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Zhang L, Wei X. SynCAMs in Normal Vertebrate Neural Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: from the Perspective of the OCAs. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:358-371. [PMID: 37607992 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal synaptic junctions connect neurons to enable neuronal signal transmission in the nervous system. The proper establishment of synaptic connections required many adhesion molecules. Malfunctions of these adhesion molecules can result in neural development disorders and neuropsychiatric disorders. How specific synapses are established by various adhesion molecules for proper neural circuitry is a fundamental question of neuroscience. SynCAMs, also named CADMs, Necl, etc., are among the many adhesion proteins found in synapses. Here, we review the current understanding of the physical properties of SynCAMs and their roles in axon pathfinding, myelination, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. In addition, we discuss the involvement of SynCAMs in neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, we propose that SynCAM functions can be better viewed and understood from the perspective of orientational cell adhesions (OCAs). In particular, we discuss the possibilities of how SynCAMs can be regulated at the cell-type specific expression, transcription variants, posttranslational modification, and subcellular localization to modulate the diversity of SynCAMs as OCA molecules. Being major components of the synapses, SynCAMs continue to be an important research topic of neuroscience, and many outstanding questions are waiting to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xiangyun Wei
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Developmental Biology, and Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Benner O, Cast TP, Minamide LS, Lenninger Z, Bamburg JR, Chanda S. Multiple N-linked glycosylation sites critically modulate the synaptic abundance of neuroligin isoforms. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105361. [PMID: 37865312 PMCID: PMC10679506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, elegant glycomic and glycoproteomic approaches have revealed an intricate glycosylation profile of mammalian brain with enormous spatial and temporal diversities. Nevertheless, at a cellular level, it is unclear how these post-translational modifications affect various proteins to influence crucial neuronal properties. Here, we have investigated the impact of N-linked glycosylation on neuroligins (NLGNs), a class of cell-adhesion molecules that play instructive roles in synapse organization. We found that endogenous NLGN proteins are differentially glycosylated across several regions of murine brain in a sex-independent but isoform-dependent manner. In both rodent primary neurons derived from brain sections and human neurons differentiated from stem cells, all NLGN variants were highly enriched with multiple N-glycan subtypes, which cumulatively ensured their efficient trafficking to the cell surface. Removal of these N-glycosylation residues only had a moderate effect on NLGNs' stability or expression levels but particularly enhanced their retention at the endoplasmic reticulum. As a result, the glycosylation-deficient NLGNs exhibited considerable impairments in their dendritic distribution and postsynaptic accumulation, which in turn, virtually eliminated their ability to recruit presynaptic terminals and significantly reduced NLGN overexpression-induced assemblies of both glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse structures. Therefore, our results highlight an essential mechanistic contribution of N-linked glycosylations in facilitating the appropriate secretory transport of a major synaptic cell-adhesion molecule and promoting its cellular function in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orion Benner
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Thomas P Cast
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Laurie S Minamide
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Zephyr Lenninger
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrated Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - James R Bamburg
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Integrated Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; Cell & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Soham Chanda
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Integrated Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; Cell & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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3
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Li Y, Zhang R, Hei H. Advances in post-translational modifications of proteins and cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1229397. [PMID: 37675097 PMCID: PMC10477431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1229397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modification (PTM) is a regulatory mechanism for protein activity modulation, localization, expression, and interactions with other cellular molecules. It involves the addition or removal of specific chemical groups on the amino acid residues of proteins. Its common forms include phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, methylation, and acetylation. Emerging research has highlighted lactylation, succinylation, and glycosylation. PTMs are involved in vital biological processes. The occurrence and development of diseases depends on protein abundance and is regulated by various PTMs. In addition, advancements in tumor immunotherapy have revealed that protein PTM is also involved in the proliferation, activation, and metabolic reprogramming of immune cells in tumor microenvironment. These PTMs play an important role in tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the role of several types of PTMs in tumor immunotherapy. This review could provide new insights and future research directions for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hu Hei
- Department of Thyroid and Neck, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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4
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Gharahi H, Garimella HT, Chen ZJ, Gupta RK, Przekwas A. Mathematical model of mechanobiology of acute and repeated synaptic injury and systemic biomarker kinetics. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1007062. [PMID: 36814869 PMCID: PMC9939777 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1007062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blast induced Traumatic Brain Injury (bTBI) has become a signature casualty of military operations. Recently, military medics observed neurocognitive deficits in servicemen exposed to repeated low level blast (LLB) waves during military heavy weapons training. In spite of significant clinical and preclinical TBI research, current understanding of injury mechanisms and short- and long-term outcomes is limited. Mathematical models of bTBI biomechanics and mechanobiology of sensitive neuro-structures such as synapses may help in better understanding of injury mechanisms and in the development of improved diagnostics and neuroprotective strategies. Methods and results In this work, we formulated a model of a single synaptic structure integrating the dynamics of the synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) with the deformation mechanics of the synaptic cleft. The model can resolve time scales ranging from milliseconds during the hyperacute phase of mechanical loading to minutes-hours acute/chronic phase of injury progression/repair. The model was used to simulate the synaptic injury responses caused by repeated blast loads. Conclusion Our simulations demonstrated the importance of the number of exposures compared to the duration of recovery period between repeated loads on the synaptic injury responses. The paper recognizes current limitations of the model and identifies potential improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Gharahi
- Biomedical and Data Sciences Division, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL, United States,Hamidreza Gharahi,
| | - Harsha T. Garimella
- Biomedical and Data Sciences Division, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Zhijian J. Chen
- Biomedical and Data Sciences Division, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Raj K. Gupta
- Department of Defense Blast Injury Research Program Coordinating Office, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Andrzej Przekwas
- Biomedical and Data Sciences Division, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL, United States,*Correspondence: Andrzej Przekwas,
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5
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Rahman M, Ramirez‐Suarez NJ, Diaz‐Balzac CA, Bülow HE. Specific N-glycans regulate an extracellular adhesion complex during somatosensory dendrite patterning. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54163. [PMID: 35586945 PMCID: PMC9253746 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
N-glycans are molecularly diverse sugars borne by over 70% of proteins transiting the secretory pathway and have been implicated in protein folding, stability, and localization. Mutations in genes important for N-glycosylation result in congenital disorders of glycosylation that are often associated with intellectual disability. Here, we show that structurally distinct N-glycans regulate an extracellular protein complex involved in the patterning of somatosensory dendrites in Caenorhabditis elegans. Specifically, aman-2/Golgi alpha-mannosidase II, a conserved key enzyme in the biosynthesis of specific N-glycans, regulates the activity of the Menorin adhesion complex without obviously affecting the protein stability and localization of its components. AMAN-2 functions cell-autonomously to allow for decoration of the neuronal transmembrane receptor DMA-1/LRR-TM with the correct set of high-mannose/hybrid/paucimannose N-glycans. Moreover, distinct types of N-glycans on specific N-glycosylation sites regulate DMA-1/LRR-TM receptor function, which, together with three other extracellular proteins, forms the Menorin adhesion complex. In summary, specific N-glycan structures regulate dendrite patterning by coordinating the activity of an extracellular adhesion complex, suggesting that the molecular diversity of N-glycans can contribute to developmental specificity in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisha Rahman
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of NeuroscienceAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Nelson J Ramirez‐Suarez
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
- Present address:
Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Carlos A Diaz‐Balzac
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
- Present address:
University of RochesterRochesterNYUSA
| | - Hannes E Bülow
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of NeuroscienceAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
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Gorenberg EL, Massaro Tieze S, Yücel B, Zhao HR, Chou V, Wirak GS, Tomita S, Lam TT, Chandra SS. Identification of substrates of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 highlights roles of depalmitoylation in disulfide bond formation and synaptic function. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001590. [PMID: 35358180 PMCID: PMC9004782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a devastating neurodegenerative disease. The substrates of PPT1 are largely undescribed, posing a limitation on molecular dissection of disease mechanisms and therapeutic development. Here, we provide a resource identifying >100 novel PPT1 substrates. We utilized Acyl Resin-Assisted Capture (Acyl RAC) and mass spectrometry to identify proteins with increased in vivo palmitoylation in PPT1 knockout (KO) mouse brains. We then validated putative substrates through direct depalmitoylation with recombinant PPT1. This stringent screen elucidated diverse PPT1 substrates at the synapse, including channels and transporters, G-protein–associated molecules, endo/exocytic components, synaptic adhesion molecules, and mitochondrial proteins. Cysteine depalmitoylation sites in transmembrane PPT1 substrates frequently participate in disulfide bonds in the mature protein. We confirmed that depalmitoylation plays a role in disulfide bond formation in a tertiary screen analyzing posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Collectively, these data highlight the role of PPT1 in mediating synapse functions, implicate molecular pathways in the etiology of NCL and other neurodegenerative diseases, and advance our basic understanding of the purpose of depalmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Gorenberg
