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Boucher J, Gilbert C, Bose S, Tessier PA. S100A9: The Unusual Suspect Connecting Viral Infection and Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1523-1529. [PMID: 38709994 PMCID: PMC11076006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The study of S100A9 in viral infections has seen increased interest since the COVID-19 pandemic. S100A8/A9 levels were found to be correlated with the severity of COVID-19 disease, cytokine storm, and changes in myeloid cell subsets. These data led to the hypothesis that S100A8/A9 proteins might play an active role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. This review explores the structures and functions of S100A8/9 and the current knowledge on the involvement of S100A8/A9 and its constituents in viral infections. The potential roles of S100A9 in SARS-CoV-2 infections are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Boucher
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, and Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, and Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Santanu Bose
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Philippe A. Tessier
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, and Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Messana I, Manconi B, Cabras T, Boroumand M, Sanna MT, Iavarone F, Olianas A, Desiderio C, Rossetti DV, Vincenzoni F, Contini C, Guadalupi G, Fiorita A, Faa G, Castagnola M. The Post-Translational Modifications of Human Salivary Peptides and Proteins Evidenced by Top-Down Platforms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12776. [PMID: 37628956 PMCID: PMC10454625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we extensively describe the main post-translational modifications that give rise to the multiple proteoforms characterized to date in the human salivary proteome and their potential role. Most of the data reported were obtained by our group in over twenty-five years of research carried out on human saliva mainly by applying a top-down strategy. In the beginning, we describe the products generated by proteolytic cleavages, which can occur before and after secretion. In this section, the most relevant families of salivary proteins are also described. Next, we report the current information concerning the human salivary phospho-proteome and the limited news available on sulfo-proteomes. Three sections are dedicated to the description of glycation and enzymatic glycosylation. Citrullination and N- and C-terminal post-translational modifications (PTMs) and miscellaneous other modifications are described in the last two sections. Results highlighting the variation in the level of some proteoforms in local or systemic pathologies are also reviewed throughout the sections of the manuscript to underline the impact and relevance of this information for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers useful in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | | | - Maria Teresa Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (F.V.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Diana Valeria Rossetti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Federica Vincenzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (F.V.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristina Contini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Giulia Guadalupi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Antonella Fiorita
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa e del Collo, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gavino Faa
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Proteomics Laboratory, European Center for Brain Research, (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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3
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Duan R, Pan H, Li D, Liao S, Han B. Ergothioneine improves myocardial remodeling and heart function after acute myocardial infarction via S-glutathionylation through the NF-ĸB dependent Wnt5a-sFlt-1 pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 950:175759. [PMID: 37121564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the leading cause of cardiovascular death worldwide. Studies have shown that soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) has a harmful effect on the heart after MI. However, ergothioneine (ERG) has been shown to have protective effects in rats with preeclampsia by reducing circulating levels of sFlt-1. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism by which ERG protects the heart after MI in rats. Our results indicate that treatment with 10 mg/kg ERG for 7 days can improve cardiac function as determined by echocardiography. Additionally, ERG can reduce the size of the damaged area, prevent heart remodeling, fibrosis, and reduce cardiomyocyte death after MI. To explain the mechanism behind the cardioprotective effects of ERG, we conducted several experiments. We observed a significant reduction in the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), p65, and p-p65 proteins in heart tissues of ERG-treated rats compared to the control group. ELISA results also showed that ERG significantly reduced plasma levels of sFlt-1. Using Glutaredoxin-1 (GLRX) and CD31 immunofluorescence, we found that GLRX was expressed in clusters in the myocardial tissue surrounding the coronary artery, and ERG can reduce the expression of GLRX caused by MI. In vitro experiments using a human coronary artery endothelial cell (HCAEC) hypoxia model confirmed that ERG can reduce the expression of sFlt-1, GLRX, and Wnt5a. These findings suggest that ERG protects the heart from MI damage by reducing s-glutathionylation through the NF-ĸB-dependent Wnt5a-sFlt-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Haotian Pan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - DongCheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shengen Liao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiangsu, PR China.
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4
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Bai B, Xu Y, Chen H. Pathogenic roles of neutrophil-derived alarmins (S100A8/A9) in heart failure: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic insights. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:573-588. [PMID: 36464854 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An excessive neutrophil count is recognized as a valuable predictor of inflammation and is associated with a higher risk of adverse cardiac events in patients with heart failure. Our understanding of the effectors used by neutrophils to inflict proinflammatory actions needs to be advanced. Recently, emerging evidence has demonstrated a causative role of neutrophil-derived alarmins (i.e. S100A8/A9) in aggravating cardiac injuries by induction of inflammation. In parallel with the neutrophil count, high circulating levels of S100A8/A9 proteins powerfully predict mortality in patients with heart failure. As such, a deeper understanding of the biological functions of neutrophil-derived S100A8/A9 proteins would offer novel therapeutic insights. Here, the basic biology of S100A8/A9 proteins and their pleiotropic roles in cardiovascular diseases are discussed, focusing on heart failure. We also consider the evidence that therapeutic targeting of S100A8/A9 proteins by the humanized vaccine, antibodies or inhibitors is able to town down inflammatory injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Bai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Health and Precision Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
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5
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Polakowska M, Steczkiewicz K, Szczepanowski RH, Wysłouch-Cieszyńska A. Toward an understanding of the conformational plasticity of S100A8 and S100A9 Ca 2+-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102952. [PMID: 36731796 PMCID: PMC10124908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are small, human, Ca2+-binding proteins with multiple intracellular and extracellular functions in signaling, regulation, and defense. The two proteins are not detected as monomers but form various noncovalent homo- or hetero-oligomers related to specific activities in human physiology. Because of their significant roles in numerous medical conditions, there has been intense research on the conformational properties of various S100A8 and S100A9 proteoforms as essential targets of drug discovery. NMR or crystal structures are currently available only for mutated or truncated protein complexes, mainly with bound metal ions, that may well reflect the proteins' properties outside cells but not in other biological contexts in which they perform. Here, we used structural mass spectrometry methods combined with molecular dynamics simulations to compare the conformations of wild-type full-length S100A8 and S100A9 subunits in biologically relevant homo- and hetero-dimers and in higher oligomers formed in the presence of calcium or zinc ions. We provide, first, rationales for their functional response to changing environmental conditions, by elucidating differences between proteoforms in flexible protein regions that may provide the plasticity of the binding sites for the multiple targets, and second, the key factors contributing to the variable stability of the oligomers. The described methods and a systematic view of the conformational properties of S100A8 and S100A9 complexes provide a basis for further research to characterize and modulate their functions for basic science and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Polakowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Steczkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roman H Szczepanowski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Księcia Trojdena Street, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
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Peng A, Lu F, Xing J, Dou Y, Yao Y, Li J, Li J, Hou R, Zhang K, Yin G. Psoriatic Dermal-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induced C3 Expression in Keratinocytes. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:1489-1497. [PMID: 35941858 PMCID: PMC9356611 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s363737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Patients and Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Peng
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Funa Lu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianxiao Xing
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Dou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanjun Yao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqin Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruixia Hou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Yin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Guohua Yin, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5, Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-0351-5656080, Email
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7
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Boroumand M, Manconi B, Serrao S, Iavarone F, Olianas A, Cabras T, Contini C, Pieroni L, Sanna MT, Vento G, Tirone C, Desiderio C, Fiorita A, Faa G, Messana I, Castagnola M. Investigation by top‐down high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry of glutathionylation and cysteinylation of salivary S100A9 and cystatin B in preterm newborns. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mozghan Boroumand
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Via Ardeatina, 306/354 Roma 00179 Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente Università di Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Simone Serrao
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente Università di Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” ‐ IRCCS Roma Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore Roma Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente Università di Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente Università di Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Cristina Contini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente Università di Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Luisa Pieroni
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Via Ardeatina, 306/354 Roma 00179 Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente Università di Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Giovanni Vento
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” ‐ IRCCS Roma Italy
- Divisione di Neonatologia Dipartimento per la Salute della Donna e del Bambino Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma Italy
| | - Chiara Tirone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” ‐ IRCCS Roma Italy
- Divisione di Neonatologia Dipartimento per la Salute della Donna e del Bambino Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma Italy
