1
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Mance L, Bigot N, Zhamungui Sánchez E, Coste F, Martín-González N, Zentout S, Biliškov M, Pukało Z, Mishra A, Chapuis C, Arteni AA, Lateur A, Goffinont S, Gaudon V, Talhaoui I, Casuso I, Beaufour M, Garnier N, Artzner F, Cadene M, Huet S, Castaing B, Suskiewicz MJ. Dynamic BTB-domain filaments promote clustering of ZBTB proteins. Mol Cell 2024; 84:2490-2510.e9. [PMID: 38996459 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The formation of dynamic protein filaments contributes to various biological functions by clustering individual molecules together and enhancing their binding to ligands. We report such a propensity for the BTB domains of certain proteins from the ZBTB family, a large eukaryotic transcription factor family implicated in differentiation and cancer. Working with Xenopus laevis and human proteins, we solved the crystal structures of filaments formed by dimers of the BTB domains of ZBTB8A and ZBTB18 and demonstrated concentration-dependent higher-order assemblies of these dimers in solution. In cells, the BTB-domain filamentation supports clustering of full-length human ZBTB8A and ZBTB18 into dynamic nuclear foci and contributes to the ZBTB18-mediated repression of a reporter gene. The BTB domains of up to 21 human ZBTB family members and two related proteins, NACC1 and NACC2, are predicted to behave in a similar manner. Our results suggest that filamentation is a more common feature of transcription factors than is currently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Mance
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Bigot
- Université Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, BIOSIT - UAR3480, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Edison Zhamungui Sánchez
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Franck Coste
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Natalia Martín-González
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, DyNaMo, Turing Centre for Living Systems (CENTURI), 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Siham Zentout
- Université Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, BIOSIT - UAR3480, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marin Biliškov
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Zofia Pukało
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Aanchal Mishra
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Catherine Chapuis
- Université Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, BIOSIT - UAR3480, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ana-Andreea Arteni
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Cryo-Electron Microscopy Facility, CRYOEM-Gif, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Axelle Lateur
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Stéphane Goffinont
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Virginie Gaudon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Ibtissam Talhaoui
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Ignacio Casuso
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, DyNaMo, Turing Centre for Living Systems (CENTURI), 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Martine Beaufour
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Norbert Garnier
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Franck Artzner
- Université Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) - UMR 6251, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Martine Cadene
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Sébastien Huet
- Université Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, BIOSIT - UAR3480, 35000 Rennes, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Castaing
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Marcin Józef Suskiewicz
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301, CNRS, affiliated with Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
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2
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Martinez TC, McNerney ME. Haploinsufficient Transcription Factors in Myeloid Neoplasms. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:571-598. [PMID: 37906947 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051222-013421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Many transcription factors (TFs) function as tumor suppressor genes with heterozygous phenotypes, yet haploinsufficiency generally has an underappreciated role in neoplasia. This is no less true in myeloid cells, which are normally regulated by a delicately balanced and interconnected transcriptional network. Detailed understanding of TF dose in this circuitry sheds light on the leukemic transcriptome. In this review, we discuss the emerging features of haploinsufficient transcription factors (HITFs). We posit that: (a) monoallelic and biallelic losses can have distinct cellular outcomes; (b) the activity of a TF exists in a greater range than the traditional Mendelian genetic doses; and (c) how a TF is deleted or mutated impacts the cellular phenotype. The net effect of a HITF is a myeloid differentiation block and increased intercellular heterogeneity in the course of myeloid neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner C Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Megan E McNerney
- Department of Pathology, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
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3
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Monovich AC, Gurumurthy A, Ryan RJH. The Diverse Roles of ETV6 Alterations in B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Other Hematopoietic Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1459:291-320. [PMID: 39017849 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62731-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Genetic alterations of the repressive ETS family transcription factor gene ETV6 are recurrent in several categories of hematopoietic malignancy, including subsets of B-cell and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALL and T-ALL), myeloid neoplasms, and mature B-cell lymphomas. ETV6 is essential for adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), contributes to specific functions of some mature immune cells, and plays a key role in thrombopoiesis as demonstrated by familial ETV6 mutations associated with thrombocytopenia and predisposition to hematopoietic cancers, particularly B-ALL. ETV6 appears to have a tumor suppressor role in several hematopoietic lineages, as demonstrated by recurrent somatic loss-of-function (LoF) and putative dominant-negative alterations in leukemias and lymphomas. ETV6 rearrangements contribute to recurrent fusion oncogenes such as the B-ALL-associated transcription factor (TF) fusions ETV6::RUNX1 and PAX5::ETV6, rare drivers such as ETV6::NCOA6, and a spectrum of tyrosine kinase gene fusions encoding hyperactive signaling proteins that self-associate via the ETV6 N-terminal pointed domain. Another subset of recurrent rearrangements involving the ETV6 gene locus appear to function primarily to drive overexpression of the partner gene. This review surveys what is known about the biochemical and genome regulatory properties of ETV6 as well as our current understanding of how alterations in these functions contribute to hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Monovich
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aishwarya Gurumurthy
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Russell J H Ryan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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4
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Ray S, Hewitt K. Sticky, Adaptable, and Many-sided: SAM protein versatility in normal and pathological hematopoietic states. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300022. [PMID: 37318311 PMCID: PMC10527593 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With decades of research seeking to generalize sterile alpha motif (SAM) biology, many outstanding questions remain regarding this multi-tool protein module. Recent data from structural and molecular/cell biology has begun to reveal new SAM modes of action in cell signaling cascades and biomolecular condensation. SAM-dependent mechanisms underlie blood-related (hematologic) diseases, including myelodysplastic syndromes and leukemias, prompting our focus on hematopoiesis for this review. With the increasing coverage of SAM-dependent interactomes, a hypothesis emerges that SAM interaction partners and binding affinities work to fine tune cell signaling cascades in developmental and disease contexts, including hematopoiesis and hematologic disease. This review discusses what is known and remains unknown about the standard mechanisms and neoplastic properties of SAM domains and what the future might hold for developing SAM-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhita Ray
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
| | - Kyle Hewitt
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
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5
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Gurney M, Chekkaf I, Baranwal A, Basmaci R, Katamesh B, Greipp P, Foran JM, Badar T, Mangaonkar AA, Begna KH, Gangat N, Patnaik MM, Litzow MR, Shah MV, Viswanatha DS, He R, Alkhateeb HB, Al-Kali A. The clinical and molecular spectrum of ETV6 mutated myeloid neoplasms. Br J Haematol 2023. [PMID: 37144345 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
ETV6 mutations are rare but recurrent somatic events in myeloid neoplasms and are negatively prognostic in myelodysplastic syndrome. We set out to examine the clinical and molecular characteristics of patients undergoing investigation for myeloid neoplasms, found to have deleterious ETV6 mutations. ETV6 mutations occurred in 33 of 5793 (0.6%) cases investigated and predominantly in high-risk disease entities including MDS with increased blasts, primary myelofibrosis and AML, myelodysplasia-related. In three cases, isolated iso (17q) karyotype was concurrently detected, an otherwise rare karyotype in myeloid neoplasms. ETV6 mutations were frequently subclonal and never occurred as an isolated abnormality with ASXL1 (n = 22, 75%), SRSF2 (n = 14, 42%) and SETBP1 (n = 11, 33%) the predominant co-mutations. Restricting to patients with MDS, higher rates of ASXL1, SETBP1, RUNX1 and U2AF1 mutations occurred in ETV6 mutated cases, relative to a consecutive control cohort with wild-type ETV6. The median OS of the cohort was 17.5 months. This report highlights the clinical and molecular associations of somatic ETV6 mutations in myeloid neoplasms, suggests their occurrence as a later event, and proposes further translational research questions for their role in myeloid neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gurney
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Anmol Baranwal
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rami Basmaci
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bahga Katamesh
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patricia Greipp
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - James M Foran
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Talha Badar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kebede H Begna
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Naseema Gangat
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Mark R Litzow
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mithun V Shah
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Rong He
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Aref Al-Kali
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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6
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ETV6 dependency in Ewing sarcoma by antagonism of EWS-FLI1-mediated enhancer activation. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:298-308. [PMID: 36658219 PMCID: PMC10101761 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The EWS-FLI1 fusion oncoprotein deregulates transcription to initiate the paediatric cancer Ewing sarcoma. Here we used a domain-focused CRISPR screen to implicate the transcriptional repressor ETV6 as a unique dependency in this tumour. Using biochemical assays and epigenomics, we show that ETV6 competes with EWS-FLI1 for binding to select DNA elements enriched for short GGAA repeat sequences. Upon inactivating ETV6, EWS-FLI1 overtakes and hyper-activates these cis-elements to promote mesenchymal differentiation, with SOX11 being a key downstream target. We show that squelching of ETV6 with a dominant-interfering peptide phenocopies these effects and suppresses Ewing sarcoma growth in vivo. These findings reveal targeting of ETV6 as a strategy for neutralizing the EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein by reprogramming of genomic occupancy.