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sofia Massaro Tieze
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Betül Yücel
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Helen R. Zhao
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vicky Chou
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Wirak
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Susumu Tomita
- Departments of Neuroscience and of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - TuKiet T. Lam
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, WM Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sreeganga S. Chandra
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Villanueva-Cabello TM, Gutiérrez-Valenzuela LD, Salinas-Marín R, López-Guerrero DV, Martínez-Duncker I. Polysialic Acid in the Immune System. Front Immunol 2022; 12:823637. [PMID: 35222358 PMCID: PMC8873093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.823637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a highly regulated polymer of sialic acid (Sia) with such potent biophysical characteristics that when expressed drastically influences the interaction properties of cells. Although much of what is known of polySia in mammals has been elucidated from the study of its role in the central nervous system (CNS), polySia is also expressed in other tissues, including the immune system where it presents dynamic changes during differentiation, maturation, and activation of different types of immune cells of the innate and adaptive response, being involved in key regulatory mechanisms. At least six polySia protein carriers (CCR7, ESL-1, NCAM, NRP2, ST8Sia 2, and ST8Sia 4) are expressed in different types of immune cells, but there is still much to be explored in regard not only to the regulatory mechanisms that determine their expression and the structure of polySia chains but also to the identification of the cis- and trans- ligands of polySia that establish signaling networks. This review summarizes the current knowledge on polySia in the immune system, addressing its biosynthesis, its tools for identification and structural characterization, and its functional roles and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M. Villanueva-Cabello
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Lya D. Gutiérrez-Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Roberta Salinas-Marín
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Iván Martínez-Duncker,
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8
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Matthies I, Abrahams JL, Jensen P, Oliveira T, Kolarich D, Larsen MR. N-Glycosylation in isolated rat nerve terminals. Mol Omics 2021; 17:517-532. [PMID: 34106099 DOI: 10.1039/d0mo00044b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a ubiquitous protein modification that is capable of modulating protein structure, function and interactions. Many proteins in the brain associated with the synapse and important for synaptic transmission are highly glycosylated and their glycosylation could be important for learning and memory related molecular processes and synaptic plasticity. In the present study, we extend the knowledge of the synaptic glycome and glycoproteome by performing glycan- and intact glycopeptide-focused analyses of isolated rat nerve terminals (synaptosomes) by LC-MS/MS. Overall, glycomics identified a total of 41 N-glycans in isolated synaptosomes. Sialylated N-glycans represented only 7% of the total abundance of the rat synaptosome N-glycome with oligomannose, neutral hybrid and complex type N-glycans being the most abundant structures. Using detergent extraction of the active zone proteins from the synaptosomes revealed a change in the active zone glycan abundance in comparison with the rest of the synaptosome glycan content. Characterization of intact sialylated N-linked glycopeptides enriched by titanium dioxide chromatography revealed more than 85% selectivity of sialylated species and the presence of NeuGc on active zone proteins. In addition, both disialic and trisialic acid modified glycans were present on synaptic glycoproteins, although oxonium ion profiling revealed that trisialic units were only present on glycoproteins in the detergent soluble fraction. However, correct identification of intact sialylated N-linked glycopeptides using the Byonic program failed, most likely due to the lack of peptide backbone fragmentation during tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Matthies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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9
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Chowdhury D, Watters K, Biederer T. Synaptic recognition molecules in development and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 142:319-370. [PMID: 33706921 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic connectivity patterns underlie brain functions. How recognition molecules control where and when neurons form synapses with each other, therefore, is a fundamental question of cellular neuroscience. This chapter delineates adhesion and signaling complexes as well as secreted factors that contribute to synaptic partner recognition in the vertebrate brain. The sections follow a developmental perspective and discuss how recognition molecules (1) guide initial synaptic wiring, (2) provide for the rejection of incorrect partner choices, (3) contribute to synapse specification, and (4) support the removal of inappropriate synapses once formed. These processes involve a rich repertoire of molecular players and key protein families are described, notably the Cadherin and immunoglobulin superfamilies, Semaphorins/Plexins, Leucine-rich repeat containing proteins, and Neurexins and their binding partners. Molecular themes that diversify these recognition systems are defined and highlighted throughout the text, including the neuron-type specific expression and combinatorial action of recognition factors, alternative splicing, and post-translational modifications. Methodological innovations advancing the field such as proteomic approaches and single cell expression studies are additionally described. Further, the chapter highlights the importance of choosing an appropriate brain region to analyze synaptic recognition factors and the advantages offered by laminated structures like the hippocampus or retina. In a concluding section, the profound disease relevance of aberrant synaptic recognition for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders is discussed. Based on the current progress, an outlook is presented on research goals that can further advance insights into how recognition molecules provide for the astounding precision and diversity of synaptic connections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine Watters
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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10
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Duncan BW, Murphy KE, Maness PF. Molecular Mechanisms of L1 and NCAM Adhesion Molecules in Synaptic Pruning, Plasticity, and Stabilization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:625340. [PMID: 33585481 PMCID: PMC7876315 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian brain circuits are wired by dynamic formation and remodeling during development to produce a balance of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Synaptic regulation is mediated by a complex network of proteins including immunoglobulin (Ig)- class cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), structural and signal-transducing components at the pre- and post-synaptic membranes, and the extracellular protein matrix. This review explores the current understanding of developmental synapse regulation mediated by L1 and NCAM family CAMs. Excitatory and inhibitory synapses undergo formation and remodeling through neuronal CAMs and receptor-ligand interactions. These responses result in pruning inactive dendritic spines and perisomatic contacts, or synaptic strengthening during critical periods of plasticity. Ankyrins engage neural adhesion molecules of the L1 family (L1-CAMs) to promote synaptic stability. Chondroitin sulfates, hyaluronic acid, tenascin-R, and linker proteins comprising the perineuronal net interact with L1-CAMs and NCAM, stabilizing synaptic contacts and limiting plasticity as critical periods close. Understanding neuronal adhesion signaling and synaptic targeting provides insight into normal development as well as synaptic connectivity disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce W Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kelsey E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Patricia F Maness
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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11
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Differential Contribution of Cadm1-Cadm3 Cell Adhesion Molecules to Peripheral Myelinated Axons. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1393-1400. [PMID: 33397712 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2736-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion proteins of the Cadm (SynCAM/Necl) family regulate myelination and the organization of myelinated axons. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), intercellular contact between Schwann cells and their underlying axons is believed to be mediated by binding of glial Cadm4 to axonal Cadm3 or Cadm2. Nevertheless, given that distinct neurons express different combinations of the Cadm proteins, the identity of the functional axonal ligand for Cadm4 remains to be determined. Here, we took a genetic approach to compare the phenotype of Cadm4 null mice, which exhibit abnormal distribution of Caspr and Kv1 potassium channels, with mice lacking different combinations of Cadm1-Cadm3 genes. We show that in contrast to mice lacking the single Cadm1, Cadm2, or Cadm3 genes, genetic ablation of all three phenocopies the abnormalities detected in the absence of Cadm4. Similar defects were observed in double mutant mice lacking Cadm3 and Cadm2 (i.e., Cadm3 -/- /Cadm2 -/-) or Cadm3 and Cadm1 (i.e., Cadm3 -/- /Cadm1 -/-), but not in mice lacking Cadm1 and Cadm2 (i.e., Cadm1 -/- /Cadm2 -/-). Furthermore, axonal organization abnormalities were also detected in Cadm3 null mice that were heterozygous for the two other axonal Cadms. Our results identify Cadm3 as the main axonal ligand for glial Cadm4, and reveal that its absence could be compensated by the combined action of Cadm2 and Cadm1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Myelination by Schwann cells enables fast conduction of action potentials along motor and sensory axons. In these nerves, Schwann cell-axon contact is mediated by cell adhesion molecules of the Cadm family. Cadm4 in Schwann cells regulates axonal ensheathment and myelin wrapping, as well as the organization of the axonal membrane, but the identity of its axonal ligands is not clear. Here, we reveal that Cadm mediated axon-glia interactions depend on a hierarchical adhesion code that involves multiple family members. Our results provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of axon-glia communication, and the function of Cadm proteins in PNS myelin.