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Roma Italy
| | - Antonella Fiorita
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” ‐ IRCCS Roma Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento Neurologiche Ortopediche e della Testa e del Collo Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma Italy
| | - Gavino Faa
- Sezione di Anatomia Patologica Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica Università di Cagliari Cagliari Italy
- Temple University Philadelphia USA
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Roma Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Via Ardeatina, 306/354 Roma 00179 Italy
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Davison LM, Alberto AA, Dand HA, Keller EJ, Patt M, Khan A, Dvorina N, White A, Sakurai N, Liegl LN, Vogl T, Jorgensen TN. S100a9 Protects Male Lupus-Prone NZBWF1 Mice From Disease Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:681503. [PMID: 34220829 PMCID: PMC8248531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.681503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder disproportionally affecting women. A similar sex difference exists in the murine New Zealand Black/White hybrid model (NZBWF1) of SLE with all females, but only 30-40% of males, developing disease within the first year of life. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are prominent in NZBWF1 males and while depletion of these cells in males, but not females, promotes disease development, the mechanism of suppression remains unknown. S100a9, expressed by neutrophils and MDSCs, has previously been shown to exert immunosuppressive functions in cancer and inflammation. Here we investigated if S100a9 exerts immunosuppressive functions in NZBWF1 male and female mice. S100a9+/+, S100a9+/- and S100a9-/- NZBWF1 mice were followed for disease development for up to 8 months of age. Serum autoantibody levels, splenomegaly, lymphocyte activation, glomerulonephritis and proteinuria were measured longitudinally or at the time of harvest. In accordance with an immunosuppressive function of MDSCs in male mice, S100a9-deficient male NZBWF1 mice developed accelerated autoimmunity as indicated by increased numbers of differentiated effector B and T cells, elevated serum autoantibody levels, increased immune-complex deposition and renal inflammation, and accelerated development of proteinuria. In contrast, female mice showed either no response to S100a9-deficiency or even a slight reduction in disease symptoms. Furthermore, male, but not female, S100a9-/- NZBWF1 mice displayed an elevated type I interferon-induced gene signature, suggesting that S100a9 may dampen a pathogenic type I interferon signal in male mice. Taken together, S100a9 exerts an immunosuppressive function in male NZBWF1 mice effectively moderating lupus-like disease development via inhibition of type I interferon production, lymphocyte activation, autoantibody production and the development of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Davison
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Andres A Alberto
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, NE40, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Hardik A Dand
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, NE40, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Emma J Keller
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Madeline Patt
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, NE40, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, NE40, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nina Dvorina
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, NE40, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alexandra White
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nodoka Sakurai
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, NE40, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lauren N Liegl
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, NE40, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Trine N Jorgensen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, NE40, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
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9
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Defrêne J, Berrazouane S, Esparza N, Pagé N, Côté MF, Gobeil S, Aoudjit F, Tessier PA. Deletion of S100a8 and S100a9 Enhances Skin Hyperplasia and Promotes the Th17 Response in Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:505-514. [PMID: 33361205 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of the damage-associated molecular patterns S100A8 and S100A9 are found in skin and serum from patients suffering from psoriasis, an IL-17-related disease. Notably, although the expression of these proteins correlates with psoriatic disease severity, the exact function of S100A8 and S100A9 in psoriasis pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of S100A8 and S100A9 in psoriasis-associated skin hyperplasia and immune responses using S100a8-/- and S100a9-/- mice in an imiquimod-induced model of psoriasis. We found that S100a8-/- and S100a9-/- psoriatic mice exhibit worsened clinical symptoms relative to wild-type mice and increased expression of S100A9 and S100A8 proteins in keratinocytes, respectively. In addition, the loss of S100A8 enhances proliferation of keratinocytes and disrupts keratinocyte differentiation. We further detected elevated production of IL-17A and -F from CD4+ T cells in the absence of S100A8 and S100A9, as well as increased infiltration of neutrophils in the skin. In addition, treatment with anti-IL-17A and -F was found to reduce psoriasis symptoms and skin hyperplasia in S100a8-/- and S100a9-/- mice. These data suggest that S100A8 and S100A9 regulate psoriasis by inhibiting production of IL-17A and -F, thereby, to our knowledge, providing new insights into their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Defrêne
- Axe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sofiane Berrazouane
- Axe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nayeli Esparza
- Axe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nathalie Pagé
- Axe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie-France Côté
- Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Stéphane Gobeil
- Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada; and
| | - Fawzi Aoudjit
- Axe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Philippe A Tessier
- Axe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
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10
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Gingival Crevicular Fluid Peptidome Profiling in Healthy and in Periodontal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155270. [PMID: 32722327 PMCID: PMC7432128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Given its intrinsic nature, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is an attractive source for the discovery of novel biomarkers of periodontal diseases. GCF contains antimicrobial peptides and small proteins which could play a role in specific immune-inflammatory responses to guarantee healthy gingival status and to prevent periodontal diseases. Presently, several proteomics studies have been performed leading to increased coverage of the GCF proteome, however fewer efforts have been done to explore its natural peptides. To fill such gap, this review provides an overview of the mass spectrometric platforms and experimental designs aimed at GCF peptidome profiling, including our own data and experiences gathered from over several years of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) based approach in this field. These tools might be useful for capturing snapshots containing diagnostic clinical information on an individual and population scale, which may be used as a specific code not only for the diagnosis of the nature or the stage of the inflammatory process in periodontal disease, but more importantly, for its prognosis, which is still an unmet medical need. As a matter of fact, current peptidomics investigations suffer from a lack of standardized procedures, posing a serious problem for data interpretation. Descriptions of the efforts to address such concerns will be highlighted.
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11
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Dubois C, Payen D, Simon S, Junot C, Fenaille F, Morel N, Becher F. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Proteomics of Circulating S100A8/S100A9 in Plasma of Septic Shock Patients. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:914-925. [PMID: 31913637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Well-characterized prognostic biomarkers and reliable quantitative methods are key in sepsis management. Among damage-associated molecular patterns, S100A8/S100A9 complexes are reported to be markers for injured cells and to improve the prediction of death in septic shock patients. In view of the structural diversity observed for the intracellular forms, insight into circulating complexes and proteoforms is required to establish prognostic biomarkers. Here, we developed top-down and bottom-up proteomics to characterize the association of S100A8 and S100A9 in complexes and major circulating proteoforms. An antibody-free method was developed for absolute quantification of S100A8/S100A9 in a cohort of 49 patients to evaluate the prognostic value on the first day after admission for septic shock. The predominant circulating forms identified by top-down proteomics were S100A8, mono-oxidized S100A8, truncated acetylated S100A9, and S-nitrosylated S100A9. S100A8, truncated acetylated S100A9, and mono-oxidized S100A8 discriminated between survivors and nonsurvivors, along with total S100A8/S100A9 measured by the antibody-free bottom-up method. Overall, new insights into circulating S100A8/S100A9 and confirmation of its prognostic value in septic shock are crucial in qualification of this biomarker. Also, the simple antibody-free assay would support the harmonization of S100A8/S100A9 measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Dubois
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur Yvette F-91191 , France
| | - Didier Payen
- Université Paris 7 Cité Sorbonne, UMR INSERM 1160 , 110 Avenue de Verdun , Paris 75010 , France.,Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care , Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) , Paris 75010 , France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur Yvette F-91191 , France
| | - Christophe Junot
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur Yvette F-91191 , France
| | - François Fenaille
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur Yvette F-91191 , France
| | - Nathalie Morel
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur Yvette F-91191 , France
| | - François Becher
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur Yvette F-91191 , France
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12
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miRNAs Regulate Cytokine Secretion Induced by Phosphorylated S100A8/A9 in Neutrophils. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225699. [PMID: 31739406 PMCID: PMC6887701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of cytokines by neutrophils constitutes an essential process in the development of inflammation by recruiting and activating additional cells. Neutrophils are also able to secrete a complex of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins (S100A8/A9), which can amplify the general inflammatory state of the host and is involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). S100A8/A9 have received renewed attention due to their susceptibility to several function-altering post-translational modifications. In that context, it has been recently demonstrated that only the phosphorylated form of S100A8/A9 (S100A8/A9-P) is able to induce the secretion of several cytokines in neutrophils. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which this post-translational modification of S100A8/A9 can regulate the extracellular activity of the protein complex and its impact on the inflammatory functions of neutrophils. We found that S100A8/A9-P are present in large amounts in the synovial fluids from RA patients, highlighting the importance of this form of S100A8/A9 complex in the inflammation process. Using miRNA-sequencing on S100A8/A9-P-stimulated differentiated HL-60 cells, we identified a dysregulation of miR-146a-5p and miR-155-5p expression through TRL4 signaling pathways. Our data reveal that overexpression of these miRNAs in neutrophil-like cells reduces S100A8/A9-P-mediated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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13
