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Wang J, Wu X, Fang J, Li Q. Intervention of exogenous VEGF protect brain microvascular endothelial cells from hypoxia-induced injury by regulating PLCγ/RAS/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways. Exp Gerontol 2024; 192:112452. [PMID: 38718888 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke rapidly increases the expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promotes neovascularization during hypoxia. However, the effect and mechanism of VEGF intervention on cerebrovascular formation remain unclear. Therefore, our research discussed the protective effect of exogenous VEGF on cells in hypoxia environment in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, simulating ischemic stroke in hypoxic environment. Firstly, we detected the proliferation and apoptosis of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells under hypoxia environment, as well the expression levels of VEGF-E, vascular endothelial growth factor re-ceptor-2 (VEGFR-2), BCL2, PRKCE and PINK1. Moreover, immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to verify the regulation of exogenous VEGF-E on VEGFR-2 expression in hypoxic or normal oxygen environment. Lastly, we manipulated the concentration of VEGF-E in the culture medium to investigate its impact on phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1)/extracellular signaling regulatory protein kinase (ERK) -1/2 and protein kinase B (AKT) pathways. Additionally, we employed a PLCγ1 inhibitor (U73122) to investigate its impact on proliferation and PLCγ1/ERK pathways. The results show that hypoxia inhibited the proliferation of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, promoted cell apoptosis, significantly up-regulated the expression of VEGF-E, VEGFR-2, PRKCE and PINK1, but down-regulated the expression of BCL2. Interference from exogenous VEGF-E activated PLCγ1/ERK-1/2 and AKT pathways, promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis of hypoxic brain microvascular endothelial cells. In summary, exogenous VEGF-E prevents hypoxia-induced damage to cerebral microvascular endothelial cells by activating the PLCγ1/ERK and AKT pathways. This action inhibits the apoptosis pathway in hypoxic cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, thereby safeguarding the blood-brain barrier and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Wushan County People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Jincai Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China; Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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2
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Bhuria V, Franz T, Baldauf C, Böttcher M, Chatain N, Koschmieder S, Brümmendorf TH, Mougiakakos D, Schraven B, Kahlfuß S, Fischer T. Activating mutations in JAK2 and CALR differentially affect intracellular calcium flux in store operated calcium entry. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:186. [PMID: 38509561 PMCID: PMC10956330 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium (Ca2+) signaling regulates various vital cellular functions, including integrin activation and cell migration. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) via calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels represents a major pathway for Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space in multiple cell types. The impact of JAK2-V617F and CALR mutations which are disease initiating in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) on SOCE, calcium flux from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytosol, and related key signaling pathways in the presence or absence of erythropoietin (EPO) or thrombopoietin (TPO) is poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the effects of these mutations on the aforementioned calcium dynamics, in cellular models of MPN. METHODS Intracellular Ca2+ levels were measured over a time frame of 0-1080 s in Fura-2 AM labeled myeloid progenitor 32D cells expressing various mutations (JAK2-WT/EpoR, JAK2-V617F/EpoR; CALR-WT/MPL, CALR-ins5/MPL, and del52/MPL). Basal Ca2+ concentrations were assessed from 0-108 s. Subsequently, cells were stimulated with EPO/TPO in Ca2+-free Ringer solution, measuring Ca2+ levels from 109-594 s (store depletion). Then, 2 mM of Ca2+ buffer resembling physiological concentrations was added to induce SOCE, and Ca2+ levels were measured from 595-1080 s. Fura-2 AM emission ratios (F340/380) were used to quantify the integrated Ca2+ signal. Statistical significance was assessed by unpaired Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney-U-test, one-way or two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. RESULTS Following EPO stimulation, the area under the curve (AUC) representing SOCE significantly increased in 32D-JAK2-V617F cells compared to JAK2-WT cells. In TPO-stimulated CALR cells, we observed elevated Ca2+ levels during store depletion and SOCE in CALR-WT cells compared to CALR-ins5 and del52 cells. Notably, upon stimulation, key components of the Ca2+ signaling pathways, including PLCγ-1 and IP3R, were differentially affected in these cell lines. Hyper-activated PLCγ-1 and IP3R were observed in JAK2-V617F but not in CALR mutated cells. Inhibition of calcium regulatory mechanisms suppressed cellular growth and induced apoptosis in JAK2-V617F cells. CONCLUSIONS This report highlights the impact of JAK2 and CALR mutations on Ca2+ flux (store depletion and SOCE) in response to stimulation with EPO and TPO. The study shows that the JAK2-V617F mutation strongly alters the regulatory mechanism of EpoR/JAK2-dependent intracellular calcium balance, affecting baseline calcium levels, EPO-induced calcium entry, and PLCγ-1 signaling pathways. Our results reveal an important role of calcium flux in the homeostasis of JAK2-V617F positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Bhuria
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Tobias Franz
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Conny Baldauf
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Chatain
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim H Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Kahlfuß
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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3
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Ma M, Zheng Y, Lu S, Pan X, Worley KC, Burrage LC, Blieden LS, Allworth A, Chen WL, Merla G, Mandriani B, Rosenfeld JA, Li-Kroeger D, Dutta D, Yamamoto S, Wangler MF, Glass IA, Strohbehn S, Blue E, Prontera P, Lalani SR, Bellen HJ. De novo variants in PLCG1 are associated with hearing impairment, ocular pathology, and cardiac defects. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.08.23300523. [PMID: 38260438 PMCID: PMC10802640 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.08.23300523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipase C isozymes (PLCs) hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate into inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, important signaling molecules involved in many cellular processes. PLCG1 encodes the PLCγ1 isozyme that is broadly expressed. Hyperactive somatic mutations of PLCG1 are observed in multiple cancers, but only one germline variant has been reported. Here we describe three unrelated individuals with de novo heterozygous missense variants in PLCG1 (p.Asp1019Gly, p.His380Arg, and p.Asp1165Gly) who exhibit variable phenotypes including hearing loss, ocular pathology and cardiac septal defects. To model these variants in vivo, we generated the analogous variants in the Drosophila ortholog, small wing (sl). We created a null allele slT2A and assessed the expression pattern. sl is broadly expressed, including in wing discs, eye discs, and a subset of neurons and glia. Loss of sl causes wing size reductions, ectopic wing veins and supernumerary photoreceptors. We document that mutant flies exhibit a reduced lifespan and age-dependent locomotor defects. Expressing wild-type sl in slT2A mutant rescues the loss-of-function phenotypes whereas expressing the variants causes lethality. Ubiquitous overexpression of the variants also reduces viability, suggesting that the variants are toxic. Ectopic expression of an established hyperactive PLCG1 variant (p.Asp1165His) in the wing pouch causes severe wing phenotypes, resembling those observed with overexpression of the p.Asp1019Gly or p.Asp1165Gly variants, further arguing that these two are gain-of-function variants. However, the wing phenotypes associated with p.His380Arg overexpression are mild. Our data suggest that the PLCG1 de novo heterozygous missense variants are pathogenic and contribute to the features observed in the probands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Ma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yiming Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Current affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xueyang Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kim C. Worley
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsay C. Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lauren S. Blieden
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aimee Allworth
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Current affiliation: Children’s National Medical Center and George Washington University, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Giuseppe Merla
- Laboratory of Regulatory & Functional Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia 71013, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Barbara Mandriani
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70121, Italy
| | - Jill A. Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Li-Kroeger
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Debdeep Dutta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael F. Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Ian A. Glass
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sam Strohbehn
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital of Perugia, Perugia 06129, Italy
| | - Seema R. Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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4
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Tao P, Han X, Wang Q, Wang S, Zhang J, Liu L, Fan X, Liu C, Liu M, Guo L, Lee PY, Aksentijevich I, Zhou Q. A gain-of-function variation in PLCG1 causes a new immune dysregulation disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:1292-1302. [PMID: 37422272 PMCID: PMC10770301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase C (PLC) γ1 is a critical enzyme regulating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), extracellular signal-related kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor of activated T cells signaling pathways, yet germline PLCG1 mutation in human disease has not been reported. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of a PLCG1 activating variant in a patient with immune dysregulation. METHODS Whole exome sequencing was used to identify the patient's pathogenic variants. Bulk RNA sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing, quantitative PCR, cytometry by time of flight, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, luciferase assay, IP-One ELISA, calcium flux assay, and cytokine measurements in patient PBMCs and T cells and COS-7 and Jurkat cell lines were used to define inflammatory signatures and assess the impact of the PLCG1 variant on protein function and immune signaling. RESULTS We identified a novel and de novo heterozygous PLCG1 variant, p.S1021F, in a patient presenting with early-onset immune dysregulation disease. We demonstrated that the S1021F variant is a gain-of-function variant, leading to increased inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate production, intracellular Ca2+ release, and increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase, p65, and p38. The transcriptome and protein expression at the single-cell level revealed exacerbated inflammatory responses in the patient's T cells and monocytes. The PLCG1 activating variant resulted in enhanced NF-κB and type II interferon pathways in T cells, and hyperactivated NF-κB and type I interferon pathways in monocytes. Treatment with either PLCγ1 inhibitor or Janus kinase inhibitor reversed the upregulated gene expression profile in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the critical role of PLCγ1 in maintaining immune homeostasis. We illustrate immune dysregulation as a consequence of PLCγ1 activation and provide insight into therapeutic targeting of PLCγ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Tao