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12
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Honig B, Shapiro L. Adhesion Protein Structure, Molecular Affinities, and Principles of Cell-Cell Recognition. Cell 2021; 181:520-535. [PMID: 32359436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cells to organize into multicellular structures in precise patterns requires that they "recognize" one another with high specificity. We discuss recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of cell-cell recognition, including unique phenomena associated with neuronal interactions. We describe structures of select adhesion receptor complexes and their assembly into larger intercellular junction structures and discuss emerging principles that relate cell-cell organization to the binding specificities and energetics of adhesion receptors. Armed with these insights, advances in protein design and gene editing should pave the way for breakthroughs toward understanding the molecular basis of cell patterning in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Honig
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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13
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Giacometti LL, Huang F, Hamilton BS, Barker JM. Brain region-dependent alterations in polysialic acid immunoreactivity across the estrous cycle in mice. Horm Behav 2020; 126:104851. [PMID: 32941849 PMCID: PMC7725886 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a posttranslational modification that plays significant roles in regulating protein function. One form of N-glycosylation, polysialylation, has been implicated in many processes including learning and memory, addiction, and neurodegenerative disease. Polysialylation appears to be modulated by the estrous cycle in the hypothalamus in rat, but this has not been assessed in other brain regions. To determine if polysialylation was similarly estrous phase-dependent in other neuroanatomical structures, the percent area of polysialic acid (PSA) immunoreactivity in subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens was assessed in each of the four phases in adult female mice. In this study, we found that PSA immunoreactivity fluctuated across the estrous cycle in a subregion-specific manner. In the prefrontal cortex, PSA immunoreactivity was significantly lower in proestrus phase compared to estrus in the prelimbic cortex, but did not differ across the estrous cycle in the infralimbic cortex. In the hippocampus, PSA immunoreactivity was significantly increased in proestrus compared to metestrus in the CA1 and CA2 and compared to diestrus in CA3, but remain unchanged in the dentate gyrus. PSA immunoreactivity did not vary across the estrous cycle in the nucleus accumbens core or shell. These findings may have implications for estrous cycle-dependent alterations in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Giacometti
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States of America
| | - Fangyi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States of America
| | - Brianna S Hamilton
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M Barker
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States of America.
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14
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Awasthi K, Srivastava A, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya A. Tissue specific expression of sialic acid metabolic pathway: role in GNE myopathy. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2020; 42:99-116. [PMID: 33029681 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-020-09590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GNE myopathy is an adult-onset degenerative muscle disease that leads to extreme disability in patients. Biallelic mutations in the rate-limiting enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine-kinase (GNE) of sialic acid (SA) biosynthetic pathway, was shown to be the cause of this disease. Other genetic disorders with muscle pathology where defects in glycosylation are known. It is yet not clear why a defect in SA biosynthesis and glycosylation affect muscle cells selectively even though they are ubiquitously present in all tissues. Here we have comprehensively examined the complete SA metabolic pathway involving biosynthesis, sialylation, salvage, and catabolism. To understand the reason for tissue-specific phenotype caused by mutations in genes of this pathway, we analysed the expression of different SA pathway genes in various tissues, during the muscle tissue development and in muscle tissues from GNE myopathy patients (p.Met743Thr) using publicly available databases. We have also analysed gene co-expression networks with GNE in different tissues as well as gene interactions that are unique to muscle tissues only. The results do show a few muscle specific interactions involving ANLN, MYO16 and PRAMEF25 that could be involved in specific phenotype. Overall, our results suggest that SA biosynthetic and catabolic genes are expressed at a very low level in skeletal muscles that also display a unique gene interaction network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapila Awasthi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Gurgaon, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- Ashoka University, Plot No. 2, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, P.O.Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- Ashoka University, Plot No. 2, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, P.O.Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India.
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15
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Peng LX, Liu XH, Lu B, Liao SM, Zhou F, Huang JM, Chen D, Troy FA, Zhou GP, Huang RB. The Inhibition of Polysialyltranseferase ST8SiaIV Through Heparin Binding to Polysialyltransferase Domain (PSTD). Med Chem 2019; 15:486-495. [PMID: 30569872 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666181218101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polysialic acid (polySia) is a unique carbohydrate polymer produced on the surface Of Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) in a number of cancer cells, and strongly correlates with the migration and invasion of tumor cells and with aggressive, metastatic disease and poor clinical prognosis in the clinic. Its synthesis is catalyzed by two polysialyltransferases (polySTs), ST8SiaIV (PST) and ST8SiaII (STX). Selective inhibition of polySTs, therefore, presents a therapeutic opportunity to inhibit tumor invasion and metastasis due to NCAM polysialylation. Heparin has been found to be effective in inhibiting the ST8Sia IV activity, but no clear molecular rationale. It has been found that polysialyltransferase domain (PSTD) in polyST plays a significant role in influencing polyST activity, and thus it is critical for NCAM polysialylation based on the previous studies. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the three different types of heparin (unfractionated hepain (UFH), low molecular heparin (LMWH) and heparin tetrasaccharide (DP4)) is bound to the PSTD; and if so, what are the critical residues of the PSTD for these binding complexes? METHODS Fluorescence quenching analysis, the Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy were used to determine and analyze interactions of PSTD-UFH, PSTD-LMWH, and PSTD-DP4. RESULTS The fluorescence quenching analysis indicates that the PSTD-UFH binding is the strongest and the PSTD-DP4 binding is the weakest among these three types of the binding; the CD spectra showed that mainly the PSTD-heparin interactions caused a reduction in signal intensity but not marked decrease in α-helix content; the NMR data of the PSTD-DP4 and the PSTDLMWH interactions showed that the different types of heparin shared 12 common binding sites at N247, V251, R252, T253, S257, R265, Y267, W268, L269, V273, I275, and K276, which were mainly distributed in the long α-helix of the PSTD and the short 3-residue loop of the C-terminal PSTD. In addition, three residues K246, K250 and A254 were bound to the LMWH, but not to DP4. This suggests that the PSTD-LMWH binding is stronger than the PSTD-DP4 binding, and the LMWH is a more effective inhibitor than DP4. CONCLUSION The findings in the present study demonstrate that PSTD domain is a potential target of heparin and may provide new insights into the molecular rationale of heparin-inhibiting NCAM polysialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Peng
- Life Science and Technology College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004 China; 2Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Xue-Hui Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Si-Ming Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Ji-Min Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Dong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Frederic A Troy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CL, United States
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China.,Gordon Life Science Institute, 53 South Cottage Road Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Ri-Bo Huang
- Life Science and Technology College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004 China; 2Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
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16
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Burbach JPH, Meijer DH. Latrophilin's Social Protein Network. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:643. [PMID: 31297045 PMCID: PMC6608557 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Latrophilins (LPHNs) are adhesion GPCRs that are originally discovered as spider's toxin receptors, but are now known to be involved in brain development and linked to several neuronal and non-neuronal disorders. Latrophilins act in conjunction with other cell adhesion molecules and may play a leading role in its network organization. Here, we focus on the main protein partners of latrophilins, namely teneurins, FLRTs and contactins and summarize their respective temporal and spatial expression patterns, links to neurodevelopmental disorders as well as their structural characteristics. We discuss how more recent insights into the separate cell biological functions of these proteins shed light on the central role of latrophilins in this network. We postulate that latrophilins control the refinement of synaptic properties of specific subtypes of neurons, requiring discrete combinations of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMCU Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dimphna H Meijer
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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17
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Structure of the heterophilic interaction between the nectin-like 4 and nectin-like 1 molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2068-2077. [PMID: 30674679 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810969116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nectin-like (Necl) molecules are Ca2+-independent Ig-like transmembrane cell adhesion molecules that participate in junctions between different cell types. The specific cell-cell adhesions mediated by Necl proteins are important in neural development and have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we present the crystal structure of the mouse Necl-4 full ectodomain and the structure of the heterophilic Necl ectodomain complex formed by the mNecl-4 and mNecl-1 ectodomains. We demonstrate that, while the ectodomain of mNecl-4 is monomeric, it forms a stable heterodimer with Ig1 of mNecl-1, with an affinity significantly higher than that observed for self-dimerization of the mNecl-1 ectodomain. We validated our structural characterizations by performing a surface plasmon resonance assay and an Fc fusion protein binding assay in mouse primary dorsal root ganglia neurites and Schwann cells and identified a selection of residues important for heterophilic interactions. Finally, we proposed a model of Necl binding specificity that involves an induced-fit conformational change at the dimerization interface.