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Chia SB, Elko EA, Aboushousha R, Manuel AM, van de Wetering C, Druso JE, van der Velden J, Seward DJ, Anathy V, Irvin CG, Lam YW, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Dysregulation of the glutaredoxin/ S-glutathionylation redox axis in lung diseases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 318:C304-C327. [PMID: 31693398 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00410.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is a major redox buffer, reaching millimolar concentrations within cells and high micromolar concentrations in airways. While glutathione has been traditionally known as an antioxidant defense mechanism that protects the lung tissue from oxidative stress, glutathione more recently has become recognized for its ability to become covalently conjugated to reactive cysteines within proteins, a modification known as S-glutathionylation (or S-glutathiolation or protein mixed disulfide). S-glutathionylation has the potential to change the structure and function of the target protein, owing to its size (the addition of three amino acids) and charge (glutamic acid). S-glutathionylation also protects proteins from irreversible oxidation, allowing them to be enzymatically regenerated. Numerous enzymes have been identified to catalyze the glutathionylation/deglutathionylation reactions, including glutathione S-transferases and glutaredoxins. Although protein S-glutathionylation has been implicated in numerous biological processes, S-glutathionylated proteomes have largely remained unknown. In this paper, we focus on the pathways that regulate GSH homeostasis, S-glutathionylated proteins, and glutaredoxins, and we review methods required toward identification of glutathionylated proteomes. Finally, we present the latest findings on the role of glutathionylation/glutaredoxins in various lung diseases: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi B Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Evan A Elko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Reem Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Allison M Manuel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Cheryl van de Wetering
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Joseph E Druso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jos van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David J Seward
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Charles G Irvin
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Ying-Wai Lam
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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14
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Pieroni L, Iavarone F, Olianas A, Greco V, Desiderio C, Martelli C, Manconi B, Sanna MT, Messana I, Castagnola M, Cabras T. Enrichments of post-translational modifications in proteomic studies. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:313-336. [PMID: 31631532 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than 300 different protein post-translational modifications are currently known, but only a few have been extensively investigated because modified proteoforms are commonly present in sub-stoichiometry amount. For this reason, improvement of specific enrichment techniques is particularly useful for the proteomic characterization of post-translationally modified proteins. Enrichment proteomic strategies could help the researcher in the challenging issue to decipher the complex molecular cross-talk existing between the different factors influencing the cellular pathways. In this review the state of art of the platforms applied for the enrichment of specific and most common post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation and glycation, phosphorylation, sulfation, redox modifications (i.e. sulfydration and nitrosylation), methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitinylation, are described. Enrichments strategies applied to characterize less studied post-translational modifications are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Pieroni
- Laboratorio di Proteomica e Metabolomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Viviana Greco
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Martelli
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica e Metabolomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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15
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Cesaro A, Defrêne J, Lachhab A, Pagé N, Tardif MR, Al-Shami A, Oravecz T, Fortin PR, Daudelin JF, Labrecque N, Aoudjit F, Pelletier M, Tessier PA. Enhanced myelopoiesis and aggravated arthritis in S100a8-deficient mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221528. [PMID: 31437241 PMCID: PMC6705798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expressed strongly by myeloid cells, damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) proteins S100A8 and S100A9 are found in the serum of patients with infectious and autoimmune diseases. Compared to S100A9, the role of S100A8 is controversial. We investigated its biological activity in collagen-induced arthritis using the first known viable and fertile S100a8-deficient (S100a8-/-) mouse. Although comparable to the wild type (WT) in terms of lymphocyte distribution in blood and in the primary and secondary lymphoid organs, S100a8-/- mice had increased numbers of neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells in the blood and bone marrow, and these all expressed myeloid markers such as CD11b, Ly6G and CD86 more strongly. Granulocyte-macrophage common precursors were increased in S100a8-/- bone marrow and yielded greater numbers of macrophages and dendritic cells in culture. The animals also developed more severe arthritic disease leading to aggravated osteoclast activity and bone destruction. These findings were correlated with increased inflammatory cell infiltration and cytokine secretion in the paws. This study suggests that S100A8 is an anti-inflammatory DAMP that regulates myeloid cell differentiation, thereby mitigating the development of experimental arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Cesaro
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joan Defrêne
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Asmaa Lachhab
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Pagé
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie R. Tardif
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amin Al-Shami
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tamas Oravecz
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Fortin
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Nathalie Labrecque
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Fawzi Aoudjit
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe A. Tessier
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Hoskin TS, Crowther JM, Cheung J, Epton MJ, Sly PD, Elder PA, Dobson RCJ, Kettle AJ, Dickerhof N. Oxidative cross-linking of calprotectin occurs in vivo, altering its structure and susceptibility to proteolysis. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101202. [PMID: 31015146 PMCID: PMC6477633 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin, the major neutrophil protein, is a critical alarmin that modulates inflammation and plays a role in host immunity by strongly binding trace metals essential for bacterial growth. It has two cysteine residues favourably positioned to act as a redox switch. Whether their oxidation occurs in vivo and affects the function of calprotectin has received little attention. Here we show that in saliva from healthy adults, and in lavage fluid from the lungs of patients with respiratory diseases, a substantial proportion of calprotectin was cross-linked via disulfide bonds between the cysteine residues on its S100A8 and S100A9 subunits. Stimulated human neutrophils released calprotectin and subsequently cross-linked it by myeloperoxidase-dependent production of hypochlorous acid. The myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants hypochlorous acid, taurine chloramine, hypobromous acid, and hypothiocyanous acid, all at 10 μM, cross-linked calprotectin (5 μM) via reversible disulfide bonds. Hypochlorous acid generated A9-A9 and A8-A9 cross links. Hydrogen peroxide (10 μM) did not cross-link the protein. Purified neutrophil calprotectin existed as a non-covalent heterodimer of A8/A9 which was converted to a heterotetramer - (A8/A9)2 - with excess calcium ions. Low level oxidation of calprotectin with hypochlorous acid produced substantial proportions of high order oligomers, whether oxidation occurred before or after addition of calcium ions. At high levels of oxidation the heterodimer could not form tetramers with calcium ions, but prior addition of calcium ions afforded some protection for the heterotetramer. Oxidation and formation of the A8-A9 disulfide cross link enhanced calprotectin's susceptibility to proteolysis by neutrophil proteases. We propose that reversible disulfide cross-linking of calprotectin occurs during inflammation and affects its structure and function. Its increased susceptibility to proteolysis will ultimately result in a loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teagan S Hoskin
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Jennifer M Crowther
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jeanette Cheung
- Canterbury Respiratory Research Group, Respiratory Services, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Epton
- Canterbury Respiratory Research Group, Respiratory Services, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter A Elder
- Endocrinology and Steroid Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, New Zealand
| | - Renwick C J Dobson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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17
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Preianò M, Maggisano G, Murfuni MS, Villella C, Pelaia C, Montalcini T, Lombardo N, Pelaia G, Savino R, Terracciano R. An Analytical Method for Assessing Optimal Storage Conditions of Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Disclosing a Peptide Biomarker Signature of Gingivitis by MALDI-TOF MS. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 12:e1800005. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201800005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariaimmacolata Preianò
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Giuseppina Maggisano
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Maria Stella Murfuni
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Chiara Villella
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Corrado Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Tiziana Montalcini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Nicola Lombardo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Girolamo Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Rocco Savino
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Rosa Terracciano
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
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18
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Role of glutathione metabolism in host defense against Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2320-E2328. [PMID: 29444855 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720833115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-induced changes in host cell metabolism are known to be important for the immune response. In this study, we investigated how infection with the Lyme disease-causing bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) affects host metabolic pathways and how these metabolic pathways may impact host defense. First, metabolome analysis was performed on human primary monocytes from healthy volunteers, stimulated for 24 h with Bb at low multiplicity of infection (MOI). Pathway analysis indicated that glutathione (GSH) metabolism was the pathway most significantly affected by Bb Specifically, intracellular levels of GSH increased on average 10-fold in response to Bb exposure. Furthermore, these changes were found to be specific, as they were not seen during stimulation with other pathogens. Next, metabolome analysis was performed on serum samples from patients with early-onset Lyme disease in comparison with patients with other infections. Supporting the in vitro analysis, we identified a cluster of GSH-related metabolites, the γ-glutamyl amino acids, specifically altered in patients with Lyme disease, and not in other infections. Lastly, we performed in vitro experiments to validate the role for GSH metabolism in host response against Bb. We found that the GSH pathway is essential for Bb-induced cytokine production and identified glutathionylation as a potential mediating mechanism. Taken together, these data indicate a central role for the GSH pathway in the host response to Bb GSH metabolism and glutathionylation may therefore be important factors in the pathogenesis of Lyme disease and potentially other inflammatory diseases as well.