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7
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Kodgule R, Goldman JW, Monovich AC, Saari T, Aguilar AR, Hall CN, Rajesh N, Gupta J, Chu SCA, Ye L, Gurumurthy A, Iyer A, Brown NA, Chiang MY, Cieslik MP, Ryan RJ. ETV6 Deficiency Unlocks ERG-Dependent Microsatellite Enhancers to Drive Aberrant Gene Activation in B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Blood Cancer Discov 2023; 4:34-53. [PMID: 36350827 PMCID: PMC9820540 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal enhancers play critical roles in sustaining oncogenic gene-expression programs. We identify aberrant enhancer-like activation of GGAA tandem repeats as a characteristic feature of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with genetic defects of the ETV6 transcriptional repressor, including ETV6-RUNX1+ and ETV6-null B-ALL. We show that GGAA repeat enhancers are direct activators of previously identified ETV6-RUNX1+/- like B-ALL "signature" genes, including the likely leukemogenic driver EPOR. When restored to ETV6-deficient B-ALL cells, ETV6 directly binds to GGAA repeat enhancers, represses their acetylation, downregulates adjacent genes, and inhibits B-ALL growth. In ETV6-deficient B-ALL cells, we find that the ETS transcription factor ERG directly binds to GGAA microsatellite enhancers and is required for sustained activation of repeat enhancer-activated genes. Together, our findings reveal an epigenetic gatekeeper function of the ETV6 tumor suppressor gene and establish microsatellite enhancers as a key mechanism underlying the unique gene-expression program of ETV6-RUNX1+/- like B-ALL. SIGNIFICANCE We find a unifying mechanism underlying a leukemia subtype-defining gene-expression signature that relies on repetitive elements with poor conservation between humans and rodents. The ability of ETV6 to antagonize promiscuous, nonphysiologic ERG activity may shed light on other roles of these key regulators in hematolymphoid development and human disease. See related commentary by Mercher, p. 2. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Kodgule
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joshua W. Goldman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Travis Saari
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Athalee R. Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cody N. Hall
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Niharika Rajesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Juhi Gupta
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shih-Chun A. Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aishwarya Gurumurthy
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ashwin Iyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Noah A. Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark Y. Chiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marcin P. Cieslik
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Russell J.H. Ryan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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8
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Aepala MR, Peiris MN, Jiang Z, Yang W, Meyer AN, Donoghue DJ. Nefarious NTRK oncogenic fusions in pediatric sarcomas: Too many to Trk. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 68:93-106. [PMID: 36153202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophic Tyrosine Receptor Kinase (NTRK) genes undergo chromosomal translocations to create novel open reading frames coding for oncogenic fusion proteins; the N-terminal portion, donated by various partner genes, becomes fused to the tyrosine kinase domain of either NTRK1, NTRK2, or NTRK3. NTRK fusion proteins have been identified as driver oncogenes in a wide variety of tumors over the past three decades, including Pediatric Gliomas, Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma, Spitzoid Neoplasms, Glioblastoma, and additional tumors. Importantly, NTRK fusions function as drivers of pediatric sarcomas, accounting for approximately 15% of childhood cancers including Infantile Fibrosarcoma (IFS), a subset of pediatric soft tissue sarcoma (STS). While tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as larotrectinib and entrectinib, have demonstrated profound results against NTRK fusion-positive cancers, acquired resistance to these TKIs has resulted in the formation of gatekeeper, solvent-front, and compound mutations. We present a comprehensive compilation of oncogenic fusions involving NTRKs focusing specifically on pediatric STS, examining their biological signaling pathways and mechanisms of activation. The importance of an obligatory dimerization or multimerization domain, invariably donated by the N-terminal fusion partner, is discussed using characteristic fusions that occur in pediatric sarcomas. In addition, examples are presented of oncogenic fusion proteins in which the N-terminal partners may contribute additional biological activities beyond an oligomerization domain. Lastly, therapeutic approaches to the treatment of pediatric sarcoma will be presented, using first generation and second-generation agents such as selitrectinib and repotrectinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha R Aepala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Malalage N Peiris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Zian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - April N Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA; UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA.
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9
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Zhou C, Uluisik R, Rowley JW, David C, Jones CL, Scharer CD, Noetzli L, Fisher MH, Kirkpatrick GD, Bark K, Boss JM, Henry CJ, Pietras EM, Di Paola J, Porter CC. Germline ETV6 mutation promotes inflammation and disrupts lymphoid development of early hematopoietic progenitors. Exp Hematol 2022; 112-113:24-34. [PMID: 35803545 PMCID: PMC9885892 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutations in ETV6 are associated with a syndrome of thrombocytopenia and leukemia predisposition, and ETV6 is among the most commonly mutated genes in leukemias, especially childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, the mechanisms underlying disease caused by ETV6 dysfunction are poorly understood. To address these gaps in knowledge, using CRISPR/Cas9, we developed a mouse model of the most common recurrent, disease-causing germline mutation in ETV6. We found defects in hematopoiesis related primarily to abnormalities of the multipotent progenitor population 4 (MPP4) subset of hematopoietic progenitor cells and evidence of sterile inflammation. Expression of ETV6 in Ba/F3 cells altered the expression of several cytokines, some of which were also detected at higher levels in the bone marrow of the mice with Etv6 mutation. Among these, interleukin-18 and interleukin-13 abrogated B-cell development of sorted MPP4 cells, but not common lymphoid progenitors, suggesting that inflammation contributes to abnormal hematopoiesis by impairing lymphoid development. These data, along with those from humans, support a model in which ETV6 dysfunction promotes inflammation, which adversely affects thrombopoiesis and promotes leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjing Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rizvan Uluisik
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jesse W Rowley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Camille David
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Marlie H Fisher
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Katrina Bark
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Curtis J Henry
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Eric M Pietras
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Jorge Di Paola
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Christopher C Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA.
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10
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Mullen D, Nowak K, Chetty R. Gene of the month: ERG. J Clin Pathol 2022; 75:577-580. [PMID: 35738886 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2022-208350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The ERG gene belongs to the erythroblastosis transformation specific family of transcription factors and encodes for the transcription regulator protein ERG. It is located on chromosome 22q22 and is a nuclear transcription factor. In normal physiology, ERG protein is expressed in endothelial cells and is involved in processes including, but not limited to, angiogenesis and haematopoiesis. Of diagnostic value in clinical practice, ERG immunohistochemistry is a useful marker of endothelial differentiation for both benign and malignant vascular lesions. It is also reliable for identifying ERG gene translocated malignancies such as EWS/FUS::ERG Ewing's sarcoma and TMPSSR2::ERG prostatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorinda Mullen
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network Laboratory Medicine Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Klaudia Nowak
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network Laboratory Medicine Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Sharma G, Boby E, Nidhi T, Jain A, Singh J, Singh A, Chattopadhyay P, Bakhshi S, Chopra A, Palanichamy JK. Diagnostic Utility of IGF2BP1 and Its Targets as Potential Biomarkers in ETV6-RUNX1 Positive B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:588101. [PMID: 33708624 PMCID: PMC7940665 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.588101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 85% of childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) are of B-cell origin and characterized by the presence of different translocations including BCR-ABL1, ETV6-RUNX1, E2A-PBX1, and MLL fusion proteins. The current clinical investigations used to identify ETV6-RUNX1 translocation include FISH and fusion transcript specific PCR. In the current study we assessed the utility of IGF2BP1, an oncofetal RNA binding protein, that is over expressed specifically in ETV6-RUNX1 translocation positive B-ALL to be used as a diagnostic marker in the clinic. Further, public transcriptomic and Crosslinked Immunoprecipitation (CLIP) datasets were analyzed to identify the putative targets of IGF2BP1. We also studied the utility of using the mRNA expression of two such targets, MYC and EGFL7 as potential diagnostic markers separately or in conjunction with IGF2BP1. We observed that the expression of IGF2BP1 alone measured by RT-qPCR is highly sensitive and specific to be used as a potential biomarker for the presence of ETV6-RUNX1 translocation in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Elza Boby
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thakur Nidhi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayushi Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archna Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anita Chopra
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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12
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Nishii R, Baskin-Doerfler R, Yang W, Oak N, Zhao X, Yang W, Hoshitsuki K, Bloom M, Verbist K, Burns M, Li Z, Lin TN, Qian M, Moriyama T, Gastier-Foster JM, Rabin KR, Raetz E, Mullighan C, Pui CH, Yeoh AEJ, Zhang J, Metzger ML, Klco JM, Hunger SP, Newman S, Wu G, Loh ML, Nichols KE, Yang JJ. Molecular basis of ETV6-mediated predisposition to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2021; 137:364-373. [PMID: 32693409 PMCID: PMC7819760 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence supporting an inherited basis for susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children. In particular, we and others reported recurrent germline ETV6 variants linked to ALL risk, which collectively represent a novel leukemia predisposition syndrome. To understand the influence of ETV6 variation on ALL pathogenesis, we comprehensively characterized a cohort of 32 childhood leukemia cases arising from this rare syndrome. Of 34 nonsynonymous germline ETV6 variants in ALL, we identified 22 variants with impaired transcription repressor activity, loss of DNA binding, and altered nuclear localization. Missense variants retained dimerization with wild-type ETV6 with potentially dominant-negative effects. Whole-transcriptome and whole-genome sequencing of this cohort of leukemia cases revealed a profound influence of germline ETV6 variants on leukemia transcriptional landscape, with distinct ALL subsets invoking unique patterns of somatic cooperating mutations. 70% of ALL cases with damaging germline ETV6 variants exhibited hyperdiploid karyotype with characteristic recurrent mutations in NRAS, KRAS, and PTPN11. In contrast, the remaining 30% cases had a diploid leukemia genome and an exceedingly high frequency of somatic copy-number loss of PAX5 and ETV6, with a gene expression pattern that strikingly mirrored that of ALL with somatic ETV6-RUNX1 fusion. Two ETV6 germline variants gave rise to both acute myeloid leukemia and ALL, with lineage-specific genetic lesions in the leukemia genomes. ETV6 variants compromise its tumor suppressor activity in vitro with specific molecular targets identified by assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing profiling. ETV6-mediated ALL predisposition exemplifies the intricate interactions between inherited and acquired genomic variations in leukemia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ninad Oak