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xu Han
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qintao Wang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihao Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorui Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenlu Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Rheumatology Immunology & Allergy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pui Y Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Qing Zhou
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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5
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Kim HY, Lee J, Kim HJ, Lee BE, Jeong J, Cho EJ, Jang HJ, Shin KJ, Kim MJ, Chae YC, Lee SE, Myung K, Baik JH, Suh PG, Kim JI. PLCγ1 in dopamine neurons critically regulates striatal dopamine release via VMAT2 and synapsin III. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2357-2375. [PMID: 37907739 PMCID: PMC10689754 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine neurons are essential for voluntary movement, reward learning, and motivation, and their dysfunction is closely linked to various psychological and neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, understanding the detailed signaling mechanisms that functionally modulate dopamine neurons is crucial for the development of better therapeutic strategies against dopamine-related disorders. Phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) is a key enzyme in intracellular signaling that regulates diverse neuronal functions in the brain. It was proposed that PLCγ1 is implicated in the development of dopaminergic neurons, while the physiological function of PLCγ1 remains to be determined. In this study, we investigated the physiological role of PLCγ1, one of the key effector enzymes in intracellular signaling, in regulating dopaminergic function in vivo. We found that cell type-specific deletion of PLCγ1 does not adversely affect the development and cellular morphology of midbrain dopamine neurons but does facilitate dopamine release from dopaminergic axon terminals in the striatum. The enhancement of dopamine release was accompanied by increased colocalization of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) at dopaminergic axon terminals. Notably, dopamine neuron-specific knockout of PLCγ1 also led to heightened expression and colocalization of synapsin III, which controls the trafficking of synaptic vesicles. Furthermore, the knockdown of VMAT2 and synapsin III in dopamine neurons resulted in a significant attenuation of dopamine release, while this attenuation was less severe in PLCγ1 cKO mice. Our findings suggest that PLCγ1 in dopamine neurons could critically modulate dopamine release at axon terminals by directly or indirectly interacting with synaptic machinery, including VMAT2 and synapsin III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewook Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Jang
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Young Chan Chae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Baik
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ick Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Kanemaru K, Nakamura Y. Activation Mechanisms and Diverse Functions of Mammalian Phospholipase C. Biomolecules 2023; 13:915. [PMID: 37371495 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) plays pivotal roles in regulating various cellular functions by metabolizing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the plasma membrane. This process generates two second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, which respectively regulate the intracellular Ca2+ levels and protein kinase C activation. In mammals, six classes of typical PLC have been identified and classified based on their structure and activation mechanisms. They all share X and Y domains, which are responsible for enzymatic activity, as well as subtype-specific domains. Furthermore, in addition to typical PLC, atypical PLC with unique structures solely harboring an X domain has been recently discovered. Collectively, seven classes and 16 isozymes of mammalian PLC are known to date. Dysregulation of PLC activity has been implicated in several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. Therefore, identification of new drug targets that can selectively modulate PLC activity is important. The present review focuses on the structures, activation mechanisms, and physiological functions of mammalian PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kanemaru
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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7
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Rutland CD, Bean GR, Charville GW. Contemporary diagnostic approach to atypical vascular lesion and angiosarcoma. Semin Diagn Pathol 2023:S0740-2570(23)00045-X. [PMID: 37121782 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2023.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular neoplasms account for a substantial fraction of cutaneous mesenchymal tumors, spanning from clinically indolent benign lesions to highly aggressive malignancies. These neoplasms present a distinctive challenge in terms of their diagnostic histopathology, both because of the breadth of their morphological manifestations and because of the significant histological overlap between different entities, even benign and malignant ones. The post-radiotherapy setting is particularly problematic diagnostically, insofar as radiation exposure predisposes not only to secondary angiosarcoma, but also to atypical vascular lesion, a largely benign proliferation of cutaneous blood vessels typically affecting the breast. To address these challenges, we explore the clinical, histological, and molecular features of malignant vascular neoplasia, including primary and secondary subtypes, through the comparative lens of atypical vascular lesion. In addition to highlighting the key morphological indicators of malignancy in superficial vasoformative tumors, we offer an approach that integrates clinical characteristics and molecular genetic profiling to facilitate accurate classification. With this current knowledge as our foundation, we also look ahead in an effort to frame some of the key unanswered questions regarding superficial vascular malignancies and their natural history, clinical management, and molecular underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper D Rutland
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gregory R Bean
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Gregory W Charville
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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8
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Davies EM, Gurung R, Le KQ, Roan KT, Harvey RP, Mitchell GM, Schwarz Q, Mitchell CA. PI(4,5)P 2-dependent regulation of endothelial tip cell specification contributes to angiogenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd6911. [PMID: 37000875 PMCID: PMC10065449 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic positioning of endothelial tip and stalk cells, via the interplay between VEGFR2 and NOTCH signaling, is essential for angiogenesis. VEGFR2 activates PI3K, which phosphorylates PI(4,5)P2 to PI(3,4,5)P3, activating AKT; however, PI3K/AKT does not direct tip cell specification. We report that PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis by the phosphoinositide-5-phosphatase, INPP5K, contributes to angiogenesis. INPP5K ablation disrupted tip cell specification and impaired embryonic angiogenesis associated with enhanced DLL4/NOTCH signaling. INPP5K degraded a pool of PI(4,5)P2 generated by PIP5K1C phosphorylation of PI(4)P in endothelial cells. INPP5K ablation increased PI(4,5)P2, thereby releasing β-catenin from the plasma membrane, and concurrently increased PI(3,4,5)P3-dependent AKT activation, conditions that licensed DLL4/NOTCH transcription. Suppression of PI(4,5)P2 in INPP5K-siRNA cells by PIP5K1C-siRNA, restored β-catenin membrane localization and normalized AKT signaling. Pharmacological NOTCH or AKT inhibition in vivo or genetic β-catenin attenuation rescued angiogenesis defects in INPP5K-null mice. Therefore, PI(4,5)P2 is critical for β-catenin/DLL4/NOTCH signaling, which governs tip cell specification during angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Davies
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rajendra Gurung
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kai Qin Le
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Katherine T. T. Roan
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Richard P. Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Geraldine M. Mitchell
- O’Brien Institute Department of St Vincent’s Institute and University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Health Sciences Faculty, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Christina A. Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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9
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Mandal S, Bandyopadhyay S, Tyagi K, Roy A. Recent advances in understanding the molecular role of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C gamma 1 as an emerging onco-driver and novel therapeutic target in human carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188619. [PMID: 34454048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide metabolism is crucial intracellular signaling system that regulates a plethora of biological functions including mitogenesis, cell proliferation and division. Phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCγ1) which belongs to phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) family, is activated by many extracellular stimuli including hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors and modulates several cellular and physiological functions necessary for tumorigenesis such as cell survival, migration, invasion and angiogenesis by generating inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) via hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2). Cancer remains as a leading cause of global mortality and aberrant expression and regulation of PLCγ1 is linked to a plethora of deadly human cancers including carcinomas of the breast, lung, pancreas, stomach, prostate and ovary. Although PLCγ1 cross-talks with many onco-drivers and signaling circuits including PI3K, AKT, HIF1-α and RAF/MEK/ERK cascade, its precise role in carcinogenesis is not completely understood. This review comprehensively discussed the status quo of this ubiquitously expressed phospholipase as a tumor driver and highlighted its significance as a novel therapeutic target in cancer. Furthermore, we have highlighted the significance of somatic driver mutations in PLCG1 gene and molecular roles of PLCγ1 in several major human cancers, a knowledgebase that can be utilized to develop novel, isoform-specific small molecule inhibitors of PLCγ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India.
| | - Shrabasti Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
| | - Komal Tyagi
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Adhiraj Roy
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India.
