding of hSOD1 leads to the formation of a polypeptide loop held by the disulfide. This loop behaves as a molecular jump rope that brings reactive Cys-111 close to the disulfide. Using force-clamp spectroscopy, we monitor nucleophilic attack of Cys-111 at either sulfur of the disulfide and determine the selectivity of the reaction. Disease-causing mutations G93A and A4V show greatly altered reactivity patterns, which may contribute to the progression of familial ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Solsona
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine-Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain,; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain,.
| | - Thomas B Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032,; Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and
| | - Carmen L Badilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and
| | - Cristina Álvarez-Zaldiernas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine-Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain,; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Blasi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine-Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain,; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio M Fernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and
| | - Jorge Alegre-Cebollada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and; Vascular Biology and Inflammation Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Cl. Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Oral treatment with Cu(II)(atsm) increases mutant SOD1 in vivo but protects motor neurons and improves the phenotype of a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci 2014; 34:8021-31. [PMID: 24899723 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4196-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the metallo-protein Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in humans and an expression level-dependent phenotype in transgenic rodents. We show that oral treatment with the therapeutic agent diacetyl-bis(4-methylthiosemicarbazonato)copper(II) [Cu(II)(atsm)] increased the concentration of mutant SOD1 (SOD1G37R) in ALS model mice, but paradoxically improved locomotor function and survival of the mice. To determine why the mice with increased levels of mutant SOD1 had an improved phenotype, we analyzed tissues by mass spectrometry. These analyses revealed most SOD1 in the spinal cord tissue of the SOD1G37R mice was Cu deficient. Treating with Cu(II)(atsm) decreased the pool of Cu-deficient SOD1 and increased the pool of fully metallated (holo) SOD1. Tracking isotopically enriched (65)Cu(II)(atsm) confirmed the increase in holo-SOD1 involved transfer of Cu from Cu(II)(atsm) to SOD1, suggesting the improved locomotor function and survival of the Cu(II)(atsm)-treated SOD1G37R mice involved, at least in part, the ability of the compound to improve the Cu content of the mutant SOD1. This was supported by improved survival of SOD1G37R mice that expressed the human gene for the Cu uptake protein CTR1. Improving the metal content of mutant SOD1 in vivo with Cu(II)(atsm) did not decrease levels of misfolded SOD1. These outcomes indicate the metal content of SOD1 may be a greater determinant of the toxicity of the protein in mutant SOD1-associated forms of ALS than the mutations themselves. Improving the metal content of SOD1 therefore represents a valid therapeutic strategy for treating ALS caused by SOD1.
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35
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Son M, Elliott JL. Mitochondrial defects in transgenic mice expressing Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase mutations, the role of Copper Chaperone for SOD1. J Neurol Sci 2014; 336:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rotunno MS, Bosco DA. An emerging role for misfolded wild-type SOD1 in sporadic ALS pathogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:253. [PMID: 24379756 PMCID: PMC3863749 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that targets motor neurons, leading to paralysis and death within a few years of disease onset. While several genes have been linked to the inheritable, or familial, form of ALS, much less is known about the cause(s) of sporadic ALS, which accounts for ~90% of ALS cases. Due to the clinical similarities between familial and sporadic ALS, it is plausible that both forms of the disease converge on a common pathway and, therefore, involve common factors. Recent evidence suggests the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) protein to be one such factor that is common to both sporadic and familial ALS. In 1993, mutations were uncovered in SOD1 that represent the first known genetic cause of familial ALS. While the exact mechanism of mutant-SOD1 toxicity is still not known today, most evidence points to a gain of toxic function that stems, at least in part, from the propensity of this protein to misfold. In the wild-type SOD1 protein, non-genetic perturbations such as metal depletion, disruption of the quaternary structure, and oxidation, can also induce SOD1 to misfold. In fact, these aforementioned post-translational modifications cause wild-type SOD1 to adopt a “toxic conformation” that is similar to familial ALS-linked SOD1 variants. These observations, together with the detection of misfolded wild-type SOD1 within human post-mortem sporadic ALS samples, have been used to support the controversial hypothesis that misfolded forms of wild-type SOD1 contribute to sporadic ALS pathogenesis. In this review, we present data from the literature that both support and contradict this hypothesis. We also discuss SOD1 as a potential therapeutic target for both familial and sporadic ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Rotunno