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Xujie Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | | | | | - Mackenzie Bloom
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Katherine Verbist
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Melissa Burns
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Maoxiang Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Julie M Gastier-Foster
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Karen R Rabin
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Elizabeth Raetz
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Charles Mullighan
- Department of Pathology and
- Hematological Malignancies Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Hematological Malignancies Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Allen Eng-Juh Yeoh
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- VIVA-NUS Center for Translational Research in Acute Leukaemia, Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Monika L Metzger
- Hematological Malignancies Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jeffery M Klco
- Department of Pathology and
- Hematological Malignancies Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology and
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA; and
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Hematological Malignancies Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Hematological Malignancies Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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13
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Gerak CAN, Cho SY, Kolesnikov M, Okon M, Murphy MEP, Sessions RB, Roberge M, McIntosh LP. Biophysical characterization of the ETV6 PNT domain polymerization interfaces. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100284. [PMID: 33450226 PMCID: PMC7949025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ETV6 is an E26 transformation specific family transcriptional repressor that self-associates by its PNT domain to facilitate cooperative DNA binding. Chromosomal translocations frequently generate constitutively active oncoproteins with the ETV6 PNT domain fused to the kinase domain of one of many protein tyrosine kinases. Although an attractive target for therapeutic intervention, the propensity of the ETV6 PNT domain to polymerize via the tight head-to-tail association of two relatively flat interfaces makes it challenging to identify suitable small molecule inhibitors of this protein-protein interaction. Herein, we provide a comprehensive biophysical characterization of the ETV6 PNT domain interaction interfaces to aid future drug discovery efforts and help define the mechanisms by which its self-association mediates transcriptional repression. Using NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and molecular dynamics simulations, along with amide hydrogen exchange measurements, we demonstrate that monomeric PNT domain variants adopt very stable helical bundle folds that do not change in conformation upon self-association into heterodimer models of the ETV6 polymer. Surface plasmon resonance-monitored alanine scanning mutagenesis studies identified hot spot regions within the self-association interfaces. These regions include both central hydrophobic residues and flanking salt-bridging residues. Collectively, these studies indicate that small molecules targeted to these hydrophobic or charged regions within the relatively rigid interfaces could potentially serve as orthosteric inhibitors of ETV6 PNT domain polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A N Gerak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophia Y Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maxim Kolesnikov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark Okon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael E P Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Michel Roberge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lawrence P McIntosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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14
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Hou C, McCown C, Ivanov DN, Tsodikov OV. Structural Insight into the DNA Binding Function of Transcription Factor ERF. Biochemistry 2020; 59:10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00774. [PMID: 33175491 PMCID: PMC8110599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ETS family transcription factors control development of different cell types in humans, whereas deregulation of these proteins leads to severe developmental syndromes and cancers. One of a few members of the ETS family that are known to act solely as repressors, ERF, is required for normal osteogenesis and hematopoiesis. Another important function of ERF is acting as a tumor suppressor by antagonizing oncogenic fusions involving other ETS family factors. The structure of ERF and the DNA binding properties specific to this protein have not been elucidated. In this study, we determined two crystal structures of the complexes of the DNA binding domain of ERF with DNA. In one, ERF is in a distinct dimeric form, with Cys72 in a reduced state. In the other, two dimers of ERF are assembled into a tetramer that is additionally locked by two Cys72-Cys72 disulfide bonds across the dimers. In the tetramer, the ERF molecules are bound to a pseudocontinuous DNA on the same DNA face at two GGAA binding sites on opposite strands. Sedimentation velocity analysis showed that this tetrameric assembly forms on continuous DNA containing such tandem sites spaced by 7 bp. Our bioinformatic analysis of three previously reported sets of ERF binding loci across entire genomes showed that these loci were enriched in such 7 bp spaced tandem sites. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the observed tetrameric assembly is a functional state of ERF in the human cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Claudia McCown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Dmitri N. Ivanov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Oleg V. Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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15
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DNA binding induces a cis-to- trans switch in Cre recombinase to enable intasome assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24849-24858. [PMID: 32968014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011448117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding of DNA recombination in the Cre-loxP system has largely been guided by crystallographic structures of tetrameric synaptic complexes. Those studies have suggested a role for protein conformational dynamics that has not been well characterized at the atomic level. We used solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to discover the link between intrinsic flexibility and function in Cre recombinase. Transverse relaxation-optimized spectroscopy (TROSY) NMR spectra show the N-terminal and C-terminal catalytic domains (CreNTD and CreCat) to be structurally independent. Amide 15N relaxation measurements of the CreCat domain reveal fast-timescale dynamics in most regions that exhibit conformational differences in active and inactive Cre protomers in crystallographic tetramers. However, the C-terminal helix αN, implicated in assembly of synaptic complexes and regulation of DNA cleavage activity via trans protein-protein interactions, is unexpectedly rigid in free Cre. Chemical shift perturbations and intra- and intermolecular paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) NMR data reveal an alternative autoinhibitory conformation for the αN region of free Cre, wherein it packs in cis over the protein DNA binding surface and active site. Moreover, binding to loxP DNA induces a conformational change that dislodges the C terminus, resulting in a cis-to-trans switch that is likely to enable protein-protein interactions required for assembly of recombinogenic Cre intasomes. These findings necessitate a reexamination of the mechanisms by which this widely utilized gene-editing tool selects target sites, avoids spurious DNA cleavage activity, and controls DNA recombination efficiency.
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16
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Fisher MH, Kirkpatrick GD, Stevens B, Jones C, Callaghan M, Rajpurkar M, Fulbright J, Cooper MA, Rowley J, Porter CC, Gutierrez-Hartmann A, Jones K, Jordan C, Pietras EM, Di Paola J. ETV6 germline mutations cause HDAC3/NCOR2 mislocalization and upregulation of interferon response genes. JCI Insight 2020; 5:140332. [PMID: 32841218 PMCID: PMC7526537 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ETV6 is an ETS family transcription factor that plays a key role in hematopoiesis and megakaryocyte development. Our group and others have identified germline mutations in ETV6 resulting in autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia and predisposition to malignancy; however, molecular mechanisms defining the role of ETV6 in megakaryocyte development have not been well established. Using a combination of molecular, biochemical, and sequencing approaches in patient-derived PBMCs, we demonstrate abnormal cytoplasmic localization of ETV6 and the HDAC3/NCOR2 repressor complex that led to overexpression of HDAC3-regulated interferon response genes. This transcriptional dysregulation was also reflected in patient-derived platelet transcripts and drove aberrant proplatelet formation in megakaryocytes. Our results suggest that aberrant transcription may predispose patients with ETV6 mutations to bone marrow inflammation, dysplasia, and megakaryocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlie H. Fisher
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program
- Medical Scientist Training Program, and
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Gregory D. Kirkpatrick
- Medical Scientist Training Program, and
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brett Stevens
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Courtney Jones
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael Callaghan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Madhvi Rajpurkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Joy Fulbright
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan A. Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jesse Rowley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Christopher C. Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arthur Gutierrez-Hartmann
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program
- Department of Internal Medicine and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth Jones
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Craig Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric M. Pietras
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jorge Di Paola
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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17
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Levitsky V, Oshchepkov D, Zemlyanskaya E, Merkulova T. Asymmetric Conservation within Pairs of Co-Occurred Motifs Mediates Weak Direct Binding of Transcription Factors in ChIP-Seq Data. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6023. [PMID: 32825662 PMCID: PMC7504069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Transcription factors (TFs) are main regulators of eukaryotic gene expression. The cooperative binding to genomic DNA of at least two TFs is the widespread mechanism of transcription regulation. Cooperating TFs can be revealed through the analysis of co-occurrence of their motifs. (2) Methods: We applied the motifs co-occurrence tool (MCOT) that predicted pairs of spaced or overlapped motifs (composite elements, CEs) for a single ChIP-seq dataset. We improved MCOT capability for the prediction of asymmetric CEs with one of the participating motifs possessing higher conservation than another does. (3) Results: Analysis of 119 ChIP-seq datasets for 45 human TFs revealed that almost for all families of TFs the co-occurrence with an overlap between motifs of target TFs and more conserved partner motifs was significantly higher than that for less conserved partner motifs. The asymmetry toward partner TFs was the most clear for partner motifs of TFs from the ETS (E26 Transformation Specific) family. (4) Conclusion: Co-occurrence with an overlap of less conserved motif of a target TF and more conserved motifs of partner TFs explained a substantial portion of ChIP-seq data lacking conserved motifs of target TFs. Among other TF families, conservative motifs of TFs from ETS family were the most prone to mediate interaction of target TFs with its weak motifs in ChIP-seq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Levitsky
- Department of System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.O.); (E.Z.)
- Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry Oshchepkov
- Department of System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.O.); (E.Z.)
| | - Elena Zemlyanskaya
- Department of System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.O.); (E.Z.)
- Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana Merkulova
- Department of System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.O.); (E.Z.)
- Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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18
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Levitsky V, Oshchepkov D, Zemlyanskaya E, Merkulova T. Asymmetric Conservation within Pairs of Co-Occurred Motifs Mediates Weak Direct Binding of Transcription Factors in ChIP-Seq Data. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176023. [PMID: 32825662 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202007.0639.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Transcription factors (TFs) are main regulators of eukaryotic gene expression. The cooperative binding to genomic DNA of at least two TFs is the widespread mechanism of transcription regulation. Cooperating TFs can be revealed through the analysis of co-occurrence of their motifs. (2) Methods: We applied the motifs co-occurrence tool (MCOT) that predicted pairs of spaced or overlapped motifs (composite elements, CEs) for a single ChIP-seq dataset. We improved MCOT capability for the prediction of asymmetric CEs with one of the participating motifs possessing higher conservation than another does. (3) Results: Analysis of 119 ChIP-seq datasets for 45 human TFs revealed that almost for all families of TFs the co-occurrence with an overlap between motifs of target TFs and more conserved partner motifs was significantly higher than that for less conserved partner motifs. The asymmetry toward partner TFs was the most clear for partner motifs of TFs from the ETS (E26 Transformation Specific) family. (4) Conclusion: Co-occurrence with an overlap of less conserved motif of a target TF and more conserved motifs of partner TFs explained a substantial portion of ChIP-seq data lacking conserved motifs of target TFs. Among other TF families, conservative motifs of TFs from ETS family were the most prone to mediate interaction of target TFs with its weak motifs in ChIP-seq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Levitsky
- Department of System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry Oshchepkov
- Department of System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Zemlyanskaya
- Department of System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana Merkulova
- Department of System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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19
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Biswas A, Rajesh Y, Mitra P, Mandal M. ETV6 gene aberrations in non-haematological malignancies: A review highlighting ETV6 associated fusion genes in solid tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188389. [PMID: 32659251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ETV6 (translocation-Ets-leukemia virus) gene is a transcriptional repressor mainly involved in haematopoiesis and maintenance of vascular networks and has developed to be a major oncogene with the potential ability of forming fusion partners with many other genes with carcinogenic consequences. ETV6 fusions function primarily by constitutive activation of kinase activity of the fusion partners, modifications in the normal functions of ETV6 transcription factor, loss of function of ETV6 or the partner gene and activation of a proto-oncogene near the site of translocation. The role of ETV6 fusion gene in tumorigenesis has been well-documented and more variedly found in haematological malignancies. However, the role of the ETV6 oncogene in solid tumors has also risen to prominence due to an increasing number of cases being reported with this malignancy. Since, solid tumors can be well-targeted, the diagnosis of this genre of tumors based on ETV6 malignancy is of crucial importance for treatment. This review highlights the important ETV6 associated fusions in solid tumors along with critical insights as to existing and novel means of targeting it. A consolidation of novel therapies such as immune, gene, RNAi, stem cell therapy and protein degradation hitherto unused in the case of ETV6 solid tumor malignancies may open further therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angana Biswas
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Yetirajam Rajesh
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pralay Mitra
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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20
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Abstract
We and others recently described families with germline heterozygote mutations in ETV6 leading to autosomal dominant highly penetrant thrombocytopenia, red cell macrocytosis and predisposition to leukemia.The bone marrow of affected individuals shows erythroid dysplasia and hyperplasia of small, hypolobulated immature megakaryocytes suggesting a differentiation arrest. This discovery led to subsequent studies that confirmed our findings and to additional larger studies that demonstrated a 1% frequency of germline ETV6 mutations among 4405 individuals with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Additionally, a 4.5% prevalence of ETV6 germline mutations was reported in families with inherited thrombocytopenia. Preliminary data suggest that decreased ETV6 function leads to MK maturation arrest, impaired platelet production and differentially expressed platelet transcripts among individuals affected with ETV6 mutations when compared to control relatives. Additionally, individuals with some ETV6 mutation exhibit bleeding that appears disproportionate to the mildly reduced platelet count, suggesting a platelet function deficit. Furthermore, recent studies describe decreased ability of platelets from individuals with ETV6 mutations to spread on fibrinogen covered surfaces. Overall, ETV6 germline mutations represent a new cancer predisposition thrombocytopenia with platelet dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Di Paola
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marlie H Fisher
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado, USA
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21
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Guo C, Gao C, Zhao D, Li J, Wang J, Sun X, Liu Q, Hao L, Greenaway FT, Tian Y, Liu S, Sun MZ. A novel ETV6-miR-429-CRKL regulatory circuitry contributes to aggressiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:70. [PMID: 32326970 PMCID: PMC7178969 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor metastasis is one of the main causes of the high mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). E-Twenty Six variant gene 6 (ETV6) is a strong transcriptional repressor, associated with the development and progression of tumors. However, the exact role and underlying mechanism of ETV6 in HCC remain unclear. METHODS Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression levels of ETV6, CRKL (v-crk sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homologue (avian)-like) and miR-429 in HCC tissues and cells; Transwell chamber and F-actin cytoskeleton staining assay to examine the effects of ETV6 and CRKL deregulation on the migration, invasion and cytoskeleton of HCC cells; Co-immunoprecipitation assay to determine the interaction between CRKL and ETV6; Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay to investigate the interaction between ETV6 and miR-429. RESULTS We established a novel ETV6-miR-429-CRKL regulatory circuitry contributes to HCC metastasis. ETV6 and CRKL were frequently increased, while miR-429 was downregulated in both hepatocarcinoma tissues and hepatocarcinoma cells. Moreover, ETV6 upregulation was positively correlated with CRKL upregulation, and two negative correlations were also established for ETV6 and CRKL upregulation with miR-429 downregulation in both hepatocarcinoma patients' tumorous tissues and hepatocarcinoma cells. Functional investigations revealed that overexpression and knockdown of ETV6 was remarkably effective in promoting and suppressing HCC cell migration, invasion, cytoskeleton F-actin expression and arrangement, whereas, CRKL overexpression exhibited similar effects to the overexpression of ETV6. Mechanistically, ETV6 negatively regulates miR-429 expression by directly binding to the promoter region of miR-429; miR-429 negatively regulates CRKL expression by selectively targeting CRKL-3'-UTR; ETV6 directly binds to CRKL and positively regulates its expression, which in turn CRKL positively regulates ETV6 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that ETV6 promotes migration and invasion of HCC cells by directly binding to promoter region of miR-429 via modulating CRKL expression. The newly identified ETV6-miR-429-CRKL regulatory circuitry contributes to the aggressiveness of HCC, which provides new clues for fundamental research on diagnosis and treatment parameters for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Guo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Dongting Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jinxia Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xujuan Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Qinlong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Lihong Hao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Frederick T Greenaway
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA
| | - Yuxiang Tian
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Ming-Zhong Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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22
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Zhang Y, Swoboda DM, Grover A, Nodzon L, Zhang L, Pinilla-Ibarz J. T315I-mutated myeloid sarcoma. Leuk Res Rep 2019; 12:100184. [PMID: 31485411 PMCID: PMC6715886 DOI: 10.1016/j.lrr.2019.100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid Sarcoma (MS) is diagnosed by an extramedullary proliferation of immature granulocytic cells. Its association with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is rare. CML is characterized by BCR-ABL1 gene rearrangement and therapies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are very effective. However, TKI resistance may occur secondary to the development of ABL1 mutations. T315I is a common mutation that accounts for ∼20% clinical resistance to TKIs. We report the first case of a patient with T315I mutated myeloid sarcoma that occurred after complete cytogenetic response with dasatinib of a chronic phase CML. The patient was successfully treated with induction chemotherapy and ponatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhang
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - David M Swoboda
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Aditya Grover
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Lisa Nodzon
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Javier Pinilla-Ibarz
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
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23
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Genetic defects in hematopoietic transcription factors and predisposition to acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2019; 134:793-797. [PMID: 31311817 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018852400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide studies have revealed a plethora of germline variants that significantly influence the susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), thus providing compelling evidence for genetic inheritance of this blood cancer. In particular, hematopoietic transcription factors (eg, ETV6, PAX5, IKZF1) are most frequently implicated in familial ALL, and germline variants in these genes confer strong predisposition (albeit with incomplete penetrance). Studies of germline risk factors for ALL provide unique insights into the molecular etiology of this leukemia.
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24
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Churpek JE, Bresnick EH. Transcription factor mutations as a cause of familial myeloid neoplasms. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:476-488. [PMID: 30707109 DOI: 10.1172/jci120854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation and evolution of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are driven by genomic events that disrupt multiple genes controlling hematopoiesis. Human genetic studies have discovered germline mutations in single genes that instigate familial MDS/AML. The best understood of these genes encode transcription factors, such as GATA-2, RUNX1, ETV6, and C/EBPα, which establish and maintain genetic networks governing the genesis and function of blood stem and progenitor cells. Many questions remain unanswered regarding how genes and circuits within these networks function in physiology and disease and whether network integrity is exquisitely sensitive to or efficiently buffered from perturbations. In familial MDS/AML, mutations change the coding sequence of a gene to generate a mutant protein with altered activity or introduce frameshifts or stop codons or disrupt regulatory elements to alter protein expression. Each mutation has the potential to exert quantitatively and qualitatively distinct influences on networks. Consistent with this mechanistic diversity, disease onset is unpredictable and phenotypic variability can be considerable. Efforts to elucidate mechanisms and forge prognostic and therapeutic strategies must therefore contend with a spectrum of patient-specific leukemogenic scenarios. Here we illustrate mechanistic advances in our understanding of familial MDS/AML syndromes caused by germline mutations of hematopoietic transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Churpek
- Section of Hematology/Oncology and Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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25
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Cooperative recruitment of Yan via a high-affinity ETS supersite organizes repression to confer specificity and robustness to cardiac cell fate specification. Genes Dev 2018. [PMID: 29535190 PMCID: PMC5900712 DOI: 10.1101/gad.307132.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, Boisclair Lachance et al. investigate how the cis-regulatory logic of a tissue-specific cis-regulatory module (CRM) responsible for even-skipped (eve) induction during cardiogenesis organizes the competing inputs of two ETS members: the activator Pointed (Pnt) and the repressor Yan. Their findings provide insight into a novel mechanism by which differential interpretation of CRM syntax by a competing repressor–activator pair can confer both specificity and robustness to developmental transitions. Cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) are defined by unique combinations of transcription factor-binding sites. Emerging evidence suggests that the number, affinity, and organization of sites play important roles in regulating enhancer output and, ultimately, gene expression. Here, we investigate how the cis-regulatory logic of a tissue-specific CRM responsible for even-skipped (eve) induction during cardiogenesis organizes the competing inputs of two E-twenty-six (ETS) members: the activator Pointed (Pnt) and the repressor Yan. Using a combination of reporter gene assays and CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing, we suggest that Yan and Pnt have distinct syntax preferences. Not only does Yan prefer high-affinity sites, but an overlapping pair of such sites is necessary and sufficient for Yan to tune Eve expression levels in newly specified cardioblasts and block ectopic Eve induction and cell fate specification in surrounding progenitors. Mechanistically, the efficient Yan recruitment promoted by this high-affinity ETS supersite not only biases Yan–Pnt competition at the specific CRM but also organizes Yan-repressive complexes in three dimensions across the eve locus. Taken together, our results uncover a novel mechanism by which differential interpretation of CRM syntax by a competing repressor–activator pair can confer both specificity and robustness to developmental transitions.