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10
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Abstract
Phospholipase C γ1 (PLCγ1) is a member of the PLC family that functions as signal transducer by hydrolyzing membrane lipid to generate second messengers. The unique protein structure of PLCγ1 confers a critical role as a direct effector of VEGFR2 and signaling mediated by other receptor tyrosine kinases. The distinct vascular phenotypes in PLCγ1-deficient animal models and the gain-of-function mutations of PLCγ1 found in human endothelial cancers point to a major physiological role of PLCγ1 in the endothelial system. In this review, we discuss aspects of physiological and molecular function centering around PLCγ1 in the context of endothelial cells and provide a perspective for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Chen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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11
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Chen D, Schwartz MA, Simons M. Developmental Perspectives on Arterial Fate Specification. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:691335. [PMID: 34249941 PMCID: PMC8269928 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.691335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessel acquisition of arterial or venous fate is an adaptive phenomenon in response to increasing blood circulation during vascular morphogenesis. The past two decades of effort in this field led to development of a widely accepted paradigm of molecular regulators centering on VEGF and Notch signaling. More recent findings focused on shear stress-induced cell cycle arrest as a prerequisite for arterial specification substantially modify this traditional understanding. This review aims to summarize key molecular mechanisms that work in concert to drive the acquisition of arterial fate in two distinct developmental settings of vascular morphogenesis: de novo vasculogenesis of the dorsal aorta and postnatal retinal angiogenesis. We will also discuss the questions and conceptual controversies that potentially point to novel directions of investigation and possible clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Chen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Martin A. Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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12
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Lou F, Gao T, Han Z. Identification of putative key genes for thermal adaptation in the Japanese mantis shrimp (Oratosquilla oratoria) through population genomic analysis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 39:100828. [PMID: 33838619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanisms underlying the relationship between genetic variation and the adaptation of Oratosquilla oratoria populations to different habitat temperature. Here, the genome-wide genetic information of three O. oratoria populations were obtained by IIB restriction site-associated DNA (2b-RAD) sequencing and 2403 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Based on the 2403 SNPs, we found a remarkable genetic differentiation between the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea groups of O. oratoria. Furthermore, 63 SNPs are thought to be associated with different sea temperatures. Based on the 63 SNPs, it is hypothesised that the long-term temperature differences may contribute to the variation of genes associated with multiple biological functions, such as material metabolism, cytoskeleton, cellular processes, inflammatory response and hormonal regulation. This study provides new information for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between genetic variation and the adaptation of Oratosquilla oratoria populations to different temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Lou
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China; School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Tianxiang Gao
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Zhiqiang Han
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China.
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13
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Chen TWW, Burns J, Jones RL, Huang PH. Optimal Clinical Management and the Molecular Biology of Angiosarcomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3321. [PMID: 33182685 PMCID: PMC7696056 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosarcomas comprise less than 3% of all soft tissue sarcomas but have a poor prognosis. Most angiosarcomas occur without obvious risk factors but secondary angiosarcoma could arise after radiotherapy or chronic lymphedema. Surgery remains the standard treatment for localized angiosarcoma but neoadjuvant systemic treatment may improve the curability. For advanced angiosarcoma, anthracyclines and taxanes are the main chemotherapy options. Anti-angiogenic agents have a substantial role but the failure of a randomized phase 3 trial of pazopanib with or without an anti-endoglin antibody brings a challenge to future trials in angiosarcomas. Immune checkpoint inhibitors as single agents or in combination with oncolytic virus may play an important role but the optimal duration remains to be investigated. We also report the current understanding of the molecular pathways involved in angiosarcoma pathogenesis including MYC amplification, activation of angiogenic pathways and different molecular alterations that are associated with angiosarcomas of different aetiology. The success of the patient-partnered Angiosarcoma Project (ASCProject) has provided not only detailed insights into the molecular features of angiosarcomas of different origins but also offers a template for future fruitful collaborations between patients, physicians, and researchers. Lastly, we provide our perspective of future developments in optimizing the clinical management of angiosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wei-Wu Chen
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Jessica Burns
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK;
| | - Robin L. Jones
- Sarcoma Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JJ, UK;
| | - Paul H. Huang
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK;
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14
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Lu ZF, Min J, Wu XC, Dong BH, Ye JM, Liu XB, Zhang L, Guo B, Gao ZJ. Andrographolide inhibits secretagogue-induced pseudo-allergic reaction. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2020; 22:1065-1077. [PMID: 31762317 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2019.1681408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many kinds of drugs induce pseudo-allergic reactions due to activation of mast cells. We investigated the anti-pseudo-allergic effect of andrographolide (Andro). The effects of Andro on pseudo-allergic reactions were investigated in vivo and in vitro. Andro suppressed compound 48/80 (C48/80) induced pseudo-allergic reactions in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Andro also inhibited C48/80-induced local inflammatory reactions in mice. In vitro studies revealed that Andro reduced C48/80-induced mast cells degranulation. Human phospho-kinase array kit and western blotting showed that Andro could inhibit pseudo-allergic responses via the calcium signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fang Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Guangren Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Xu-Cai Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Bu-Huai Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jiu-Min Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Zi-Jun Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
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15
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Katan M, Cockcroft S. Phospholipase C families: Common themes and versatility in physiology and pathology. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101065. [PMID: 32966869 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cs (PLCs) are expressed in all mammalian cells and play critical roles in signal transduction. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of these enzymes in physiology and pathology, a detailed structural, biochemical, cell biological and genetic information is required. In this review, we cover all these aspects to summarize current knowledge of the entire superfamily. The families of PLCs have expanded from 13 enzymes to 16 with the identification of the atypical PLCs in the human genome. Recent structural insights highlight the common themes that cover not only the substrate catalysis but also the mechanisms of activation. This involves the release of autoinhibitory interactions that, in the absence of stimulation, maintain classical PLC enzymes in their inactive forms. Studies of individual PLCs provide a rich repertoire of PLC function in different physiologies. Furthermore, the genetic studies discovered numerous mutated and rare variants of PLC enzymes and their link to human disease development, greatly expanding our understanding of their roles in diverse pathologies. Notably, substantial evidence now supports involvement of different PLC isoforms in the development of specific cancer types, immune disorders and neurodegeneration. These advances will stimulate the generation of new drugs that target PLC enzymes, and will therefore open new possibilities for treatment of a number of diseases where current therapies remain ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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16
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Koponen A, Pan G, Kivelä AM, Ralko A, Taskinen JH, Arora A, Kosonen R, Kari OK, Ndika J, Ikonen E, Cho W, Yan D, Olkkonen VM. ORP2, a cholesterol transporter, regulates angiogenic signaling in endothelial cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:14671-14694. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000202r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Koponen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum 2U Helsinki Finland
| | - Guoping Pan
- Department of Biology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Annukka M. Kivelä
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum 2U Helsinki Finland
| | - Arthur Ralko
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL USA
| | - Juuso H. Taskinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum 2U Helsinki Finland
| | - Amita Arora
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum 2U Helsinki Finland
| | - Riikka Kosonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum 2U Helsinki Finland
| | - Otto K. Kari
- Drug Research Program Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Joseph Ndika
- Human Microbiome Research Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum 2U Helsinki Finland
- Department of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL USA
| | - Daoguang Yan
- Department of Biology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Vesa M. Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum 2U Helsinki Finland
- Department of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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17
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Selcukbiricik F, Ozdogan E, Dagel T, Tanju S, Erus S, Ertuglu LA, Kapdağlı M, Tural D, Bilici A, Dilege S, Mandel NM, Kanbay M. Elevation in serum uric acid levels predicts favourable response to erlotinib treatment in patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Pharm Ther 2019; 45:303-308. [PMID: 31778239 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Erlotinib is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor which blocks the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a transmembrane receptor that is upregulated in many cancer types. Inhibition of angiogenesis with consequent impairments in intratumoral microcirculation is one of the mechanisms through which EGFR inhibition halts the progression of cancer. A consequence of impaired microcirculation is intratumoral hypoxia, which results in increases in serum uric acid levels. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum uric acid levels and response to erlotinib in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS A total of 56 patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer who received erlotinib for a duration of at least 3 months were included in this retrospective cohort study. Demographic characteristics, progression status, baseline serum uric levels and 3-month serum uric acid levels were recorded and analysed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Of the study population, 21 (37.5%) were female and 35 (62.5%) were male patients. No significant difference in above demographic characteristics was observed among exitus, survivor with progression and survivor without progression groups. Patients who responded favourably to erlotinib with no progression of their disease had significantly increased uric acid levels at 3-month follow-up (P = .01). Such a correlation was not observed if the patient was exitus (P = .47) or had progressed on erlotinib therapy (P = .19). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate significant increases in serum uric acid levels in patients with metastatic NSCLC who responded favourably to erlotinib and had no progression under erlotinib therapy. Further studies are required to confirm and characterize serum uric acid as a novel biomarker in predicting the outcome in those with metastatic NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Selcukbiricik