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19
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Shi YN, Zhu N, Liu C, Wu HT, Gui Y, Liao DF, Qin L. Wnt5a and its signaling pathway in angiogenesis. Clin Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Engin AB, Nikitovic D, Neagu M, Henrich-Noack P, Docea AO, Shtilman MI, Golokhvast K, Tsatsakis AM. Mechanistic understanding of nanoparticles' interactions with extracellular matrix: the cell and immune system. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:22. [PMID: 28646905 PMCID: PMC5483305 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is an extraordinarily complex and unique meshwork composed of structural proteins and glycosaminoglycans. The ECM provides essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents, as well as contributes to crucial biochemical signaling. Importantly, ECM is an indispensable part of all biological barriers and substantially modulates the interchange of the nanotechnology products through these barriers. The interactions of the ECM with nanoparticles (NPs) depend on the morphological characteristics of intercellular matrix and on the physical characteristics of the NPs and may be either deleterious or beneficial. Importantly, an altered expression of ECM molecules ultimately affects all biological processes including inflammation. This review critically discusses the specific behavior of NPs that are within the ECM domain, and passing through the biological barriers. Furthermore, regenerative and toxicological aspects of nanomaterials are debated in terms of the immune cells-NPs interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Hipodrom, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Monica Neagu
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Immunology Department, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petra Henrich-Noack
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Petru Rares, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Mikhail I. Shtilman
- Master School Biomaterials, D.I. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- Scientific Educational Center Nanotechnology, Engineering School, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Aristidis M. Tsatsakis
- Scientific Educational Center Nanotechnology, Engineering School, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete Greece
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21
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Lim SY, Yuzhalin AE, Gordon-Weeks AN, Muschel RJ. Tumor-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages promote tumor invasion and migration by upregulating S100A8 and S100A9 expression in cancer cells. Oncogene 2016; 35:5735-5745. [PMID: 27086923 PMCID: PMC4961254 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells promote the development of distant metastases, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this process. Here we have begun to uncover the effects of myeloid cells on cancer cells in a mouse model of liver metastasis. Monocytes/macrophages, but not granulocytes, isolated from experimental liver metastases stimulated migration and invasion of MC38 colon and Lewis lung carcinoma cells. In response to conditioned media from tumor-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages, cancer cells upregulated S100a8 and S100a9 messenger RNA expression through an extracellular signal-related kinase-dependent mechanism. Suppression of S100A8 and S100A9 in cancer cells using short hairpin RNA significantly diminished migration and invasion in culture. Downregulation of S100A8 and S100A9 had no effect on subcutaneous tumor growth. However, colony size was greatly reduced in liver metastases with decreased invasion into adjacent tissue. In tissue culture and in the liver colonies derived from cancer cells with knockdown of S100A8 and S100A9, MMP2 and MMP9 expression was decreased, consistent with the reduction in migration and invasion. Our findings demonstrate that monocytes/macrophages in the metastatic liver microenvironment induce S100A8 and S100A9 in cancer cells, and that these proteins are essential for tumor cell migration and invasion. S100A8 and S100A9, however, are not responsible for stimulation of proliferation. This study implicates S100A8 and S100A9 as important mediators of tumor cell aggressiveness, and highlights the therapeutic potential of S100A8 and S100A9 for interference of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Lim
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A E Yuzhalin
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A N Gordon-Weeks
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R J Muschel
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Brigelius-Flohé R. Mixed results with mixed disulfides. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:81-7. [PMID: 27095221 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A period of research with Helmut Sies in the 1980s is recalled. Our experiments aimed at an in-depth understanding of metabolic changes due to oxidative challenges under near-physiological conditions, i.e. perfused organs. A major focus were alterations of the glutathione and the NADPH/NADP(+) system by different kinds of oxidants, in particular formation of glutathione mixed disulfides with proteins. To analyze mixed disulfides, a test was adapted which is widely used until today. The observations in perfused rat livers let us believe that glutathione-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), i.a. might be activated by glutathionylation. Although we did not succeed to verify this hypothesis for the special case of G6PDH, the regulation of enzyme/protein activities by glutathionylation today is an accepted posttranslational mechanism in redox biology in general. Our early experimental approaches are discussed in the context of present knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Brigelius-Flohé
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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23
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A real-time assay for neutrophil chemotaxis. Biotechniques 2016; 60:245-51. [PMID: 27177817 DOI: 10.2144/000114416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the predominant cells during acute phases of inflammation, and it is now recognized that these leukocytes play an important role in modulation of the immune response. Directed migration of these cells to the sites of injury, known as chemotaxis, is driven by chemoattractants present at the endothelial cell surface or in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Since uncontrolled or excessive neutrophil chemotaxis is involved in pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis and severe asthma, studying the chemical cues triggering neutrophil migration is essential for understanding the biology of these cells and developing new anti-inflammatory therapies. Although several methods have been developed to evaluate neutrophil chemotaxis, these techniques are generally labor-intensive or alter the native form of these cells and their physiological response. Here we report a rapid, non-invasive, impedance-based, and label-free assay for real-time assessment of neutrophil chemotaxis.
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24
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Preianò M, Maggisano G, Lombardo N, Montalcini T, Paduano S, Pelaia G, Savino R, Terracciano R. Influence of storage conditions on MALDI-TOF MS profiling of gingival crevicular fluid: Implications on the role of S100A8 and S100A9 for clinical and proteomic based diagnostic investigations. Proteomics 2016; 16:1033-45. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariaimmacolata Preianò
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro Italy
| | - Giuseppina Maggisano
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro Italy
| | - Nicola Lombardo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro Italy
| | - Tiziana Montalcini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro Italy
| | - Sergio Paduano
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro Italy
| | - Girolamo Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro Italy
| | - Rocco Savino
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro Italy
| | - Rosa Terracciano
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro Italy
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25
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Harrison A, Dubois LG, St John-Williams L, Moseley MA, Hardison RL, Heimlich DR, Stoddard A, Kerschner JE, Justice SS, Thompson JW, Mason KM. Comprehensive Proteomic and Metabolomic Signatures of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-Induced Acute Otitis Media Reveal Bacterial Aerobic Respiration in an Immunosuppressed Environment. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:1117-38. [PMID: 26711468 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.052498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the molecular details of the interactions between bacteria and host are critical to ultimately prevent disease. Recent technological advances allow simultaneous analysis of host and bacterial protein and metabolic profiles from a single small tissue sample to provide insight into pathogenesis. We used the chinchilla model of human otitis media to determine, for the first time, the most expansive delineation of global changes in protein and metabolite profiles during an experimentally induced disease. After 48 h of infection with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, middle ear tissue lysates were analyzed by high-resolution quantitative two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Dynamic changes in 105 chinchilla proteins and 66 metabolites define the early proteomic and metabolomic signature of otitis media. Our studies indicate that establishment of disease coincides with actin morphogenesis, suppression of inflammatory mediators, and bacterial aerobic respiration. We validated the observed increase in the actin-remodeling complex, Arp2/3, and experimentally showed a role for Arp2/3 in nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae invasion. Direct inhibition of actin branch morphology altered bacterial invasion into host epithelial cells, and is supportive of our efforts to use the information gathered to modify outcomes of disease. The twenty-eight nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae proteins identified participate in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, redox homeostasis, and include cell wall-associated metabolic proteins. Quantitative characterization of the molecular signatures of infection will redefine our understanding of host response driven developmental changes during pathogenesis. These data represent the first comprehensive study of host protein and metabolite profiles in vivo in response to infection and show the feasibility of extensive characterization of host protein profiles during disease. Identification of novel protein targets and metabolic biomarkers will advance development of therapeutic and diagnostic options for treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Harrison
- From the ‡The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Laura G Dubois
- ‡‡Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Lisa St John-Williams
- ‡‡Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - M Arthur Moseley
- ‡‡Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Rachael L Hardison