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26
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Vo T, Wang S, Poon GMK, Wilson WD. Electrostatic control of DNA intersegmental translocation by the ETS transcription factor ETV6. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13187-13196. [PMID: 28592487 PMCID: PMC5555182 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.792887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To find their DNA target sites in complex solution environments containing excess heterogeneous DNA, sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins execute various translocation mechanisms known collectively as facilitated diffusion. For proteins harboring a single DNA contact surface, long-range translocation occurs by jumping between widely spaced DNA segments. We have configured biosensor-based surface plasmon resonance to directly measure the affinity and kinetics of this intersegmental jumping by the ETS-family transcription factor ETS variant 6 (ETV6). To isolate intersegmental target binding in a functionally defined manner, we pre-equilibrated ETV6 with excess salmon sperm DNA, a heterogeneous polymer, before exposing the nonspecifically bound protein to immobilized oligomeric DNA harboring a high-affinity ETV6 site. In this way, the mechanism of ETV6-target association could be toggled electrostatically through varying NaCl concentration in the bulk solution. Direct measurements of association and dissociation kinetics of the site-specific complex indicated that 1) freely diffusive binding by ETV6 proceeds through a nonspecific-like intermediate, 2) intersegmental jumping is rate-limited by dissociation from the nonspecific polymer, and 3) dissociation of the specific complex is independent of the history of complex formation. These results show that target searches by proteins with an ETS domain, such as ETV6, whose single DNA-binding domain cannot contact both source and destination sites simultaneously, are nonetheless strongly modulated by intersegmental jumping in heterogeneous site environments. Our findings establish biosensors as a general technique for directly and specifically measuring target site search by DNA-binding proteins via intersegmental translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Vo
- From the Department of Chemistry and
| | - Shuo Wang
- From the Department of Chemistry and
| | - Gregory M K Poon
- From the Department of Chemistry and
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - W David Wilson
- From the Department of Chemistry and
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
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27
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Rasighaemi P, Ward AC. ETV6 and ETV7: Siblings in hematopoiesis and its disruption in disease. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 116:106-115. [PMID: 28693791 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ETV6 (TEL1) and ETV7 (TEL2) are closely-related members of the ETS family of transcriptional regulators. Both ETV6 and ETV7 have been demonstrated to play key roles in hematopoiesis, particularly with regard to maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells and control of lineage-specific differentiation, with evidence of functional interactions between both proteins. ETV6 has been strongly implicated in the molecular etiology of a number of hematopoietic diseases, including as a tumor suppressor, an oncogenic fusion partner, and an important regulator of thrombopoiesis, but recent evidence has also identified ETV7 as a potential oncogene in certain malignancies. This review provides an overview of ETV6 and ETV7 and their contribution to both normal and disrupted hematopoiesis. It also highlights the key clinical implications of the growing knowledge base regarding ETV6 abnormalities with respect to prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Rasighaemi
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
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28
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Feurstein S, Godley LA. Germline ETV6 mutations and predisposition to hematological malignancies. Int J Hematol 2017; 106:189-195. [PMID: 28555414 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with thrombocytopenia 5 have an autosomal dominant disorder of decreased platelet number with tendency to bleed, usually presenting in childhood, and have been found to have germline mutations in ETV6, which encodes a master hematopoietic transcription factor. Some patients who present similarly have inherited mutations in RUNX1 or ANKRD26. All three germline syndromes are also associated with a predisposition to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute leukemia (AL). Since the first description of germline ETV6 mutations, 18 families have been reported. The common phenotype is mild to moderate thrombocytopenia with a variable predisposition to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and MDS. This review will focus upon the role of ETV6 in hematopoiesis, especially in myeloid differentiation and maturation, and will describe the functional effects of mutant ETV6. The review will also provide an overview of common clinical features as well as recommendations for patient screening and follow-up and will debate whether additional clinical features should be included with the germline ETV6 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Feurstein
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2115, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lucy A Godley
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2115, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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29
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Currie SL, Lau DKW, Doane JJ, Whitby FG, Okon M, McIntosh LP, Graves BJ. Structured and disordered regions cooperatively mediate DNA-binding autoinhibition of ETS factors ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:2223-2241. [PMID: 28161714 PMCID: PMC5389675 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoinhibition enables spatial and temporal regulation of cellular processes by coupling protein activity to surrounding conditions, often via protein partnerships or signaling pathways. We report the molecular basis of DNA-binding autoinhibition of ETS transcription factors ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5, which are often overexpressed in prostate cancer. Inhibitory elements that cooperate to repress DNA binding were identified in regions N- and C-terminal of the ETS domain. Crystal structures of these three factors revealed an α-helix in the C-terminal inhibitory domain that packs against the ETS domain and perturbs the conformation of its DNA-recognition helix. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated that the N-terminal inhibitory domain (NID) is intrinsically disordered, yet utilizes transient intramolecular interactions with the DNA-recognition helix of the ETS domain to mediate autoinhibition. Acetylation of selected lysines within the NID activates DNA binding. This investigation revealed a distinctive mechanism for DNA-binding autoinhibition in the ETV1/4/5 subfamily involving a network of intramolecular interactions not present in other ETS factors. These distinguishing inhibitory elements provide a platform through which cellular triggers, such as protein–protein interactions or post-translational modifications, may specifically regulate the function of these oncogenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Currie
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA
| | - Desmond K W Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jedediah J Doane
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA
| | - Frank G Whitby
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5650, USA
| | - Mark Okon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lawrence P McIntosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Barbara J Graves
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA
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30
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Hope CM, Rebay I, Reinitz J. DNA Occupancy of Polymerizing Transcription Factors: A Chemical Model of the ETS Family Factor Yan. Biophys J 2017; 112:180-192. [PMID: 28076810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors use both protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions to assemble appropriate complexes to regulate gene expression. Although most transcription factors operate as monomers or dimers, a few, including the E26 transformation-specific family repressors Drosophila melanogaster Yan and its human homolog TEL/ETV6, can polymerize. Although polymerization is required for both the normal and oncogenic function of Yan and TEL/ETV6, the mechanisms by which it influences the recruitment, organization, and stability of transcriptional complexes remain poorly understood. Further, a quantitative description of the DNA occupancy of a polymerizing transcription factor is lacking, and such a description would have broader applications to the conceptually related area of polymerizing chromatin regulators. To expand the theoretical basis for understanding how the oligomeric state of a transcriptional regulator influences its chromatin occupancy and function, we leveraged the extensive biochemical characterization of E26 transformation-specific factors to develop a mathematical model of Yan occupancy at chemical equilibrium. We find that spreading condensation from a specific binding site can take place in a path-independent manner given reasonable values of the free energies of specific and non-specific DNA binding and protein-protein cooperativity. Our calculations show that polymerization confers upon a transcription factor the unique ability to extend occupancy across DNA regions far from specific binding sites. In contrast, dimerization promotes recruitment to clustered binding sites and maximizes discrimination between specific and non-specific sites. We speculate that the association with non-specific DNA afforded by polymerization may enable regulatory behaviors that are well-suited to transcriptional repressors but perhaps incompatible with precise activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Matthew Hope
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ilaria Rebay
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - John Reinitz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Statistics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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31
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Hematopoietic transcription factor mutations: important players in inherited platelet defects. Blood 2017; 129:2873-2881. [PMID: 28416505 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-709881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate expression of genes. The molecular and genetic mechanisms in most patients with inherited platelet defects are unknown. There is now increasing evidence that mutations in hematopoietic TFs are an important underlying cause for defects in platelet production, morphology, and function. The hematopoietic TFs implicated in patients with impaired platelet function and number include runt-related transcription factor 1, Fli-1 proto-oncogene, E-twenty-six (ETS) transcription factor (friend leukemia integration 1), GATA-binding protein 1, growth factor independent 1B transcriptional repressor, ETS variant 6, ecotropic viral integration site 1, and homeobox A11. These TFs act in a combinatorial manner to bind sequence-specific DNA within promoter regions to regulate lineage-specific gene expression, either as activators or repressors. TF mutations induce rippling downstream effects by simultaneously altering the expression of multiple genes. Mutations involving these TFs affect diverse aspects of megakaryocyte biology, and platelet production and function, culminating in thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction. Some are associated with predisposition to hematologic malignancies. These TF variants may occur more frequently in patients with inherited platelet defects than generally appreciated. This review focuses on alterations in hematopoietic TFs in the pathobiology of inherited platelet defects.
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32
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Abstract
The ETV6 (also known as TEL) gene encodes a transcriptional repressor that plays a critical role in hematopoiesis and in embryonic development. While somatic ETV6 translocations and missense mutations are frequently observed in human cancers, the role of ETV6 in malignant transformation was unclear. Recently, autosomal dominant germline ETV6 mutations were discovered in families with inherited thrombocytopenia and a propensity to develop hematological malignancy, unequivocally demonstrating a role for ETV6 in leukemogenesis. Studies of germline ETV6 mutations also uncovered an important function of ETV6 in megakaryocyte development. Here we discuss our current understanding of the role of ETV6 in malignancy and in hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Hock
- Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA.