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Ozdogan
- Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Dagel
- Department of Nephrology, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serhan Tanju
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suat Erus
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Murat Kapdağlı
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, VKV American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Tural
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bakırköy Sadi Konuk Education and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bilici
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sukru Dilege
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nil M Mandel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Oncology, VKV American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Shiseki M, Ishii M, Miyazaki M, Osanai S, Wang YH, Yoshinaga K, Mori N, Tanaka J. Reduced PLCG1 expression is associated with inferior survival for myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer Med 2019; 9:460-468. [PMID: 31755660 PMCID: PMC6970055 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The PLCG1 gene, which encodes the phospholipase C γ1 isoform, is located within the commonly deleted region of the long arm of chromosome 20 (del(20q)) observed in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Phospholipase C is involved in diverse physiological and pathological cellular processes through inositide signaling. We hypothesized that reduced PLCG1 expression because of haploinsufficiency by del(20q) plays a role in the molecular pathogenesis of MDS. Therefore, we analyzed PLCG1 expression in bone marrow mononuclear cells at diagnosis in 116 MDS patients with or without del(20q) by quantitative RT‐PCR to evaluate its clinical significance. The expression level of PLCG1 was significantly lower not only in MDS patients with del(20q) but also in those without del(20q) compared to that of the controls, which suggests that reduced PLCG1 expression is a common molecular event in MDS. Patients in the lowest quartile (Q4) group for PLCG1 expression had lower overall survival (OS) compared to that of other patients (Q1‐Q3) (log‐rank test, P = .0004) with estimated median OS times of 22 in the Q4 group and 106 months in the Q1‐3 group. Univariate and multivariate analysis indicated reduced PLCG1 expression (Q4) was associated with lower OS (hazard ratio 2.58, 95% CI 1.35‐4.84, P = .0049), which suggests that reduced PLCG1 expression is an independent prognostic factor for OS. In addition, patients were well‐stratified for OS by combining PLCG1 expression level (Q4 vs Q1‐3) and bone marrow blast percentage (5% or more vs less than 5%). Thus, the level of PLCG1 expression at time of diagnosis is a prognostic biomarker for MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shiseki
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuko Ishii
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Osanai
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yan-Hua Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshinaga
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Tanaka
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Fukuyama T, Nakamura Y, Kanemaru K, Toyoda C, Jang HJ, Suh PG, Fukami K. Phospholipase Cγ1 is required for normal irritant contact dermatitis responses and sebaceous gland homeostasis. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1051-1057. [PMID: 31338881 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation and proliferation of keratinocyte are controlled by various signalling pathways. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is known to be an important regulator of multiple epidermal functions. Inhibition of EGFR signalling disturbs keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation and migration. Previous studies have revealed that one of the EGFR downstream signalling molecules, phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1), regulates differentiation, proliferation and migration of keratinocytes in in vitro cell culture system. However, the role of PLCγ1 in the regulation of keratinocyte functions in animal epidermis remains unexplored. In this study, we generated keratinocyte-specific PLCγ1 knockout (KO) mice (PLCγ1 cKO mice). Contrary to our expectations, loss of PLCγ1 did not affect differentiation, proliferation and migration of interfollicular keratinocytes. We further examined the role of PLCγ1 in irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), in which epidermal cells play a pivotal role. Upon irritant stimulation, PLCγ1 cKO mice showed exaggerated ICD responses. Further study revealed that epidermal loss of PLCγ1 induced sebaceous gland hyperplasia, indicating that PLCγ1 regulates homeostasis of one of the epidermal appendages. Taken together, our results indicate that, although PLCγ1 is dispensable in interfollicular keratinocyte for normal differentiation, proliferation and migration, it is required for normal ICD responses. Our results also indicate that PLCγ1 regulates homeostasis of sebaceous glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatsugu Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaori Kanemaru
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chiho Toyoda
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyun-Jun Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea.,Korea Brain Reaseach Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kiyoko Fukami
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Lyle CL, Belghasem M, Chitalia VC. c-Cbl: An Important Regulator and a Target in Angiogenesis and Tumorigenesis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050498. [PMID: 31126146 PMCID: PMC6563115 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Casitas B lineage lymphoma (c-Cbl) is a multifunctional protein with a ubiquitin E3 ligase activity capable of degrading diverse sets of proteins. Although previous work had focused mainly on c-Cbl mutations in humans with hematological malignancies, recent emerging evidence suggests a critical role of c-Cbl in angiogenesis and human solid organ tumors. The combination of its unique structure, modular function, and ability to channelize cues from a rich network of signaling cascades, empowers c-Cbl to assume a central role in these disease models. This review consolidates the structural and functional insights based on recent studies that highlight c-Cbl as a target with tantalizing therapeutic potential in various models of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimera L Lyle
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Mostafa Belghasem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Vipul C Chitalia
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
- Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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21
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Che D, Hou Y, Zeng Y, Li C, Zhang Y, Wei D, Hu S, Liu R, An H, Wang Y, Zhang T. Dehydroandrographolide inhibits IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions via calcium signaling pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 366:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Ferri-Lagneau KF, Haider J, Sang S, Leung T. Rescue of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells formation in plcg1 zebrafish mutant. Sci Rep 2019; 9:244. [PMID: 30664660 PMCID: PMC6341084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) in zebrafish emerge from the aortic hemogenic endothelium (HE) and migrate towards the caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT), where they expand and differentiate during definitive hematopoiesis. Phospholipase C gamma 1 (Plcγ1) has been implicated for hematopoiesis in vivo and in vitro and is also required to drive arterial and HSPC formation. Genetic mutation in plcg1-/- (y10 allele) completely disrupts the aortic blood flow, specification of arterial fate, and HSPC formation in zebrafish embryos. We previously demonstrated that ginger treatment promoted definitive hematopoiesis via Bmp signaling. In this paper, we focus on HSPC development in plcg1-/- mutants and show that ginger/10-gingerol (10-G) can rescue the expression of arterial and HSPC markers in the HE and CHT in plcg1-/- mutant embryos. We demonstrate that ginger can induce scl/runx1 expression, and that rescued HE fate is dependent on Bmp and Notch. Bmp and Notch are known to regulate nitric oxide (NO) production and NO can induce hematopoietic stem cell fate. We show that ginger produces a robust up-regulation of NO. Taken together, we suggest in this paper that Bmp, Notch and NO are potential players that mediate the effect of ginger/10-G for rescuing the genetic defects in blood vessel specification and HSPC formation in plcg1-/- mutants. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HSPC development in vivo is critical for understanding HSPC expansion, which will have a positive impact in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine F Ferri-Lagneau
- The Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Nutrition Research Building, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Jamil Haider
- The Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Nutrition Research Building, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Nutrition Research Building, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - TinChung Leung
- The Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Nutrition Research Building, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.
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Follo MY, Ratti S, Manzoli L, Ramazzotti G, Faenza I, Fiume R, Mongiorgi S, Suh PG, McCubrey JA, Cocco L. Inositide-Dependent Nuclear Signalling in Health and Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 259:291-308. [PMID: 31889219 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear inositides have a specific subcellular distribution that is linked to specific functions; thus their regulation is fundamental both in health and disease. Emerging evidence shows that alterations in multiple inositide signalling pathways are involved in pathophysiology, not only in cancer but also in other diseases. Here, we give an overview of the main features of inositides in the cell, and we discuss their potential as new molecular therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Y Follo
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Faenza
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Fiume
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pann Ghill Suh
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,School of Life Sciences, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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24
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Effective angiogenesis requires regulation of phosphoinositide signaling. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 71:69-78. [PMID: 30503054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide signaling regulates numerous downstream effectors that mediate cellular processes which influence cell cycle progression, migration, proliferation, growth, survival, metabolism and vesicular trafficking. A prominent role for phosphoinositide 3-kinase, which generates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, a phospholipid that activates a plethora of effectors including AKT and FOXO during embryonic and postnatal angiogenesis, has been described. In addition, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate signaling is required for endosomal trafficking, which contributes to vascular remodeling. This review will examine the role phosphoinositide signaling plays in the endothelium and its contribution to sprouting angiogenesis.