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18
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Elazar N, Vainshtein A, Golan N, Vijayaragavan B, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Peles E. Axoglial Adhesion by Cadm4 Regulates CNS Myelination. Neuron 2018; 101:224-231.e5. [PMID: 30551998 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of axoglial contact is considered a prerequisite for myelination, yet the role cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play in mediating such interactions remains unclear. To examine the function of axoglial CAMs, we tested whether enhanced CAM-mediated adhesion between OLs and neurons could affect myelination. Here we show that increased expression of a membrane-bound extracellular domain of Cadm4 (Cadm4dCT) in cultured oligodendrocytes results in the production of numerous axoglial contact sites that fail to elongate and generate mature myelin. Transgenic mice expressing Cadm4dCT were hypomyelinated and exhibit multiple myelin abnormalities, including myelination of neuronal somata. These abnormalities depend on specific neuron-glial interaction as they were not observed when these OLs were cultured alone, on nanofibers, or on neurons isolated from mice lacking the axonal receptors of Cadm4. Our results demonstrate that tightly regulated axon-glia adhesion is essential for proper myelin targeting and subsequent membrane wrapping and lateral extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimrod Elazar
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Anya Vainshtein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Neev Golan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Bharath Vijayaragavan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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19
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Abstract
Synapse formation is mediated by a surprisingly large number and wide variety of genes encoding many different protein classes. One of the families increasingly implicated in synapse wiring is the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). IgSF molecules are by definition any protein containing at least one Ig-like domain, making this family one of the most common protein classes encoded by the genome. Here, we review the emerging roles for IgSF molecules in synapse formation specifically in the vertebrate brain, focusing on examples from three classes of IgSF members: ( a) cell adhesion molecules, ( b) signaling molecules, and ( c) immune molecules expressed in the brain. The critical roles for IgSF members in regulating synapse formation may explain their extensive involvement in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Solving the IgSF code for synapse formation may reveal multiple new targets for rescuing IgSF-mediated deficits in synapse formation and, eventually, new treatments for psychiatric disorders caused by altered IgSF-induced synapse wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Cameron
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California 95618, USA; ,
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20
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Ito T, Kasai Y, Kumagai Y, Suzuki D, Ochiai-Noguchi M, Irikura D, Miyake S, Murakami Y. Quantitative Analysis of Interaction Between CADM1 and Its Binding Cell-Surface Proteins Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:86. [PMID: 30131958 PMCID: PMC6090299 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecule (CADM) family of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) comprises four members, CADM1-CADM4, and participates in the formation of epithelial and synaptic adhesion through cell-cell homophilic and heterophilic interactions. To identify the partners that interact with each member of the CADM family proteins, we set up a platform for multiple detection of the extracellular protein-protein interactions using surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) and analyzed the interactions between the CADM family proteins and 10 IgSF of their structurally related cell adhesion molecules. SPRi analysis identified a new interaction between CADM1 and CADM4, where this heterophilic interaction was shown to be involved in morphological spreading of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells expressing CADM1 when incubated on CADM4-coated glass. Moreover, class-I MHC-restricted T-cell-associated molecule (CRTAM) was identified to show the highest affinity to CADM1 among its binding partners by comparing the dissociation constants calculated from the SPR sensorgrams. These results suggest that the SPRi platform would provide a novel screening tool to characterize extracellular protein-protein interactions among cell-surface and secreted proteins, including IgSF molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ito
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Medical Science The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kasai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Medical Science The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kumagai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Medical Science The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Medical Science The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misaki Ochiai-Noguchi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Medical Science The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Irikura
- Bio/Life Science Team, Advanced R&D Center HORIBA Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shiro Miyake
- Bio/Life Science Team, Advanced R&D Center HORIBA Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Medical Science The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Comprehensive proteome analysis of lysosomes reveals the diverse function of macrophages in immune responses. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7420-7440. [PMID: 28088779 PMCID: PMC5352332 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis and autophagy in macrophages have been shown to be essential to both innate and adaptive immunity. Lysosomes are the main catabolic subcellular organelles responsible for degradation and recycling of both extracellular and intracellular material, which are the final steps in phagocytosis and autophagy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying lysosomal functions after infection remain obscure. In this study, we conducted a quantitative proteomics analysis of the changes in constitution and glycosylation of proteins in lysosomes derived from murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells treated with different types of pathogens comprising examples of bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, L. m), DNA viruses (herpes simplex virus type-1, HSV-1) and RNA viruses (vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV). In total, 3,704 lysosome-related proteins and 300 potential glycosylation sites on 193 proteins were identified. Comparative analysis showed that the aforementioned pathogens induced distinct alterations in the proteome of the lysosome, which is closely associated with the immune functions of macrophages, such as toll-like receptor activation, inflammation and antigen-presentation. The most significant changes in proteins and fluctuations in glycosylation were also determined. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that the changes in expression of these proteins were undetectable at the whole cell level. Thus, our study provides unique insights into the function of lysosomes in macrophage activation and immune responses.
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22
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Kato T, Hagiyama M, Takashima Y, Yoneshige A, Ito A. Cell adhesion molecule-1 shedding induces apoptosis of renal epithelial cells and exacerbates human nephropathies. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F388-F398. [PMID: 29070574 PMCID: PMC6048447 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00385.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important problem throughout the world, associated with the increase of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCre) and with renal tubular injuries. It is crucial to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of renal injuries to identify the new therapeutics and early diagnostic methods. We focused on cell adhesion molecule-1 (CADM1) protein. CADM1, its isoform SP4, is expressed in the epithelial cells of various tissues, including renal distal tubules, localized on the lateral cell membrane, mediates cell-cell adhesion via trans-homophilic binding, and interacts with various proteins. We previously reported that its expression was downregulated by post-proteolytic cleavage (α- and β-shedding) in pulmonary diseases. To investigate whether CADM1 α-shedding occurs in human nephropathies, we performed Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis of specimens with arterionephrosclerosis (AS) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) from autopsied kidneys. CADM1 α-shedding was induced in AS and DN kidneys and derived from the decrease in full-length CADM1 (FL-CADM1) and increase of the COOH-terminal fragment (α-CTF). In particular, the reduced FL-CADM1 level was correlated with tubular and tubulointerstitial injuries and the increases in BUN and sCre levels. Apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) was promoted in both nephropathies, and it was significantly correlated with the decrease in the FL-CADM1. Furthermore, FL-CADM1 knockdown by small interfering RNA downregulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and promoted apoptosis of cultured renal TECs. The present study suggests that the reduction of FL-CADM1 leads to renal TEC apoptosis and could exacerbate renal tubular and tubulointerstitial injuries, which contribute to the development of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Man Hagiyama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Takashima
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Azusa Yoneshige
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
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23
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Luarte A, Cornejo VH, Bertin F, Gallardo J, Couve A. The axonal endoplasmic reticulum: One organelle-many functions in development, maintenance, and plasticity. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 78:181-208. [PMID: 29134778 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is highly conserved in eukaryotes and neurons. Indeed, the localization of the organelle in axons has been known for nearly half a century. However, the relevance of the axonal ER is only beginning to emerge. In this review, we discuss the structure of the ER in axons, examining the role of ER-shaping proteins and highlighting reticulons. We analyze the multiple functions of the ER and their potential contribution to axonal physiology. First, we examine the emerging roles of the axonal ER in lipid synthesis, protein translation, processing, quality control, and secretory trafficking of transmembrane proteins. We also review the impact of the ER on calcium dynamics, focusing on intracellular mechanisms and functions. We describe the interactions between the ER and endosomes, mitochondria, and synaptic vesicles. Finally, we analyze available proteomic data of axonal preparations to reveal the dynamic functionality of the ER in axons during development. We suggest that the dynamic proteome and a validated axonal interactome, together with state-of-the-art methodologies, may provide interesting research avenues in axon physiology that may extend to pathology and regeneration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 181-208, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Luarte
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Hugo Cornejo
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Bertin
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Gallardo
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Couve
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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24