| | - Akiko Shimamura
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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33
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Poggi M, Canault M, Favier M, Turro E, Saultier P, Ghalloussi D, Baccini V, Vidal L, Mezzapesa A, Chelghoum N, Mohand-Oumoussa B, Falaise C, Favier R, Ouwehand WH, Fiore M, Peiretti F, Morange PE, Saut N, Bernot D, Greinacher A, BioResource N, Nurden AT, Nurden P, Freson K, Trégouët DA, Raslova H, Alessi MC. Germline variants in ETV6 underlie reduced platelet formation, platelet dysfunction and increased levels of circulating CD34+ progenitors. Haematologica 2017; 102:282-294. [PMID: 27663637 PMCID: PMC5286936 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.147694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in ETV6, which encodes a transcription repressor of the E26 transformation-specific family, have recently been reported to be responsible for inherited thrombocytopenia and hematologic malignancy. We sequenced the DNA from cases with unexplained dominant thrombocytopenia and identified six likely pathogenic variants in ETV6, of which five are novel. We observed low repressive activity of all tested ETV6 variants, and variants located in the E26 transformation-specific binding domain (encoding p.A377T, p.Y401N) led to reduced binding to corepressors. We also observed a large expansion of megakaryocyte colony-forming units derived from variant carriers and reduced proplatelet formation with abnormal cytoskeletal organization. The defect in proplatelet formation was also observed in control CD34+ cell-derived megakaryocytes transduced with lentiviral particles encoding mutant ETV6. Reduced expression levels of key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton CDC42 and RHOA were measured. Moreover, changes in the actin structures are typically accompanied by a rounder platelet shape with a highly heterogeneous size, decreased platelet arachidonic response, and spreading and retarded clot retraction in ETV6 deficient platelets. Elevated numbers of circulating CD34+ cells were found in p.P214L and p.Y401N carriers, and two patients from different families suffered from refractory anemia with excess blasts, while one patient from a third family was successfully treated for acute myeloid leukemia. Overall, our study provides novel insights into the role of ETV6 as a driver of cytoskeletal regulatory gene expression during platelet production, and the impact of variants resulting in platelets with altered size, shape and function and potentially also in changes in circulating progenitor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Poggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, NORT, Marseille, France
| | | | - Marie Favier
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, NORT, Marseille, France
- Inserm U1170, Gustave Roussy, University Paris Sud, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Ernest Turro
- Department of Haematology and National Health Service Blood & Transplant, Cambridge University, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Saultier
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, NORT, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Lea Vidal
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, NORT, Marseille, France
| | - Anna Mezzapesa
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, NORT, Marseille, France
| | - Nadjim Chelghoum
- Post-Genomic Platform of Pitié-Salpêtrière (P3S), Pierre and Marie Curie University, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Badreddine Mohand-Oumoussa
- Post-Genomic Platform of Pitié-Salpêtrière (P3S), Pierre and Marie Curie University, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Céline Falaise
- French Reference-Center on Inherited Platelet Disorders, Marseille, France
| | - Rémi Favier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Willem H Ouwehand
- Department of Haematology and National Health Service Blood & Transplant, Cambridge University, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mathieu Fiore
- French Reference-Center on Inherited Platelet Disorders, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d'hématologie, CHU de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | | | - Pierre Emmanuel Morange
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, NORT, Marseille, France
- French Reference-Center on Inherited Platelet Disorders, Marseille, France
| | - Noémie Saut
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, NORT, Marseille, France
- French Reference-Center on Inherited Platelet Disorders, Marseille, France
| | - Denis Bernot
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, NORT, Marseille, France
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nihr BioResource
- NIHR BioResource - Rare Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, UK
| | - Alan T Nurden
- LIRYC, Plateforme Technologique et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Paquita Nurden
- French Reference-Center on Inherited Platelet Disorders, Marseille, France
- LIRYC, Plateforme Technologique et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Kathleen Freson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - David-Alexandre Trégouët
- ICAN Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Team Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, F-75013 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 06), UMR_S 1166, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Hana Raslova
- Inserm U1170, Gustave Roussy, University Paris Sud, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Christine Alessi
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, NORT, Marseille, France
- French Reference-Center on Inherited Platelet Disorders, Marseille, France
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34
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Daly ME. Transcription factor defects causing platelet disorders. Blood Rev 2016; 31:1-10. [PMID: 27450272 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen increasing recognition of a subgroup of inherited platelet function disorders which are due to defects in transcription factors that are required to regulate megakaryopoiesis and platelet production. Thus, germline mutations in the genes encoding the haematopoietic transcription factors RUNX1, GATA-1, FLI1, GFI1b and ETV6 have been associated with both quantitative and qualitative platelet abnormalities, and variable bleeding symptoms in the affected patients. Some of the transcription factor defects are also associated with an increased predisposition to haematologic malignancies (RUNX1, ETV6), abnormal erythropoiesis (GATA-1, GFI1b, ETV6) and immune dysfunction (FLI1). The persistence of MYH10 expression in platelets is a surrogate marker for FLI1 and RUNX1 defects. Characterisation of the transcription factor defects that give rise to platelet function disorders, and of the genes that are differentially regulated as a result, are yielding insights into the roles of these genes in platelet formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina E Daly
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
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35
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De S, Okon M, Graves BJ, McIntosh LP. Autoinhibition of ETV6 DNA Binding Is Established by the Stability of Its Inhibitory Helix. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1515-30. [PMID: 26920109 PMCID: PMC5575937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ETS transcriptional repressor ETV6 (or TEL) is autoinhibited by an α-helix that sterically blocks its DNA-binding ETS domain. The inhibitory helix is marginally stable and unfolds when ETV6 binds to either specific or non-specific DNA. Using NMR spectroscopy, we show that folding of the inhibitory helix requires a buried charge-dipole interaction with helix H1 of the ETS domain. This interaction also contributes directly to autoinhibition by precluding a highly conserved dipole-enhanced hydrogen bond between the phosphodiester backbone of bound DNA and the N terminus of helix H1. To probe further the thermodynamic basis of autoinhibition, ETV6 variants were generated with amino acid substitutions introduced along the solvent exposed surface of the inhibitory helix. These changes were designed to increase the intrinsic helical propensity of the inhibitory helix without perturbing its packing interactions with the ETS domain. NMR-monitored amide hydrogen exchange measurements confirmed that the stability of the folded inhibitory helix increases progressively with added helix-promoting substitutions. This also results in progressively reinforced autoinhibition and decreased DNA-binding affinity. Surprisingly, locking the inhibitory helix onto the ETS domain by a disulfide bridge severely impairs, but does not abolish DNA binding. Weak interactions still occur via an interface displaced from the canonical ETS domain DNA-binding surface. Collectively, these studies establish a direct thermodynamic linkage between inhibitory helix stability and ETV6 autoinhibition, and demonstrate that helix unfolding does not strictly precede DNA binding. Modulating inhibitory helix stability provides a potential route for the in vivo regulation of ETV6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya De
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mark Okon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Barbara J Graves
- Department of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA
| | - Lawrence P McIntosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Sayou C, Nanao MH, Jamin M, Posé D, Thévenon E, Grégoire L, Tichtinsky G, Denay G, Ott F, Peirats Llobet M, Schmid M, Dumas R, Parcy F. A SAM oligomerization domain shapes the genomic binding landscape of the LEAFY transcription factor. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11222. [PMID: 27097556 PMCID: PMC4844672 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanisms directing transcription factors (TFs) to specific genome regions is essential to understand and predict transcriptional regulation. TFs recognize short DNA motifs primarily through their DNA-binding domain. Some TFs also possess an oligomerization domain suspected to potentiate DNA binding but for which the genome-wide influence remains poorly understood. Here we focus on the LEAFY transcription factor, a master regulator of flower development in angiosperms. We have determined the crystal structure of its conserved amino-terminal domain, revealing an unanticipated Sterile Alpha Motif oligomerization domain. We show that this domain is essential to LEAFY floral function. Moreover, combined biochemical and genome-wide assays suggest that oligomerization is required for LEAFY to access regions with low-affinity binding sites or closed chromatin. This finding shows that domains that do not directly contact DNA can nevertheless have a profound impact on the DNA binding landscape of a TF. The LEAFY transcription factor is a master regulator of flower development in plants. Here the authors describe the structure of a LEAFY oligomerization domain and show that mutations that disrupt oligomerization alter its capacity to bind low affinity and poorly accessible target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Sayou
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5168, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR 1417, 17, avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Max H Nanao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Jamin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale CEA/DRF, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - David Posé
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Thévenon
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5168, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR 1417, 17, avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Laura Grégoire
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5168, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR 1417, 17, avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Gabrielle Tichtinsky
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5168, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR 1417, 17, avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Grégoire Denay
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5168, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR 1417, 17, avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Felix Ott
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marta Peirats Llobet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5168, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR 1417, 17, avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Markus Schmid
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Renaud Dumas
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5168, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR 1417, 17, avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - François Parcy
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5168, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR 1417, 17, avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
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37
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Powers NR, Eicher JD, Miller LL, Kong Y, Smith SD, Pennington BF, Willcutt EG, Olson RK, Ring SM, Gruen JR. The regulatory element READ1 epistatically influences reading and language, with both deleterious and protective alleles. J Med Genet 2015; 53:163-71. [PMID: 26660103 PMCID: PMC4789805 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Reading disability (RD) and language impairment (LI) are heritable learning disabilities that obstruct acquisition and use of written and spoken language, respectively. We previously reported that two risk haplotypes, each in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with an allele of READ1, a polymorphic compound short tandem repeat within intron 2 of risk gene DCDC2, are associated with RD and LI. Additionally, we showed a non-additive genetic interaction between READ1 and KIAHap, a previously reported risk haplotype in risk gene KIAA0319, and that READ1 binds the transcriptional regulator ETV6. Objective To examine the hypothesis that READ1 is a transcriptional regulator of KIAA0319. Methods We characterised associations between READ1 alleles and RD and LI in a large European cohort, and also assessed interactions between READ1 and KIAHap and their effect on performance on measures of reading, language and IQ. We also used family-based data to characterise the genetic interaction, and chromatin conformation capture (3C) to investigate the possibility of a physical interaction between READ1 and KIAHap. Results and conclusions READ1 and KIAHap show interdependence—READ1 risk alleles synergise with KIAHap, whereas READ1 protective alleles act epistatically to negate the effects of KIAHap. The family data suggest that these variants interact in trans genetically, while the 3C results show that a region of DCDC2 containing READ1 interacts physically with the region upstream of KIAA0319. These data support a model in which READ1 regulates KIAA0319 expression through KIAHap and in which the additive effects of READ1 and KIAHap alleles are responsible for the trans genetic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Powers
- Investigate Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John D Eicher
- Investigate Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Laura L Miller
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yong Kong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA W.M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shelley D Smith
- Departments of Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Erik G Willcutt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard K Olson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan M Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeffrey R Gruen
- Investigate Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Department of Investigative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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38
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Topka S, Vijai J, Walsh MF, Jacobs L, Maria A, Villano D, Gaddam P, Wu G, McGee RB, Quinn E, Inaba H, Hartford C, Pui CH, Pappo A, Edmonson M, Zhang MY, Stepensky P, Steinherz P, Schrader K, Lincoln A, Bussel J, Lipkin SM, Goldgur Y, Harit M, Stadler ZK, Mullighan C, Weintraub M, Shimamura A, Zhang J, Downing JR, Nichols KE, Offit K. Germline ETV6 Mutations Confer Susceptibility to Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Thrombocytopenia. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005262. [PMID: 26102509 PMCID: PMC4477877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations affecting ETV6 often occur in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common childhood malignancy. The genetic factors that predispose to ALL remain poorly understood. Here we identify a novel germline ETV6 p. L349P mutation in a kindred affected by thrombocytopenia and ALL. A second ETV6 p. N385fs mutation was identified in an unrelated kindred characterized by thrombocytopenia, ALL and secondary myelodysplasia/acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemic cells from the proband in the second kindred showed deletion of wild type ETV6 with retention of the ETV6 p. N385fs. Enforced expression of the ETV6 mutants revealed normal transcript and protein levels, but impaired nuclear localization. Accordingly, these mutants exhibited significantly reduced ability to regulate the transcription of ETV6 target genes. Our findings highlight a novel role for ETV6 in leukemia predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Topka
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, United States of America
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Vijai
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, United States of America
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Walsh
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lauren Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ann Maria
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Danylo Villano
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pragna Gaddam
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gang Wu
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rose B. McGee
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Emily Quinn
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Hiroto Inaba
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christine Hartford
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ching-hon Pui
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alberto Pappo
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael Edmonson