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Pang Y, Wang K, Wang Y, Chenlin Z, Lei W, Zhang Y. Tumor-promoting and pro-angiogenic effects of roxarsone via VEGFR2/PLCγ/PKC signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 292:110-120. [PMID: 30028964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Roxarsone is an organoarsenic feed additive used in livestock and poultry production that is released into the environment, where it poses a risk to human health. It is known to have a tumor-promoting effect that is brought about by pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and it receptors (VEGFR). However, little information is available about the other signaling molecules that could be involved. This study aims to investigate the role of PLCγ/PKC signaling in roxarsone-induced angiogenesis in a mouse B16-F10 melanoma xenograft model and rat vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Results showed treatment with 5 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg roxarsone resulted in an obvious increase in the weight and volume of B16-F10 xenografts and PLCγ/PKC phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner in C57BL/6 mice. SU5416, a VEGFR2 inhibitor, significantly attenuated the tumor growth induced by roxarsone. Further, 1.0 μmol/L roxarsone treatment in rat ECs was observed to significantly increase the optical density rate in the MTT assay, the number of BrdU-positive cells in the proliferation assay, the migration distance in the scratch test, and the number of meshes formed in the tube formation assay. In addition, treatment with 1.0 μmol/L roxarsone was associated with significantly higher phosphorylation of PLCγ/PKC than the control treatment. U73122, a PLCγ inhibitor, was found significantly to combat the effects of 1.0 μmol/L roxarsone on the ECs. Roxarsone is capable of promoting the growth of mouse B16-F10 xenografts and tube formation in vascular ECs. Moreover, VEGFR2/PLCγ/PKC signaling may play a regulatory role in in vivo and in vitro roxarsone-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Pang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yujing Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhongri Chenlin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weiwei Lei
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious, Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, PR China.
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26
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Formyl Peptide Receptor 1 Modulates Endothelial Cell Functions by NADPH Oxidase-Dependent VEGFR2 Transactivation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2609847. [PMID: 29743977 PMCID: PMC5884202 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2609847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the vasculature, NADPH oxidase is the main contributor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which play a key role in endothelial signalling and functions. We demonstrate that ECV304 cells express p47phox, p67phox, and p22phox subunits of NADPH oxidase, as well as formyl peptide receptors 1 and 3 (FPR1/3), which are members of the GPCR family. By RT-PCR, we also detected Flt-1 and Flk-1/KDR in these cells. Stimulation of FPR1 by N-fMLP induces p47phox phosphorylation, which is the crucial event for NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production. Transphosphorylation of RTKs by GPCRs is a biological mechanism through which the information exchange is amplified throughout the cell. ROS act as signalling intermediates in the transactivation mechanism. We show that N-fMLP stimulation induces the phosphorylation of cytosolic Y951, Y996, and Y1175 residues of VEGFR2, which constitute the anchoring sites for signalling molecules. These, in turn, activate PI3K/Akt and PLC-γ1/PKC intracellular pathways. FPR1-induced ROS production plays a critical role in this cross-talk mechanism. In fact, inhibition of FPR1 and/or NADPH oxidase functions prevents VEGFR2 transactivation and the triggering of the downstream signalling cascades. N-fMLP stimulation also ameliorates cellular migration and capillary-like network formation ability of ECV304 cells.
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27
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Jang HJ, Suh PG, Lee YJ, Shin KJ, Cocco L, Chae YC. PLCγ1: Potential arbitrator of cancer progression. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 67:179-189. [PMID: 29174396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) is an essential mediator of cellular signaling. PLC regulates multiple cellular processes by generating bioactive molecules such as inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). These products propagate and regulate cellular signaling via calcium (Ca2+) mobilization and activation of protein kinase C (PKC), other kinases, and ion channels. PLCγ1, one of the primary subtypes of PLC, is directly activated by membrane receptors, including receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and adhesion receptors such as integrin. PLCγ1 mediates signaling through direct interactions with other signaling molecules via SH domains, as well as its lipase activity. PLCγ1 is frequently enriched and mutated in various cancers, and is involved in the processes of tumorigenesis, including proliferation, migration, and invasion. Although many studies have suggested that PLCγ functions in cell mobility rather than proliferation in cancer, questions remain as to whether PLCγ regulates mitogenesis and whether PLCγ promotes or inhibits proliferation. Moreover, how PLCγ regulates cancer-associated cellular processes and the interplay among other proteins involved in cancer progression have yet to be fully elucidated. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the role of PLCγ1 in cancer mobility and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jun Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Shin
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Young Chan Chae
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
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Emmanouilidi A, Lattanzio R, Sala G, Piantelli M, Falasca M. The role of phospholipase Cγ1 in breast cancer and its clinical significance. Future Oncol 2017; 13:1991-1997. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, the most common malignancy among women, is usually detected at an early stage and has a low risk of relapse. Nevertheless, a significant number of patients cannot be cured solely by local treatment. Distinguishing between patients who are of low risk of relapse from those who are of high risk may have important implications to improve treatment outcomes. The PLC-γ1 signaling pathway promotes many physiological processes, including cell migration and invasion. Increasing evidence shows aberrant PLC-γ1 signaling implication in carcinogenesis including breast cancer. In this review, the role of PLC-γ1 in breast cancer and its clinical implications will be discussed, as well as its potential as a prognostic factor and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Emmanouilidi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sala
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Piantelli
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Falasca
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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29
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IP 3 receptor signaling and endothelial barrier function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4189-4207. [PMID: 28803370 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells lining vessel walls, maintains tissue-fluid homeostasis by restricting the passage of the plasma proteins and blood cells into the interstitium. The ion Ca2+, a ubiquitous secondary messenger, initiates signal transduction events in endothelial cells that is critical to control of vascular tone and endothelial permeability. The ion Ca2+ is stored inside the intracellular organelles and released into the cytosol in response to environmental cues. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) messenger facilitates Ca2+ release through IP3 receptors which are Ca2+-selective intracellular channels located within the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Binding of IP3 to the IP3Rs initiates assembly of IP3R clusters, a key event responsible for amplification of Ca2+ signals in endothelial cells. This review discusses emerging concepts related to architecture and dynamics of IP3R clusters, and their specific role in propagation of Ca2+ signals in endothelial cells.