- From the ‡The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Derek R Heimlich
- From the ‡The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | | | - Joseph E Kerschner
- ‖Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226; **Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Sheryl S Justice
- From the ‡The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205; §The Center for Microbial Interface Biology and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - J Will Thompson
- ‡‡Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Kevin M Mason
- From the ‡The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205; §The Center for Microbial Interface Biology and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
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26
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Ménoret A, Crocker SJ, Rodriguez A, Rathinam VA, Clark RB, Vella AT. Transition from identity to bioactivity-guided proteomics for biomarker discovery with focus on the PF2D platform. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015. [PMID: 26201056 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic strategies provide a valuable tool kit to identify proteins involved in diseases. With recent progress in MS technology, high throughput proteomics has accelerated protein identification for potential biomarkers. Numerous biomarker candidates have been identified in several diseases, and many are common among pathologies. An overall strategy that could complement and strengthen the search for biomarkers is combining protein identity with biological outcomes. This review describes an emerging framework of bridging bioactivity to protein identity, exploring the possibility that some biomarkers will have a mechanistic role in the disease process. A review of pulmonary, cardiovascular, and CNS biomarkers will be discussed to demonstrate the utility of combining bioactivity with identification as a means to not only find meaningful biomarkers, but also to uncover functional mediators of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Ménoret
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Annabelle Rodriguez
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Vijay A Rathinam
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Robert B Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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27
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Magon NJ, Turner R, Gearry RB, Hampton MB, Sly PD, Kettle AJ. Oxidation of calprotectin by hypochlorous acid prevents chelation of essential metal ions and allows bacterial growth: Relevance to infections in cystic fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 86:133-44. [PMID: 26006104 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calprotectin provides nutritional immunity by sequestering manganese and zinc ions. It is abundant in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis but fails to prevent their recurrent infections. Calprotectin is a major protein of neutrophils and composed of two monomers, S100A8 and S100A9. We show that the ability of calprotectin to limit growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is exquisitely sensitive to oxidation by hypochlorous acid. The N-terminal cysteine residue on S100A9 was highly susceptible to oxidation which resulted in cross-linking of the protein monomers. The N-terminal methionine of S100A8 was also readily oxidized by hypochlorous acid, forming both the methionine sulfoxide and the unique product dehydromethionine. Isolated human neutrophils formed these modifications on calprotectin when their myeloperoxidase generated hypochlorous acid. Up to 90% of the N-terminal amine on S100A8 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from young children with cystic fibrosis was oxidized. Oxidized calprotectin was higher in children with cystic fibrosis compared to disease controls, and further elevated in those patients with infections. Our data suggest that oxidative stress associated with inflammation in cystic fibrosis will stop metal sequestration by calprotectin. Consequently, strategies aimed at blocking extracellular myeloperoxidase activity should enable calprotectin to provide nutritional immunity within the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Magon
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rufus Turner
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard B Gearry
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peter D Sly
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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28
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Dubey M, Singh AK, Awasthi D, Nagarkoti S, Kumar S, Ali W, Chandra T, Kumar V, Barthwal MK, Jagavelu K, Sánchez-Gómez FJ, Lamas S, Dikshit M. L-Plastin S-glutathionylation promotes reduced binding to β-actin and affects neutrophil functions. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 86:1-15. [PMID: 25881549 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of cytoskeleton proteins due to oxidative stress associated with several pathological conditions often lead to alterations in cell function. The current study evaluates the effect of nitric oxide (DETA-NO)-induced oxidative stress-related S-glutathionylation of cytoskeleton proteins in human PMNs. By using in vitro and genetic approaches, we showed that S-glutathionylation of L-plastin (LPL) and β-actin promotes reduced chemotaxis, polarization, bactericidal activity, and phagocytosis. We identified Cys-206, Cys-283, and Cys-460as S-thiolated residues in the β-actin-binding domain of LPL, where cys-460 had the maximum score. Site-directed mutagenesis of LPL Cys-460 further confirmed the role in the redox regulation of LPL. S-Thiolation diminished binding as well as the bundling activity of LPL. The presence of S-thiolated LPL was detected in neutrophils from both diabetic patients and db/db mice with impaired PMN functions. Thus, enhanced nitroxidative stress may results in LPL S-glutathionylation leading to impaired chemotaxis, polarization, and bactericidal activity of human PMNs, providing a mechanistic basis for their impaired functions in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Dubey
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Abhishek K Singh
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Deepika Awasthi
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Sheela Nagarkoti
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children׳s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Wahid Ali
- King George׳s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Vikas Kumar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS-TIFR), Bangalore, India
| | - Manoj K Barthwal
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Francisco J Sánchez-Gómez
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM), Campus Universidad Autónoma, Nicolás, Cabrera 1, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Lamas
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM), Campus Universidad Autónoma, Nicolás, Cabrera 1, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
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29
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Cabras T, Sanna M, Manconi B, Fanni D, Demelia L, Sorbello O, Iavarone F, Castagnola M, Faa G, Messana I. Proteomic investigation of whole saliva in Wilson's disease. J Proteomics 2015; 128:154-63. [PMID: 26254010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Wilson's disease is a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism, manifesting hepatic, neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Early diagnosis is often unfeasible and a unique diagnostic test is currently inapplicable. We performed the qualitative/quantitative characterization of the salivary proteome/peptidome of 32 Wilson's disease patients by an integrated top-down/bottom-up approach. Patients exhibited significant higher levels of S100A9 and S100A8 proteoforms, and their oxidized forms with respect to controls. Oxidation occurred on methionine and tryptophan residues, and on the unique cysteine residue, in position 42 in S100A8, and 3 in S100A9, that generated glutathionylated, cysteinylated, sulfinic, sulfonic, and disulfide dimeric forms. Wilson's disease patient saliva showed high levels of two new fragments of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, and of α-defensins 2 and 4. Overall, the salivary proteome of Wilson's disease patients reflected oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions characteristic of the pathology, highlighting differences that could be useful clues of disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical section, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - Monica Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical section, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical section, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Daniela Fanni
- Department of Surgery Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Luigi Demelia
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", AOU, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Orazio Sorbello
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", AOU, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Rome, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Rome, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Institute of Chemistry of the Molecular Recognition CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gavino Faa
- Department of Surgery Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical section, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
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30
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Regulation of neovascularization by S-glutathionylation via the Wnt5a/sFlt-1 pathway. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1665-70. [PMID: 25399587 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
S-glutathionylation occurs when reactive oxygen or nitrogen species react with protein-cysteine thiols. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is a cytosolic enzyme which enzymatically catalyses the reduction in S-glutathionylation, conferring reversible signalling function to proteins with redox-sensitive thiols. Glrx can regulate vascular hypertrophy and inflammation by regulating the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and actin polymerization. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced endothelial cell (EC) migration is inhibited by Glrx overexpression. In mice overexpressing Glrx, blood flow recovery, exercise function and capillary density were significantly attenuated after hindlimb ischaemia (HLI). Wnt5a and soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) were enhanced in the ischaemic-limb muscle and plasma respectively from Glrx transgenic (TG) mice. A Wnt5a/sFlt-1 pathway had been described in myeloid cells controlling retinal blood vessel development. Interestingly, a Wnt5a/sFlt-1 pathway was found also to play a role in EC to inhibit network formation. S-glutathionylation of NF-κB components inhibits its activation. Up-regulated Glrx stimulated the Wnt5a/sFlt-1 pathway through enhancing NF-κB signalling. These studies show a novel role for Glrx in post-ischaemic neovascularization, which could define a potential target for therapy of impaired angiogenesis in pathological conditions including diabetes.