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Rathjen T, Yan X, Kononenko NL, Ku MC, Song K, Ferrarese L, Tarallo V, Puchkov D, Kochlamazashvili G, Brachs S, Varela L, Szigeti-Buck K, Yi CX, Schriever SC, Tattikota SG, Carlo AS, Moroni M, Siemens J, Heuser A, van der Weyden L, Birkenfeld AL, Niendorf T, Poulet JFA, Horvath TL, Tschöp MH, Heinig M, Trajkovski M, Haucke V, Poy MN. Regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis by neuronal cell adhesion molecule 1. Nat Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28628102 PMCID: PMC5533218 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to obesity is linked to genes regulating neurotransmission, pancreatic β-cell function, and energy homeostasis. Genome-wide association studies identified an association between body mass index and two loci near Cell Adhesion Molecule1 (CADM1) and Cell Adhesion Molecule2 (CADM2), genes encoding membrane proteins mediating synaptic assembly. We show these respective risk variants associate with increased CADM1 and CADM2 expression in the hypothalamus of human subjects. Expression of both genes is elevated in obese mice and induction of Cadm1 in excitatory neurons facilitated weight gain while exacerbating energy expenditure. Loss of Cadm1 protected mice from obesity and tract-tracing analysis revealed Cadm1-positive innervation of POMC neurons via afferent projections originating from beyond the arcuate nucleus. Reducing Cadm1 expression in the hypothalamus and hippocampus promoted a negative energy balance and weight loss. These data identify roles for Cadm1-mediated neuronal input in weight regulation and provide insight into the central pathways contributing to human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rathjen
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xin Yan
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia L Kononenko
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany.,CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Min-Chi Ku
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kun Song
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leiron Ferrarese
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentina Tarallo
- University of Geneva, Medical Faculty, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dmytro Puchkov
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Brachs
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis Varela
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Klara Szigeti-Buck
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre for Health and Environment and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja C Schriever
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre for Health and Environment and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Mirko Moroni
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Siemens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arnd Heuser
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Medical Clinic III, University Clinic Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - James F A Poulet
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre for Health and Environment and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Heinig
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Computational Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Trajkovski
- University of Geneva, Medical Faculty, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew N Poy
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Yoneshige A, Hagiyama M, Inoue T, Tanaka T, Ri A, Ito A. Modest Static Pressure Can Cause Enteric Nerve Degeneration Through Ectodomain Shedding of Cell Adhesion Molecule 1. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6378-6390. [PMID: 27722927 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Internal pressure is often involved in neurodegeneration; intraocular and intraventricular pressure elevations over 20-30 cmH2O cause glaucoma and hydrocephalus, respectively. Here, we investigated enteric nerve degeneration in colon segments having tumor-induced stenosis and dilation and examined the mechanism of intraluminal pressure involvement. Histological examination revealed that the enteric ganglion neurons and neurites decreased in density in the dilated colons proportionate to the degree of dilation. Western blot analysis for cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1), an immunoglobulin superfamily member expressed in enteric neurons, revealed that ectodomain shedding of CADM1 increased proportionate to colon dilation, with increased production of its C-terminal fragment αCTF, a proapoptotic intracellular molecule. To link these neurodegenerative events to increased intraluminal pressure, we devised a two-chamber culture system wherein cells cultured on a semipermeable membrane were subjected to increased medium height (water pressure up to 50 cmH2O). Mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were examined for expansion of their neurite networks in this system. As the pressure increased to 15, 30, and 45 cmH2O, the neurites decreased in density and became thinner. In addition, CADM1 shedding increased with more αCTF production. CADM1 immunofluorescence and Mitotracker mitochondrial labeling revealed that as the pressure increased, neuritic CADM1 distribution changed from uniform to punctate staining patterns, and neuritic mitochondria decreased in number and appeared as course particles. These pressure-induced phenotypes were reproduced by exogenous expression of αCTF in standard DRG neuron cultures. Therefore, increases in colonic intraluminal pressure might cause enteric nerve degeneration by inducing CADM1 shedding and αCTF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Yoneshige
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Man Hagiyama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Takao Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tomonori Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Aritoshi Ri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
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Frei JA, Stoeckli ET. SynCAMs - From axon guidance to neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 81:41-48. [PMID: 27594578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cell adhesion molecules are located at synapses but only few of them can be considered synaptic cell adhesion molecules in the strict sense. Besides the Neurexins and Neuroligins, the LRRTMs (leucine rich repeat transmembrane proteins) and the SynCAMs/CADMs can induce synapse formation when expressed in non-neuronal cells and therefore are true synaptic cell adhesion molecules. SynCAMs (synaptic cell adhesion molecules) are a subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules. As suggested by their name, they were first identified as cell adhesion molecules at the synapse which were sufficient to trigger synapse formation. They also contribute to myelination by mediating axon-glia cell contacts. More recently, their role in earlier stages of neural circuit formation was demonstrated, as they also guide axons both in the peripheral and in the central nervous system. Mutations in SynCAM genes were found in patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. The diverse functions of SynCAMs during development suggest that neurodevelopmental disorders are not only due to defects in synaptic plasticity. Rather, early steps of neural circuit formation are likely to contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine A Frei
- Hussman Institute for Autism, 801 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 20201, United States
| | - Esther T Stoeckli
- Dept of Molecular Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hagiyama M, Yoneshige A, Inoue T, Sato Y, Mimae T, Okada M, Ito A. The intracellular domain of cell adhesion molecule 1 is present in emphysematous lungs and induces lung epithelial cell apoptosis. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:67. [PMID: 26259600 PMCID: PMC4531499 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary emphysema is characterized histologically by destruction of alveolar walls and enlargement of air spaces due to lung epithelial cell apoptosis. Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) is an immunoglobulin superfamily member expressed in lung epithelial cells. CADM1 generates a membrane-associated C-terminal fragment, αCTF, through A disintegrin- and metalloprotease-10-mediated ectodomain shedding, subsequently releasing the intracellular domain (ICD) through γ-secretase-mediated intramembrane shedding of αCTF. αCTF localizes to mitochondria and induces apoptosis in lung epithelial cells. αCTF contributes to the development and progression of emphysema as a consequence of increased CADM1 ectodomain shedding. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the ICD makes a similar contribution. Results The ICD was synthesized as a 51-amino acid peptide, and its mutant was synthesized by substituting seven amino acids and deleting two amino acids. These peptides were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and were introduced into various cell lines. ICD peptide-derived fluorescence was well visualized in lung epithelial cells at the site of Mitotracker mitochondrial labeling, but was detected in locations other than mitochondria in other cell types. Mutant peptide-derived fluorescence was detected in locations other than mitochondria, even in lung epithelial cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assays revealed that transduction of the ICD peptide increased the proportion of apoptotic cells 2- to 5-fold in the lung epithelial cell lines, whereas the mutant peptide did not. Abundance of the ICD was below the Western blot detection limit in emphysematous (n = 4) and control (n = 4) human lungs. However, the ICD was detected only in emphysematous lungs when it was immunoprecipitated with anti-CADM1 antibody (4/4 vs. 0/4, P = 0.029). Conclusions As the abundance of ICD molecules was sparse but present, increased CADM1 shedding appeared to contribute to the development of emphysema by generating αCTF and the ICD in lung epithelial cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-015-0173-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hagiyama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Azusa Yoneshige
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Takao Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Yasufumi Sato
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Mimae
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Morihito Okada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
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Yoneshige A, Hagiyama M, Inoue T, Mimae T, Kato T, Okada M, Enoki E, Ito A. Increased ectodomain shedding of cell adhesion molecule 1 as a cause of type II alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Respir Res 2015; 16:90. [PMID: 26231557 PMCID: PMC4531801 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) apoptosis has attracted attention as an early pathogenic event in the development of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP); however, the causative mechanism remains unclear. Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) is an AEC adhesion molecule in the immunoglobulin superfamily. It generates a membrane-associated C-terminal fragment, αCTF, through protease-mediated ectodomain shedding, termed α-shedding. Increased CADM1 α-shedding contributes to AEC apoptosis in emphysematous lungs. METHODS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung lobes (n = 39) from 36 autopsied patients with IIP were classified as acute IIP (n = 10), fibrosing-type nonspecific IIP (f-NSIP, n = 10), cryptogenic organizing IIP (n = 9), and usual IIP (n = 10). CADM1 expression in the lung sections was examined by western blotting and compared with control lungs (n = 10). The rate of CADM1 α-shedding was calculated as the relative amount of αCTF to full-length CADM1, and the full-length CADM1 level was estimated per epithelial cell by normalization to cytokeratin 7, a lung epithelial marker. Apoptotic AECs were detected by immunohistochemistry for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). NCI-H441 and A549 human lung epithelial cells were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence CADM1 expression and analyzed by terminal nucleotide nick end labeling assays. RESULTS The rate of CADM1 α-shedding was higher in all IIP subtypes than in the control (P ≤ 0.019), and the full-length CADM1 level was lower in f-NSIP (P = 0.007). The α-shedding rate and full-length CADM1 level were correlated with each other (P = 0.015) and with the proportion of ssDNA-positive AECs (P ≤ 0.024). NCI-H441 cells transfected with siRNA exhibited a 61 % lower rate of expression of full-length CADM1 and a 17-fold increased proportion of apoptotic cells. Similar results were obtained with A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS CADM1 α-shedding appeared to be increased in all four IIP subtypes and consequently contributed to AEC apoptosis by decreasing the full-length CADM1 level. This mechanism particularly impacted f-NSIP. The molecular mechanism causing AEC apoptosis may be similar between IIP and emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Yoneshige