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30
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78495111110.3390/cancers9050052" />
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is commonly upregulated in cancers such as in non-small-cell lung cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer. Various mechanisms mediate the upregulation of EGFR activity, including common mutations and truncations to its extracellular domain, such as in the EGFRvIII truncations, as well as to its kinase domain, such as the L858R and T790M mutations, or the exon 19 truncation. These EGFR aberrations over-activate downstream pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK and AKT-PI3K-mTOR pathways. These pathways then activate many biological outputs that are beneficial to cancer cell proliferation, including their chronic initiation and progression through the cell cycle. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate EGFR signal transduction, including the EGFR structure and its mutations, ligand binding and EGFR dimerization, as well as the signaling pathways that lead to G1 cell cycle progression. We focus on the induction of CYCLIN D expression, CDK4/6 activation, and the repression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins (CDKi) by EGFR signaling pathways. We also discuss the successes and challenges of EGFR-targeted therapies, and the potential for their use in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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31
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Wee P, Wang Z. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Cell Proliferation Signaling Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9050052. [PMID: 28513565 PMCID: PMC5447962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1016] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is commonly upregulated in cancers such as in non-small-cell lung cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer. Various mechanisms mediate the upregulation of EGFR activity, including common mutations and truncations to its extracellular domain, such as in the EGFRvIII truncations, as well as to its kinase domain, such as the L858R and T790M mutations, or the exon 19 truncation. These EGFR aberrations over-activate downstream pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK and AKT-PI3K-mTOR pathways. These pathways then activate many biological outputs that are beneficial to cancer cell proliferation, including their chronic initiation and progression through the cell cycle. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate EGFR signal transduction, including the EGFR structure and its mutations, ligand binding and EGFR dimerization, as well as the signaling pathways that lead to G1 cell cycle progression. We focus on the induction of CYCLIN D expression, CDK4/6 activation, and the repression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins (CDKi) by EGFR signaling pathways. We also discuss the successes and challenges of EGFR-targeted therapies, and the potential for their use in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wee
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Wagner MJ, Ravi V, Menter DG, Sood AK. Endothelial cell malignancies: new insights from the laboratory and clinic. NPJ Precis Oncol 2017; 1:11. [PMID: 29872699 PMCID: PMC5859470 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-017-0013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell malignancies are rare in the Western world and range from intermediate grade hemangioendothelioma to Kaposi sarcoma to aggressive high-grade angiosarcoma that metastasize early and have a high rate of mortality. These malignancies are associated with dysregulation of normal endothelial cell signaling pathways, including the vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin, and Notch pathways. Discoveries over the past two decades related to mechanisms of angiogenesis have led to the development of many drugs that intuitively would be promising therapeutic candidates for these endothelial-derived tumors. However, clinical efficacy of such drugs has been limited. New insights into the mechanisms that lead to dysregulated angiogenesis such as mutation or amplification in known angiogenesis related genes, viral infection, and chromosomal translocations have improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of endothelial malignancies and how they evade anti-angiogenesis drugs. In this review, we describe the major molecular alterations in endothelial cell malignancies and consider emerging opportunities for improving therapeutic efficacy against these rare but deadly tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wagner
- 1Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Vinod Ravi
- 2Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - David G Menter
- 3Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- 4Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,5Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,6Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Exome Sequencing Identifies Potentially Druggable Mutations in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42980. [PMID: 28256603 PMCID: PMC5335658 DOI: 10.1038/srep42980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we first performed whole exome sequencing of DNA from 10 untreated and clinically annotated fresh frozen nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies and matched bloods to identify somatically mutated genes that may be amenable to targeted therapeutic strategies. We identified a total of 323 mutations which were either non-synonymous (n = 238) or synonymous (n = 85). Furthermore, our analysis revealed genes in key cancer pathways (DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, immune response, lipid signaling) were mutated, of which those in the lipid-signaling pathway were the most enriched. We next extended our analysis on a prioritized sub-set of 37 mutated genes plus top 5 mutated cancer genes listed in COSMIC using a custom designed HaloPlex target enrichment panel with an additional 88 NPC samples. Our analysis identified 160 additional non-synonymous mutations in 37/42 genes in 66/88 samples. Of these, 99/160 mutations within potentially druggable pathways were further selected for validation. Sanger sequencing revealed that 77/99 variants were true positives, giving an accuracy of 78%. Taken together, our study indicated that ~72% (n = 71/98) of NPC samples harbored mutations in one of the four cancer pathways (EGFR-PI3K-Akt-mTOR, NOTCH, NF-κB, DNA repair) which may be potentially useful as predictive biomarkers of response to matched targeted therapies.
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Lentivirus-mediated PLCγ1 gene short-hairpin RNA suppresses tumor growth and metastasis of human gastric adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:8043-54. [PMID: 26811493 PMCID: PMC4884974 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted molecular therapy has gradually been a potential solution in cancer therapy. Other authors' and our previous studies have demonstrated that phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase γ (PLCγ) is involved in regulating tumor growth and metastasis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying PLCγ-dependent tumor growth and metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma and whether PLCγ may be a potential target for tumor therapy in human gastric adenocarcinoma are not yet well determined. Here, we investigated the role of PLCγ inhibition in tumor growth and metastasis of human gastric adenocarcinoma using BGC-823 cell line and a nude mouse tumor xenograft model. The results manifested that the depletion of PLCγ1 by the transduction with lentivirus-mediated PLCγ1 gene short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) vector led to the decrease of tumor growth and metastasis of human gastric adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the Akt/Bad, Akt/S6, and ERK/Bad signal axes were involved in PLCγ1-mediated tumor growth and metastasis of human gastric adenocarcinoma. Therefore, the abrogation of PLCγ1 signaling by shRNA could efficaciously suppress human gastric adenocarcinoma tumor growth and metastasis, with important implication for validating PLCγ1 as a potential target for human gastric adenocarcinoma.
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36
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Yang Z, Kim S, Mahajan S, Zamani A, Faccio R. Phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) Controls Osteoclast Numbers via Colony-stimulating Factor 1 (CSF-1)-dependent Diacylglycerol/β-Catenin/CyclinD1 Pathway. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1178-1186. [PMID: 27941021 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.764928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases Cγ (PLCγ) 1 and 2 are a class of highly homologous enzymes modulating a variety of cellular pathways through production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol (DAG). Our previous studies demonstrated the importance of PLCγ2 in osteoclast (OC) differentiation by modulating inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated calcium oscillations and the up-regulation of the transcription factor NFATc1. Surprisingly, despite being expressed throughout osteoclastogenesis, PLCγ1 did not compensate for PLCγ2 deficiency. Because both isoforms are activated during osteoclastogenesis, it is plausible that PLCγ1 modulates OC development independently of PLCγ2. Here, we utilized PLCγ1-specific shRNAs to delete PLCγ1 in OC precursors derived from wild type (WT) mice. Differently from PLCγ2, we found that PLCγ1 shRNA significantly suppresses OC differentiation by limiting colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1)-dependent proliferation and β-catenin/cyclinD1 levels. Confirming the specificity toward CSF-1 signaling, PLCγ1 is recruited to the CSF-1 receptor following exposure to the cytokine. To understand how PLCγ1 controls cell proliferation, we turned to its downstream effector, DAG. By utilizing cells lacking the DAG kinase ζ, which have increased DAG levels, we demonstrate that DAG modulates CSF-1-dependent proliferation and β-catenin/cyclinD1 levels in OC precursors. Most importantly, the proliferation and osteoclastogenesis defects observed in the absence of PLCγ1 are normalized in PLCγ1/DAG kinase ζ double null cells. Taken together, our study shows that PLCγ1 controls OC numbers via a CSF-1-dependent DAG/β-catenin/cyclinD1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfeng Yang
- From the Department of Orthopaedics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Seokho Kim
- From the Department of Orthopaedics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Sahil Mahajan
- From the Department of Orthopaedics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Ali Zamani
- From the Department of Orthopaedics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Roberta Faccio
- From the Department of Orthopaedics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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Mongiorgi S, Finelli C, Yang YR, Clissa C, McCubrey JA, Billi AM, Manzoli L, Suh PG, Cocco L, Follo MY. Inositide-dependent signaling pathways as new therapeutic targets in myelodysplastic syndromes. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:677-87. [PMID: 26610046 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1125885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nuclear inositide signaling pathways specifically regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Interestingly, the modulation of nuclear inositides in hematological malignancies can differentially affect erythropoiesis or myelopoiesis. This is particularly important in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), who show both defective erythroid and myeloid differentiation, as well as an increased risk of evolution into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the structure and function of specific nuclear inositide enzymes, whose impairment could be linked with disease pathogenesis and cancer. The authors, stemming from literature and published data, discuss and describe the role of nuclear inositides, focusing on specific enzymes and demonstrating that targeting these molecules could be important to develop innovative therapeutic approaches, with particular reference to MDS treatment. EXPERT OPINION Demethylating therapy, alone or in combination with other drugs, is the most common and current therapy for MDS patients. Nuclear inositide signaling molecules have been demonstrated to be important in hematopoietic differentiation and are promising new targets for developing a personalized MDS therapy. Indeed, these enzymes can be ideal targets for drug design and their modulation can have several important downstream effects to regulate MDS pathogenesis and prevent MDS progression to AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mongiorgi