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31
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Menon D, Coll R, O'Neill LAJ, Board PG. GSTO1-1 modulates metabolism in macrophages activated through the LPS and TLR4 pathway. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1982-90. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.167858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Macrophages mediate innate immune responses that recognise foreign pathogens, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) recruits a signalling pathway through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS). LPS activation also skews the metabolism of macrophages towards a glycolytic phenotype. Here, we demonstrate that the LPS-triggered glycolytic switch is significantly attenuated in macrophages deficient for glutathione transferase omega-1 (GSTO1, note that GSTO1-1 refers to the dimeric molecule with identical type 1 subunits). In response to LPS, GSTO1-1-deficient macrophages do not produce excess lactate, or dephosphorylate AMPK, a key metabolic stress regulator. In addition, GSTO1-1-deficient cells do not induce HIF1α, which plays a key role in maintaining the pro-inflammatory state of activated macrophages. The accumulation of the TCA cycle intermediates succinate and fumarate that occurs in LPS-treated macrophages was also blocked in GSTO1-1-deficient cells. These data indicate that GSTO1-1 is required for LPS-mediated signalling in macrophages and that it acts early in the LPS–TLR4 pro-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Menon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Rebecca Coll
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Luke A. J. O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Philip G. Board
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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32
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Sulfhydryl-mediated redox signaling in inflammation: role in neurodegenerative diseases. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1439-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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33
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Wilkie-Grantham RP, Magon NJ, Harwood DT, Kettle AJ, Vissers MC, Winterbourn CC, Hampton MB. Myeloperoxidase-dependent lipid peroxidation promotes the oxidative modification of cytosolic proteins in phagocytic neutrophils. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9896-905. [PMID: 25697357 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.613422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic neutrophils generate reactive oxygen species to kill microbes. Oxidant generation occurs within an intracellular phagosome, but diffusible species can react with the neutrophil and surrounding tissue. To investigate the extent of oxidative modification, we assessed the carbonylation of cytosolic proteins in phagocytic neutrophils. A 4-fold increase in protein carbonylation was measured within 15 min of initiating phagocytosis. Carbonylation was dependent on NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase activity and was inhibited by butylated hydroxytoluene and Trolox, indicating a role for myeloperoxidase-dependent lipid peroxidation. Proteomic analysis of target proteins revealed significant carbonylation of the S100A9 subunit of calprotectin, a truncated form of Hsp70, actin, and hemoglobin from contaminating erythrocytes. The addition of the reactive aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) caused carbonylation, and HNE-glutathione adducts were detected in the cytosol of phagocytic neutrophils. The post-translational modification of neutrophil proteins will influence the functioning and fate of these immune cells in the period following phagocytic activation, and provides a marker of neutrophil activation during infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Wilkie-Grantham
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas J Magon
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - D Tim Harwood
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Margreet C Vissers
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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34
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Petrini S, D'Oria V, Piemonte F. Intracellular distribution of glutathionylated proteins in cultured dermal fibroblasts by immunofluorescence. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1208:395-408. [PMID: 25323522 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1441-8_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
S-glutathionylation is a mechanism of signal transduction by which cells respond effectively and reversibly to redox inputs. The glutathionylation regulates most cellular pathways. It is involved in oxidative cellular response to insult by modulating the transcription factor Nrf2 and inducing the expression of antioxidant genes (ARE); it contributes to cell survival through nuclear translocation of NFkB and activation of survival genes, and to cell death by modulating the activity of caspase 3. It is involved in mitotic spindle formation during cell division by binding cytoskeletal proteins thus contributing to cell proliferation and differentiation. Glutathionylation also interfaces with the mechanism of phosphorylation by modulating several kinases (PKA, CK) and phosphatases (PP2A, PTEN), thus allowing a cross talk between the two processes of signal transduction. Glutathionylation of proteins may also act on cell metabolism by modulating enzymes involved in glycosylation, in the Krebs cycle and in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Perturbations in protein glutathionylation status may contribute to the etiology of many diseases, thus it is clear the importance to visualize the distribution of glutathionylated proteins in subcellular compartments. This chapter describes the immunofluorescence technique that permits simultaneous detection of glutathionylated proteins and their localization in cellular compartments, using multiple stained cell samples. By confocal laser microscopy analysis of the immunofluorescent cells it is possible to obtain detailed information of submicroscopic structures inside cells and tissues, and to perform correct co-localization analysis between two proteins. The association between glutathione, nuclear lamina, and cytoskeleton has been investigated by employing a helpful assay consisting on the in situ extraction of the cellular matrix from cultured dermal fibroblasts followed by multiple stainings with several primary antibodies. This protocol can be used for the detection of the intracellular distribution and expression of interest proteins and can be customized for a large variety of cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Petrini
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesu' Pediatric Hospital IRCCS, P.zza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy,
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Yan L, Bowman MAH. Chronic sustained inflammation links to left ventricular hypertrophy and aortic valve sclerosis: a new link between S100/RAGE and FGF23. INFLAMMATION AND CELL SIGNALING 2014; 1. [PMID: 26082935 DOI: 10.14800/ics.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease including left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction and ectopic valvular calcification are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both S100A12 and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) have been identified as biomarkers of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD. We tested the hypothesis that human S100/calgranulin would accelerate cardiovascular disease in mice subjected to CKD. METHODS This review paper focuses on S100 proteins and their receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and summarizes recent findings obtained in novel developed transgenic hBAC-S100 mice that express S100A12 and S100A8/9 proteins. A bacterial artificial chromosome of the human S100/calgranulin gene cluster containing the genes and regulatory elements for S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 was expressed in C57BL/6J mice (hBAC-S100). CKD was induced by ureteral ligation, and hBAC-S100 mice and WT mice were studied after 10 weeks of chronic uremia. RESULTS hBAC-S100 mice with CKD showed increased FGF23 in the heart, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), diastolic dysfunction, focal cartilaginous metaplasia and calcification of the mitral and aortic valve annulus together with aortic valve sclerosis. This phenotype was not observed in WT mice with CKD or in hBAC-S100 mice lacking RAGE with CKD, suggesting that the inflammatory milieu mediated by S100/RAGE promotes pathological cardiac hypertrophy in CKD. In vitro, inflammatory stimuli including IL-6, TNFα, LPS, or serum from hBAC-S100 mice up regulated FGF23 mRNA and protein in primary murine neonatal and adult cardiac fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study shows that myeloid-derived human S100/calgranulin is associated with the development of cardiac hypertrophy and ectopic cardiac calcification in a RAGE dependent manner in a mouse model of CKD. We speculate that FGF23 produced by cardiac fibroblasts in response to cytokines may act in a paracrine manner to accelerate LVH and diastolic dysfunction in hBAC-S100 mice with CKD. We suggest that S100/RAGE-mediated chronic sustained systemic inflammation is linked to pathological cardiac remodeling via direct up regulation of FGF23 in cardiac fibroblasts, thereby providing a new mechanistic understanding for the common association between CKD, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy with diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Marion A Hofmann Bowman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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Lei Y, Wang K, Deng L, Chen Y, Nice EC, Huang C. Redox Regulation of Inflammation: Old Elements, a New Story. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:306-40. [PMID: 25171147 DOI: 10.1002/med.21330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing 400016 P.R. China
| | - Kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
| | - Longfei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Monash University; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
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Mechanisms and targets of the modulatory action of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) on inflammatory cytokines expression. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 562:80-91. [PMID: 25135357 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of experimental studies has documented that S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), the main endogenous low-molecular-weight S-nitrosothiol, can exert modulatory effects on inflammatory processes, thus supporting its potential employment in medicine for the treatment of important disease conditions. At molecular level, GSNO effects have been shown to modulate the activity of a series of transcription factors (notably NF-κB, AP-1, CREB and others) as well as other components of signal transduction chains (e.g. IKK-β, caspase 1, calpain and others), resulting in the modulation of several cytokines and chemokines expression (TNFα, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-8, RANTES, MCP-1 and others). Results reported to date are however not univocal, and a single main mechanism of action for the observed anti-inflammatory effects of GSNO has not been identified. Conflicting observations can be explained by differences among the various cell types studies as to the relative abundance of enzymes in charge of GSNO metabolism (GSNO reductase, γ-glutamyltransferase, protein disulfide isomerase and others), as well as by variables associated with the individual experimental models employed. Altogether, anti-inflammatory properties of GSNO seem however to prevail, and exploration of the therapeutic potential of GSNO and analogues appears therefore warranted.