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Man Hagiyama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Takao Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mimae
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Morihito Okada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eisuke Enoki
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
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Wang YC, Lin V, Loring JF, Peterson SE. The 'sweet' spot of cellular pluripotency: protein glycosylation in human pluripotent stem cells and its applications in regenerative medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:679-87. [PMID: 25736263 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1021329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) promise for the future of regenerative medicine. The structural and biochemical diversity associated with glycans makes them a unique type of macromolecule modification that is involved in the regulation of a vast array of biochemical events and cellular activities including pluripotency in hPSCs. The primary focus of this review article is to highlight recent advances in stem cell research from a glycobiological perspective. We also discuss how our understanding of glycans and glycosylation may help overcome barriers hindering the clinical application of hPSC-derived cells. AREAS COVERED A literature survey using NCBI-PubMed and Google Scholar was performed in 2014. EXPERT OPINION Regenerative medicine hopes to provide novel strategies to combat human disease and tissue injury that currently lack effective therapies. Although progress in this field is accelerating, many critical issues remain to be addressed in order for cell-based therapy to become a practical and safe treatment option. Emerging evidence suggests that protein glycosylation may significantly influence the regulation of cellular pluripotency, and that the exploitation of protein glycosylation in hPSCs and their differentiated derivatives may lead to transformative and translational discoveries for regenerative medicine. In addition, hPSCs represent a novel research platform for investigating glycosylation-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Wang
- The University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, RES-314G, Fort Worth, TX 76107 , USA +1 817 735 2944 ; +1 817 735 2603 ;
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Inoue T, Hagiyama M, Yoneshige A, Kato T, Enoki E, Maenishi O, Chikugo T, Kimura M, Satou T, Ito A. Increased ectodomain shedding of cell adhesion molecule 1 from pancreatic islets in type 2 diabetic pancreata: correlation with hemoglobin A1c levels. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100988. [PMID: 24964098 PMCID: PMC4071031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), both caused by lifestyle factors, frequently concur. Respectively, the diseases affect lung alveolar and pancreatic islet cells, which express cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1), an immunoglobulin superfamily member. Protease-mediated ectodomain shedding of full-length CADM1 produces C-terminal fragments (CTFs) with proapoptotic activity. In emphysematous lungs, the CADM1 shedding rate and thus the level of CTFs in alveolar cells increase. In this study, CADM1 expression in islet cells was examined by western blotting. Protein was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of pancreata isolated from patients with T2DM (n = 12) or from patients without pancreatic disease (n = 8) at autopsy. After adjusting for the number of islet cells present in the adjacent section, we found that full-length CADM1 decreased in T2DM islets, while ectodomain shedding increased. Hemoglobin A1c levels, measured when patients were alive, correlated inversely with full-length CADM1 levels (P = 0.041) and positively with ectodomain shedding rates (P = 0.001). In immunofluorescence images of T2DM islet cells, CADM1 was detected in the cytoplasm, but not on the cell membrane. Consistently, when MIN6-m9 mouse beta cells were treated with phorbol ester and trypsin to induce shedding, CADM1 immunostaining was diffuse in the cytoplasm. When a form of CTFs was exogenously expressed in MIN6-m9 cells, it localized diffusely in the cytoplasm and increased the number of apoptotic cells. These results suggest that increased CADM1 ectodomain shedding contributes to blood glucose dysregulation in T2DM by decreasing full-length CADM1 and producing CTFs that accumulate in the cytoplasm and promote apoptosis of beta cells. Thus, this study has identified a molecular alteration shared by pulmonary emphysema and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Man Hagiyama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Azusa Yoneshige
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eisuke Enoki
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Maenishi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Chikugo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatomo Kimura
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Satou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Schnaar RL, Gerardy-Schahn R, Hildebrandt H. Sialic acids in the brain: gangliosides and polysialic acid in nervous system development, stability, disease, and regeneration. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:461-518. [PMID: 24692354 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Every cell in nature carries a rich surface coat of glycans, its glycocalyx, which constitutes the cell's interface with its environment. In eukaryotes, the glycocalyx is composed of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans, the compositions of which vary among different tissues and cell types. Many of the linear and branched glycans on cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids of vertebrates are terminated with sialic acids, nine-carbon sugars with a carboxylic acid, a glycerol side-chain, and an N-acyl group that, along with their display at the outmost end of cell surface glycans, provide for varied molecular interactions. Among their functions, sialic acids regulate cell-cell interactions, modulate the activities of their glycoprotein and glycolipid scaffolds as well as other cell surface molecules, and are receptors for pathogens and toxins. In the brain, two families of sialoglycans are of particular interest: gangliosides and polysialic acid. Gangliosides, sialylated glycosphingolipids, are the most abundant sialoglycans of nerve cells. Mouse genetic studies and human disorders of ganglioside metabolism implicate gangliosides in axon-myelin interactions, axon stability, axon regeneration, and the modulation of nerve cell excitability. Polysialic acid is a unique homopolymer that reaches >90 sialic acid residues attached to select glycoproteins, especially the neural cell adhesion molecule in the brain. Molecular, cellular, and genetic studies implicate polysialic acid in the control of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, intermolecular interactions at cell surfaces, and interactions with other molecules in the cellular environment. Polysialic acid is essential for appropriate brain development, and polymorphisms in the human genes responsible for polysialic acid biosynthesis are associated with psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism, and bipolar disorder. Polysialic acid also appears to play a role in adult brain plasticity, including regeneration. Together, vertebrate brain sialoglycans are key regulatory components that contribute to proper development, maintenance, and health of the nervous system.
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Generation of a monoclonal antibody specific to a new candidate tumor suppressor, cell adhesion molecule 2. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7415-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1980-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Frei JA, Stoeckli ET. SynCAMs extend their functions beyond the synapse. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1752-60. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine A. Frei
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center Zurich; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Esther T. Stoeckli
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center Zurich; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Peters DG, Connor JR. Introduction to Cells Comprising the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 9:33-45. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1154-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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McAllister CE, Mi Z, Mure M, Li Q, Muma NA. GPER1 stimulation alters posttranslational modification of RGSz1 and induces desensitization of 5-HT1A receptor signaling in the rat hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 2014; 100:228-39. [PMID: 25402859 PMCID: PMC4305009 DOI: 10.1159/000369467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a consistent biological characteristic of depression, and response normalization coincides with clinical responsiveness to antidepressant medications. Desensitization of serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) follows selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant treatment and contributes to the antidepressant response. Estradiol alone produces a partial desensitization of 5-HT1AR signaling and synergizes with SSRIs to result in a complete and more rapid desensitization than with SSRIs alone as measured by a decrease in the oxytocin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) responses to 5-HT1AR stimulation. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) is necessary for estradiol-induced desensitization of 5-HT1AR signaling, although the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. We now find that stimulation of GPER1 with the selective agonist G-1 and nonselective stimulation of estrogen receptors dramatically alter isoform expression of a key component of the 5-HT1AR signaling pathway, RGSz1, a GTPase-activating protein selective for Gαz, the Gα subunit necessary for 5-HT1AR-mediated hormone release. RGSz1 isoforms are differentially glycosylated, SUMOylated, and phosphorylated, and differentially distributed in subcellular organelles. High-molecular-weight RGSz1 is SUMOylated and glycosylated, localized to the detergent-resistant microdomain (DRM) of the cell membrane, and increased by estradiol and G-1 treatment. Because activated Gαz also localizes to the DRM, increased DRM-localized RGSz1 by estradiol and G-1 could reduce Gαz activity, functionally uncoupling 5-HT1AR signaling. Peripheral G-1 treatment produced a partial reduction in oxytocin and ACTH responses to 5-HT1AR stimulation similar to direct injections into the PVN. Together, these results identify GPER1 and RGSz1 as novel targets for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Mi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas
| | - Qian Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Nancy A Muma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas
- Corresponding Author: Nancy A. Muma, Malott Hall Rm 5064, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045-7572, , Telephone: +1 785 864 4002, Fax: +1 785 864 5219
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Mori M, Rikitake Y, Mandai K, Takai Y. Roles of Nectins and Nectin-Like Molecules in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:91-116. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are known to be essential mechanisms used by eukaryotic cells to diversify their protein functions and dynamically coordinate their signaling networks. Defects in PTMs have been linked to numerous developmental disorders and human diseases, highlighting the importance of PTMs in maintaining normal cellular states. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into a variety of functional somatic cells; these cells hold a great promise for the advancement of biomedical research and clinical therapy. The mechanisms underlying cellular pluripotency in human cells have been extensively explored in the past decade. In addition to the vast amount of knowledge obtained from the genetic and transcriptional research in hPSCs, there is a rapidly growing interest in the stem cell biology field to examine pluripotency at the protein and PTM level. This review addresses recent progress toward understanding the role of PTMs (glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation and methylation) in the regulation of cellular pluripotency.