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Carlo Finelli
- b Institute of Hematology "L e A Seràgnoli" , S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy
| | - Yong Ryoul Yang
- c School of Life Sciences , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Cristina Clissa
- b Institute of Hematology "L e A Seràgnoli" , S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy.,d Hematology and Transplant Center , AORMN , Pesaro , Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- e Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine , East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Anna Maria Billi
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- c School of Life Sciences , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Lucio Cocco
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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Fish JE, Wythe JD. The molecular regulation of arteriovenous specification and maintenance. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:391-409. [PMID: 25641373 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of a hierarchical vascular network, composed of arteries, veins, and capillaries, is essential for embryogenesis and is required for the production of new functional vasculature in the adult. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate the differentiation of vascular endothelial cells into arterial and venous cell fates is requisite for regenerative medicine, as the directed formation of perfused vessels is desirable in a myriad of pathological settings, such as in diabetes and following myocardial infarction. Additionally, this knowledge will enhance our understanding and treatment of vascular anomalies, such as arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). From studies in vertebrate model organisms, such as mouse, zebrafish, and chick, a number of key signaling pathways have been elucidated that are required for the establishment and maintenance of arterial and venous fates. These include the Hedgehog, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β), Wnt, and Notch signaling pathways. In addition, a variety of transcription factor families acting downstream of, or in concert with, these signaling networks play vital roles in arteriovenous (AV) specification. These include Notch and Notch-regulated transcription factors (e.g., HEY and HES), SOX factors, Forkhead factors, β-Catenin, ETS factors, and COUP-TFII. It is becoming apparent that AV specification is a highly coordinated process that involves the intersection and carefully orchestrated activity of multiple signaling cascades and transcriptional networks. This review will summarize the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the acquisition and maintenance of AV fate, and will highlight some of the limitations in our current knowledge of the molecular machinery that directs AV morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Fish
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Canada
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Béziau DM, Toussaint F, Blanchette A, Dayeh NR, Charbel C, Tardif JC, Dupuis J, Ledoux J. Expression of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C isoforms in native endothelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123769. [PMID: 25875657 PMCID: PMC4395365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) comprises a superfamily of enzymes that play a key role in a wide array of intracellular signalling pathways, including protein kinase C and intracellular calcium. Thirteen different mammalian PLC isoforms have been identified and classified into 6 families (PLC-β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η) based on their biochemical properties. Although the expression of PLC isoforms is tissue-specific, concomitant expression of different PLC has been reported, suggesting that PLC family is involved in multiple cellular functions. Despite their critical role, the PLC isoforms expressed in native endothelial cells (ECs) remains undetermined. A conventional PCR approach was initially used to elucidate the mRNA expression pattern of PLC isoforms in 3 distinct murine vascular beds: mesenteric (MA), pulmonary (PA) and middle cerebral arteries (MCA). mRNA encoding for most PLC isoforms was detected in MA, MCA and PA with the exception of η2 and β2 (only expressed in PA), δ4 (only expressed in MCA), η1 (expressed in all but MA) and ζ (not detected in any vascular beds tested). The endothelial-specific PLC expression was then sought in freshly isolated ECs. Interestingly, the PLC expression profile appears to differ across the investigated arterial beds. While mRNA for 8 of the 13 PLC isoforms was detected in ECs from MA, two additional PLC isoforms were detected in ECs from PA and MCA. Co-expression of multiple PLC isoforms in ECs suggests an elaborate network of signalling pathways: PLC isoforms may contribute to the complexity or diversity of signalling by their selective localization in cellular microdomains. However in situ immunofluorescence revealed a homogeneous distribution for all PLC isoforms probed (β3, γ2 and δ1) in intact endothelium. Although PLC isoforms play a crucial role in endothelial signal transduction, subcellular localization alone does not appear to be sufficient to determine the role of PLC in the signalling microdomains found in the native endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine M. Béziau
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Fanny Toussaint
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | | | - Nour R. Dayeh
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Chimène Charbel
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Dupuis
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Jonathan Ledoux
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Schnöder TM, Arreba-Tutusaus P, Griehl I, Bullinger L, Buschbeck M, Lane SW, Döhner K, Plass C, Lipka DB, Heidel FH, Fischer T. Epo-induced erythroid maturation is dependent on Plcγ1 signaling. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:974-85. [PMID: 25394487 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is a tightly regulated process. Development of red blood cells occurs through differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into more committed progenitors and finally into erythrocytes. Binding of erythropoietin (Epo) to its receptor (EpoR) is required for erythropoiesis as it promotes survival and late maturation of erythroid progenitors. In vivo and in vitro studies have highlighted the requirement of EpoR signaling through Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) tyrosine kinase and Stat5a/b as a central pathway. Here, we demonstrate that phospholipase C gamma 1 (Plcγ1) is activated downstream of EpoR-Jak2 independently of Stat5. Plcγ1-deficient pro-erythroblasts and erythroid progenitors exhibited strong impairment in differentiation and colony-forming potential. In vivo, suppression of Plcγ1 in immunophenotypically defined HSCs (Lin(-)Sca1(+)KIT(+)CD48(-)CD150(+)) severely reduced erythroid development. To identify Plcγ1 effector molecules involved in regulation of erythroid differentiation, we assessed changes occurring at the global transcriptional and DNA methylation level after inactivation of Plcγ1. The top common downstream effector was H2afy2, which encodes for the histone variant macroH2A2 (mH2A2). Inactivation of mH2A2 expression recapitulated the effects of Plcγ1 depletion on erythroid maturation. Taken together, our findings identify Plcγ1 and its downstream target mH2A2, as a 'non-canonical' Epo signaling pathway essential for erythroid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Schnöder
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - P Arreba-Tutusaus
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - I Griehl
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - L Bullinger
- Internal Medicine III, Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Buschbeck
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - S W Lane
- Division of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K Döhner
- Internal Medicine III, Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - C Plass
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors (C010), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D B Lipka
- 1] Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany [2] Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors (C010), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F H Heidel
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - T Fischer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
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Ying WZ, Aaron KJ, Sanders PW. Sodium and potassium regulate endothelial phospholipase C-γ and Bmx. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F58-63. [PMID: 24785188 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00615.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount of Na(+) and K(+) in the diet promotes significant changes in endothelial cell function. In the present study, a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments determined the role of Na(+) and K(+) in the regulation of two pleckstrin homology domain-containing intracellular signaling molecules, phospholipase C (PLC)-γ1 and epithelial and endothelial tyrosine kinase/bone marrow tyrosine kinase on chromosome X (Bmx), and agonist-generated Ca(2+) signaling in the endothelium. Extracellular K(+) concentration regulated the levels of activated PLC-γ1, Bmx, and carbachol-stimulated intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human endothelial cells. Additional experiments confirmed that high-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediated these effects. The content of Na(+) and K(+) in the diet also regulated Bmx levels in endothelial cells and activated PLC-γ1 levels in rats in vivo. The effects of dietary K(+) on Bmx were more pronounced in rats fed a high-salt diet compared with rats fed a low-salt diet. These experiments elucidated an endothelial cell signaling mechanism regulated by electrolytes, further demonstrating an integral relationship between endothelial cell function and dietary Na(+) and K(+) content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhong Ying
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, Center for Free Radical Biology, Center for Aging, and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Kristal J Aaron
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, Center for Free Radical Biology, Center for Aging, and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Paul W Sanders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, Center for Free Radical Biology, Center for Aging, and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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Behjati S, Tarpey PS, Sheldon H, Martincorena I, Van Loo P, Gundem G, Wedge DC, Ramakrishna M, Cooke SL, Pillay N, Vollan HKM, Papaemmanuil E, Koss H, Bunney TD, Hardy C, Joseph OR, Martin S, Mudie L, Butler A, Teague JW, Patil M, Steers G, Cao Y, Gumbs C, Ingram D, Lazar AJ, Little L, Mahadeshwar H, Protopopov A, Al Sannaa GA, Seth S, Song X, Tang J, Zhang J, Ravi V, Torres KE, Khatri B, Halai D, Roxanis I, Baumhoer D, Tirabosco R, Amary MF, Boshoff C, McDermott U, Katan M, Stratton MR, Futreal PA, Flanagan AM, Harris A, Campbell PJ. Recurrent PTPRB and PLCG1 mutations in angiosarcoma. Nat Genet 2014; 46:376-379. [PMID: 24633157 PMCID: PMC4032873 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiosarcoma is an aggressive malignancy that arises spontaneously or secondarily to ionizing radiation or chronic lymphoedema. Previous work has identified aberrant angiogenesis, including occasional somatic mutations in angiogenesis signaling genes, as a key driver of angiosarcoma. Here we employed whole-genome, whole-exome and targeted sequencing to study the somatic changes underpinning primary and secondary angiosarcoma. We identified recurrent mutations in two genes, PTPRB and PLCG1, which are intimately linked to angiogenesis. The endothelial phosphatase PTPRB, a negative regulator of vascular growth factor tyrosine kinases, harbored predominantly truncating mutations in 10 of 39 tumors (26%). PLCG1, a signal transducer of tyrosine kinases, encoded a recurrent, likely activating p.Arg707Gln missense variant in 3 of 34 cases (9%). Overall, 15 of 39 tumors (38%) harbored at least one driver mutation in angiogenesis signaling genes. Our findings inform and reinforce current therapeutic efforts to target angiogenesis signaling in angiosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Behjati
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, UK
| | - Patrick S Tarpey
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Helen Sheldon
- The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Inigo Martincorena
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, VIB and KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gunes Gundem
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David C Wedge
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Manasa Ramakrishna