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Menon D, Coll R, O'Neill LAJ, Board PG. Glutathione transferase omega 1 is required for the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated induction of NADPH oxidase 1 and the production of reactive oxygen species in macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:318-27. [PMID: 24873723 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of macrophages and inflammation via the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway through NF-κΒ generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα. Because glutathione transferase Omega 1-1 (GSTO1-1) can catalyze redox reactions such as the deglutathionylation of proteins and has also been implicated in the release of IL-1β we investigated its role in the development of LPS-mediated inflammation. Our data show that shRNA knockdown of GSTO1-1 in macrophage-like J774.1A cells blocks the expression of NADPH oxidase 1 and the generation of ROS after LPS stimulation. Similar results were obtained with a GSTO1-1 inhibitor. To maintain high ROS levels during an inflammatory response, LPS stimulation causes the suppression of enzymes such as catalase and glutathione peroxidase that protect against oxidative stress. The knockdown of GSTO1-1 also attenuates this response. Our data indicate that GSTO1-1 needs to be catalytically active and mediates its effects on the LPS/TLR4 inflammatory pathway upstream of NF-κΒ. These data suggest that GSTO1-1 is a novel target for anti-inflammatory intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Menon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Rebecca Coll
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Philip G Board
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
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Cell death-associated molecular-pattern molecules: inflammatory signaling and control. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:821043. [PMID: 25140116 PMCID: PMC4130149 DOI: 10.1155/2014/821043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis are different cellular death programs characterized in organs and tissues as consequence of microbes infection, cell stress, injury, and chemotherapeutics exposure. Dying and death cells release a variety of self-proteins and bioactive chemicals originated from cytosol, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. These endogenous factors are named cell death-associated molecular-pattern (CDAMP), damage-associated molecular-pattern (DAMP) molecules, and alarmins. Some of them cooperate or act as important initial or delayed inflammatory mediators upon binding to diverse membrane and cytosolic receptors coupled to signaling pathways for the activation of the inflammasome platforms and NF-κB multiprotein complexes. Current studies show that the nonprotein thiols and thiol-regulating enzymes as well as highly diffusible prooxidant reactive oxygen and nitrogen species released together in extracellular inflammatory milieu play essential role in controlling pro- and anti-inflammatory activities of CDAMP/DAMP and alarmins. Here, we provide an overview of these emerging concepts and mechanisms of triggering and maintenance of tissue inflammation under massive death of cells.
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Thibaut HJ, van der Linden L, Jiang P, Thys B, Canela MD, Aguado L, Rombaut B, Wimmer E, Paul A, Pérez-Pérez MJ, van Kuppeveld FJM, Neyts J. Binding of glutathione to enterovirus capsids is essential for virion morphogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004039. [PMID: 24722756 PMCID: PMC3983060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (family of the Picornaviridae) cover a large group of medically important human pathogens for which no antiviral treatment is approved. Although these viruses have been extensively studied, some aspects of the viral life cycle, in particular morphogenesis, are yet poorly understood. We report the discovery of TP219 as a novel inhibitor of the replication of several enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus and poliovirus. We show that TP219 binds directly glutathione (GSH), thereby rapidly depleting intracellular GSH levels and that this interferes with virus morphogenesis without affecting viral RNA replication. The inhibitory effect on assembly was shown not to depend on an altered reducing environment. Using TP219, we show that GSH is an essential stabilizing cofactor during the transition of protomeric particles into pentameric particles. Sequential passaging of coxsackievirus B3 in the presence of low GSH-levels selected for GSH-independent mutants that harbored a surface-exposed methionine in VP1 at the interface between two protomers. In line with this observation, enteroviruses that already contained this surface-exposed methionine, such as EV71, did not rely on GSH for virus morphogenesis. Biochemical and microscopical analysis provided strong evidence for a direct interaction between GSH and wildtype VP1 and a role for this interaction in localizing assembly intermediates to replication sites. Consistently, the interaction between GSH and mutant VP1 was abolished resulting in a relocalization of the assembly intermediates to replication sites independent from GSH. This study thus reveals GSH as a novel stabilizing host factor essential for the production of infectious enterovirus progeny and provides new insights into the poorly understood process of morphogenesis. Enteroviruses contain many significant human pathogens, including poliovirus, enterovirus 71, coxsackieviruses and rhinoviruses. Most enterovirus infections subside mild or asymptomatically, but may also result in severe morbidity and mortality. Here, we report on the mechanism of antiviral action of a small molecule, TP219, as an inhibitor of enterovirus morphogenesis. Morphogenesis represents an important stage at the end of the virus replication cycle and requires multiple steps, of which some are only poorly understood. Better understanding of this process holds much potential to facilitate the development of new therapies to combat enterovirus infections. We demonstrate that TP219 rapidly depletes intracellular glutathione (GSH) by covalently binding free GSH resulting in the inhibition of virus morphogenesis without affecting viral RNA replication. We discovered that GSH directly interacts with viral capsid precursors and mature virions and that this interaction is required for the formation of an assembly intermediate (pentameric particles) and consequently infectious progeny. Remarkably, enteroviruses that were capable of replicating in the absence of GSH contained a surface-exposed methionine at the protomeric interface. We propose that GSH is an essential and stabilizing host factor during morphogenesis and that this stabilization is a prerequisite for a functional encapsidation of progeny viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke van der Linden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Bert Thys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | | | - Leire Aguado
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bart Rombaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Eckard Wimmer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Aniko Paul
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 are considered proinflammatory mediators of atherosclerosis. Known as calgranulins, they are major components of neutrophils and are upregulated in macrophages and foam cells. They influence leukocyte recruitment, and may propagate inflammation by binding TLR4 and/or receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE). However, the receptors for calgranulins remain an enigma; we have no evidence for TLR4 or RAGE activation by S100A8 or S100A12. Moreover, gene regulation studies suggest antiinflammatory functions for S100A8 and emerging reports indicate pleiotropic roles. Unlike S100A9, S100A8 effectively scavenges oxidants generated by the myeloperoxidase system in vivo, forming novel thiol modifications. S100A8 is also readily S-nitrosylated, stabilizing nitric oxide and transporting it to hemoglobin. S100A8-SNO reduces leukocyte transmigration in the vasculature. S-glutathionylation of S100A9 modifies its effects on leukocyte adhesion. Both S100A8 forms inhibit mast cell activation, at least partially by scavenging reactive oxygen species required for signaling. Conversely, S100A12 activates and sequesters mast cells. However S100A12 suppresses proinflammatory cytokine induction by SAA-activated monocytes and macrophages, and inhibits matrix metalloprotease activity. We propose that the abundance and types of cells expressing calgranulins in particular microenvironments, their relative concentrations and post-translational modifications may have distinct functional outcomes, including those that are protective, at different stages of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L Geczy
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales
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Abstract
The S100 protein family consists of 24 members functionally distributed into three main subgroups: those that only exert intracellular regulatory effects, those with intracellular and extracellular functions and those which mainly exert extracellular regulatory effects. S100 proteins are only expressed in vertebrates and show cell-specific expression patterns. In some instances, a particular S100 protein can be induced in pathological circumstances in a cell type that does not express it in normal physiological conditions. Within cells, S100 proteins are involved in aspects of regulation of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, Ca2+ homeostasis, energy metabolism, inflammation and migration/invasion through interactions with a variety of target proteins including enzymes, cytoskeletal subunits, receptors, transcription factors and nucleic acids. Some S100 proteins are secreted or released and regulate cell functions in an autocrine and paracrine manner via activation of surface receptors (e.g. the receptor for advanced glycation end-products and toll-like receptor 4), G-protein-coupled receptors, scavenger receptors, or heparan sulfate proteoglycans and N-glycans. Extracellular S100A4 and S100B also interact with epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, respectively, thereby enhancing the activity of the corresponding receptors. Thus, extracellular S100 proteins exert regulatory activities on monocytes/macrophages/microglia, neutrophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, articular chondrocytes, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, neurons, astrocytes, Schwann cells, epithelial cells, myoblasts and cardiomyocytes, thereby participating in innate and adaptive immune responses, cell migration and chemotaxis, tissue development and repair, and leukocyte and tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