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Daryl A Bosco
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center Worcester, MA, USA
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Low HP, Tiwari A, Janjanam J, Qiu L, Chang CI, Strohsnitter WC, Norwitz ER, Tam SW, Evans JE, Green KM, Paulo JA, Lambe M, Hsieh CC. Screening preeclamptic cord plasma for proteins associated with decreased breast cancer susceptibility. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2013; 11:335-44. [PMID: 24296084 PMCID: PMC4357835 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia, a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, has been found to reduce the subsequent risk for breast cancer in female offspring. As this protective effect could be due to exposure to preeclampsia-specific proteins during intrauterine life, the proteomic profiles of umbilical cord blood plasma between preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies were compared. Umbilical cord plasma samples, depleted of 14 abundant proteins, were subjected to proteomic analysis using the quantitative method of nanoACQUITY ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with elevated energy mode of acquisition(E) (NanoUPLC-MS(E)). Sixty-nine differentially expressed proteins were identified, of which 15 and 6 proteins were only detected in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies, respectively. Additionally, expression of 8 proteins (gelsolin, complement C5, keratin type I cytoskeletal 10, pigment epithelium-derived factor, complement factor B, complement component C7, hemoglobin subunit gamma-2 and alpha-fetoprotein) were up-regulated in preeclampsia with a fold change of ≥2.0 when compared to normotensive pregnancies. The identification of alpha-fetoprotein in preeclamptic umbilical cord blood plasma supported the validity of this screen as alpha-fetoprotein has anti-estrogenic properties and has previously been linked to preeclampsia as well as a reduced breast cancer risk. The findings of this pilot study may provide new insights into the mechanistic link between preeclampsia and potentially reduced breast cancer susceptibility in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Pang Low
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Jagadeesh Janjanam
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Chien-I Chang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - Errol R Norwitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sun W Tam
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01545, USA
| | - James E Evans
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01545, USA
| | - Karin M Green
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01545, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mats Lambe
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chung-Cheng Hsieh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Lin PY, Simon SM, Koh WK, Folorunso O, Umbaugh CS, Pierce A. Heat shock factor 1 over-expression protects against exposure of hydrophobic residues on mutant SOD1 and early mortality in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Neurodegener 2013; 8:43. [PMID: 24256636 PMCID: PMC3907013 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1) are responsible for 20% of familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and mutant SOD1 has been shown to have increased surface hydrophobicity in vitro. Mutant SOD1 may adopt a complex array of conformations with varying toxicity in vivo. We have used a novel florescence-based proteomic assay using 4,4’-bis-1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (bisANS) to assess the surface hydrophobicity, and thereby distinguish between different conformations, of SOD1and other proteins in situ. Results Covalent bisANS labeling of spinal cord extracts revealed that alterations in surface hydrophobicity of H46R/H48Q mutations in SOD1 provoke formation of high molecular weight SOD1 species with lowered solubility, likely due to increased exposure of hydrophobic surfaces. BisANS was docked on the H46R/H48Q SOD1 structure at the disordered copper binding and electrostatic loops of mutant SOD1, but not non-mutant WT SOD1. 16 non-SOD1 proteins were also identified that exhibited altered surface hydrophobicity in the H46R/H48Q mutant mouse model of ALS, including proteins involved in energy metabolism, cytoskeleton, signaling, and protein quality control. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) were also enriched in the detergent-insoluble fractions with SOD1. Given that chaperones recognize proteins with exposed hydrophobic surfaces as substrates and the importance of protein homeostasis in ALS, we crossed SOD1 H46R/H48Q mutant mice with mice over-expressing the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) transcription factor. Here we showed that HSF1 over-expression in H46R/H48Q ALS mice enhanced proteostasis as evidenced by increased expression of HSPs in motor neurons and astrocytes and increased solubility of mutant SOD1. HSF1 over-expression significantly reduced body weight loss, delayed ALS disease onset, decreases cases of early disease, and increased survival for the 25th percentile in an H46R/H48Q SOD1 background. HSF1 overexpression did not affect macroautophagy in the ALS background, but was associated with maintenance of