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael Y. Zhang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Peter Steinherz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Anne Lincoln
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - James Bussel
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Steve M. Lipkin
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yehuda Goldgur
- Structural Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mira Harit
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zsofia K. Stadler
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Charles Mullighan
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael Weintraub
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Akiko Shimamura
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James R. Downing
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kim E. Nichols
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, United States of America
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
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Noetzli L, Lo RW, Lee-Sherick AB, Callaghan M, Noris P, Savoia A, Rajpurkar M, Jones K, Gowan K, Balduini C, Pecci A, Gnan C, De Rocco D, Doubek M, Li L, Lu L, Leung R, Landolt-Marticorena C, Hunger S, Heller P, Gutierrez-Hartmann A, Xiayuan L, Pluthero FG, Rowley JW, Weyrich AS, Kahr WHA, Porter CC, Di Paola J. Germline mutations in ETV6 are associated with thrombocytopenia, red cell macrocytosis and predisposition to lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Genet 2015; 47:535-538. [PMID: 25807284 PMCID: PMC4631613 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Some familial platelet disorders are associated with predisposition to leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or dyserythropoietic anemia. We identified a family with autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia, high erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and two occurrences of B cell-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous single-nucleotide change in ETV6 (ets variant 6), c.641C>T, encoding a p.Pro214Leu substitution in the central domain, segregating with thrombocytopenia and elevated MCV. A screen of 23 families with similar phenotypes identified 2 with ETV6 mutations. One family also had a mutation encoding p.Pro214Leu and one individual with ALL. The other family had a c.1252A>G transition producing a p.Arg418Gly substitution in the DNA-binding domain, with alternative splicing and exon skipping. Functional characterization of these mutations showed aberrant cellular localization of mutant and endogenous ETV6, decreased transcriptional repression and altered megakaryocyte maturation. Our findings underscore a key role for ETV6 in platelet formation and leukemia predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Noetzli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, CO, USA
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard W. Lo
- Program in Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alisa B. Lee-Sherick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Michael Callaghan
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Patrizia Noris
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Savoia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health- IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Madhvi Rajpurkar
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Katherine Gowan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Carlo Balduini
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pecci
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Gnan
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health- IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniela De Rocco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health- IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michael Doubek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haematology/Oncology, University Hospital Brno, CZ
| | - Ling Li
- Program in Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lily Lu
- Program in Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Leung
- Program in Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolina Landolt-Marticorena
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Division of Rheumatology University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Paula Heller
- Instituto de Investigaciones Medicas Alfredo Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Arthur Gutierrez-Hartmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado, AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Liang Xiayuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Fred G. Pluthero
- Program in Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jesse W. Rowley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Andrew S. Weyrich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Walter H. A. Kahr
- Program in Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Haematology/Oncology, University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher C. Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Jorge Di Paola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, CO, USA
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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40
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The oncogene ERG: a key factor in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:403-14. [PMID: 25915839 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ETS-related gene (ERG) is a member of the E-26 transformation-specific (ETS) family of transcription factors with roles in development that include vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, haematopoiesis and bone development. ERG's oncogenic potential is well known because of its involvement in Ewing's sarcoma and leukaemia. However, in the past decade ERG has become highly associated with prostate cancer development, particularly as a result of a gene fusion with the promoter region of the androgen-induced TMPRRSS2 gene. We review ERG's structure and function, and its role in prostate cancer. We discuss potential new therapies that are based on targeting ERG.
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41
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Selvaraj N, Kedage V, Hollenhorst PC. Comparison of MAPK specificity across the ETS transcription factor family identifies a high-affinity ERK interaction required for ERG function in prostate cells. Cell Commun Signal 2015; 13:12. [PMID: 25885538 PMCID: PMC4338625 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The RAS/MAPK signaling pathway can regulate gene expression by phosphorylating and altering the function of some, but not all, ETS transcription factors. ETS family transcription factors bind similar DNA sequences and can compete for genomic binding sites. However, MAPK regulation varies across the ETS family. Therefore, changing the ETS factor bound to a cis-regulatory element can alter MAPK regulation of gene expression. To understand RAS/MAPK regulated gene expression programs, comprehensive knowledge of the ETS family members that are MAPK targets and relative MAPK targeting efficiency across the family is needed. Results An in vitro kinase assay was used to rank-order 27 human ETS family transcription factors based on phosphorylation by ERK2, JNK1, and p38α. Many novel MAPK targets and specificities were identified within the ETS family, including the identification of the prostate cancer oncoprotein ERG as a specific target of ERK2. ERK2 phosphorylation of ERG S215 required a DEF docking domain and was necessary for ERG to activate transcription of cell migration genes and promote prostate cell migration. The ability of ERK2 to bind ERG with higher affinity than ETS1 provided a potential molecular explanation for why ERG overexpression drives migration of prostate cells with low levels of RAS/ERK signaling, while ETS1 has a similar function only when RAS/ERK signaling is high. Conclusions The rank ordering of ETS transcription factors as MAPK targets provides an important resource for understanding ETS proteins as mediators of MAPK signaling. This is emphasized by the difference in rank order of ERG and ETS1, which allows these factors to have distinct roles based on the level of RAS/ERK signaling present in the cell. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-015-0089-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarathinam Selvaraj
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1001 E 3rd St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Vivekananda Kedage
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1001 E 3rd St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Peter C Hollenhorst
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1001 E 3rd St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Zhang MY, Churpek JE, Keel SB, Walsh T, Lee MK, Loeb KR, Gulsuner S, Pritchard CC, Sanchez-Bonilla M, Delrow JJ, Basom RS, Forouhar M, Gyurkocza B, Schwartz BS, Neistadt B, Marquez R, Mariani CJ, Coats SA, Hofmann I, Lindsley RC, Williams DA, Abkowitz JL, Horwitz MS, King MC, Godley LA, Shimamura A. Germline ETV6 mutations in familial thrombocytopenia and hematologic malignancy. Nat Genet 2015; 47:180-5. [PMID: 25581430 PMCID: PMC4540357 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report germline missense mutations in ETV6 segregating with the dominant transmission of thrombocytopenia and hematologic malignancy in three unrelated kindreds, defining a new hereditary syndrome featuring thrombocytopenia with susceptibility to diverse hematologic neoplasms. Two variants, p.Arg369Gln and p.Arg399Cys, reside in the highly conserved ETS DNA-binding domain. The third variant, p.Pro214Leu, lies within the internal linker domain, which regulates DNA binding. These three amino acid sites correspond to hotspots for recurrent somatic mutation in malignancies. Functional studies show that the mutations abrogate DNA binding, alter subcellular localization, decrease transcriptional repression in a dominant-negative fashion and impair hematopoiesis. These familial genetic studies identify a central role for ETV6 in hematopoiesis and malignant transformation. The identification of germline predisposition to cytopenias and cancer informs the diagnosis and medical management of at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Zhang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jane E Churpek
- 1] Section of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. [2] Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Siobán B Keel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tom Walsh
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ming K Lee
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keith R Loeb
- 1] Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Suleyman Gulsuner
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Colin C Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marilyn Sanchez-Bonilla
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Delrow
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ryan S Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Melissa Forouhar
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Boglarka Gyurkocza
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bradford S Schwartz
- 1] Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. [2] Departments of Medicine and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Barbara Neistadt
- 1] Section of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. [2] Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rafael Marquez
- 1] Section of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. [2] Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher J Mariani
- 1] Section of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. [2] Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Scott A Coats
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Inga Hofmann
- 1] Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Coleman Lindsley
- 1] Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Williams
- 1] Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janis L Abkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marshall S Horwitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary-Claire King
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lucy A Godley
- 1] Section of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. [2] Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Akiko Shimamura
- 1] Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA. [3] Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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43
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Wang S, Linde MH, Munde M, Carvalho VD, Wilson WD, Poon GMK. Mechanistic heterogeneity in site recognition by the structurally homologous DNA-binding domains of the ETS family transcription factors Ets-1 and PU.1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21605-16. [PMID: 24952944 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.575340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ETS family transcription factors regulate diverse genes through binding at cognate DNA sites that overlap substantially in sequence. The DNA-binding domains of ETS proteins (ETS domains) are highly conserved structurally yet share limited amino acid homology. To define the mechanistic implications of sequence diversity within the ETS family, we characterized the thermodynamics and kinetics of DNA site recognition by the ETS domains of Ets-1 and PU.1, which represent the extremes in amino acid divergence among ETS proteins. Even though the two ETS domains bind their optimal sites with similar affinities under physiologic conditions, their nature of site recognition differs strikingly in terms of the role of hydration and counter ion release. The data suggest two distinct mechanisms wherein Ets-1 follows a "dry" mechanism that rapidly parses sites through electrostatic interactions and direct protein-DNA contacts, whereas PU.1 utilizes hydration to interrogate sequence-specific sites and form a long-lived complex relative to the Ets-1 counterpart. The kinetic persistence of the high affinity PU.1 · DNA complex may be relevant to an emerging role of PU.1, but not Ets-1, as a pioneer transcription factor in vivo. In addition, PU.1 activity is critical to the development and function of macrophages and lymphocytes, which present osmotically variable environments, and hydration-dependent specificity may represent an important regulatory mechanism in vivo, a hypothesis that finds support in gene expression profiles of primary murine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- From the Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 and
| | - Miles H Linde
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99210-1495
| | - Manoj Munde
- From the Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 and
| | - Victor D Carvalho
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99210-1495
| | - W David Wilson
- From the Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 and
| | - Gregory M K Poon
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99210-1495
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44
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De S, Chan ACK, Coyne HJ, Bhachech N, Hermsdorf U, Okon M, Murphy MEP, Graves BJ, McIntosh LP. Steric mechanism of auto-inhibitory regulation of specific and non-specific DNA binding by the ETS transcriptional repressor ETV6. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:1390-406. [PMID: 24333486 PMCID: PMC4278593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA binding by the ETS transcriptional repressor ETV6 (or TEL) is auto-inhibited ~50-fold due to an α-helix that sterically blocks its ETS domain binding interface. Using NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrate that this marginally stable helix is unfolded, and not displaced to a non-inhibitory position, when ETV6 is bound to DNA containing a consensus (5')GGAA(3') recognition site. Although significantly lower in affinity, binding to non-specific DNA is auto-inhibited ~5-fold and is also accompanied by helix unfolding. Based on NMR chemical shift perturbations, both specific and non-specific DNA are bound via the same canonical ETS domain interface. However, spectral perturbations are smaller for the non-specific complex, suggesting weaker and less well-defined interactions than in the specific complex. In parallel, the crystal structure of ETV6 bound to a specific DNA duplex was determined. The structure of this complex reveals that a non-conserved histidine residue in the ETS domain recognition helix helps establish the specificity of ETV6 for DNA-binding sites containing (5')GGAA(3')versus(5')GGAT(3'). These studies provide a unified steric mechanism for attenuating ETV6 binding to both specific and non-specific DNA and expand the repertoire of characterized auto-inhibitory strategies utilized to regulate ETS factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya De
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Anson C K Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - H Jerome Coyne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Niraja Bhachech
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA
| | - Ulrike Hermsdorf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Mark Okon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Michael E P Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Barbara J Graves
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA
| | - Lawrence P McIntosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
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45
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Structural and dynamic studies of the transcription factor ERG reveal DNA binding is allosterically autoinhibited. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:13374-9. [PMID: 23898196 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301726110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ets-Related Gene (ERG) belongs to the Ets family of transcription factors and is critically important for maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell population. A chromosomal translocation observed in the majority of human prostate cancers leads to the aberrant overexpression of ERG. We have identified regions flanking the ERG Ets domain responsible for autoinhibition of DNA binding and solved crystal structures of uninhibited, autoinhibited, and DNA-bound ERG. NMR-based measurements of backbone dynamics show that uninhibited ERG undergoes substantial dynamics on the millisecond-to-microsecond timescale but autoinhibited and DNA-bound ERG do not. We propose a mechanism whereby the allosteric basis of ERG autoinhibition is mediated predominantly by the regulation of Ets-domain dynamics with only modest structural changes.