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Butler GS, Overall CM. Matrix metalloproteinase processing of signaling molecules to regulate inflammation. Periodontol 2000 2013; 63:123-48. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ghezzi P. Protein glutathionylation in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gomes LH, Raftery MJ, Yan WX, Goyette JD, Thomas PS, Geczy CL. S100A8 and S100A9-oxidant scavengers in inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 58:170-86. [PMID: 23277148 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are generally considered proinflammatory. Hypohalous acids generated by activated phagocytes promote novel modifications in murine S100A8 but modifications to human S100A8 are undefined and there is no evidence that these proteins scavenge oxidants in human disease. Recombinant S100A8 was exquisitely sensitive to equimolar ratios of HOCl, which generated sulfinic and sulfonic acid intermediates and novel oxathiazolidine oxide/dioxide forms (mass additions, m/z +30 and +46) on the single Cys42 residue. Met78(O) and Trp54(+16) were also present. HOBr generated sulfonic acid intermediates and oxidized Trp54(+16). Evidence for oxidation of the single Cys3 residue in recS100A9 HOCl was weak; Met63, Met81, Met83, and Met94 were converted to Met(O) in vitro. Oxidized S100A8 was prominent in lungs from patients with asthma and significantly elevated in sputum compared to controls, whereas S100A8 and S100A9 were not significantly increased. Oxidized monomeric S100A8 was the major component in asthmatic sputum, and modifications, including the oxathiazolidine adducts, were similar to those generated by HOCl in vitro. Oxidized Met63, Met81, and Met94 were variously present in S100A9 from asthmatic sputum. Results have broad implications for conditions under which hypohalous acid oxidants are generated by activated phagocytes. Identification in human disease of the novel S100A8 Cys derivatives typical of those generated in vitro strongly supports the notion that S100A8 contributes to antioxidant defense during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln H Gomes
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Patil NK, Saba H, MacMillan-Crow LA. Effect of S-nitrosoglutathione on renal mitochondrial function: a new mechanism for reversible regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase activity? Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 56:54-63. [PMID: 23246566 PMCID: PMC4771374 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are at the heart of all cellular processes as they provide the majority of the energy needed for various metabolic processes. Nitric oxide has been shown to have numerous roles in the regulation of mitochondrial function. Mitochondria have enormous pools of glutathione (GSH≈5-10 mM). Nitric oxide can react with glutathione to generate a physiological molecule, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). The impact GSNO has on mitochondrial function has been intensively studied in recent years, and several mitochondrial electron transport chain complex proteins have been shown to be targeted by GSNO. In this study we investigated the effect of GSNO on mitochondrial function using normal rat proximal tubular kidney cells (NRK cells). GSNO treatment of NRK cells led to mitochondrial membrane depolarization and significant reduction in activities of mitochondrial complex IV and manganese superoxide dismutase enzyme (MnSOD). MnSOD is a critical endogenous antioxidant enzyme that scavenges excess superoxide radicals in the mitochondria. The decrease in MnSOD activity was not associated with a reduction in its protein levels and treatment of NRK cell lysate with dithiothreitol (a strong sulfhydryl-group-reducing agent) restored MnSOD activity to control values. GSNO is known to cause both S-nitrosylation and S-glutathionylation, which involve the addition of NO and GS groups, respectively, to protein sulfhydryl (SH) groups of cysteine residues. Endogenous GSH is an essential mediator in S-glutathionylation of cellular proteins, and the current studies revealed that GSH is required for MnSOD inactivation after GSNO or diamide treatment in rat kidney cells as well as in isolated kidneys. Further studies showed that GSNO led to glutathionylation of MnSOD; however, glutathionylated recombinant MnSOD was not inactivated. This suggests that a more complex pathway, possibly involving the participation of multiple proteins, leads to MnSOD inactivation after GSNO treatment. The major highlight of these studies is the fact that dithiothreitol can restore MnSOD activity after GSNO treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that MnSOD activity can be reversibly regulated in vivo, through a mechanism involving thiol residues.
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Iavarone F, Cabras T, Pisano E, Sanna MT, Nemolato S, Vento G, Tirone C, Romagnoli C, Cordaro M, Fanos V, Faa G, Messana I, Castagnola M. Top-down HPLC-ESI-MS detection of S-glutathionylated and S-cysteinylated derivatives of cystatin B and its 1-53 and 54-98 fragments in whole saliva of human preterm newborns. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:917-26. [PMID: 23278499 DOI: 10.1021/pr300960f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Analysis by a HPLC-ESI-MS top-down proteomic platform of specimens of human preterm newborn whole saliva evidenced high relative amounts of cystatin B and its S-glutathionylated,S-cysteinylated, and S-S 2-mer (on Cys(3)) derivatives, decreasing as a function of postconceptional age (PCA). The percentage of S-unmodified cystatin B was higher than the S-modified isoforms in the early PCA period, differently from adults where cystatin B was detectable only as S-modified derivatives. The percentage of S-modified derivatives increased as a function of PCA, reaching at the normal term of delivery values similar to those determined in at-term newborns, babies, and adults. Moreover, in the early PCA period, high relative amounts of the 1-53 and 54-98 cystatin B fragments were detected, decreasing as a function of PCA and disappearing at the normal term of delivery. In agreement with intact cystatin B, fragment 1-53 was detectable as S-unmodified and S-modified derivatives, and their percentages changed accordingly with the percentages of intact proteins, suggesting that the fragmentation process could be subsequent to and independent from the S-modification of the protein. This study highlights specific enzymatic activity in the oral cavity of preterm newborns not present in at-term newborns and adults, which can be a clue to specialized pathways occurring during fetal oral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Iavarone
- Istituto di Biochimica e di Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica and/or Istituto per la Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Istituto Scientifico Internazionale (ISI) Paolo VI, Roma, Italy
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Markowitz J, Carson WE. Review of S100A9 biology and its role in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:100-9. [PMID: 23123827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
S100A9 is a calcium binding protein with multiple ligands and post-translation modifications that is involved in inflammatory events and the initial development of the cancer cell through to the development of metastatic disease. This review has a threefold purpose: 1) describe the S100A9 structural elements important for its biological activity, 2) describe the S100A9 biology in the context of the immune system, and 3) illustrate the role of S100A9 in the development of malignancy via interactions with the immune system and other cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Markowitz
- OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Bowers RR, Manevich Y, Townsend DM, Tew KD. Sulfiredoxin redox-sensitive interaction with S100A4 and non-muscle myosin IIA regulates cancer cell motility. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7740-54. [PMID: 22934964 DOI: 10.1021/bi301006w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfiredoxin (Srx) is a redox active protein that participates in the reduction of oxidized cysteine residues. Here we identify a novel function of Srx through its specific binding to S-glutathionylated S100A4 affecting its interaction with non-muscle myosin (NMIIA), thereby modulating the effect of S100A4 on NMIIA function and impacting cell adhesion and migration. Srx forms a complex with S100A4 (and has stronger affinity for S-glutathionylated S100A4), regulates its activity, and mediates redox regulation of the interaction of S100A4 with NMIIA. The consequence of this regulation is microfilament remodeling and altered cellular motility and adhesion. Srx-overexpressing cells had reduced levels of adhesion, decreased levels of Tyr(397)-phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase, and increased cell motility in wound healing assays. These results describe a novel redox-sensitive role for Srx in mediating complex protein interactions with plausible consequences for cancer cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Bowers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
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Petrini S, Passarelli C, Pastore A, Tozzi G, Coccetti M, Colucci M, Bianchi M, Carrozzo R, Bertini E, Piemonte F. Protein glutathionylation in cellular compartments: a constitutive redox signal. Redox Rep 2012; 17:63-71. [PMID: 22564349 DOI: 10.1179/1351000212y.0000000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione provides means of regulating protein function by the process of glutathionylation. Despite the role of oxidative stress biomarkers assumed recently by glutathionylated proteins in human diseases, so far no information is available on the intracellular distribution of glutathionylated proteins in human cell lines. In this study, we combined the specificity of monoclonal antibody labeling for protein-bound glutathione (GS-Pro) with the ability of confocal microscopy to localize molecules with high spatial resolution. We performed immunofluorescence analysis on dermal fibroblasts, both in steady state than in proliferative conditions, and on in situ extracted matrix samples. For the first time, we report the compartmentalization of constitutively glutathionylated proteins in different subcellular districts and we found a tight association between glutathione, nuclear lamina, and cytoskeleton. In proliferating cells, total GS-Pro fluorescence increases in the early phases of growth and significantly drops when cells reach confluence. Interestingly, a nuclear shift of GS-Pro was observed between 6 and 48 hours after plating, becoming homogeneous with the cytoplasm when growth slows. The ability to visualize a detailed intracellular distribution of this critical marker of protein oxidation may provide an additional tool to highlight pathways in turns 'redox-activated' and to identify new pathogenic pathways in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Petrini
- Laboratories of Research, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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