carboxyl terminus of Hsp70 interacting protein (CHIP) expression which declined in H46R/H48Q mice. Conclusion Our results uncover the potential importance of changes in protein surface hydrophobicity of SOD1 and other non-SOD1 proteins in ALS, and how strategies that activate HSF1 are valid therapies for ALS and other age-associated proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Lin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Leal SS, Cardoso I, Valentine JS, Gomes CM. Calcium ions promote superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) aggregation into non-fibrillar amyloid: a link to toxic effects of calcium overload in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)? J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25219-25228. [PMID: 23861388 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.470740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalance in metal ion homeostasis is a hallmark in neurodegenerative conditions involving protein deposition, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is no exception. In particular, Ca(2+) dysregulation has been shown to correlate with superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) aggregation in a cellular model of ALS. Here we present evidence that SOD1 aggregation is enhanced and modulated by Ca(2+). We show that at physiological pH, Ca(2+) induces conformational changes that increase SOD1 β-sheet content, as probed by far UV CD and attenuated total reflectance-FTIR, and enhances SOD1 hydrophobicity, as probed by ANS fluorescence emission. Moreover, dynamic light scattering analysis showed that Ca(2+) boosts the onset of SOD1 aggregation. In agreement, Ca(2+) decreases SOD1 critical concentration and nucleation time during aggregation kinetics, as evidenced by thioflavin T fluorescence emission. Attenuated total reflectance FTIR analysis showed that Ca(2+) induced aggregates consisting preferentially of antiparallel β-sheets, thus suggesting a modulation effect on the aggregation pathway. Transmission electron microscopy and analysis with conformational anti-fibril and anti-oligomer antibodies showed that oligomers and amyloidogenic aggregates constitute the prevalent morphology of Ca(2+)-induced aggregates, thus indicating that Ca(2+) diverts SOD1 aggregation from fibrils toward amorphous aggregates. Interestingly, the same heterogeneity of conformations is found in ALS-derived protein inclusions. We thus hypothesize that transient variations and dysregulation of cellular Ca(2+) levels contribute to the formation of SOD1 aggregates in ALS patients. In this scenario, Ca(2+) may be considered as a pathogenic effector in the formation of ALS proteinaceous inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia S Leal
- From the Instituto Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República 127, 2780-756 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- the Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Instituto Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal, and
| | - Joan S Valentine
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Cláudio M Gomes
- From the Instituto Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República 127, 2780-756 Oeiras, Portugal,.
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Tokuda E, Okawa E, Watanabe S, Ono SI, Marklund SL. Dysregulation of intracellular copper homeostasis is common to transgenic mice expressing human mutant superoxide dismutase-1s regardless of their copper-binding abilities. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:308-19. [PMID: 23321002 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 170 mutations in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) have been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The properties of SOD1 mutants differ considerably including copper-binding abilities. Nevertheless, they cause the same disease phenotype, suggesting a common neurotoxic pathway. We have previously reported that copper homeostasis is disturbed in spinal cords of SOD1(G93A) mice. However, it is unknown whether copper dyshomeostasis is induced by other SOD1 mutants. Using the additional mouse strains SOD1(G127insTGGG), SOD1(G85R), and SOD1(D90A), which express SOD1 mutants with different copper-binding abilities, we show that copper dyshomeostasis is common to SOD1 mutants. The SOD1 mutants shifted the copper trafficking systems toward copper accumulation in spinal cords of the mice. Copper contents bound to the SOD1 active site varied considerably between SOD1 mutants. Still, copper bound to other ligands in the spinal cord were markedly increased in all. Zinc was also increased, whereas there were no changes in magnesium, calcium, aluminum, manganese and iron. Further support for a role of copper dyshomeostasis in ALS was gained from results of pharmacological intervention. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (TTM), a copper chelating agent, prolonged survival and slowed the disease progression of SOD1(G93A) mice, even when the treatment was started after the disease onset. TTM markedly attenuated pathology, including the loss of motor neurons and axons, and atrophy of skeletal muscles. Additionally, TTM decreased amounts of SOD1 aggregates. We propose that pharmacological agents that are capable of modulating copper dyshomeostasis, such as TTM, might be beneficial for the treatment of ALS caused by SOD1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Tokuda
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, Building 6M, Umeå, SE 901 85, Sweden
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41