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Mimae T, Hagiyama M, Inoue T, Yoneshige A, Kato T, Okada M, Murakami Y, Ito A. Increased ectodomain shedding of lung epithelial cell adhesion molecule 1 as a cause of increased alveolar cell apoptosis in emphysema. Thorax 2013; 69:223-31. [PMID: 24092566 PMCID: PMC3933066 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and protease/antiprotease imbalance based proteolysis play central roles in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema but molecular mechanisms underlying these two events are not yet clearly understood. Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) is a lung epithelial cell adhesion molecule in the immunoglobulin superfamily. It generates two membrane associated C terminal fragments (CTFs), αCTF and βCTF, through protease mediated ectodomain shedding. Objective To explore the hypothesis that more CADM1-CTFs are generated in emphysematous lungs through enhanced ectodomain shedding, and cause increased apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells. Methods and results Western blot analyses revealed that CADM1-CTFs increased in human emphysematous lungs in association with increased ectodomain shedding. Increased apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells in emphysematous lungs was confirmed by terminal nucleotide nick end labelling (TUNEL) assays. NCI-H441 lung epithelial cells expressing mature CADM1 but not CTFs were induced to express αCTF both endogenously (by shedding inducers phorbol ester and trypsin) and exogenously (by transfection). Cell fractionation, immunofluorescence, mitochondrial membrane potentiometric JC-1 dye labelling and TUNEL assays revealed that CADM1-αCTF was localised to mitochondria where it decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased cell apoptosis. A mutation in the intracytoplasmic domain abrogated all three abilities of αCTF. Conclusions CADM1 ectodomain shedding appeared to cause alveolar cell apoptosis in emphysematous lungs by producing αCTF that accumulated in mitochondria. These data link proteolysis to apoptosis, which are two landmark events in emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mimae
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, , Hiroshima, Japan
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Zhang S, Lu G, Qi J, Li Y, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Fan Z, Yan J, Gao G. Competition of Cell Adhesion and Immune Recognition: Insights into the Interaction between CRTAM and Nectin-like 2. Structure 2013; 21:1430-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Rubinstein R, Ramagopal UA, Nathenson SG, Almo SC, Fiser A. Functional classification of immune regulatory proteins. Structure 2013; 21:766-76. [PMID: 23583034 PMCID: PMC3654037 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) control innate and adaptive immunity and are prime targets for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and malignancies. We describe a computational method, termed the Brotherhood algorithm, which utilizes intermediate sequence information to classify proteins into functionally related families. This approach identifies functional relationships within the IgSF and predicts additional receptor-ligand interactions. As a specific example, we examine the nectin/nectin-like family of cell adhesion and signaling proteins and propose receptor-ligand interactions within this family. Guided by the Brotherhood approach, we present the high-resolution structural characterization of a homophilic interaction involving the class-I MHC-restricted T-cell-associated molecule, which we now classify as a nectin-like family member. The Brotherhood algorithm is likely to have a significant impact on structural immunology by identifying those proteins and complexes for which structural characterization will be particularly informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Rubinstein
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Udupi A. Ramagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Stanley G. Nathenson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andras Fiser
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Mühlenhoff M, Rollenhagen M, Werneburg S, Gerardy-Schahn R, Hildebrandt H. Polysialic Acid: Versatile Modification of NCAM, SynCAM 1 and Neuropilin-2. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1134-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-0979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Rollenhagen M, Kuckuck S, Ulm C, Hartmann M, Galuska SP, Geyer R, Geyer H, Mühlenhoff M. Polysialylation of the synaptic cell adhesion molecule 1 (SynCAM 1) depends exclusively on the polysialyltransferase ST8SiaII in vivo. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35170-35180. [PMID: 22908220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.375642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid is a unique carbohydrate polymer specifically attached to a limited number of glycoproteins. Among them is synaptic cell adhesion molecule 1 (SynCAM 1), a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily composed of three extracellular Ig-like domains. Polysialylation of SynCAM 1 is cell type-specific and was exclusively found in NG2 cells, a class of multifunctional progenitor cells that form specialized synapses with neurons. Here, we studied the molecular requirements for SynCAM 1 polysialylation. Analysis of mice lacking one of the two polysialyltransferases, ST8SiaII or ST8SiaIV, revealed that polysialylation of SynCAM 1 is exclusively mediated by ST8SiaII throughout postnatal brain development. Alternative splicing of the three variable exons 8a, 8b, and 8c can theoretically give rise to eight transmembrane isoforms of SynCAM 1. We detected seven transcript variants in the developing mouse brain, including three variants containing exon 8c, which was so far regarded as a cryptic exon in mice. Polysialylation of SynCAM 1 was restricted to four isoforms in perinatal brain. However, cell culture experiments demonstrated that all transmembrane isoforms of SynCAM 1 can be polysialylated by ST8SiaII. Moreover, analysis of domain deletion constructs revealed that Ig1, which harbors the polysialylation site, is not sufficient as an acceptor for ST8SiaII. The minimal polypeptide required for polysialylation contained Ig1 and Ig2, suggesting an important role for Ig2 as a docking site for ST8SiaII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rollenhagen
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sarah Kuckuck
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Ulm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Maike Hartmann
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian P Galuska
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hildegard Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Martina Mühlenhoff
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Harrison OJ, Vendome J, Brasch J, Jin X, Hong S, Katsamba PS, Ahlsen G, Troyanovsky RB, Troyanovsky SM, Honig B, Shapiro L. Nectin ectodomain structures reveal a canonical adhesive interface. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:906-15. [PMID: 22902367 PMCID: PMC3443293 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nectins are immunoglobulin superfamily glycoproteins that mediate intercellular adhesion in many vertebrate tissues. Homophilic and heterophilic interactions between nectin family members help to mediate tissue patterning. We determined homophilic binding affinities and heterophilic specificities of all four nectins and the related protein nectin-like 5 from human and mouse, revealing a range of homophilic strengths and a defined heterophilic specificity pattern. To understand the molecular basis of adhesion and specificity, we determined crystal structures of natively glycosylated full ectodomains or adhesive fragments of nectins 1–4 and nectin-like 5. All crystal structures reveal dimeric nectins bound through a stereotyped interface previously proposed to represent a cis dimer. However, conservation of this interface and results of targeted cross-linking experiments show that this dimer likely represents the adhesive trans interaction. Its structure provides a simple molecular explanation for the adhesive binding specificity of nectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Harrison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Liu J, Qian X, Chen Z, Xu X, Gao F, Zhang S, Zhang R, Qi J, Gao GF, Yan J. Crystal structure of cell adhesion molecule nectin-2/CD112 and its binding to immune receptor DNAM-1/CD226. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5511-20. [PMID: 22547693 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nectin and nectin-like molecule (Necl) family includes important cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) characterized by their Ig-like nature. Such CAMs regulate a broad spectrum of cell-cell interactions, including the interaction between NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and their target cells. CAM members nectin-2 (CD112) and Necl-5 (CD155) are believed to form homodimers (for nectin-2) or heterodimers in their functions for cell adhesion, as well as to interact with immune costimulatory receptor DNAX accessory molecule 1 (DNAM-1) (CD226) to regulate functions of both NK and CTL cells. However, the structural basis of the interactive mode of DNAM-1 with nectin-2 or Necl-5 is not yet understood. In this study, a soluble nectin-2 Ig-like V-set domain (nectin-2v) was successfully prepared and demonstrated to bind to both soluble ectodomain and cell surface-expressed full-length DNAM-1. The 1.85-Å crystal structure of nectin-2v displays a perpendicular homodimer arrangement, revealing the homodimer characteristics of the nectin and Necls. Further mutational analysis indicated that disruption of the homodimeric interface of nectin-2v led to a failure of the homodimer formation, as confirmed by crystal structure and biochemical properties of the mutant protein of nectin-2v. Interestingly, the monomer mutant also loses DNAM-1 binding, as evidenced by cell staining with tetramers and surface plasmon resonance assays. The data indicate that interaction with DNAM-1 requires either the homodimerization or engagement of the homodimeric interface of nectin-2v. These results have implications for immune intervention of tumors or autoimmune diseases in the DNAM-1/nectin-2-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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Abstract
Chemical synapses are asymmetric intercellular junctions that mediate synaptic transmission. Synaptic junctions are organized by trans-synaptic cell adhesion molecules bridging the synaptic cleft. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules not only connect pre- and postsynaptic compartments, but also mediate trans-synaptic recognition and signaling processes that are essential for the establishment, specification, and plasticity of synapses. A growing number of synaptic cell adhesion molecules that include neurexins and neuroligins, Ig-domain proteins such as SynCAMs, receptor phosphotyrosine kinases and phosphatases, and several leucine-rich repeat proteins have been identified. These synaptic cell adhesion molecules use characteristic extracellular domains to perform complementary roles in organizing synaptic junctions that are only now being revealed. The importance of synaptic cell adhesion molecules for brain function is highlighted by recent findings implicating several such molecules, notably neurexins and neuroligins, in schizophrenia and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Missler
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Structure of TIGIT immunoreceptor bound to poliovirus receptor reveals a cell-cell adhesion and signaling mechanism that requires cis-trans receptor clustering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5399-404. [PMID: 22421438 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120606109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nectins (nectin1-4) and Necls [nectin-like (Necl1-5)] are Ig superfamily cell adhesion molecules that regulate cell differentiation and tissue morphogenesis. Adherens junction formation and subsequent cell-cell signaling is initiated by the assembly of higher-order receptor clusters of cognate molecules on juxtaposed cells. However, the structural and mechanistic details of signaling cluster formation remain unclear. Here, we report the crystal structure of poliovirus receptor (PVR)/Nectin-like-5/CD155) in complex with its cognate immunoreceptor ligand T-cell-Ig-and-ITIM-domain (TIGIT). The TIGIT/PVR interface reveals a conserved specific "lock-and-key" interaction. Notably, two TIGIT/PVR dimers assemble into a heterotetramer with a core TIGIT/TIGIT cis-homodimer, each TIGIT molecule binding one PVR molecule. Structure-guided mutations that disrupt the TIGIT/TIGIT interface limit both TIGIT/PVR-mediated cell adhesion and TIGIT-induced PVR phosphorylation in primary dendritic cells. Our data suggest a cis-trans receptor clustering mechanism for cell adhesion and signaling by the TIGIT/PVR complex and provide structural insights into how the PVR family of immunoregulators function.