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46
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Powers N, Eicher J, Butter F, Kong Y, Miller L, Ring S, Mann M, Gruen J. Alleles of a polymorphic ETV6 binding site in DCDC2 confer risk of reading and language impairment. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:19-28. [PMID: 23746548 PMCID: PMC3710765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading disability (RD) and language impairment (LI) are common learning disabilities that make acquisition and utilization of reading and verbal language skills, respectively, difficult for affected individuals. Both disorders have a substantial genetic component with complex inheritance. Despite decades of study, reading and language, like many other complex traits, consistently evade identification of causative and functional variants. We previously identified a putative functional risk variant, named BV677278 for its GenBank accession number, for RD in DCDC2. This variant consists of an intronic microdeletion and a highly polymorphic short tandem repeat (STR) within its breakpoints. We have also shown this STR to bind to an unknown nuclear protein with high specificity. Here, we replicate BV677278's association with RD, expand its association to LI, identify the BV677278-binding protein as the transcription factor ETV6, and provide compelling genetic evidence that BV677278 is a regulatory element that influences reading and language skills. We also provide evidence that BV677278 interacts nonadditively with KIAA0319, an RD-associated gene, to adversely affect several reading and cognitive phenotypes. On the basis of these data, we propose a new name for BV677278: "READ1" or "regulatory element associated with dyslexia 1."
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R. Powers
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, 464 Congress Avenue, Suite 243, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - John D. Eicher
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, 464 Congress Avenue, Suite 243, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Falk Butter
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yong Kong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- W.M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Laura L. Miller
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Rooms OF10 and OF18, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Clifton, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Susan M. Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Rooms OF10 and OF18, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Clifton, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jeffrey R. Gruen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, 464 Congress Avenue, Suite 243, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 464 Congress Avenue, Suite 208, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Yale University, 464 Congress Avenue, Suite 208, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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47
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Munde M, Poon GMK, Wilson WD. Probing the electrostatics and pharmacological modulation of sequence-specific binding by the DNA-binding domain of the ETS family transcription factor PU.1: a binding affinity and kinetics investigation. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:1655-69. [PMID: 23416556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Members of the ETS family of transcription factors regulate a functionally diverse array of genes. All ETS proteins share a structurally conserved but sequence-divergent DNA-binding domain, known as the ETS domain. Although the structure and thermodynamics of the ETS-DNA complexes are well known, little is known about the kinetics of sequence recognition, a facet that offers potential insight into its molecular mechanism. We have characterized DNA binding by the ETS domain of PU.1 by biosensor-surface plasmon resonance (SPR). SPR analysis revealed a striking kinetic profile for DNA binding by the PU.1 ETS domain. At low salt concentrations, it binds high-affinity cognate DNA with a very slow association rate constant (≤10(5)M(-)(1)s(-)(1)), compensated by a correspondingly small dissociation rate constant. The kinetics are strongly salt dependent but mutually balance to produce a relatively weak dependence in the equilibrium constant. This profile contrasts sharply with reported data for other ETS domains (e.g., Ets-1, TEL) for which high-affinity binding is driven by rapid association (>10(7)M(-)(1)s(-)(1)). We interpret this difference in terms of the hydration properties of ETS-DNA binding and propose that at least two mechanisms of sequence recognition are employed by this family of DNA-binding domain. Additionally, we use SPR to demonstrate the potential for pharmacological inhibition of sequence-specific ETS-DNA binding, using the minor groove-binding distamycin as a model compound. Our work establishes SPR as a valuable technique for extending our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ETS-DNA interactions as well as developing potential small-molecule agents for biotechnological and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Munde
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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48
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The relationship between long-range chromatin occupancy and polymerization of the Drosophila ETS family transcriptional repressor Yan. Genetics 2012; 193:633-49. [PMID: 23172856 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.146647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ETS family transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved downstream effectors of Ras/MAPK signaling with critical roles in development and cancer. In Drosophila, the ETS repressor Yan regulates cell proliferation and differentiation in a variety of tissues; however, the mechanisms of Yan-mediated repression are not well understood and only a few direct target genes have been identified. Yan, like its human ortholog TEL1, self-associates through an N-terminal sterile α-motif (SAM), leading to speculation that Yan/TEL1 polymers may spread along chromatin to form large repressive domains. To test this hypothesis, we created a monomeric form of Yan by recombineering a point mutation that blocks SAM-mediated self-association into the yan genomic locus and compared its genome-wide chromatin occupancy profile to that of endogenous wild-type Yan. Consistent with the spreading model predictions, wild-type Yan-bound regions span multiple kilobases. Extended occupancy patterns appear most prominent at genes encoding crucial developmental regulators and signaling molecules and are highly conserved between Drosophila melanogaster and D. virilis, suggesting functional relevance. Surprisingly, although occupancy is reduced, the Yan monomer still makes extensive multikilobase contacts with chromatin, with an overall pattern similar to that of wild-type Yan. Despite its near-normal chromatin recruitment, the repressive function of the Yan monomer is significantly impaired, as evidenced by elevated target gene expression and failure to rescue a yan null mutation. Together our data argue that SAM-mediated polymerization contributes to the functional output of the active Yan repressive complexes that assemble across extended stretches of chromatin, but does not directly mediate recruitment to DNA or chromatin spreading.
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49
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Coyne HJ, De S, Okon M, Green SM, Bhachech N, Graves BJ, McIntosh LP. Autoinhibition of ETV6 (TEL) DNA binding: appended helices sterically block the ETS domain. J Mol Biol 2012; 421:67-84. [PMID: 22584210 PMCID: PMC3392548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ETV6 (or TEL), a transcriptional repressor belonging to the ETS family, is frequently involved in chromosomal translocations linked with human cancers. It displays a DNA-binding mode distinct from other ETS proteins due to the presence of a self-associating PNT domain. In this study, we used NMR spectroscopy to dissect the structural and dynamic bases for the autoinhibition of ETV6 DNA binding by sequences C-terminal to its ETS domain. The C-terminal inhibitory domain (CID) contains two helices, H4 and H5, which sterically block the DNA-binding interface of the ETS domain. Importantly, these appended helices are only marginally stable as revealed by amide hydrogen exchange and (15)N relaxation measurements. The CID is thus poised to undergo a facile conformational change as required for DNA binding. The CID also dampens millisecond timescale motions of the ETS domain hypothesized to be critical for the recognition of specific ETS target sequences. This work illustrates the use of appended sequences on conserved structural domains to generate biological diversity and complements previous studies of the allosteric mechanism of ETS1 autoinhibition to reveal both common and divergent features underlying the regulation of DNA binding by ETS transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Jerome Coyne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Soumya De
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mark Okon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sean M. Green
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5550, USA
| | - Niraja Bhachech
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5550, USA
| | - Barbara J. Graves
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5550, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Lawrence P. McIntosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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50
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Vivekanand P, Rebay I. The SAM domain of human TEL2 can abrogate transcriptional output from TEL1 (ETV-6) and ETS1/ETS2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37151. [PMID: 22615925 PMCID: PMC3355116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression downstream of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase signaling pathway in Drosophila relies on a transcriptional effector network featuring two conserved Ets family proteins, Yan and Pointed, known as TEL1 (ETV6) and ETS1/ETS2, respectively, in mammals. As in Drosophila, both TEL1 and ETS1/ETS2 operate as Ras pathway transcriptional effectors and misregulated activity of either factor has been implicated in many human leukemias and solid tumors. Providing essential regulation to the Drosophila network, direct interactions with the SAM domain protein Mae attenuate both Yan-mediated repression and PointedP2-mediated transcriptional activation. Given the critical contributions of Mae to the Drosophila circuitry, we investigated whether the human Ets factors TEL1 and ETS1/ETS2 could be subject to analogous regulation. Here we demonstrate that the SAM domain of human TEL2 can inhibit the transcriptional activities of ETS1/2 and TEL1. Drosophila Mae can also attenuate human ETS1/ETS2 function, suggesting there could be cross-species conservation of underlying mechanism. In contrast, Mae is not an effective inhibitor of TEL1, suggesting the mode of TEL2SAM-mediated inhibition of TEL1 may be distinct from how Drosophila Mae antagonizes Yan. Together our results reveal both further similarities and new differences between the mammalian and Drosophila networks and more broadly suggest that SAM domain-mediated interactions could provide an effective mechanism for modulating output from the TEL1 and ETS1/2 oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Rebay
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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