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Redox properties of the disulfide bond of human Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase and the effects of human glutaredoxin 1. Biochem J 2012; 446:59-67. [PMID: 22651090 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The intramolecular disulfide bond in hSOD1 [human SOD1 (Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase 1)] plays a key role in maintaining the protein's stability and quaternary structure. In mutant forms of SOD1 that cause familial ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), this disulfide bond is more susceptible to chemical reduction, which may lead to destabilization of the dimer and aggregation. During hSOD1 maturation, disulfide formation is catalysed by CCS1 (copper chaperone for SOD1). Previous studies in yeast demonstrate that the yeast GSH/Grx (glutaredoxin) redox system promotes reduction of the hSOD1 disulfide in the absence of CCS1. In the present study, we probe further the interaction between hSOD1, GSH and Grxs to provide mechanistic insight into the redox kinetics and thermodynamics of the hSOD1 disulfide. We demonstrate that hGrx1 (human Grx1) uses a monothiol mechanism to reduce the hSOD1 disulfide, and the GSH/hGrx1 system reduces ALS mutant SOD1 at a faster rate than WT (wild-type) hSOD1. However, redox potential measurements demonstrate that the thermodynamic stability of the disulfide is not consistently lower in ALS mutants compared with WT hSOD1. Furthermore, the presence of metal cofactors does not influence the disulfide redox potential. Overall, these studies suggest that differences in the GSH/hGrx1 reaction rate with WT compared with ALS mutant hSOD1 and not the inherent thermodynamic stability of the hSOD1 disulfide bond may contribute to the greater pathogenicity of ALS mutant hSOD1.
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Redler RL, Dokholyan NV. The complex molecular biology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 107:215-62. [PMID: 22482452 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385883-2.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder that causes selective death of motor neurons followed by paralysis and death. A subset of ALS cases is caused by mutations in the gene for Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which impart a toxic gain of function to this antioxidant enzyme. This neurotoxic property is widely believed to stem from an increased propensity to misfold and aggregate caused by decreased stability of the native homodimer or a tendency to lose stabilizing posttranslational modifications. Study of the molecular mechanisms of SOD1-related ALS has revealed a complex array of interconnected pathological processes, including glutamate excitotoxicity, dysregulation of neurotrophic factors and axon guidance proteins, axonal transport defects, mitochondrial dysfunction, deficient protein quality control, and aberrant RNA processing. Many of these pathologies are directly exacerbated by misfolded and aggregated SOD1 and/or cytosolic calcium overload, suggesting the primacy of these events in disease etiology and their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Redler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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43
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Mulligan VK, Kerman A, Laister RC, Sharda PR, Arslan PE, Chakrabartty A. Early Steps in Oxidation-Induced SOD1 Misfolding: Implications for Non-Amyloid Protein Aggregation in Familial ALS. J Mol Biol 2012; 421:631-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Localization of a toxic form of superoxide dismutase 1 protein to pathologically affected tissues in familial ALS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5505-10. [PMID: 22431618 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115009109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) account for about 20% of the cases of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS). It is not known how the mutant protein causes disease, or why only a subset of cell types (motor neurons) are targeted. The aggregation and misfolding of mutant SOD1 are implicated in disease pathogenesis in both animal models and humans. We used a monoclonal antibody, C4F6, which specifically reacts with mutant and/or "misfolded" SOD1, to investigate the regional distribution of mutant SOD1 protein in rodent and human tissues. C4F6 reacted only with mutant SOD1 and showed remarkable selectivity for disease-affected tissues and cells. Tissue not affected by disease but containing high levels of mutant protein (sensory neurons) did not stain with C4F6. Additionally, C4F6 intensely stained some motor neurons while leaving adjacent motor neurons unstained. Although C4F6 was generated against the G93A SOD1 mutant, it also recognized other SOD1 mutants. In human autopsy tissues from patients carrying SOD1 mutations, C4F6 identified skein-like intracellular inclusions in motor neurons, similar to those seen in rodents, and again stained only a subset of motor neurons. In spinal cords from patients with sporadic ALS, other neurodegenerative diseases, and normal controls, C4F6-immunoreactive inclusions were not detected, but the antibody did reveal diffuse immunostaining of some spinal motor neurons. The ability of C4F6 to differentiate pathologically affected tissue in mutant SOD1 ALS rodent models and humans, specifically motor neuron populations, suggests that this antibody may recognize a "toxic" form of the mutant SOD1 protein.