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Fogel AI, Stagi M, Perez de Arce K, Biederer T. Lateral assembly of the immunoglobulin protein SynCAM 1 controls its adhesive function and instructs synapse formation. EMBO J 2011; 30:4728-38. [PMID: 21926970 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are specialized adhesion sites between neurons that are connected by protein complexes spanning the synaptic cleft. These trans-synaptic interactions can organize synapse formation, but their macromolecular properties and effects on synaptic morphology remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that the synaptic cell adhesion molecule SynCAM 1 self-assembles laterally via its extracellular, membrane-proximal immunoglobulin (Ig) domains 2 and 3. This cis oligomerization generates SynCAM oligomers with increased adhesive capacity and instructs the interactions of this molecule across the nascent and mature synaptic cleft. In immature neurons, cis assembly promotes the adhesive clustering of SynCAM 1 at new axo-dendritic contacts. Interfering with the lateral self-assembly of SynCAM 1 in differentiating neurons strongly impairs its synaptogenic activity. At later stages, the lateral oligomerization of SynCAM 1 restricts synaptic size, indicating that this adhesion molecule contributes to the structural organization of synapses. These results support that lateral interactions assemble SynCAM complexes within the synaptic cleft to promote synapse induction and modulate their structure. These findings provide novel insights into synapse development and the adhesive mechanisms of Ig superfamily members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam I Fogel
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Wang YC, Nakagawa M, Garitaonandia I, Slavin I, Altun G, Lacharite RM, Nazor KL, Tran HT, Lynch CL, Leonardo TR, Liu Y, Peterson SE, Laurent LC, Yamanaka S, Loring JF. Specific lectin biomarkers for isolation of human pluripotent stem cells identified through array-based glycomic analysis. Cell Res 2011; 21:1551-63. [PMID: 21894191 PMCID: PMC3364725 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and dependable methods for isolating human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) populations are urgently needed for quality control in basic research and in cell-based therapy applications. Using lectin arrays, we analyzed glycoproteins extracted from 26 hPSC samples and 22 differentiated cell samples, and identified a small group of lectins with distinctive binding signatures that were sufficient to distinguish hPSCs from a variety of non-pluripotent cell types. These specific biomarkers were shared by all the 12 human embryonic stem cell and the 14 human induced pluripotent stem cell samples examined, regardless of the laboratory of origin, the culture conditions, the somatic cell type reprogrammed, or the reprogramming method used. We demonstrated a practical application of specific lectin binding by detecting hPSCs within a differentiated cell population with lectin-mediated staining followed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, and by enriching and purging viable hPSCs from mixed cell populations using lectin-mediated cell separation. Global gene expression analysis showed pluripotency-associated differential expression of specific fucosyltransferases and sialyltransferases, which may underlie these differences in protein glycosylation and lectin binding. Taken together, our results show that protein glycosylation differs considerably between pluripotent and non-pluripotent cells, and demonstrate that lectins may be used as biomarkers to monitor pluripotency in stem cell populations and for removal of viable hPSCs from mixed cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Wang
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Chemical Physiology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sandau US, Mungenast AE, McCarthy J, Biederer T, Corfas G, Ojeda SR. The synaptic cell adhesion molecule, SynCAM1, mediates astrocyte-to-astrocyte and astrocyte-to-GnRH neuron adhesiveness in the mouse hypothalamus. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2353-63. [PMID: 21486931 PMCID: PMC3100615 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified synaptic cell adhesion molecule 1 (SynCAM1) as a component of a genetic network involved in the hypothalamic control of female puberty. Although it is well established that SynCAM1 is a synaptic adhesion molecule, its contribution to hypothalamic function is unknown. Here we show that, in addition to the expected neuronal localization illustrated by its presence in GnRH neurons, SynCAM1 is expressed in hypothalamic astrocytes. Cell adhesion assays indicated that SynCAM is recognized by both GnRH neurons and astrocytes as an adhesive partner and promotes cell-cell adhesiveness via homophilic, extracellular domain-mediated interactions. Alternative splicing of the SynCAM1 primary mRNA transcript yields four mRNAs encoding membrane-spanning SynCAM1 isoforms. Variants 1 and 4 are predicted to be both N and O glycosylated. Hypothalamic astrocytes and GnRH-producing GT1-7 cells express mainly isoform 4 mRNA, and sequential N- and O-deglycosylation of proteins extracted from these cells yields progressively smaller SynCAM1 species, indicating that isoform 4 is the predominant SynCAM1 variant expressed in astrocytes and GT1-7 cells. Neither cell type expresses the products of two other SynCAM genes (SynCAM2 and SynCAM3), suggesting that SynCAM-mediated astrocyte-astrocyte and astrocyte-GnRH neuron adhesiveness is mostly mediated by SynCAM1 homophilic interactions. When erbB4 receptor function is disrupted in astrocytes, via transgenic expression of a dominant-negative erbB4 receptor form, SynCAM1-mediated adhesiveness is severely compromised. Conversely, SynCAM1 adhesive behavior is rapidly, but transiently, enhanced in astrocytes by ligand-dependent activation of erbB4 receptors, suggesting that erbB4-mediated events affecting SynCAM1 function contribute to regulate astrocyte adhesive communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula S Sandau
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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De Maria A, Shi Y, Luo X, Van Der Weyden L, Bassnett S. Cadm1 expression and function in the mouse lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:2293-9. [PMID: 21217103 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The immunoglobulin superfamily member Cadm1 is a single-pass, type 1 membrane protein that mediates calcium-independent, cell-cell adhesion. Cadm1 has been implicated in tumor formation and synaptogenesis. A recent analysis of mouse lens cell membranes identified Cadm1 as a major constituent of the fiber cell membrane proteome. Here the authors examined the expression and function of Cadm1 in the mouse lens. METHODS Cadm1 expression was analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. The morphology of individual wild-type and Cadm1-null lens cells was visualized by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Cadm1 was present in epithelial and superficial fiber cells as a heavily glycosylated protein with an apparent molecular mass of ≈80 kDa. Analysis of proteins extracted from various strata of the lens indicated that Cadm1 was degraded during fiber cell differentiation, at approximately the same time as the lens organelles, an observation confirmed by confocal microscopy. In epithelial cells, Cadm1 was enriched in basolateral membranes, whereas, in fiber cells, expression was restricted to the lateral membranes. Lenses from Cadm1-null mice were of normal size and transparency. The three-dimensional morphology of the cells in the epithelial layer was unaltered in the absence of Cadm1. However, in contrast to wild-type lens fiber cells, Cadm1-null fiber cells had an irregular, highly undulating morphology. CONCLUSIONS Cadm1 is an abundant component of the lens fiber cell membrane. Although not essential for lens transparency, Cadm1 has an indispensable role in establishing and maintaining the characteristic three-dimensional architecture of the lens fiber cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia De Maria
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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