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Susanna L Cooke
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hans Kristian M Vollan
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
- The K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elli Papaemmanuil
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hans Koss
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Tom D Bunney
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Claire Hardy
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Olivia R Joseph
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sancha Martin
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Laura Mudie
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adam Butler
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jon W Teague
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Meena Patil
- Department of Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Graham Steers
- Department of Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Yu Cao
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Curtis Gumbs
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Davis Ingram
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Latasha Little
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Harshad Mahadeshwar
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Alexei Protopopov
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Ghadah A Al Sannaa
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Sahil Seth
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Xingzhi Song
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Jiabin Tang
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Vinod Ravi
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Keila E Torres
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Bhavisha Khatri
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Dina Halai
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Ioannis Roxanis
- Department of Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Tirabosco
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - M Fernanda Amary
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Chris Boshoff
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Pfizer Oncology, 10555 Science Center Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92121
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael R Stratton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - P Andrew Futreal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Adrian Harris
- The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Department of Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, UK
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Abstract
Phospholipases are enzymes that use phospholipids as substrate and are classified in three major classes A, C and D based on the reaction they catalyse. Phosphatidylinositol-specific Phospholipase C enzymes utilize phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate as substrate and cleave the bond between the glycerol and the phosphate to produce important second messenger such as inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. The Phospholipase C members are the most well-known phospholipases for their role in lipid signalling and cell proliferation and comprise 13 isoforms classified in 6 distinct sub-families. In particular, signalling activated by Phospholipase C γ, mostly activated by receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, is well characterized in different cell systems. Increasing evidence suggest that Phospholipase C γ plays a key role in cell migration and invasion. Because of its role in cell growth and invasion, aberrant Phospholipase C γ signalling can contribute to carcinogenesis. A major challenge facing investigators who seek to target Phospholipase C γ directly is the fact that it is considered an "undruggable" protein. Indeed, isoform specificity and toxicity represents a big hurdle in the development of Phospholipase C γ small molecule inhibitors. Therefore, a future development in the field could be the identification of interacting partners as therapeutic targets that could be more druggable than Phospholipase C γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossano Lattanzio
- Aging Research Centre, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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Koch S, Claesson-Welsh L. Signal transduction by vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a006502. [PMID: 22762016 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are master regulators of vascular development and of blood and lymphatic vessel function during health and disease in the adult. It is therefore important to understand the mechanism of action of this family of five mammalian ligands, which act through three receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). In addition, coreceptors like neuropilins (NRPs) and integrins associate with the ligand/receptor signaling complex and modulate the output. Therapeutics to block several of the VEGF signaling components have been developed with the aim to halt blood vessel formation, angiogenesis, in diseases that involve tissue growth and inflammation, such as cancer. In this review, we outline the current information on VEGF signal transduction in relation to blood and lymphatic vessel biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Koch
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) make up only a small fraction of cellular phospholipids, yet they control almost all aspects of a cell's life and death. These lipids gained tremendous research interest as plasma membrane signaling molecules when discovered in the 1970s and 1980s. Research in the last 15 years has added a wide range of biological processes regulated by PIs, turning these lipids into one of the most universal signaling entities in eukaryotic cells. PIs control organelle biology by regulating vesicular trafficking, but they also modulate lipid distribution and metabolism via their close relationship with lipid transfer proteins. PIs regulate ion channels, pumps, and transporters and control both endocytic and exocytic processes. The nuclear phosphoinositides have grown from being an epiphenomenon to a research area of its own. As expected from such pleiotropic regulators, derangements of phosphoinositide metabolism are responsible for a number of human diseases ranging from rare genetic disorders to the most common ones such as cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Moreover, it is increasingly evident that a number of infectious agents hijack the PI regulatory systems of host cells for their intracellular movements, replication, and assembly. As a result, PI converting enzymes began to be noticed by pharmaceutical companies as potential therapeutic targets. This review is an attempt to give an overview of this enormous research field focusing on major developments in diverse areas of basic science linked to cellular physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Raimondi C, Falasca M. Phosphoinositides signalling in cancer: focus on PI3K and PLC. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 52:166-82. [PMID: 22019900 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Raimondi
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Inositide Signalling Group, London E1 2AT, UK
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Phospholipases of mineralization competent cells and matrix vesicles: roles in physiological and pathological mineralizations. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5036-129. [PMID: 23455471 PMCID: PMC3634480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to systematically and critically analyze the current knowledge on phospholipases and their role in physiological and pathological mineralization undertaken by mineralization competent cells. Cellular lipid metabolism plays an important role in biological mineralization. The physiological mechanisms of mineralization are likely to take place in tissues other than in bones and teeth under specific pathological conditions. For instance, vascular calcification in arteries of patients with renal failure, diabetes mellitus or atherosclerosis recapitulates the mechanisms of bone formation. Osteoporosis—a bone resorbing disease—and rheumatoid arthritis originating from the inflammation in the synovium are also affected by cellular lipid metabolism. The focus is on the lipid metabolism due to the effects of dietary lipids on bone health. These and other phenomena indicate that phospholipases may participate in bone remodelling as evidenced by their expression in smooth muscle cells, in bone forming osteoblasts, chondrocytes and in bone resorbing osteoclasts. Among various enzymes involved, phospholipases A1 or A2, phospholipase C, phospholipase D, autotaxin and sphingomyelinase are engaged in membrane lipid remodelling during early stages of mineralization and cell maturation in mineralization-competent cells. Numerous experimental evidences suggested that phospholipases exert their action at various stages of mineralization by affecting intracellular signaling and cell differentiation. The lipid metabolites—such as arachidonic acid, lysophospholipids, and sphingosine-1-phosphate are involved in cell signaling and inflammation reactions. Phospholipases are also important members of the cellular machinery engaged in matrix vesicle (MV) biogenesis and exocytosis. They may favour mineral formation inside MVs, may catalyse MV membrane breakdown necessary for the release of mineral deposits into extracellular matrix (ECM), or participate in hydrolysis of ECM. The biological functions of phospholipases are discussed from the perspective of animal and cellular knockout models, as well as disease implications, development of potent inhibitors and therapeutic interventions.
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Jang HJ, Yang YR, Kim JK, Choi JH, Seo YK, Lee YH, Lee JE, Ryu SH, Suh PG. Phospholipase C-γ1 involved in brain disorders. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 53:51-62. [PMID: 23063587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) is an important signaling regulator involved in various cellular processes. In brain, PLC-γ1 is highly expressed and participates in neuronal cell functions mediated by neurotrophins. Consistent with essential roles of PLC-γ1, it is involved in development of brain and synaptic transmission. Significantly, abnormal expression and activation of PLC-γ1 appears in various brain disorders such as epilepsy, depression, Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, PLC-γ1 has been implicated in brain functions as well as related brain disorders. In this review, we discuss the roles of PLC-γ1 in neuronal functions and its pathological relevance to diverse brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jun Jang
- School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and their receptors play a central role in the development of cardiovascular system and in vasculature-related processes in the adult organism. Given the critical role of this signaling cascade, intricate control systems have evolved to regulate its function. A new layer of added complexity has been the demonstration of the importance of endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of VEGF receptors in the regulation of VEGF signaling. In this review, we consider an evolving link between VEGF receptor endocytosis, trafficking, and signaling and their biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Simons
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Jing CB, Chen Y, Dong M, Peng XL, Jia XE, Gao L, Ma K, Deng M, Liu TX, Zon LI, Zhu J, Zhou Y, Zhou Y. Phospholipase C gamma-1 is required for granulocyte maturation in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2012; 374:24-31. [PMID: 23220656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of hematopoiesis is generally evolutionarily conserved from zebrafish to mammals, including hematopoietic stem cell formation and blood cell lineage differentiation. In zebrafish, primitive granulocytes originate at two distinct regions, the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (A-LPM) and the intermediate cell mass (ICM). Few studies in the zebrafish have examined genes specifically required for the granulocytic lineage. In this study, we identified the responsible gene for a zebrafish mutant that has relatively normal hematopoiesis, except decreased expression of the granulocyte-specific gene mpx. Positional cloning revealed that phospholipase C gamma-1 (plcg1) was mutated. Deficiency of plcg1 function specifically affected development of granulocytes, especially the maturation process. These results suggested that plcg1 functioned specifically in zebrafish ICM granulopoiesis for the first time. Our studies suggest that specific pathways regulate the differentiation of the hematopoietic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Bin Jing
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
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