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45
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Es-Haghi A, Shariatizi S, Ebrahim-Habibi A, Nemat-Gorgani M. Amyloid fibrillation in native and chemically-modified forms of carbonic anhydrase II: role of surface hydrophobicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:468-77. [PMID: 22251892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification or mutation of proteins may bring about significant changes in the net charge or surface hydrophobicity of a protein structure. Such events may be of major physiological significance and may provide important insights into the genetics of amyloid diseases. In the present study, fibrillation potential of native and chemically-modified forms of bovine carbonic anhydrase II (BCA II) were investigated. Initially, various denaturing conditions including low pH and high temperatures were tested to induce fibrillation. At a low pH of around 2.4, where the protein is totally dissociated, the apo form was found to take up a pre-molten globular (PMG) conformation with the capacity for fibril formation. Upon increasing the pH to around 3.6, a molten globular (MG) form became abundant, forming amorphous aggregates. Charge neutralization and enhancement of hydrophobicity by methylation, acetylation and propionylation of lysine residues appeared very effective in promoting fibrillation of both the apo and holo forms under native conditions, the rates and extents of which were directly proportional to surface hydrophobicity, and influenced by salt concentration and temperature. These modified structures underwent more pronounced fibrillation under native conditions, than the PMG intermediate form, observed under denaturing conditions. The nature of the fibrillation products obtained from intermediate and modified structures were characterized and compared and their possible cytotoxicity determined. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of surface net charge and hydrophobicity in controlling protein aggregation. A discussion on the physiological significance of the observations is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Es-Haghi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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46
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Heldt CL, Kurouski D, Sorci M, Grafeld E, Lednev IK, Belfort G. Isolating toxic insulin amyloid reactive species that lack β-sheets and have wide pH stability. Biophys J 2011; 100:2792-800. [PMID: 21641325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, are characterized by aggregation of normally functioning proteins or peptides into ordered, β-sheet rich fibrils. Most of the theories on amyloid toxicity focus on the nuclei or oligomers in the fibril formation process. The nuclei and oligomers are transient species, making their full characterization difficult. We have isolated toxic protein species that act like an oligomer and may provide the first evidence of a stable reactive species created by disaggregation of amyloid fibrils. This reactive species was isolated by dissolving amyloid fibrils at high pH and it has a mass >100 kDa and a diameter of 48 ± 15 nm. It seeds the formation of fibrils in a dose dependent manner, but using circular dichroism and deep ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy, the reactive species was found to not have a β-sheet rich structure. We hypothesize that the reactive species does not decompose at high pH and maintains its structure in solution. The remaining disaggregated insulin, excluding the toxic reactive species that elongated the fibrils, returned to native structured insulin. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that a stable reactive species of an amyloid reaction has been separated and characterized by disaggregation of amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn L Heldt
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and The Center of Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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Son M, Srikanth U, Puttaparthi K, Luther C, Elliott JL. Biochemical properties and in vivo effects of the SOD1 zinc-binding site mutant (H80G). J Neurochem 2011; 118:891-901. [PMID: 21692800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the initial characterization of transgenic mice with mutations in a primary zinc-binding residue (H80), either alone or with a G93A mutation. H80G;G93A superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) transgenic mice developed paralysis with motor neuron loss, and ubiquitin inclusion-type rather than mitochondrial vacuolar pathology. Unlike G93A SOD1-related disease, the course was not accelerated by over-expression of copper chaperone for SOD1. H80G SOD1 transgenic mice did not manifest disease at levels of SOD1 transgene expressed. The H80G mutation altered certain biochemical parameters of both human wild-type SOD1 and G93A SOD1. The H80G mutation does not substantially change the age-dependent accumulation of G93A SOD1 aggregates and hydrophobic species in spinal cord. However, both H80G;G93A SOD1 and H80G SOD1 lack dismutase activity, the ability to form homodimers, and co-operativity with copper chaperone for SOD1, indicating that their dimerization interface is abnormal. The H80G mutation also made SOD1 susceptible to protease digestion. The H80G mutation alters the redox properties of SOD1. G93A SOD1 exists in either reduced or oxidized form, whereas H80G;G93A SOD1 and H80G SOD1 exist only in a reduced state. The inability of SOD1 with an H80G mutation to take part in normal oxidation-reduction reactions has important ramifications for disease mechanisms and pathology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjatta Son
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Ip P, Mulligan VK, Chakrabartty A. ALS-causing SOD1 mutations promote production of copper-deficient misfolded species. J Mol Biol 2011; 409:839-52. [PMID: 21549128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Point mutations scattered throughout the sequence of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause a subset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases. SOD1 is a homodimer in which each subunit binds one copper atom and one zinc atom. Inclusions containing misfolded SOD1 are seen in motor neurons of SOD1-associated ALS cases. The mechanism by which these diverse mutations cause misfolding and converge on the same disease is still not well understood. Previously, we developed several time-resolved techniques to monitor structural changes in SOD1 as it unfolds in guanidine hydrochloride. By measuring the rates of Cu and Zn release using an absorbance-based assay, dimer dissociation through chemical cross-linking, and β-barrel conformation changes by tryptophan fluorescence, we established that wild-type SOD1 unfolds by a branched pathway involving a Zn-deficient monomer as the dominant intermediate of the major pathway, and with various metal-loaded and Cu-deficient dimers populated along the minor pathway. We have now compared the unfolding pathway of wild-type SOD1 with those of A4V, G37R, G85R, G93A, and I113T ALS-associated mutant SOD1. The kinetics of unfolding of the mutants were generally much faster than those of wild type. However, all of the mutants utilize the minority pathway to a greater extent than the wild-type protein, leading to greater populations of Cu-deficient intermediates and decreases in Zn-deficient intermediates relative to the wild-type protein. The greater propensity of the mutants to populate Cu-deficient states potentially implicates these species as a pathogenic form of SOD1 in SOD1-associated ALS and provides a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philbert Ip
- Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, TMDT 4-305, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
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Wild-type and mutant SOD1 share an aberrant conformation and a common pathogenic pathway in ALS. Nat Neurosci 2010; 13:1396-403. [PMID: 20953194 PMCID: PMC2967729 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many mutations confer upon copper/zinc superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) one or more toxic function(s) that impair motor neuron viability and cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). Using a conformation-specific antibody that detects misfolded SOD1 (C4F6), we demonstrate that oxidized WT-SOD1 and mutant-SOD1 share a conformational epitope that is not present in normal WT-SOD1. In a subset of human sporadic ALS (SALS) cases, motor neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord displayed striking C4F6 immunoreactivity, denoting the presence of aberrant WT-SOD1 species. Recombinant, oxidized WT-SOD1 and WT-SOD1 immunopurified from SALS tissues inhibited kinesin-based fast axonal transport in a manner similar to FALS-linked mutant SOD1. Studies here suggest that WT-SOD1 can be pathogenic in SALS and identifies an SOD1-dependent pathogenic mechanism common to FALS and SALS.
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Induction of Protective Immunity by Vaccination With Wild-Type Apo Superoxide Dismutase 1 in Mutant SOD1 Transgenic Mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:1044-56. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181f4a90a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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